Patent Grant
10066027
Inteins are naturally occurring, self-splicing protein subdomains that are capable of excising out their own protein subdomain from a larger protein structure while simultaneously joining the two formerly flanking peptide regions (“exteins”) together to form a mature host protein.
The ability of inteins to rearrange flanking peptide bonds, and retain activity when in fusion to proteins other than their native exteins, has led to a number of intein-based biotechnologies. These include various types of protein ligaton and activation applications, as well as protein labeling and tracing applications. An important application of inteins is in the production of purified recombinant proteins. In particular, inteins have the ability to impart self-cleaving activity to a number of conventional affinity and purification tags, and thus provide a major advance in the production of recombinant protein products for research, medical and other commercial applications.
Conventional purification tags provide a simple and robust means for purifying any tagged target protein, and are commonly added to desired target proteins through simple genetic fusions. These tags are now ubiquitous in research, and have formed a major platform for research and manufacturing of these important products. Once the tagged target protein is expressed in an appropriate host cell and purified via the tag, however, the presence of the tag on the purified target can lead to compromised activity, and potentially unwanted immunogenicity in the case of therapeutic protens. For these reasons, the ability to remove the affinity tag after purification is of critical importance in many applications, which is conventionally done through the addition of highly specific endopeptidase enzymes. Although these enzymes are generally effective, they are too expensive to scale up for manufacturing, and their use requires an additional step for their removal.
Thus, the ability of inteins to impart self-cleaving activity to conventional tags is a significant advance, and early implementations of intein-based self-cleaving affinity tag systems have been published in several patents and hundreds of journal papers in the biological sciences. Despite their strength, however, several substantial weaknesses remain that inhibit the full implementation of intein methods. In particular, the ability to tightly control the cleaving reaction in a variety of highly relevant contexts has been elusive. In order to be useful, the intein self-cleaving reaction must be tightly suppressed during protein expression and purification, but very rapid once the tagged target protein is pure. Of the two available classes of conventional inteins, one is highly controllable and is triggered to cleave by addition of thiol compounds, while the other is more loosely controlled and is triggered by small changes in pH and temperature.
Therefore, what is needed is a method for selective protein purification using a stable, transformative intein system. This system has significant utility in accelerated protein production and purification, with numerous applications in biological research, medicine and biopharmacueitical manufacturing. In particular, this intein system must be compatible with eukaryotic expression host systems, to be used for the expression and purification of complex glycoproteins. Some included areas of impact would be rapid anti-infectious disease vaccine manufacture, bioterrorism defense, and personalized anti-cancer antigen generation, as well as contributions to pure research and the acceleration of new drug evaluation and optimization.
In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention, in one aspect, relates to a protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein consisting of two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the N-terminal intein segment can be linked to a solid support, and wherein cleaving of the C-terminal intein segment is suppressed in the absence of the N-terminal intein segment, and wherein the assembled N-terminal and C-terminal intein segment complex is highly sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native intein complex.
Disclosed is a method of purifying a protein of interest, the method comprising: utilizing a split intein comprising two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment; immobilizing the N-terminal intein segment to a solid support; genetically fusing (or “tagging”) a protein of interest to the C-terminal intein segment, wherein cleaving of the C-terminal intein segment is highly suppressed in the absence of the N-terminal intein segment; exposing the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment to each other so that they associate on the solid support; washing the solid support to remove non-bound contaminating material; placing the associated the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment under conditions that allow for the intein to self-cleave; and isolating the protein of interest.
Also disclosed is a protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein comprising two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the N-terminal intein segment does not comprise any internal cysteine residues.
Also disclosed is protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein comprising two separate peptides: N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the N-terminal intein segment comprises a His-tag and/or one or more cysteine residues at its C-terminus.
Also disclosed is protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein comprising two separate peptides: N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the C-terminal intein segment comprises a serine to histidine mutation at the penultimate residue of the C-terminal intein segment.
Also disclosed is protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein comprising two separate peptides: N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the N-terminal intein segment comprises a sensitivity-enhancing motif for controlled cleavage of the C-terminal segment in the assembled intein complex.
While aspects of the present invention can be described and claimed in a particular statutory class, such as the system statutory class, this is for convenience only and one of skill in the art will understand that each aspect of the present invention can be described and claimed in any statutory class. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
and Npuc were pre-purified using Ni-NTA and then mixed in a 2:1 molar ratio. The cleaving reaction was carried out at room temperature over 16 hours under pH 8.5 or pH 6.2.
Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the Examples included therein.
Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, systems, devices, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwise specified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, example methods and materials are now described.
All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a functional group,” “an alkyl,” or “a residue” includes mixtures of two or more such functional groups, alkyls, or residues, and the like.
Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or can not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
The term “contacting” as used herein refers to bringing two biological entities together in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target, either directly; i.e., by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e., by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent. “Contacting” can also mean facilitating the interaction of two biological entities, such as peptides, to bond covalently or otherwise.
As used herein, “kit” means a collection of at least two components constituting the kit. Together, the components constitute a functional unit for a given purpose. Individual member components may be physically packaged together or separately. For example, a kit comprising an instruction for using the kit may or may not physically include the instruction with other individual member components. Instead, the instruction can be supplied as a separate member component, either in a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation.
As used herein, “instruction(s)” means documents describing relevant materials or methodologies pertaining to a kit. These materials may include any combination of the following: background information, list of components and their availability information (purchase information, etc.), brief or detailed protocols for using the kit, trouble-shooting, references, technical support, and any other related documents. Instructions can be supplied with the kit or as a separate member component, either as a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation. Instructions can comprise one or multiple documents, and are meant to include future updates.
As used herein, the terms “target protein”, “protein of interest” and “therapeutic agent” include any synthetic or naturally occurring protein or peptide. The term therefore encompasses those compounds traditionally regarded as drugs, vaccines, and biopharmaceuticals including molecules such as proteins, peptides, and the like. Examples of therapeutic agents are described in well-known literature references such as the Merck Index (14th edition), the Physicians' Desk Reference (64th edition), and The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1st edition), and they include, without limitation, medicaments; substances used for the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of a disease or illness; substances that affect the structure or function of the body, or pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after they have been placed in a physiological environment.
As used herein, “variant” refers to a molecule that retains a biological activity that is the same or substantially similar to that of the original sequence. The variant may be from the same or different species or be a synthetic sequence based on a natural or prior molecule. Moreover, as used herein, “variant” refers to a molecule having a structure attained from the structure of a parent molecule (e.g., a protein or peptide disclosed herein) and whose structure or sequence is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein that based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities compared to the parent molecule. For example, substituting specific amino acids in a given peptide can yield a variant peptide with similar activity to the parent.
As used herein, the term “amino acid sequence” refers to a list of abbreviations, letters, characters or words representing amino acid residues. The amino acid abbreviations used herein are conventional one letter codes for the amino acids and are expressed as follows: A, alanine; C, cysteine; D aspartic acid; E, glutamic acid; F, phenylalanine; G, glycine; H histidine; I isoleucine; K, lysine; L, leucine; M, methionine; N, asparagine; P, proline; Q, glutamine; R, arginine; S, serine; T, threonine; V, valine; W, tryptophan; Y, tyrosine.
“Peptide” as used herein refers to any peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide, gene product, expression product, or protein. A peptide is comprised of consecutive amino acids. The term “peptide” encompasses naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.
In addition, as used herein, the term “peptide” refers to amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, e.g., peptide isosteres, etc. and may contain modified amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. The peptides can be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Modifications can occur anywhere in the peptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. The same type of modification can be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given peptide can have many types of modifications. Modifications include, without limitation, linkage of distinct domains or motifs, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent cross-linking or cyclization, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of a phosphytidylinositol, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of cysteine or pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristolyation, oxidation, pergylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, and transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to protein such as arginylation. (See Proteins—Structure and Molecular Properties 2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993); Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-12 (1983)).
As used herein, “isolated peptide” or “purified peptide” is meant to mean a peptide (or a fragment thereof) that is substantially free from the materials with which the peptide is normally associated in nature, or from the materials with which the peptide is associated in an artificial expression or production system, including but not limited to an expression host cell lysate, growth medium components, buffer components, cell culture supernatant, or components of a synthetic in vitro translation system. The peptides disclosed herein, or fragments thereof, can be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source (for example, a mammalian cell), by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding the peptide (for example, in a cell or in a cell-free translation system), or by chemically synthesizing the peptide. In addition, peptide fragments may be obtained by any of these methods, or by cleaving full length proteins and/or peptides.
The word “or” as used herein means any one member of a particular list and also includes any combination of members of that list.
The phrase “nucleic acid” as used herein refers to a naturally occurring or synthetic oligonucleotide or polynucleotide, whether DNA or RNA or DNA-RNA hybrid, single-stranded or double-stranded, sense or antisense, which is capable of hybridization to a complementary nucleic acid by Watson-Crick base-pairing. Nucleic acids of the invention can also include nucleotide analogs (e.g., BrdU), and non-phosphodiester internucleoside linkages (e.g., peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or thiodiester linkages). In particular, nucleic acids can include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, cDNA, gDNA, ssDNA, dsDNA or any combination thereof.
As used herein, “isolated nucleic acid” or “purified nucleic acid” is meant to mean DNA that is free of the genes that, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the DNA of the invention is derived, flank the gene. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, such as an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or incorporated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote (e.g., a transgene); or which exists as a separate molecule (for example, a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR, restriction endonuclease digestion, or chemical or in vitro synthesis). It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequences. The term “isolated nucleic acid” also refers to RNA, e.g., an mRNA molecule that is encoded by an isolated DNA molecule, or that is chemically synthesized, or that is separated or substantially free from at least some cellular components, for example, other types of RNA molecules or peptide molecules.
As used herein, “extein” refers to the portion of an intein-modified protein that is not part of the intein and which can be spliced or cleaved upon excision of the intein.
“Intein” refers to an in-frame intervening sequence in a protein. An intein can catalyze its own excision from the protein through a post-translational protein splicing process to yield the free intein and a mature protein. An intein can also catalyze the cleavage of the intein-extein bond at either the intein N-terminus, or the intein C-terminus, or both of the intein-extein termini. As used herein, “intein” encompasses mini-inteins, modified or mutated inteins, and split inteins.
A “split intein” is an intein that is comprised of two or more separate components not fused to one another. Split inteins can occur naturally, or can be engineered by splitting contiguous inteins.
As used herein, the term “splice” or “splices” means to excise a central portion of a polypeptide to form two or more smaller polypeptide molecules. In some cases, splicing also includes the step of fusing together two or more of the smaller polypeptides to form a new polypeptide. Splicing can also refer to the joining of two polypeptides encoded on two separate gene products through the action of a split intein.
As used herein, the term “cleave” or “cleaves” means to divide a single polypeptide to form two or more smaller polypeptide molecules. In some cases, cleavage is mediated by the addition of an extrinsic endopeptidase, which is often referred to as “proteolytic cleavage”. In other cases, cleaving can be mediated by the intrinsic activity of one or both of the cleaved peptide sequences, which is often referred to as “self-cleavage”. Cleavage can also refer to the self-cleavage of two polypeptides that is induced by the addition of a non-proteolytic third peptide, as in the action of split intein system described herein.
By the term “fused” is meant covalently bonded to. For example, a first peptide is fused to a second peptide when the two peptides are covalently bonded to each other (e.g., via a peptide bond).
As used herein an “isolated” or “substantially pure” substance is one that has been separated from components which naturally accompany it. Typically, a polypeptide is substantially pure when it is at least 50% (e.g., 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and 99%) by weight free from the other proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated.
Herein, “bind” or “binds” means that one molecule recognizes and adheres to another molecule in a sample, but does not substantially recognize or adhere to other molecules in the sample. One molecule “specifically binds” another molecule if it has a binding affinity greater than about 105 to 106 liters/mole for the other molecule.
Nucleic acids, nucleotide sequences, proteins or amino acid sequences referred to herein can be isolated, purified, synthesized chemically, or produced through recombinant DNA technology. All of these methods are well known in the art.
As used herein, the terms “modified” or “mutated,” as in “modified intein” or “mutated intein,” refer to one or more modifications in either the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence being referred to, such as an intein, when compared to the native, or naturally occurring structure. Such modification can be a substitution, addition, or deletion. The modification can occur in one or more amino acid residues or one or more nucleotides of the structure being referred to, such as an intein.
As used herein, the term “modified peptide”, “modified protein” or “modified protein of interest” or “modified target protein” refers to a protein which has been modified.
As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more biomolecules in a configuration relative to one another such that the normal function of the biomolecules can be performed. In relation to nucleotide sequences, “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid sequences, by means of enzymatic ligation or otherwise, in a configuration relative to one another such that the normal function of the sequences can be performed. For example, the nucleotide sequence encoding a pre-sequence or secretory leader is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a pre-protein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the coding sequence; and a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation of the sequence.
“Sequence homology” can refer to the situation where nucleic acid or protein sequences are similar because they have a common evolutionary origin. “Sequence homology” can indicate that sequences are very similar. Sequence similarity is observable; homology can be based on the observation. “Very similar” can mean at least 70% identity, homology or similarity; at least 75% identity, homology or similarity; at least 80% identity, homology or similarity; at least 85% identity, homology or similarity; at least 90% identity, homology or similarity; such as at least 93% or at least 95% or even at least 97% identity, homology or similarity. The nucleotide sequence similarity or homology or identity can be determined using the “Align” program of Myers et al. (1988) CABIOS 4:11-17 and available at NCBI. Additionally or alternatively, amino acid sequence similarity or identity or homology can be determined using the BlastP program (Altschul et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402), and available at NCBI. Alternatively or additionally, the terms “similarity” or “identity” or “homology,” for instance, with respect to a nucleotide sequence, are intended to indicate a quantitative measure of homology between two sequences.
Alternatively or additionally, “similarity” with respect to sequences refers to the number of positions with identical nucleotides divided by the number of nucleotides in the shorter of the two sequences wherein alignment of the two sequences can be determined in accordance with the Wilbur and Lipman algorithm. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:726. For example, using a window size of 20 nucleotides, a word length of 4 nucleotides, and a gap penalty of 4, and computer-assisted analysis and interpretation of the sequence data including alignment can be conveniently performed using commercially available programs (e.g., Intelligenetics™ Suite, Intelligenetics Inc. CA). When RNA sequences are said to be similar, or have a degree of sequence identity with DNA sequences, thymidine (T) in the DNA sequence is considered equal to uracil (U) in the RNA sequence. The following references also provide algorithms for comparing the relative identity or homology or similarity of amino acid residues of two proteins, and additionally or alternatively with respect to the foregoing, the references can be used for determining percent homology or identity or similarity. Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453; Smith et al. (1983) Advances App. Math. 2:482-489; Smith et al. (1981) Nuc. Acids Res. 11:2205-2220; Feng et al. (1987) J. Molec. Evol. 25:351-360; Higgins et al. (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153; Thompson et al. (1994) Nuc. Acids Res. 22:4673-480; and Devereux et al. (1984) 12:387-395. “Stringent hybridization conditions” is a term which is well known in the art; see, for example, Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual” second ed., CSH Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1989; “Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach”, Hames and Higgins eds., IRL Press, Oxford, 1985; see also
The terms “plasmid” and “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell. Typically, a “vector” is a modified plasmid that contains additional multiple insertion sites for cloning and an “expression cassette” that contains a DNA sequence for a selected gene product (i.e., a transgene) for expression in the host cell. This “expression cassette” typically includes a 5′ promoter region, the transgene ORF, and a 3′ terminator region, with all necessary regulatory sequences required for transcription and translation of the ORF. Thus, integration of the expression cassette into the host permits expression of the transgene ORF in the cassette.
The term “buffer” or “buffered solution” refers to solutions which resist changes in pH by the action of its conjugate acid-base range.
The term “loading buffer” or “equilibrium buffer” refers to the buffer containing the salt or salts which is mixed with the protein preparation for loading the protein preparation onto a column. This buffer is also used to equilibrate the column before loading, and to wash to column after loading the protein.
The term “wash buffer” is used herein to refer to the buffer that is passed over a column (for example) following loading of a protein of interest (such as one coupled to a C-terminal intein fragment, for example) and prior to elution of the protein of interest. The wash buffer may serve to remove one or more contaminants without substantial elution of the desired protein.
The term “elution buffer” refers to the buffer used to elute the desired protein from the column. As used herein, the term “solution” refers to either a buffered or a non-buffered solution, including water.
The term “washing” means passing an appropriate buffer through or over a solid support, such as a chromatographic resin.
The term “eluting” a molecule (e.g. a desired protein or contaminant) from a solid support means removing the molecule from such material.
The term “contaminant” or “impurity” refers to any foreign or objectionable molecule, particularly a biological macromolecule such as a DNA, an RNA, or a protein, other than the protein being purified, that is present in a sample of a protein being purified. Contaminants include, for example, other proteins from cells that express and/or secrete the protein being purified.
The term “separate” or “isolate” as used in connection with protein purification refers to the separation of a desired protein from a second protein or other contaminant or mixture of impurities in a mixture comprising both the desired protein and a second protein or other contaminant or impurity mixture, such that at least the majority of the molecules of the desired protein are removed from that portion of the mixture that comprises at least the majority of the molecules of the second protein or other contaminant or mixture of impurities.
The term “purify” or “purifying” a desired protein from a composition or solution comprising the desired protein and one or more contaminants means increasing the degree of purity of the desired protein in the composition or solution by removing (completely or partially) at least one contaminant from the composition or solution.
Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions of the invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is each and every combination and permutation of the compound and the modifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considered disclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of the invention.
It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result. For example, compounds used to control pH in the examples shown can be substituted with other buffering compounds to control pH, since pH is the critical variable to be controlled and the specific buffering compounds can vary.
Disclosed herein is a protein purification system, wherein the system comprises a split intein comprising two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment, wherein the N-terminal intein segment can be linked to a solid support, and wherein the C-terminal intein segment DNA is genetically fused to a desired target protein DNA such that the expressed target protein is tagged with the C-terminal intein segment, and wherein cleaving of the C-terminal intein segment is suppressed in the absence of the N-terminal intein segment, and wherein the N-terminal intein segment and C-terminal intein segment associate strongly to form an immobilized complex when contacted to each other on the solid support, and wherein the C-terminal cleaving activity of the C-terminal intein segment in the assembled N-terminal and C-terminal intein segment complex is highly sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native intein complex, and wherein the immobilized intein complex with the fused target protein can be purified through washing away of unimmobilized contaminants, and wherein the C-terminal intein segment can be induced to cleave and thereby release the untagged and substantially purified target protein from the immobilized intein complex through a controlled change in extrinsic conditions.
Intein-based methods of protein modification and ligation have been developed. An intein is an internal protein sequence capable of catalyzing a protein splicing reaction that excises the intein sequence from a precursor protein and joins the flanking sequences (N- and C-exteins) with a peptide bond (Perler et al. (1994)). Hundreds of intein and intein-like sequences have been found in a wide variety of organisms and proteins (Perler et al. (2002); Liu et al. (2003)), they are typically 350-550 amino acids in size and also contain a homing endonuclease domain, but natural and engineered mini-inteins having only the ˜140-aa splicing domain are sufficient for protein splicing (Liu et al. (2003); Yang et al. (2004); Telenti et al. (1997); Wu et al. (1998); Derbyshire et al. (1997)). The conserved crystal structure of mini-inteins (or the protein splicing domain) consists of ˜12 beta-strands that form a disk-like structure with the two splicing junctions located in a central cleft (Duan et al. (1997); lchiyanagi et al. (2000); Klabunde et al. (1998); Ding et al. (2003); Xu et al. (1996)).
As used herein, the term “split intein” refers to any intein in which one or more peptide bond breaks exists between the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment such that the N-terminal and C-terminal intein segments become separate molecules that can non-covalently reassociate, or reconstitute, into an intein that is functional for splicing or cleaving reactions. Any catalytically active intein, or fragment thereof, may be used to derive a split intein for use in the systems and methods disclosed herein. For example, in one aspect the split intein may be derived from a eukaryotic intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from a bacterial intein. In another aspect, the split intein may be derived from an archaeal intein. Preferably, the split intein so-derived will possess only the amino acid sequences essential for catalyzing splicing reactions. Examples of inteins which can be used with the methods and systems disclosed herein can be found in Table 2.
As used herein, the “N-terminal intein segment” refers to any intein sequence that comprises an N-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for splicing and/or cleaving reactions when combined with a corresponding C-terminal intein segment. An N-terminal intein segment thus also comprises a sequence that is spliced out when splicing occurs. An N-terminal intein segment can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the N-terminal portion of a naturally occurring (native) intein sequence. For example, an N-terminal intein segment can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the intein non-functional for splicing or cleaving. Such modifications are discussed in more detail below. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the splicing activity and/or controllability of the intein. Non-intein residues can also be genetically fused to intein segments to provide additional functionality, such as the ability to be affinity purified or to be covalently immobilized.
As used herein, the “C-terminal intein segment” refers to any intein sequence that comprises a C-terminal amino acid sequence that is functional for splicing or cleaving reactions when combined with a corresponding N-terminal intein segment. In one aspect, the C-terminal intein segment comprises a sequence that is spliced out when splicing occurs. In another aspect, the C-terminal intein segment is cleaved from a peptide sequence fused to its C-terminus. The sequence which is cleaved from the C-terminal intein's C-terminus is referred to herein as a “protein of interest” or “target protein” and is discussed in more detail below. A C-terminal intein segment can comprise a sequence that is a modification of the C-terminal portion of a naturally occurring (native) intein sequence. For example, a C terminal intein segment can comprise additional amino acid residues and/or mutated residues so long as the inclusion of such additional and/or mutated residues does not render the C-terminal intein segment non-functional for splicing or cleaving. Preferably, the inclusion of the additional and/or mutated residues improves or enhances the splicing and/or cleaving activity of the intein.
Split inteins have many practical uses including the production of recombinant proteins from fragments, the circularization of recombinant proteins, and the fixation of proteins on protein chips (Scott et al., (1999); Xu et al. (2001); Evans et al. (2000); Kwon et al., (2006)). Advantages of intein-based protein cleavage methods, compared to others such as protease-based methods, have been noted previously (Xu et al. (2001)). The intein-based N- and C-cleavage methods can also be used together on a single target protein to produce precise and tag-free ends at both the N- and the C-termini, or to achieve cyclization of the target protein (ligation of the N- and C-termini) using the expressed protein ligation approach.
The intein can be derived, for example, from an Npu DnaE intein, as shown in
The N-terminal intein segment can be been modified from a native intein (such as Npu DnaE, for example) so that the N-terminal intein segment does not comprise any internal cysteine residues. This is desirous so as to eliminate side reactions associated with immobilization of the NpuN intein segment onto a solid support using the scheme shown in
The N-terminal intein segment can also comprise a purification, or affinity tag, attached to its C-terminus. This can include an affinity resin reagent. The purification tag can comprise, for example, one or more histidine residues. The purification tag can comprise, for example, a chitin binding domain protein with highly specific affinity for chitin. The purification tag can further comprise, for example, a reversibly precipitating elastin-like peptide tag, which can be induced to selectively precipitate under known conditions of buffer composition and temperature. Affinity tags are discussed in more detail below. The N-terminal intein segment can also comprise amino acids at its C-terminus which allow for covalent immobilization. For example, one or more amino acids at the C-terminus can be cysteine residues.
The N-terminal intein segment can be immobilized onto a solid support. A variety of supports can be used. For example, the solid support can a polymer or substance that allows for immobilization of the N-terminal intein fragment, which can occur covalently or via an affinity tag with or without an appropriate linker. When a linker is used, the linker can be additional amino acid residues engineered to the C-terminus of the N-terminal intein segment, or can be other known linkers for attachment of a peptide to a support.
The N-terminal intein segment disclosed herein can be attached to an affinity tag through a linker sequence. The linker sequence can be designed to create distance between the intein and affinity tag, while providing minimal steric interference to the intein cleaving active site. It is generally accepted that linkers involve a relatively unstructured amino acid sequence, and the design and use of linkers are common in the art of designing fusion peptides. There is a variety of protein linker databases which one of skill in the art will recognize. This includes those found in Argos et al. J Mol Biol 1990 Feb. 20; 211(4) 943-58; Crasto et al. Protein Eng 2000 May; 13(5) 309-12; George et al. Protein Eng 2002 November; 15(11) 871-9; Arai et al. Protein Eng 2001 August; 14(8) 529-32; and Robinson et al. PNAS May 26, 1998 vol. 95 no. 11 5929-5934, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for their teaching of examples of linkers.
Table 1 shows exemplary sequences of the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment:
Examples of linkers include, but are not limited to: (1) poly-asparagine linker consisting of 4 to 15 asparagine residues, and (2) glycine-serine linker, consisting of various combinations and lengths of polypeptides consisting of glycine and serine. One of skill in the art can easily identify and use any linker that will successfully link the CIPS with an affinity tag.
In one example, the solid support can be a solid chromatographic resin backbone, such as a crosslinked agarose. The term “solid support matrix” or “solid matrix” refers to the solid backbone material of the resin which material contains reactive functionality permitting the covalent attachment of ligand (such as N-terminal intein segments) thereto. The backbone material can be inorganic (e.g., silica) or organic. When the backbone material is organic, it is preferably a solid polymer and suitable organic polymers are well known in the art. Solid support matrices suitable for use in the resins described herein include, by way of example, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, agarose, silica, coated silica, dextran, polymers (such as polyacrylates, polystyrene, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide including commercially available polymers such as Fractogel, Enzacryl, and Azlactone), copolymers (such as copolymers of styrene and divinyl-benzene), mixtures thereof and the like. Also, co-, ter- and higher polymers can be used provided that at least one of the monomers contains or can be derivatized to contain a reactive functionality in the resulting polymer. In an additional embodiment, the solid support matrix can contain ionizable functionality incorporated into the backbone thereof.
Reactive functionalities of the solid support matrix permitting covalent attachment of the N-terminal intein segments are well known in the art. Such groups include hydroxyl (e.g., Si—OH), carboxyl, thiol, amino, and the like. Conventional chemistry permits use of these functional groups to covalently attach ligands, such as N-terminal intein segments, thereto. Additionally, conventional chemistry permits the inclusion of such groups on the solid support matrix. For example, carboxy groups can be incorporated directly by employing acrylic acid or an ester thereof in the polymerization process. Upon polymerization, carboxyl groups are present if acrylic acid is employed or the polymer can be derivatized to contain carboxyl groups if an acrylate ester is employed.
Affinity tags can be peptide or protein sequences cloned in frame with protein coding sequences that change the protein's behavior. Affinity tags can be appended to the N- or C-terminus of proteins which can be used in methods of purifying a protein from cells. Cells expressing a peptide comprising an affinity tag can be pelleted, lysed, and the cell lysate applied to a column, resin or other solid support that displays a ligand to the affinity tags. The affinity tag and any fused peptides are bound to the solid support, which can also be washed several times with buffer to eliminate unbound (contaminant) proteins. A protein of interest, if attached to an affinity tag, can be eluted from the solid support via a buffer that causes the affinity tag to dissociate from the ligand resulting in a purified protein, or can be cleaved from the bound affinity tag using a soluble protease. As disclosed herein, the affinity tag is cleaved through the self-cleaving action of the Npuc intein segment in the active intein complex.
Examples of affinity tags can be found in Kimple et al. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 2004 September; Arnau et al. Protein Expr Purif 2006 July; 48(1) 1-13; Azarkan et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007 Apr. 15; 849(1-2) 81-90; and Waugh et al. Trends Biotechnol 2005 June; 23(6) 316-20, all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for their teaching of examples of affinity tags.
Examples of affinity include, but are not limited to, maltose binding protein, which can bind to immobilized maltose to facilitate purification of the fused target protein; Chitin binding protein, which can bind to immobilized chitin; Glutathione S transferase, which can bind to immobilized chitin; Poly-histidine, which can bind to immobilized chelated metals; FLAG octapeptide, which can bind to immobilized anti-FLAG antibodies.
Affinity tags can also be used to facilitate the purification of a protein of interest using the disclosed modified peptides through a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, selective precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, binding to precipitation-capable ligands, dialysis (by changing the size and/or charge of the target protein) and other highly selective separation methods.
In some aspects, affinity tags can be used that do not actually bind to a ligand, but instead either selectively precipitate or act as ligands for immobilized corresponding binding domains. In these instances, the tags are more generally referred to as purification tags. For example, the ELP tag selectively precipitates under specific salt and temperature conditions, allowing fused peptides to be purified by centrifugation. Another example is the antibody Fc domain, which serves as a ligand for immobilized protein A or Protein G-binding domains.
As disclosed herein, a protein of interest (POI), or target protein can attached to the C-terminal intein segment at its C-terminus. The C-terminal segment can be genetically fused to the protein of interest, for example. Methods of recombinant protein production are known to those of skill in the art. The C-terminal intein segment can comprise modifications when compared to a native Npu DnaE C-terminal intein segment. An example of such a modification includes, but is not limited to, a mutation of a highly conserved serine residue to a histidine residue. An example of such a mutation can be found in SEQ ID NO: 9, which also includes a mutation of a highly conserved aspartic acid to glycine. By “highly conserved” is meant identical amino acids or sequences that occur within aligned protein sequences across species.
The N-terminal intein segment can further comprise a sensitivity-enhancing motif (SEM), which renders the splicing or cleaving activity of the assembled intein complex highly sensitive to extrinsic conditions. This sensitivity-enhancing motif can render the split intein, when assembled (meaning the C-terminal intein segment comprising the protein of interest and the N-terminal intein segment are non-covalently associated, or covalently linked), more likely to cleave under certain conditions. Therefore, the sensitivity-enhancing motif can render the split intein more sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native, or naturally occurring, intein. For example, the split intein disclosed herein can be 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% or more sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native intein, where the sensitivity is defined as the percent cleavage under non-permissive conditions subtracted from the percent cleavage under permissive conditions. For example, if an intein shows no cleavage at pH 8.5 and 5 hours incubation, but 100% cleavage at pH 6.2 and 5 hours incubation, then the intein would show 100% sensitivity to this pH change under these conditions. Specifically, the Npu DnaE mutated intein disclosed herein (in SEQ ID NOS: 5, for example) can be more sensitive, and thus more likely to cleave the protein of interest, when certain conditions are present. These extrinsic conditions can be, for example, pH, temperature, or exposure to a certain compound or element, such as a chelating agent. Cleaving can occur at a greater rate, for example, at a pH of 6.2, when the sensitivity enhancing motif is present on the N-terminal intein segment, as compared to either an N-terminal intein segment which doesn't comprise the sensitivity enhancing motif, or a native or naturally occurring N-terminal intein segment. In another example, sensitivity can occur at a temperature of 0° C. to 45° C., when the sensitivity enhancing motif is present on the N-terminal intein segment, as compared to either an N-terminal intein segment which doesn't comprise the sensitivity enhancing motif, or a native or naturally occurring N-terminal intein segment.
The sensitivity enhancing motif (SEM) can be on the N-terminus of the N-terminal intein segment, for example. The SEM can be reversible. By “reversible” it is meant that the cleaving behavior of the split intein can be altered under a given extrinsic condition. This behavior of the intein, however, is reversible when the extrinsic condition is removed. For example, an intein may cleave or splice when at a pH of 6.2, but may not cleave or splice at a pH of 8.5. The SEMs disclosed herein can be designed such that when appended to, for example, the N-terminus of the N-terminal intein segment, they introduce a sensitivity enhancing element that allows for more precise control of cleavage of the protein of interest. This sensitivity has enabled the successful use of the inteins under conditions that are compatible with commercially relevant cell culture expression platforms.
In one example, a SEM can comprise the structure: aa1-aa2-aa3-aa4, wherein aa1 is a non-polar amino acid, aa2 is a negatively-charged amino acid, aa3 is a non-polar amino acid and aa4 is a positively charged amino acid. For example, aa1 can be glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, or valine; aa2 can be aspartic acid or glutamic acid; aa3 can be glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, or valine; and aa4 can be arginine or lysine.
Also disclosed herein is a SEM, wherein the SEM comprises the structure:aa1-aa2-aa3-aa4-aa5, wherein aa1 is a non-polar amino acid, aa2 is a negatively-charged amino acid, aa3 is a non-polar amino acid, aa4 is a positively charged amino acid and aa5 is a non-polar amino acid. For example, aa1 can be glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, or valine; aa2 can be aspartic acid or glutamic acid or cysteine; aa3 can be glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, or valine; aa4 can be arginine or lysine; and aa5 can be glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, or valine.
Disclosed herein are SEMS, wherein the reversible SEM comprises the sequence G-E-G-H-H (SEQ ID NO: 14), G-E-G-H-G (SEQ ID NO: 15), G-D-G-H-H (SEQ ID NO: 16), or G-D-G-H-G (SEQ ID NO: 17). Also disclosed are SEQ ID NOS: 4-5, which is an N-terminal fusion segment comprising the above SEMs.
Disclosed herein is a method of purifying a protein of interest, the method comprising: utilizing a split intein comprising two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment; immobilizing the N-terminal intein segment to a solid support; attaching a protein of interest to the C-terminal intein segment, wherein cleaving of the C-terminal intein segment is highly sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native intein; exposing the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment to each other so that they associate; washing the solid support to remove non-bound material; placing the associated the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment under conditions that allow for the intein to self-cleave; and isolating the protein of interest.
A database of inteins can be found at http://www.inteins.com. This database also includes split inteins. A list of inteins is found below in Table 2. All inteins have the potential to be made into split inteins, while some inteins naturally exist in a split form. All of the inteins found in Table 2 either exist as split inteins, or have the potential to be made into split inteins.
Acanthomoeba polyphaga Mimivirus
Aspergillus brevipes FRR2439
Ajellomyces capsulatus G186AR
Ajellomyces capsulatus H143
Ajellomyces capsulatus (anamorph:
Histoplasma capsulatum)
Ajellomyces capsulatus NAm1
Ajellomyces dermatitidis ER-3
Ajellomyces dermatitidis SLH14081,
Aspergillus fumigatus var. ellipticus,
Aspergillus fumigatus strain
Aspergillus fumigatus var. ellipticus,
Aspergillus giganteus Strain NRRL
Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A
Aspergillus viridinutans strain
Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph of
Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10)
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10
Chlorella virus NY2A infects
Chlorella NC64A, which infects
Paramecium bursaria
Chlorella virus NY2A infects
Chlorella NC64A, which infects
Paramecium bursaria
Costelytra zealandica iridescent virus
Cryptococcus bacillisporus strain
neoformans gattii)
Cryptococcus bacillisporus strain
Chlamydomonas eugametos
Cryptococcus gattii (aka
Cryptococcus bacillisporus)
Candida glabrata
Cryptococcus laurentii strain
Chlamydomonas moewusii, strain
Chlamydomonas moewusii, strain
Filobasidiella neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans var.
neoformans JEC21
Candida parapsilosis, strain CLIB214
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-
Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-
Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-
Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-
Coelomomyces stegomyiae
Candida tropicalis ATCC750
Candida tropicalis (nucleus)
Candida tropicalis MYA-3404
Dictyostelium discoideum strain
Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767
famata, taxon: 4959
Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767
Emericella nidulans R20 (anamorph:
Aspergillus nidulans)
Emericella nidulans (anamorph:
Aspergillus nidulans) FGSC A4
Floydiella terrestris, strain UTEX
Guillardia theta (plastid)
Heterosigma akashiwo virus 01
Histoplasma capsulatum (anamorph:
Ajellomyces capsulatus)
Kazachstania exigua, formerly
Saccharomyces exiguus, strain
Kluyveromyces lactis, strain CBS683
Kluyveromyces lactis IFO1267
Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y-1140
Lodderomyces elongisporus
Microsporum canis CBS 113480
Neosartorya aurata NRRL 4378
Neosartorya fennelliae NRRL 5534
Neosartorya fischeri
Neosartorya glabra FRR2163
Neosartorya glabra FRR1833
Neosartorya quadricincta, strain
Neosartorya spinosa FRR4595
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb01
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb03
Podospora anserina
Podospora anserina
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb18
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium expansum
Pichia (Candida) guilliermondii
Pichia (Candida) guilliermondii
Phaeosphaeria nodorum SN15
Phaeosphaeria nodorum SN15
Porphyra purpurea (chloroplast)
Pichia stipitis CBS 6054,
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Pt-1C-
Penicillium vulpinum (formerly
P. claviforme)
Porphyra yezoensis chloroplast,
Spiromyces aspiralis NRRL 22631
Saccharomyces castellii, strain
Saccharomyces castellii, strain
Saccharomyces cariocanus,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (nucleus)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
Saccharomyces cerevisiae JAY291
Saccharomyces cerevisiae OUT7091
Saccharomyces cerevisiae OUT7112
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
Saccharomyces dairenensis, strain
Saccharomyces exiguus,
Stigeoclonium helveticum, strain
Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
Saccharomyces pastorianus
Spizellomyces punctatus
Saccharomyces unisporus, strain
Torulaspora globosa, strain CBS 764
Torulaspora pretoriensis, strain CBS
Uncinocarpus reesii
Vanderwaltozyma polyspora,
Wiseana iridescent virus
Zygosaccharomyces bailii, strain
Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, strain
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, strain
Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary
Hamiltonella defensa,
Acyrthosiphon pisum,
Hamiltonella defensa strain 5ATac,
pisum
Hamiltonella defensa,
rudbeckiae, taxon: 568991
Actinobacillus
Haemophilus phage Aaphi23
actinomycetemcomitans
Aquifex aeolicus strain VF5
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Acinetobacter baumannii ACICU
Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B
Alkalilimnicola ehrlichei MLHE-1
Alkalilimnicola ehrlichei MLHE-1
Alkalilimnicola ehrlichei MLHE-1
Aggregatibacter phage S1249
Aphanothece halophytica
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 72020
Aphanothece halophytica
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 72020
Allochromatium vinosum DSM 180
Arthrospira maxima CS-328
Aphanizomenon ovalisporum
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 75695
Aphanizomenon ovalisporum
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 75695
Arthrospira platensis
Arthrobacter species FB24
Anabaena species PCC7120, (Nostoc
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Anabaena species PCC7120, (Nostoc
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 240292
Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 240292
Azotobacter vinelandii
Burkholderia cenocepacia MC0-3
Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184
Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10
B. subtilis M1918 (prophage)
B. subtilis strain 168 Sp beta c2
B. subtilis taxon 1423. SPbeta
Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4
Corynebacterium phage P1201
glutamicum NCHU
Chlorochromatium aggregatum
Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl
Clostridium botulinum phage C-St
botulinum type C strain
Clostridium botulinum phage D
botulinum type D strain, 1873,
Coxiella burnetii Dugway 5J108-111
Coxiella burnetii ‘MSU Goat Q177’
Coxiella burnetii RSA 334
Coxiella burnetii RSA 493
Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142
Chlorobium chlorochromatii CaD3
Cyanothece sp. CCY0110
Cyanobacterium,
Cyanothece sp. CCY0110
Cyanobacterium,
Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109
Carboxydothermus
hydrogenoformans Z-2901
Clostridium kluyveri DSM 555
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505
Cyanothece sp. CCY0110
Cyanothece sp. CCY0110
Cyanothece sp. PCC 7424
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 65393
Cyanothece sp. PCC7424
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 65393
Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425
Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822
Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801
Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801
Clostridium thermocellum
Clostridium thermocellum
Clostridium thermocellum DSM
Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501
Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501
Cyanobacterium,
Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501
Cyanobacterium,
Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501
Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501
Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator
Deinococcus geothermalis
Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-2
Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51
Deinococcus radiodurans R1, TIGR
Deinococcus radiodurans R1, TIGR
Deinococcus radiodurans R1, TIGR
Deinococcus radiodurans R1,
Dictyoglomus thermophilum H-6-12
Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp.
vulgaris DP4
Enterobacteria phage Min27
Frankia alni ACN14a
Frankia species CcI3
Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM2246
Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM2246
Gloeobacter violaceus, PCC 7421
Gloeobacter violaceus, PCC 7421
Gloeobacter violaceus, PCC 7421
Halorhodospira halophila SL1
Kribbella flavida DSM 17836
Kineococcus radiotolerans
Lactococcus phage KSY1
Listonella pelagia phage phiHSIC
Lyngbya sp. PCC 8106
Mycobacterium phage KBG
Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843
cyanobacterium, taxon: 449447
Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843
cyanobacterium, taxon: 449447
Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843
cyanobacterium, taxon: 449447
Micromonospora aurantiaca ATCC
Mycobacterium avium 104
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis str. k10
Mycobacterium bovis subsp. bovis
Mycobacterium bovis subsp. bovis
Mycobacterium bovis subsp. bovis
Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur
Mycobacterium bovis subsp. bovis
Methylococcus capsulatus Bath,
Methylococcus capsulatus Bath
Mycobacterium chitae
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
Cyanobacterium,
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
Cyanobacterium,
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
Cyanobacterium,
Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC
Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC
Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC
Methylobacterium extorquens AMI
Methylobacterium extorquens AMI
Mycobacterium fallax
Mycobacterium flavescens Fla0
Mycobacterium flavescens Fla0
Mycobacterium flavescens,
Mycobacterium flavescens PYR-
Mycobacterium gastri
Mycobacterium gastri
Mycobacterium gastri
Mycobacterium gilvum PYR-GCK
Mycobacterium gilvum PYR-GCK
Mycobacterium gordonae
Mycobacterium intracellulare
Mycobacterium intracellulare ATCC
Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC
Mycobacterium leprae Br4923
Mycobacterium leprae, strain TN
Mycobacterium leprae TN
Mycobacterium leprae, strain TN
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium malmoense
Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
Mycobacterium shimodei
Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155
Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155
Mycobacterium species KMS
Mycobacterium species KMS
Mycobacterium species MCS
Mycobacterium species MCS
Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains
Mycobacterium tuberculosis C
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/
Mycobacterium tuberculosis EAS054
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, strain
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis str.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis K85
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ‘98-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis T17
Mycobacterium tuberculosis T17
Mycobacterium tuberculosis T46
Mycobacterium tuberculosis T85
Mycobacterium tuberculosis T92
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1
Myxococcus xanthus DK1622
Mycobacterium xenopi strain
Nostoc azollae 0708
Nostoc azollae 0708
Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152
Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152
Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152
Nodularia spumigena CCY9414
Nostoc punctiforme
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 63737
Nostoc punctiforme
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 63737
Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 63737,
Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 63737,
Nocardioides species JS614
Nocardioides species JS614
Nostoc species PCC7120, (Anabaena
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Nostoc species PCC7120, (Anabaena
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Nostoc species PCC7120, (Anabaena
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Nostoc species PCC7120, (Anabaena
Cyanobacterium, Nitrogen-
Oscillatoria limnetica str. ‘Solar Lake’
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 262926
Oscillatoria limnetica str. ‘Solar Lake’
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 262926
Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage
aeruginosa, taxon: 273133
Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage
aeruginosa, taxon: 273133
Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage
aeruginosa, taxon: 273133
Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage
aeruginosa, taxon: 273133
Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5
Pelodictyon luteolum DSM 273
Persephonella marina EX-H1
Persephonella marina EX-H1
Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2
Polynucleobacter sp. QLW-
Polaromonas species JS666
Polaromonas species JS666
Pseudomonas species A1-1
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Raphidiopsis brookii D9
Rhodospirillum centenum SW
Rhodococcus erythropolis SK121
Rhodothermus marinus
Rhodothermus marinus DSM 4252
Rhodothermus marinus DSM 4252
Roseovarius species 217
Salmonella phage SETP12
Salmonella phage SETP3
Salmonella phage SETP3
Salmonella phage SETP5
Salinispora arenicola CNS-205
Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 6301
Anacystis nudulans
Synechococcus elongatus PC7942
Synechococcus elongatus PC7942
Synechococcus elongatus PC7942
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 6301
Cyanobacterium,
Synechococcus sp. PCC
nudulans”
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 6301
Cyanobacterium,
Synechococcus sp. PCC
nudulans”
Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A
Shigella flexneri 2a str. 2457T
Shigella flexneri 2a str. 301
Shigella flexneri 5 str. 8401
Sodalis phage SO-1
glossinidius strain GA-SG,
Glossina austeni (Newstead)”
Spirulina platensis, strain C1
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1156
Salinibacter ruber DSM 13855
Salinibacter ruber DSM 13855
Salinibacter ruber DSM 13855
Synechocystis species, strain
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1148
Synechocystis species, strain
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1148
Synechocystis species, strain
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1148
Synechocystis species, strain
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1148
Synechocystis species, strain
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 1148
Synechococcus species JA-2-3B′a(2-13)
Cyanobacterium, Taxon: 321332
Synechococcus species JA-2-3B′a(2-13)
Cyanobacterium, Taxon: 321332
Synechococcus species JA-3-3Ab
Cyanobacterium, Taxon: 321327
Synechococcus species JA-3-3Ab
Cyanobacterium, Taxon: 321327
Synechocystis species, strain PCC
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 32049
Synechocystis species, strain PCC
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 32049
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335
Staphylococcus phage Twort
Sulfurovum sp. NBC37-1
Thermus aquaticus Y51MC23
Thermus aquaticus Y51MC23
Thermomonospora curvata DSM
Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 197221
Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1
Cyanobacterium,
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 203124
Thermobifida fusca YX
Thermobifida fusca YX
Thermobifida fusca YX
Thioalkalivibrio sp. K90mix
Thermoanaerobacterium
thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571
Thermus thermophilus HB27
Thermus thermophilus HB27
Thermus thermophilus HB27
Thermus thermophilus HB27
Thermus thermophilus HB8
Thermus thermophilus HB8
Thermus thermophilus HB8
Thermus thermophilus HB8
Thermosynechococcus vulcanus
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 32053
Thermosynechococcus vulcanus
Cyanobacterium, taxon: 32053
Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii
Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii
Aeropyrum pernix K1
Candidatus Methanoregula boonei
Ferroplasma acidarmanus,
Ferroplasma acidarmanus
Ferroplasma acidarmanus type I,
Ferroplasma acidarmanus
Haloarcula marismortui ATCC
Haloarcula marismortui ATCC
Haloarcula marismortui ATCC
Haloarcula marismortui ATCC
Halomicrobium mukohataei DSM
Halomicrobium mukohataei DSM
Halobacterium salinarum R-1
Halobacterium species NRC-1
Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1
Halorhabdus utahensis DSM 12940
Halorhabdus utahensis DSM 12940
Haloferax volcanii DS70
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3
Methanocaldococcus infernus ME
Methanocaldococcus infernus ME
Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1
Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1
Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22
Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22
Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22
Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22
Methanocaldococcus fervens AG86
Methanocaldococcus fervens AG86
Methanospirillum hungateii JF-1
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19
Methanothermobacter
thermautotrophicus
thermoautotrophicum)
Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7
Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7
Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7
Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7
Methanocaldococcus vulcanius M7
Nanoarchaeum equitans Kin4-M
Nanoarchaeum equitans Kin4-M
Natrialba magadii ATCC 43099
Natrialba magadii ATCC 43099
Natrialba magadii ATCC 43099
Natronomonas pharaonis DSM 2160
Natronomonas pharaonis DSM 2160
Natronomonas pharaonis DSM 2160
Natronomonas pharaonis DSM 2160
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrococcus abyssi
Pyrobaculum arsenaticum DSM
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3
Pyrococcus species GB-D
Picrophilus torridus, DSM 9790
Staphylothermus marinus F1
Staphylothermus marinus F1
Thermoplasma acidophilum, ATCC
Thermoplasma acidophilum,
Thermococcus aggregans
Thermococcus aggregans
Thermococcus aggregans
Thermococcus barophilus MP
Thermococcus fumicolans
Thermococcus fumicolans
Thermococcus hydrothermalis
Thermococcus hydrothermalis
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Pyrococcus/Thermococcus
kodakaraensis KOD1
Pyrococcus/Thermococcus
kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1
Thermococcus litoralis
Thermococcus litoralis
Thermococcus marinus
Thermococcus onnurineus NA1
Thermococcus onnurineus NA1
Thermococcus peptonophilus strain
Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739
Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739
Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739
Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739
Thermococcus sp. AM4
Thermococcus sp. AM4
Thermococcus sp. AM4
Thermococcus sp. AM4
Thermococcus species GE8
Thermococcus species GE8
Thermococcus species GT
Thermococcus species GT
Thermococcus sp. OGL-20P
Thermococcus thioreducens
Thermoplasma volcanium GSS1
Thermococcus zilligii
The split inteins of the disclosed compositions or that can be used in the disclosed methods can be modified, or mutated, inteins. A modified intein can comprise modifications to the N-terminal intein segment, the C-terminal intein segment, or both. The modifications can include additional amino acids at the N-terminus the C-terminus of either portion of the split intein, or can be within the either portion of the split intein. Table 3 shows a list of amino acids, their abbreviations, polarity, and charge.
Disclosed herein are vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding the C-terminal intein segment as disclosed herein, as well as cell lines comprising said vectors. As used herein, plasmid or viral vectors are agents that transport the disclosed nucleic acids, such as those encoding a C-terminal intein segment and a peptide of interest, into a cell without degradation and include a promoter yielding expression of the gene in the cells into which they can be delivered. In one example, a C-terminal intein segment and peptide of interest are derived from either a virus or a retrovirus. Retroviral vectors are able to carry a larger genetic payload, i.e., a transgene or marker gene, than other viral vectors and for this reason are a commonly used vector. However, they are not as useful in non-proliferating cells. Adenovirus vectors are relatively stable and easy to work with, have high titers, and can be delivered in aerosol formulation, and can transfect non-dividing cells. Pox viral vectors are large and have several sites for inserting genes; they are thermostable and can be stored at room temperature. Disclosed herein is a viral vector which has been engineered so as to suppress the immune response of a host organism, elicited by the viral antigens. Vectors of this type can carry coding regions for Interleukin 8 or 10.
Viral vectors can have higher transfection (ability to introduce genes) abilities than chemical or physical methods to introduce genes into cells. Typically, viral vectors contain nonstructural early genes, structural late genes, an RNA polymerase III transcript, inverted terminal repeats necessary for replication and encapsidation, and promoters to control the transcription and replication of the viral genome. When engineered as vectors, viruses typically have one or more of the early genes removed and a gene or gene/promoter cassette is inserted into the viral genome in place of the removed viral DNA. Constructs of this type can carry up to about 8 kb of foreign genetic material. The necessary functions of the removed early genes are typically supplied by cell lines which have been engineered to express the gene products of the early genes in trans.
The fusion DNA encoding a modified peptide can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein-coding sequence. Depending on the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements can be used. For instance, when expressing a modified eukaryotic protein, it can be advantageous to use appropriate eukaryotic vectors and host cells. Expression of the fusion DNA results in the production of a modified protein.
Also disclosed herein are cell lines comprising the vectors or peptides disclosed herein. A variety of cells can be used with the vectors and plasmids disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of such cells include somatic cells such as blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes), endothelial cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells (from the central or peripheral nervous systems), muscle cells (including myocytes and myoblasts from skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle), connective tissue cells (including fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, osteocytes and osteoblasts) and other stromal cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, thymic nurse cells, Schwann cells, etc.). Eukaryotic germ cells (spermatocytes and oocytes) can also be used, as can the progenitors, precursors and stem cells that give rise to the above-described somatic and germ cells. These cells, tissues and organs can be normal, or they can be pathological such as those involved in diseases or physical disorders, including, but not limited to, infectious diseases (caused by bacteria, fungi yeast, viruses (including HIV, or parasites); in genetic or biochemical pathologies (e.g., cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, etc.); or in carcinogenesis and other cancer-related processes.
The eukaryotic cell lines disclosed herein can be animal cells, plant cells (monocot or dicot plants) or fungal cells, such as yeast. Animal cells include those of vertebrate or invertebrate origin. Vertebrate cells, especially mammalian cells (including, but not limited to, cells obtained or derived from human, simian or other non-human primate, mouse, rat, avian, bovine, porcine, ovine, canine, feline and the like), avian cells, fish cells (including zebrafish cells), insect cells (including, but not limited to, cells obtained or derived from Drosophila species, from Spodoptera species (e.g., Sf9 obtained or derived from S. frugiperida, or HIGH FIVE™ cells) or from Trichoplusa species (e.g., MG1, derived from T. ni)), worm cells (e.g., those obtained or derived from C. elegans), and the like. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, however, that cells from any species besides those specifically disclosed herein can be advantageously used in accordance with the vectors, plasmids, and methods disclosed herein, without the need for undue experimentation.
Examples of useful cell lines include, but are not limited to, HT1080 cells (ATCC CCL 121), HeLa cells and derivatives of HeLa cells (ATCC CCL 2, 2.1 and 2.2), MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ATCC BTH 22), K-562 leukemia cells (ATCC CCL 243), KB carcinoma cells (ATCC CCL 17), 2780AD ovarian carcinoma cells (see Van der Buick, A. M. et al., Cancer Res. 48:5927-5932 (1988), Raji cells (ATCC CCL 86), Jurkat cells (ATCC TIB 152), Namalwa cells (ATCC CRL 1432), HL-60 cells (ATCC CCL 240), Daudi cells (ATCC CCL 213), RPMI 8226 cells (ATCC CCL 155), U-937 cells (ATCC CRL 1593), Bowes Melanoma cells (ATCC CRL 9607), WI-38VA13 subline 2R4 cells (ATCC CLL 75.1), and MOLT-4 cells (ATCC CRL 1582), as well as heterohybridoma cells produced by fusion of human cells and cells of another species. Secondary human fibroblast strains, such as WI-38 (ATCC CCL 75) and MRC-5 (ATCC CCL 171 can also be used. Other mammalian cells and cell lines can be used in accordance with the present invention, including, but not limited to CHO cells, COS cells, VERO cells, 293 cells, PER-C6 cells, M1 cells, NS-1 cells, COS-7 cells, MDBK cells, MDCK cells, MRC-5 cells, WI-38 cells, WEHI cells, SP2/0 cells, BHK cells (including BHK-21 cells); these and other cells and cell lines are available commercially, for example from the American Type Culture Collection (P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20108 USA). Many other cell lines are known in the art and will be familiar to the ordinarily skilled artisan; such cell lines therefore can be used equally well.
Once obtained, the proteins of interest can be separated and purified by appropriate combination of known techniques. These methods include, for example, methods utilizing solubility such as salt precipitation and solvent precipitation; methods utilizing the difference in molecular weight such as dialysis, ultra-filtration, gel-filtration, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; methods utilizing a difference in electrical charge such as ion-exchange column chromatography; methods utilizing specific affinity such as affinity chromatography; methods utilizing a difference in hydrophobicity such as reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography; and methods utilizing a difference in isoelectric point, such as isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. These are discussed in more detail below.
Disclosed is a method of purifying a protein of interest, the method comprising: utilizing a split intein comprising two separate peptides: an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment; immobilizing the N-terminal intein segment to a solid support; attaching a protein of interest to the C-terminal intein segment, wherein cleaving of the C-terminal intein segment is highly sensitive to extrinsic conditions when compared to a native intein. exposing the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment to each other so that they associate; washing the solid support to remove non-bound material; placing the associated the N-terminal intein segment and the C-terminal intein segment under conditions that allow for the intein to self-cleave; and isolating the protein of interest.
Also disclosed herein are kits. A kit, for example, can include the split intein disclosed herein (an N-terminal intein segment and a C-terminal intein segment) as well as a protein of interest, optionally. The kit can also include instructions for use.
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
To efficiently control C-terminal cleavage of the NpuC intein segment, the highly conserved penultimate Serine of NpuC was modified into Histidine, which is the residue found at this position in most inteins. The penultimate Histidine can stabilize the cyclization of the C-terminal intein Asparagine through hydrogen bonding, and can contribute to the pH sensitivity of some contiguous inteins. The resulting S34H NpuC mutant, NpucHN was fused with Streptokinase as the test target protein for testing its cleaving behavior under various conditions. Furthermore, a modification of the +1 residue of Streptokinase was also investigated. The native +1 residue of Streptokinase is a Cysteine, which is a typical +1 extein residue that facilitates intein splicing or cleaving reactions. Since most recombinant proteins, especially the therapeutic proteins that are manufactured in mammalian cells usually start with a methionine as their +1 residue, we made a C1M mutant, namely SKM for testing the intein cleaving reaction adaptability.
The cleaving kinetics of the different mutants were initially studied in solution. The NpuN and the NpuCHN mutants were expressed in E. coli and first purified using Ni-NTA affinity methods. To ensure a complete cleaving reaction of NpuCHN, a 2:1 molar ratio of NpuN:NpuCHN was used for all reactions. The cleaving reaction was carried out at room temperature at either pH 8.5 or pH 6.2. The mixture was sampled over 16 hours and the reaction was terminated by adding SDS-PAGE protein loading dye (375 mM Tri-HCl, 9% SDS, 50% Glycerol, 0.03% Bromophenol blue and 5% β-mercaptoethanol). The results shown in
To enhance the sensitivity of the cleaving reaction to zinc ion and pH, the 04b Zinc-Binding Motif sequence (also referred to herein as a Sensitivity Enhancing Motif) (GDGHG, SEQ ID NO: 17) was engineered onto N-terminus of the NpuN (C.F.) intein segment as a “sensitivity enhancing motif”, resulting in the intein referred to as Zn-NpuN. Hypothetically, the Zinc-Binding Motif should largely enhance the sensitivity of the split intein system to zinc. Therefore, to obtain inhibition of cleaving small amounts of zinc ion would be required. To demonstrate this idea, the same cleaving kinetic study with zinc titration at pH 8.5 and 6.2 was carried out using Zn-NpuN at room temperature.
A more detailed analysis is shown in
A noteworthy point was that the NpucHN-SKM tended to cleave faster than the NpucHN-SKC. This can imply that the Zinc-Binding Motif not only contributed to the pH sensitivity but also affected the nucleophilic attack at the +1 extein residue. Nevertheless, Methionine is the main beginning residue of most recombinant proteins, so the success with the SKM mutant is encouraging for the application of this strategy to other target proteins.
a. Materials and Methods
(a) Plasmid Construction of NpuN (Cysteine-Free) and Zn-NpuN
To silence the native cysteine residues of the NpuN intein segment, Cys29 and Cys60 were both mutated into serine, while Cys1 was mutated into Ala, resulting in the NpuN (cysteine-free, or C.F.). A zinc binding motif (GDGHG, SEQ ID NO: 17) was encoded directly onto a PCR primer to PCR-amplify the NpuN (cysteine-free) gene, resulting in the Zn-NpuN intein segment. Two unique restriction enzyme sites: NdeI and XhoI were designed at the 5′ and 3′ end, respectively, of NpuN (C.F.) and Zn-NpuN. The PCR products were digested with the two unique enzymes and then ligated into a pET vector for protein expression in E. coli.
(b) Plasmid Construction of NpuC or NpuCHN Tagged Target Proteins for E. coli and IVT Expression
The NpuC or NpuCHN split intein segment and the SKM and SKC target protein genes were fused through overlap PCR. Two unique restriction enzymes: NdeI and XhoI were designed at 5′- and 3′-end of the PCR product, respectively. The PCR-amplified fusion protein genes were digested with NdeI and XhoI and ligated into a pET expression vector for E. coli expression.
(c) Recombinant Protein Expression in E. coli
The constructed intein segment fusion plasmids were transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BLR(DE3) (F-ompT hsdSB(rB-,mB-) gal dcm (DE3)). Transformed cells were cultured in 5 ml Luria Broth media (10 g NaCl, 5 g Yeast extract, 10 g Tryptone per liter) supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, vigorously shaken at 37° C., 200 rpm for 16-18 hours. Overnight cultures were then diluted at a ratio of 1:100 (v/v) into 2× Luria Broth media (10 g NaCl, 10 g Yeast extract, 20 g Tryptone per liter) supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, and shaken at 37° C., 200 rpm until reaching the OD600 of 0.6-0.8. The cells were then induced for protein expression by adding isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at a final concentration 0.4 mM. The expression was carried out at 16° C. for 24 hours.
To create an NpuN intein that exhibits uniform orientation upon immobilization, the three cysteine residues in NpuN were first mutated to serine or alanine at Cys 29, Cys 60 and Cys1. Since the potential impacts of theses mutations on the cleaving activity was unknown, the cleaving behavior of the individual mutants were investigated, and the results were compared to the wild type NpuN. In
The NpuN (C.F.) was immobilized to an agarose-based SulfoLink resin through a thiol-ether bonding, as described in the materials and methods session. The pre-purified NpuN was quantified using Bradford assay before immobilization. To evaluate the efficiency and capacity of the covalent immobilization, various amounts of NpuN were loaded to multiple chromatographic columns, where 1 ml of SulfoLink resin was packed individually. The unbound proteins in the flow-through sample and washes were collected and quantified using Bradford assays. An estimation of the immobilization efficiency could thus be calculated using the amount of loaded protein and subtracting the amount of proteins in the flow-through and wash. As shown in Table 4, the approximate average amount of immobilized NpuN on SulfoLink resin was 2.88 mg/ml.
The immobilized NpuN resin was then tested for its binding capacity. NpuC-SKM was used as the model protein for examining the purification module. E. coli expressed Npuc-SKM was pre-purified using Ni-NTA and quantified using Bradford assay. Various amounts of NpuC-SKM were loaded to the NpuN resin-packed columns, which allowed the binding of NpuC-SKM. The unbound proteins in the flow-through sample and the wash sample were collected and quantified using Bradford assay. The result showed an approximate 2.3 mg/ml of binding capacity of the NpuN resin (Table 5).
a. Materials and Methods
(a) Plasmid Construction of NpuN (Cysteine-Free) and Zn-NpuN
To silence the native cysteine residues of the NpuN intein segment, Cys29 and Cys60 were both mutated into serine, while Cys1 was mutated into Ala, resulting in the NpuN (cysteine-free, or C.F.). A zinc binding motif (GDGHG, SEQ ID NO: 17) was encoded directly onto a PCR primer to PCR-amplify the NpuN (cysteine-free) genes, resulting in the Zn-NpuN intein segment. To add an additional His tag and cysteine residues to the C-terminus of NpuN, overlap PCR was used according to conventional methods. Two unique restriction enzyme sites: NdeI and XhoI were designed at the 5′ and 3′ end, respectively, of NpuN (C.F.) and Zn-NpuN. The PCR products were digested with the two unique enzymes and then ligated into a pET vector for protein expression in E. coli. The expressed NpuN intein segment is shown as SEQ ID #3.
(b) Recombinant Protein Expression in E. coli
The constructed intein segment fusion plasmids were transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BLR(DE3) (F-ompT hsdSB(rB-,mB-) gal dcm (DE3)). Transformed cells were cultured in 5 ml Luria Broth media (10 g NaCl, 5 g Yeast extract, 10 g Tryptone per liter) supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, vigorously shaken at 37° C., 200 rpm for 16-18 hours. Overnight cultures were then diluted at a ratio of 1:100 (v/v) into 2× Luria Broth media (10 g NaCl, 10 g Yeast extract, 20 g Tryptone per liter) supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, and shaken at 37° C., 200 rpm until reaching the OD600 of 0.6-0.8. The cells were then induced for protein expression by adding isopropyl τ3-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at a final concentration 0.4 mM. The expression was carried out at 16° C. for 24 hours.
(c) Covalent Immobilization of NpuN (Cysteine-Free)
The NpuN was immobilized through the interaction between the sulfhydryl group of the engineered cysteine at the C-terminus of NpuN (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the Iodoacetyl group on a beaded agarose support. The agarose coupling bead was purchased from Thermo Scientific (SulfoLink Coupling Resin, #20401). The Iodoacetyl groups on the SulfoLink Coupling Resin react specifically with free sulfhydryls, as shown in the
To make a 1 ml of NpuN-SulfoLink resin, about 50-60 ml of E. coli expressed NpuN (cysteine-free) was pre-purified using Ni-NTA and dissolved in 1 ml of Coupling Buffer (50 mM Tris, 5 mM EDTA-Na; pH 8.5). A final concentration 25 mM of Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP, Thermo Product No. 77720), was added to the NpuN (cysteine-free) to remove the excess disulfide bonds. The SulfoLink resin slurry was first transferred to a chromatographic column and allowed to settle to obtain a 1 ml bed volume. The column was then equilibrated with 10 column-volume of Coupling Buffer before immobilization. To couple the NpuN, 1 ml of dissolved protein was added to 1 ml SulfoLink resin and mixed by gently shaking for at least an hour at room temperature or for 16 hours at 4° C. After the covalent immobilization, the resin was washed with another 10 column-volumes of Coupling Buffer to remove the unbound NpuN. The coupling resin was then incubated in a 50 mM L-Cysteine-HCl in Coupling Buffer for an hour to block the nonspecific binding sites on the agarose beads. Lastly, 1M NaCl was used to rinse out the residual conatimants on the resin. The final NpuN-coupling resin was stored in 20% ethanol at 4° C.
Given the promising pH sensitivity property of using Zn-NpuN and NpucHN as a purification module (Example 1), the applicability of this split intein system was evaluated for on-column purification of several target proteins. The Zn-NpuN segment was immobilized onto the agarose-based SulfoLink resin as described previously (Example 2). The purification scheme relies on a pH 8.5 buffer for inhibiting C-terminal cleavage during purification, and a pH 6.2 buffer for induction of cleaving after purification. On-column purification of proteins expressed in three different host cell systems: E. coli, an IVT system, and a mammalian cell expression system was used.
To investigate the feasibility of using the Zn-NpuN/NpucHN split intein in other expression systems, the NpucHN-SKM and NpucHN-sfGFP fusion protein genes were recloned for CHO-IVT expression. To produce the tagged target proteins, 400 μL of CHO-IVT expression was carried out at 30° C. for 16 hours. The harvested expression reactions were first clarified by centrifugation and then the supernatant was transferred to the Zn-NpuN column, where 200 μL of Zn-NpuN resin was packed. The purification results were analyzed using SDS-PAGE silver staining, which is more sensitive than Coomassie stain for detecting protein bands on the gel. The results are shown in
a. Recovery Analysis Using Streptokinase Activity Assay
A SK activity assay allowed us to quantitatively analyze how much SK target protein could be recovered after the purification process. The specific chemical conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by active Streptokinase results in a yellow end-product that can be detected by optical absorbance at 405 nm. The activity assay was validated to show that no signal would be generated by host cell proteins or any other impurities in the expression system. Consequently, the signal detected at 405 nm would only come from either the precursor protein (NpucHN-SKM) or the cleaved product (SKM).
A standard Streptokinase purchased from Sigma (Cat. # S3134) was first analyzed for generating the standard activity curve, as shown in
The calculation of protein recovery was based on the total amount of Streptokinase in the final purified product divided by the total amount of precursor proteins in the CHO-IVT mixture:
For comparison, two conventional affinity tag-based purification methods, His tag and GST tag, were also examined for their protein recovery. Table 6 and
86%
The standard deviation was derived from three independent experiments.
The incentive of developing the split intein system for recombinant protein purification was to resolve the issue of in vivo premature cleavage, which has been particularly problematic for proteins expressed in conventional mammalian cell hosts. Given all the successful demonstrations in E. coli and the IVT system, the ultimate goal is to apply the Npu split intein technology to mammalian cell systems. Here the results of mammalian cell expression NpuCHN-tagged glycoproteins and their purification using Zn-NpuN are shown. Secreted Alkaline Phosphatase (SEAP) was selected as the target protein. This target was selected because SEAP is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl phosphate, producing a yellow product. Thus, SEAP has many of the features of complex mammalian glycoproteins, along with a simple activity assay. The quantification of SEAP is based on the detection of the yellow end-product using a spectrophotometer at 405 nm.
The NpuCHN-SEAP precursor protein was transiently expressed in 50 ml of HEK293 or CHO-K1 cell culture. A signal peptide derived from immunoglobulin kappa-chain was fused to the N-terminus of the tagged SEAP protein to target the SEAP for glycosylation and secretion. Since the NpuCHN split intein fragment has no splicing or cleaving activity, the possibility of in vivo premature cleavage has been completely eliminated. The clarified cell culture media with the secreted precursor proteins was harvested from the cell culture reactor, and then loaded onto the chromatographic column containing 200 μL of Zn-NpuN resin. The purification results are shown in
The biological activity of the purified SEAP to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl phosphate and quantified the amount based on the colorimetric assay was also assayed.
As summarized in
a. Materials and Methods
(a) Plasmid Construction of Npuc or NpucHN Tagged Target Proteins for Mammalian Cell Expression
The Npuc or NpucHN split intein and the target protein genes were fused through overlap PCR. To enhance the tagged target protein secretion, a signal peptide derived from an immunoglobulin kappa (METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGSTGD, SEQ ID NO: 28) was engineered to the front of the tagged target protein. The Kozac sequence was also optimized for mammalian cell expression. Two unique restriction enzymes: HindIII and AfeI were designed at 5′- and 3′-end of the PCR product, respectively. The PCR-amplified precursor protein genes were digested with HindIII and AfeI and then ligated into the pTT vector for HEK293 or CHO-K1 cell transient expression.
(b) Transient Expression in Mammalian Cell System
The mammalian cell line HEK293 (ATCC® CRL-10852™) and CHO-K1 (ATCC® CCL-61™) were purchased from ATCC. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum in a T-75 tissue culture flask. The cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2 in air atmosphere. For transient transfection, the plasmids were mixed with polyethylenimine (PEI) as a transfection vector at a 1:3 ratio (w/w). The DNA-PEI mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and then sterilized through a 0.22 μm syringe filter. In general, 1 μg of plasmid DNA per 1 ml of culture was transfected when the cell confluency was in the range of 40 to 60%. The sterile DNA-PEI mixture was gently added to the cell culture media without shaking. The expressed protein was then harvested 3 days after transfection.
(c) A General Protocol for Recombinant Protein Purification Using NpuN-Coupled Resin
To purify the Npuc or NpuHN-tagged proteins, 200 μL (bed volume) of the NpuN-coupled SulfoLink resin was packed into a chromatographic column and equilibrated with 10 column-volume of binding buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5). The expressed protein mixtures (or lysates in the cases of E. coli expression) were first diluted 5-fold in binding buffer and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g, 4° C. for 2 minutes. The collected supernatant was loaded onto the NpuN column for binding and then washed with at least 10 column-volumes of wash buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5) to thoroughly remove the impurities. The C-terminal cleaving reaction was induced by adding one column-volume of cleavage buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 6.2) and sealed for 5 hours at room temperature. The final cleaved product was then eluted from the column. To regenerate the NpuN-coupled SulfoLink resin, 0.1M NaOH, 0.5% Triton X100 and 2 mM ZnCl2 was added to denature the split intein assembly at 40° C. for at least 40 minutes.
(d) Streptokinase Activity Assay
The activity assay of Streptokinase is based on the potency of converting plasminogen to plasmin. Plasminogen activation by streptokinase can be quantitatively assayed using the synthetic chromogenic substrate S-2251™ (Chromogenix cat. no. 820332). The SK-converted plasmin accelerates the hydrolysis of S-2251, resulting in the formation of a yellow end-product that can be detected at an optical absorbance of 405 nm. The native Glu-Plasminogen was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog#: RP-43078). Substrate S-2251 was used for testing the amount of SK-converted plasmin in the reaction. To perform the assay, the SK samples were diluted in sample buffer (5 mL Tris-HCl pH 7.4 (from 0.5M stock) 25 μL NaCl (from 1M stock) 250 mg BSA (Sigma cat. no. A3311) filtered diH2O to 50 mL) to a desired dilution for the assay. To assay in a 96-well plate format, 60 μL of diluted SK sample was mixed with 45 μL of glu-plasminogen, and 40 μL of substrate solution (1 mL 0.5M Tris-HCl pH 7.4 1 mL 3 mM S-2251 5 μL 10% Tween 20), mixed thoroughly. The plate was then incubated at 37° C. for one hour and then read the absorbance at 405 nm.
The NpuN intein segment is fused at its C-terminus to a conventional affinity tag, in this case a chitin binding domain (CBD), to demonstrate a chromatographic purification method. The NpuN-CBD was expressed in E. coli and then purified directly from the E. coli cell lysate using CBD tag. After removing the impurities, the NpuN-CBD bound to the chitin resin effectively forms an NpuN-conjugated resin, as shown in
To demonstrate the actual application of this chromatographic purification scheme, the Npuc-SK precursor protein was expressed in a separate IVT (In vitro translation) system. Two IVT lysates were used here; the HeLa-IVT and CHO-IVT, resulting from lysis or HeLa and CHO cells, respectively; and both of which have been evaluated for synthesizing therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies. A total of 200 μL of NpuN-conjugated resin was packed in a chromatographic column and equilibrated with 20 column-volumes of binding buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5).
A. Materials and Methods:
(a) Plasmid Construction with Naturally Occurring Split Intein (Npu DNAe)
The Npuc split intein segment and the streptokinase (SK) genes were fused using overlapping PCR. Two unique restriction enzymes: NdeI and XhoI were designed at the 5′- and 3′-ends of the PCR product, respectively. The PCR-amplified genes (NpuC-SK) were digested with NdeI and XhoI and ligated into the pET or pT7CFE1-CHis vectors for E. coli or CHO-IVT expression. The NpuN-CBD fusion was created using overlapping PCR with unique restriction enzyme sites: NdeI and XhoI at the 5′- and 3′-end, respectively. The resulting PCR product was then digested with NdeI and XhoI and cloned into a pET vector for E. coli. Expression. Table 8 lists the primers used for making the split intein fusion proteins.
(b) Immobilization of Chitin Binding Domain Tagged-NpuN (NpuN-CBD)
The NpuN-CBD genes were expressed in Escherichia coli strain BLR(DE3) (F-ompT hsdSB(rB-,mB-) gal dcm (DE3)), following typical procedures. The harvested cell lysate solutions were clarified by centrifugation at 6000 g, 4° C. for 10 min. For immobilization, the collected supernatants were loaded onto a chromatography column packed with 1 ml of equilibrated chitin-agarose resin (NEB, Cat. # S6651S). The CBD-tagged NpuN binds to the chitin resin through the affinity tag. The column was washed with 20 column-volumes of wash buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5) to completely remove the impurities. Lastly, the NpuN-CBD-coupled resin was stored in 20% ethanol at 4° C. for future use.
(c) Recombinant Protein Expression in In Vitro Translation (IVT) Systems
The HeLa-IVT or CHO-IVT system was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (CHO Lysate, Accessory Proteins, 5× Reaction Mix, 4× Dialysis Buffer, Cat. #88894). To express proteins in a 100 μL reaction, the materials are mixed in the following order: Lysate 50 μL, Accessory Proteins 10 μL, 5× Reaction Mix 20 μL. The plasmids constructed with the precursor protein genes as described previously were added to the mixture to a total amount of 4 μg DNA. The whole reaction mixture was then transfered to a micro-dialysis tube (Thermo, Cat. #88891Y) and immersed into a 2 ml micro-centrifuge tube supplied with 1400 μL of dialysis buffer. The mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 16 hours to allow expression of the tagged target protein.
(d) Protein Purification Using Split Intein (NpuN-CBD)-Coupled Resin
To purify the Npuc-tagged SK target proteins, 200 μL of the NpuN-CBD-coupled resin was packed into a gravity column, and equilibrated with 20 column-volumes of wash buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5). IVT reactions with expressed proteins were first diluted in 5 volumes of wash buffer and then clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g, 4° C. for 2 minutes. The collected supernatant was loaded onto the NpuN-CBD column and then washed with 20 column-volumes of wash buffer. After thoroughly washing out the impurities, one column-volume of elution buffer (20 mM AMPD/PIPES, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.5) was added to the column and the column was sealed for 5 hours and incubated at 37° C. to allow cleavage.
Intein modification summary: the −1 residue is the first amino acid before the intein, while the +1 amino acid is formally the first amino acid of the intein. The zinc binding motifs include the amino acids before the intein, occasionally along with the first amino acid of the intein.
DNA sequences (modifications, including the +1 amino acid are underlined):
Table 10 shows EC50 values for the modifications:
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 62/101,518, filed on Jan. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under grant 0000012879 awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The United States government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150353597 | Chen | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Derbyshire, V., Wood, D. W., Wu, W., Dansereau, J. T., Dalgaard, J. Z., & Belfort, M. (1997). Genetic definition of a protein-splicing domain: functional mini-inteins support structure predictions and a model for intein evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(21), 11466-11471. |
| Dhar, T., & Mootz, H. D. (2011). Modification of transmembrane and GPI-anchored proteins on living cells by efficient protein trans-splicing using the Npu DnaE intein. Chemical Communications, 47(11), 3063-3065. |
| Ding, Y., Xu, M. Q., Ghosh, I., Chen, X., Ferrandon, S., Lesage, G., & Rao, Z. (2003). Crystal structure of a mini-intein reveals a conserved catalytic module involved in side chain cyclization of asparagine during protein splicing. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(40), 39133-39142. |
| Duan, X., Gimble, F. S., & Quiocho, F. A. (1997). Crystal structure of Pl-Scel, a homing endonuclease with protein splicing activity. Cell, 89(4), 555-564. |
| Evans, T. C., Martin, D., Kolly, R., Panne, D., Sun, L., Ghosh, I., . . . & Xu, M. Q. (2000). Protein trans-Splicing and Cyclization by a Naturally Split Intein from the dnaE Gene ofSynechocystis Species PCC6803. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(13), 9091-9094. |
| Guan D, Ramirez M, Chen Z (2013) Split intein mediated ultra-rapid purification of tagless protein (SIRP). Biotechnol Bioeng 110: 2471-2481. |
| Ichiyanagi, K., Ishino, Y., Ariyoshi, M., Komori, K., & Morikawa, K. (2000). Crystal structure of an archaeal intein-encoded homing endonuclease Pl-Pful. Journal of molecular biology, 300(4), 889-901. |
| Klabunde, T., Sharma, S., Telenti, A., Jacobs, W. R., & Sacchettini, J. C. (1998). Crystal structure of GyrA intein from Mycobacterium xenopi reveals structural basis of protein splicing. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 5(1), 31-36. |
| Kwon, Y., Coleman, M. A., & Camarero, J. A. (2006). Selective Immobilization of Proteins onto Solid Supports through Split-Intein-Mediated Protein Trans-Splicing. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45(11), 1726-1729. |
| Iwai, H., Züger, S., Jin, J., & Tam, P. H. (2006). Highly efficient protein trans-splicing by a naturally split DnaE intein from Nostoc punctiforme. FEBS letters, 580(7), 1853-1858. |
| Liu, X. Q., & Yang, J. (2003). Split dnaE genes encoding multiple novel inteins in Trichodesmium erythraeum. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(29), 26315-26318. |
| Perler, F. B. et al. (1994). Protein splicing elements: inteins and exteins—a definition of terms and recommended nomenclature. Nucleic acids research, 22(7), 1125.-1127. |
| Perler, F. B. (2002). InBase: the intein database. Nucleic acids research, 30(1), 383-384. |
| Ramirez, M., Valdes, N., Guan, D., & Chen, Z. (2013). Engineering split intein DnaE from Nostoc punctiforme for rapid protein purification. Protein Engineering Design and Selection, 26(3), 215-223. |
| Saleh, L., & Perler, F. B. (2006). Protein splicing in cis and in trans. The Chemical Record, 6(4), 183-193. |
| Scott, C. P., Abel-Santos, E., Wall, M., Wahnon, D. C., & Benkovic, S. J. (1999). Production of cyclic peptides and proteins in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(24), 13638-13643. |
| Shi, C., Tarimala, A., Meng, Q., & Wood, D. W. (2014). A general purification platform for toxic proteins based on intein trans-splicing. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 98(22), 9425-9435. |
| Telenti, A., Southworth, M., Alcaide, F., Daugelat, S., Jacobs, W. R., & Perler, F. B. (1997). The Mycobacterium xenopi GyrA protein splicing element: characterization of a minimal intein. Journal of bacteriology, 179(20), 6378-6382. |
| Vila-Perelló, M., Liu, Z., Shah, N. H., Willis, J. A., Idoyaga, J., & Muir, T. W. (2012). Streamlined expressed protein ligation using split inteins. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(1), 286-292. |
| Wood, D. W., Wu, W., Belfort, G., Derbyshire, V., & Belfort, M. (1999). A genetic system yields self-cleaving inteins for bioseparations. Nature biotechnology, 17(9), 889-892. |
| Wu, H., Xu, M. Q., & Liu, X. Q. (1998). Protein trans-splicing and functional mini-inteins of a cyanobacterial dnaB intein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 1387(1), 422-432. |
| Xu, M. Q., & Perler, F. B. (1996). The mechanism of protein splicing and its modulation by mutation. The EMBO journal, 15(19), 5146-5153. |
| Xu, M. Q., & Evans, T. C. (2001). Intein-mediated ligation and cyclization of expressed proteins. Methods, 24(3), 257-277. |
| Yang, J., Meng, Q., & Liu, X. Q. (2004). Intein harbouring large tandem repeats in replicative DNA helicase of Trichodesmium erythraeum. Molecular microbiology, 51(4), 1185-1192. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160207965 A1 | Jul 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62101518 | Jan 2015 | US |
