Pulmonary surfactant proteins

Abstract

This invention relates to novel proteins useful for enhancing pulmonary surfactant activity, methods for obtaining said proteins and compositions containing one or more of the proteins. The proteins of this invention include the following:1. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of about 35 kd and by being encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 1.2. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of about 35 kd and by being encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 2.3. A protein encoded for by a portion of the DNA sequence depicted in Table 6 and characterized by a molecular weight of about 5.5-9 kd; and4. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of about 5.5-9 kd and an amino acid composition as set forth in Table 4.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to proteins isolated from human lung lavage, methods for obtaining said proteins and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this application various publications are referenced. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) and Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) are synonymous terms denoting the clinical condition of pulmonary dysfunction in premature infants. The disease is attributable to the absence of surface active material (surfactant) which lines the air-alveolar interface in the lung and prevents collapse of the alveoli during respiration. Current therapy is predominantly supportive. However, recent clinical trials indicate that one promising therapy is the instillation of bovine-derived surfactant into the lungs of the neonate.

Surface tension in the alveoli of the lung is lowered by a lipoprotein complex called pulmonary surfactant. This complex consists of phospholipid and 5-10% protein (King, 1982). The protein fraction of the surfactant is composed of nonserum and serum proteins. The major surfactant associated protein is reportedly a 35,000 dalton nonserum, sialoglycoprotein (Shelly et al., 1982; Bhattacharyya et al, 1975; Sueishin and Benson 1981; King et al, 1973, Katyal & Singh, 1981). This protein reportedly seems to be important for the normal function of the pulmonary surfactant (King et. al., 1983; Hawgood et.al., 1985). It is present in reduced amounts in amniotic fluid samples taken shortly before the birth of infants who subsequently develop respiratory distress syndrome (Katyal and Singh, 1984; Shelly et al., 1982; King et al., 1975). Recently the biosynthesis of a 35,000 dalton protein in normal human lung tissue was studied and in an invitro translation reaction, proteins of 29 and 31 kDa were identified as the primary translation products (Floros et al., 1985). A 35 kDa protein also accumulates in the lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis (Battacharyya and Lynn, 1978, Battacharyya and Lynn, 1980a). This protein has the same electrophoretic mobility, immunological determinants and peptide mapping as the 35 kDa protein from normal human broncho-alveolar lavage material (Phelps et al., 1984; Whitsett et al., 1985 ).

In addition to the above mentioned proteins, the presence in rat lungs of a number of lower molecular weight surfactant-associated proteins has recently been reported. See D. L. Wang, A. Chandler and A. B. Fisher, Fed. Proc. 44(4): 1024 (1985), Abstract No. 3587 (ca. 9000 dalton rat protein) and S. Katyal and G. Singh, Fed. Proc. 44(6): 1890 (1985), Abstract No. 8639 (10,000-12,000 dalton rat protein).

Finally, a Feb. 6, 1985 press release from California Biotechnology Inc. reports the cloning and "detailed manipulation" of "the gene encoding human lung surfactant protein." However, the press release does not characterize that protein or describe the "detailed manipulations." Two other reports of possible surfactant-related proteins have also been published recently, namely, J. A. Whitsett et al., 1986, Pediatr. Res. 20:460 and A. Takahashi et al., 1986,

The present invention relates to a new group of proteins recovered and purified from lung lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis, methods for obtaining the proteins, corresponding recombinant proteins, antibodies to the proteins for use in diagnostic products, compositions containing the novel proteins, and methods for using the compositions, e.g. in the treatment of infants afflicted with conditions such as Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), as a drug delivery vehicle in the administration of other therapeutic materials to the lungs or other organs and in the treatment of adult RDS, which can occur during cardiopulmonary operations or in other situations when the lungs are filled with fluid and natural pulmonary surfactant production and/or function ceases. While it is possible that one or more of the proteins described hereinafter is similar or identical to proteins discussed in the abovementioned papers, the exact relationship of the protein of this invention to prior proteins cannot at present be confirmed given the inadequacies of the prior disclosures with respect to amino acid or nucleotide sequence data, surfactant activity of prior proteins and the like.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel proteins useful for enhancing pulmonary surfactant activity, methods for obtaining said proteins and compositions containing one or more of the proteins. The proteins of this invention include the following:

1. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of about 35 kd and by being encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 1.

2. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of

TABLE 1 DNA and Protein Sequence of 35K PSP Clone 1A GAA TTCCGCAGAG ACCCAAGCAC CTGGAGGCTC 290 300 310 320 330 340 TGTGTGTGGG TCGCTGATTT CTTGGAGCCT GAAAAGAAGG AGCAGCGACT GGACCCAGAG CC ATG MET 357 372 387 TGG CTG TGC CCT CTG GCC CTC ACC CTC ATC TTG ATG GCA GCC TCT GGT GCT GCG Trp Leu Cys Pro Leu Ala Leu Thr Leu Ile Leu MET Ala Ala Ser Gly Ala Ala 402 417 432 447 TGC GAA GTG AAG GAC GTT TGT GTT GGA AGC CCT GGT ATC CCC GGC ACT CCT GGA Cys Glu Val Lys Asp Val Cys Val Gly Ser Pro Gly Ile Pro Gly Thr Pro Gly 462 477 492 507 TCC CAC GGC CTG CCA GGC AGG GAC GGG AGA GAT GGT GTC AAA GGA GAC CCT GGC Ser His Gly Leu Pro Gly Arg Asp Gly Arg Asp Gly Val Lys Gly Asp Pro Gly 522 537 552 CCT CCA GGC CCC ATG GGT CCG CCT GGA GAA ACA CCA TGT CCT CCT GGG AAT AAT Pro Pro Gly Pro MET Gly Pro Pro Gly Glu Thr Pro Cys Pro Pro Gly Asn Asn 567 582 597 612 GGG CTG CCT GGA GCC CCT GGT GTC CCT GGA GAG CGT GGA GAG AAG GGG GAG CCT Gly Leu Pro Gly Ala Pro Gly Val Pro Gly Glu Arg Gly Glu Lys Gly Glu Pro 627 642 657 GGC GAG AGA GGC CCT CCA GGG CTT CCA GCT CAT CTA GAT GAG GAG CTC CAA GCC Gly Glu Arg Gly Pro Pro Gly Leu Pro Ala His Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Gln Ala 672 687 702 717 ACA CTC CAC GAC TTC AGA CAT CAA ATC CTG CAG ACA AGG GGA GCC CTC AGT CTG Thr Leu His Asp Phe Arg His Gln Ile Leu Gln Thr Arg Gly Ala Leu Ser Leu 732 747 762 777 CAG GGC TCC ATA ATG ACA GTA GGA GAG AAG GTC TTC TCC AGC AAT GGG CAG TCC Gln Gly Ser Ile MET Thr Val Gly Glu Lys Val Phe Ser Ser Asn Gly Gln Ser 792 807 822 ATC ACT TTT GAT GCC ATT CAG GAG GCA TGT GCC AGA GCA GGC GGC CGC ATT GCT Ile Thr Phe Asp Ala Ile Gln Glu Ala Cys Ala Arg Ala Gly Gly Arg Ile Ala 837 852 867 882 GTC CCA AGG AAT CCA GAG GAA AAT GAG GCC ATT GCA AGC TTC GTG AAG AAG TAC Val Pro Arg Asn Pro Glu Glu Asn Glu Ala Ile Ala Ser Phe Val Lys Lys Tyr 897 912 927 AAC ACA TAT GCC TAT GTA GGC CTG ACT GAG GGT CCC AGC CCT GGA GAC TTC CGC Asn Thr Tyr Ala Tyr Val Gly Leu Thr Glu Gly Pro Ser Pro Gly Asp Phe Arg 942 957 972 987 TAC TCA GAT GGG ACC CCT GTA AAC TAC ACC AAC TGG TAC CGA CGG CAG CCT GCA Tyr Ser Asp Gly Thr Pro Val Asn Tyr Thr Asn Trp Tyr Arg Gly Glu Pro Ala 1002 1017 1032 1047 GGT CGG GGA AAA GAG CAG TGT GTG GAG ATG TAC ACA GAT GGG CAG TGG AAT GAC Gly Arg Gly Lys Glu Gln Cys Val Glu MET Tyr Thr Asp Gly Gln Trp Asn Asp 1062 1077 1099 1109 AGG AAC TGC CTG TAC TCC CGA CTG ACC ATC TGT GAG TTC TGA GAGGCATTTA GGCCATGGGA Arg Asn Cys Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Cys Glu Phe . 1119 1129 1139 1149 1159 1169 1 179 CAGGGAGGAT CCTGTCTGGC CTTCAGTTTC CATCCCCAGG ATCCACTTGG TCTGTGAGAT GCTAGAACTC 1189 . CCTTTCAACAGAATTC about 35 kd and by being encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 2.

3. A protein encoded for by the DNA sequence of Table 6 or by a DNA sequence capable of hybridizing thereto and characterized by a molecular weight of about 5.59kd; and

4. A protein characterized by a molecular weight of about 6 kd and an amino acid composition as set forth in Table 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The proteins of this invention were obtained by subjecting pulmonary lavage material from an alveolar proteinosis patient to a combination of separation techniques followed by chromatographic purification. More specifically, the lavage material was centrifuged, and the protein-containing pellet so obtained was washed with buffer and extracted with a solvent such as 1-butanol to remove lipids and lipidassociated proteins. The butanol extract was set aside and treated as described below. The 1-butanol-insoluble material was then washed, redissolved in buffer and purified chromatographically. Two proteins were thus obtained which are characterized by a molecular weight of about 35 kd. One of the 35 kd proteins is encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 1; the second 35 kd protein is encoded for by the DNA sequence depicted in Table 2. Butanol-soluble proteins were obtained by cryoprecipitation. More specifically, storage of the 1-butanol extract at -20.degree. C. yielded a precipitate which was purified chromatographically to yield a protein characterized by an apparent molecular weight of about 6 kd (as determined by SDS-PAGE) and the observed amino acid composition set forth in Table 3. A second 6 kd (as determined by SDS-PAGE) protein was obtained by concentrating the supernatant to dryness and purifying the residue chromatographically. The observed amino acid

TABLE 2 DNA and Protein Sequence of 35K PSP Clone 6A GAATTCCGGA GACCCAAGCA GCTGGAGGCT CTGTGTOTCO GTCCCTGAGT TTCTTGGAGC CTGAAAAGAA 80 90 109 124 AGAGCAGCGA CTGGACCCAG AGCC ATG TGG CTG TGC CCT CTG GCC CTC AAC CTC ATC MET Trp Leu Cys Pro Leu Ala Leu Asn Leu Ile 139 154 169 TTG ATG GCA GCC TCT GGT GCT GCG TGC GAA GTG AAG GAC GTT TGT GTT GGA AGC Leu MET Ala Ala Ser Gly Ala Ala Cys Glu Val Lys Asp Val Cys Val Gly Ser 184 199 214 229 CCT GGT ATC CCC GGC ACT CCT GGA TCC CAC GCC CTG CCA GGC AGG GAC GGG AGA Pro Gly Ile Pro Gly Thr Pro Gly Ser His Gly Leu Pro Gly Arg Asp Gly Arg 244 259 274 289 GAT GGT CTC AAA GGA GAC CCT GGC CCT CCA GGC CCC ATG GGT CCG CCT GGA GAA Asp Gly Leu Lys Gly Asp Pro Gly Pro Pro Gly Pro MET Gly Pro Pro Gly Glu 304 319 334 ATG CCA TGT CCT CCT GGA AAT GAT GGG CTG CCT GGA GCC CCT GGT ATC CCT GGA MET Pro Cys Pro Pro Gly Asn Asp Gly Leu Pro Gly Ala Pro Gly Ile Pro Gly 349 364 379 394 GAG TGT GGA GAG AAG GGG GAG CCT GGC GAG AGG GCC CCT CCA GGG CTT CCA GCT Glu Cys Gly Glu Lys Gly Glu Pro Gly Glu Arg Gly Pro Pro Gly Leu Pro Ala 409 424 439 CAT CTA GAT GAG GAG CTC CAA GCC ACA CTC CAC GAC TTT AGA CAT CAA ATC CTG His Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Gln Ala Thr Leu His Asp Phe Arg His Gln Ile Leu 454 469 484 499 CAG ACA AGG GGA GCC CTC AGT CTG CAG GGC TCC ATA ATG ACG GTA GGA GAG AAG Gln Thr Arg Gly Ala Leu Ser Leu Gln Gly Ser Ile MET Thr Val Gly Glu Lys 514 529 544 559 GTC TTC TCC AGC AAT GGG CAG TCC ATC ACT TTT GAT GCC ATT CAG GAG GCA TGT Val Phe Ser Ser Asn Gly Gln Ser Ile Thr Phe Asp Ala Ile Gln Glu Ala Cys 574 589 604 GCC AGA GCA GGC GGC CGC ATT GCT GTC CCA AGG AAT CCA GAG CAA AAT GAG GCC Ala Arg Ala Gly Gly Arg Ile Ala Val Pro Arg Asn Pro Glu Glu Asn Glu Ala 619 634 649 664 ATT GCA AGC TTC GTG AAG AAG TAC AAC ACA TAT GCC TAT GTA GGC CTG ACT GAG Ile Ala Ser Phe Val Lys Lys Tyr Asn Thr Tyr Ala Tyr Val Gly Leu Thr Glu 679 694 709 GGT CCC AGC CCT GGA GAC TTC CGC TAC TCA GAC GGG ACC CCT GTA AAC TAC ACC Gly Pro Ser Pro Gly Asp Phe Arg Tyr Ser Asp Gly Thr Pro Val Asn Tyr Thr 724 739 754 769 AAC TGG TAC CGA GGG GAG CCC GCA GGT CGG GGA AAA GAG CAG TGT GTG GAG ATG Asn Trp Tyr Arg Gly Glu Pro Ala Gly Arg Gly Lys Glu Gln Cys Val Glu MET 784 799 814 829 TAC ACA GAT GGG CAG TGG AAT GAC AGG AAC TGC CTG TAC TCC CGA CTG ACC ATC Tyr Thr Asp Gly Gln Trp Asn Asp Arg Asn Cys Leu Tyr Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile 851 861 871 881 891 TGT GAG TTC TGA GAGGCATTTA GGCCATGGGA CAGGGAGGAC GCTCTCTGGC CTTCGGCCTC Cys Glu Phe . 901 911 921 931 941 CATCCTGAGG CTCCACTTGG TCTGTGAGAT GCTAGAACTC CCTTTCAACA ______________________________________ TABLE 3 TABLE 4______________________________________Asp/Asn 3.06 2.7Thr 1.18 2.0Ser 2.55 2.1Glu/Gln 5.97 1.6Pro 7.64 6.3Gly 7.38 22.9Ala 9.13 3.3Cys 9.14 0.95Val 10.13 5.5Met 3.46 3.4Ile 6.46 4.8Leu 16.23 17.3Tyr 2.31 3.3Phe 1.55 6.3His .34 2.9Lys 1.62 3.6Arg 7.88 1.94______________________________________ (calculated based on MW = 10,000 daltons; ave residue MW = 110) TABLE 6 DNA and Corresponding Protein Sequence of 6K Clone 10 28 43 GAATTCCGGT GCC ATG GCT GAG TCA CAC CTG CTG CAG TGG CTG CTG CTG CTG CTG MET Ala Glu Ser His Leu Leu Gln Trp Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 58 73 88 103 CCC ACG CTC TGT GGC CCA GGC ACT GCT GCC TGG ACC ACC TCA TCC TTG GCC TGT Pro Thr Leu Cys Gly Pro Gly Thr Ala Ala Trp Thr Thr Ser Ser Leu Ala Cys 118 133 148 163 GCC CAG GGC CCT GAG TTC TGG TGC CAA AGC CTG GAG CAA GCA TTG CAG TGC AGA Ala Gln Gly Pro Glu Phe Trp Cys Gln Ser Leu Glu Gln Ala Leu Gln Cys Arg 178 193 208 GCC CTA GGG CAT TGC CTA CAG GAA GTC TGG GGA CAT GTG GGA GCC GAT GAC CTA Ala Leu Gly His Cys Leu Gln Glu Val Trp Gly His Val Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu 223 238 253 268 TGC CAA GAG TGT GAG GAC ATC GTC CAC ATC CTT AAC AAG ATG GCC AAG GAG GCC Cys Gln Glu Cys Glu Asp Ile Val His Ile Leu Asn Lys MET Ala Lys Glu Ala 283 298 313 ATT TTC CAG GAC ACG ATG AGG AAG TTC CTG GAG CAG GAG TGC AAC GTC CTC CCC Ile Phe Gln Asp Thr MET Arg Lys Phe Leu Glu Gln Glu Cys Asn Val Leu Pro 328 343 358 373 TTG AAG CTG CTC ATG CCC CAG TGC AAC CAA GTG CTT GAC GAC TAC TTC CCC CTG Leu Lys Leu Leu MET Pro Gln Cys Asn Gln Val Leu Asp Asp Tyr Phe Pro Leu 388 403 418 433 GTC ATC GAC TAC TTC CAG AAC CAG ACT GAC TCA AAC GGC ATC TGT ATG CAC CTG Val Ile Asp Tyr Phe Gln Asn Gln Thr Asp Ser Asn Gly Ile Cys MET His Leu 448 463 478 GGC CTG TGC AAA TCC CGG CAG CCA GAG CCA GAG CAG GAG CCA GGG ATG TCA GAC Gly Leu Cys Lys Ser Arg Gln Pro Glu Pro Glu Gln Glu Pro Gly MET Ser Asp 493 508 523 538 CCC CTG CCC AAA CCT CTG CGG GAC CCT CTG CCA GAC CCT CTG CTG GAC AAG CTC Pro Leu Pro Lys Pro Leu Arg Asp Pro Leu Pro Asp Pro Leu Leu Asp Lys Leu 553 568 583 GTC CTC CCT GTG CTG CCC GGG GCC CTC CAG GCG AGG CCT GGG CCT CAC ACA CAG Val Leu Pro Val Leu Pro Gly Ala Leu Gln Ala Arg Pro Gly Pro His Thr Gln 598 613 628 643 GAT CTC TCC GAG CAG CAA TTC CCC ATT CCT CTC CCC TAT TGC TGG CTC TGC AGG Asp Leu Ser Glu Gln Gln Phe Pro Ile Pro Leu Pro Tyr Cys Trp Leu Cys Arg 658 673 688 703 GCT CTG ATC AAG CGG ATC CAA GCC ATG ATT CCC AAG GGT GCG CTA GCT GTG GCA Ala Leu Ile Lys Arg Ile Gln Ala MET Ile Pro Lys Gly Ala Leu Ala Val Ala 718 733 748 GTG GCC CAG GTG TGC CGC GTG GTA CCT CTG GTG GCG GGC GGC ATC TGC CAG TGC Val Ala Gln Val Cys Arg Val Val Pro Leu Val Ala Gly Gly Ile Cys Gln Cys 763 778 793 808 CTG GCT GAG CGC TAC TCC GTC ATC CTG CTC GAC ACG CTG CTG GGC CGC ATG CTG Leu Ala Glu Arg Tyr Ser Val Ile Leu Leu Asp Thr Leu Leu Gly Arg MET Leu 823 838 853 CCC CAG CTG GTC TGC CGC CTC GTC CTC CGG TGC TCC ATG GAT GAC AGC GCT GGC Pro Gln Leu Val Cys Arg Leu Val Leu Arg Cys Ser MET Asp Asp Ser Ala Gly 868 883 898 913 CCA AGG TCG CCG ACA GGA GAA TGG CTG CCG CGA GAC TCT GAG TGC CAC CTC TGC Pro Arg Ser Pro Thr Gly Glu Trp Leu Pro Arg Asp Ser Glu Cys His Leu Cys 928 943 958 973 ATG TCC GTG ACC ACC CAG GCC GGG AAC AGC AGC GAG CAG GCC ATA CCA CAG GCA MET Ser Val Thr Thr Gln Ala Gly Asn Ser Ser Glu Gln Ala Ile Pro Gln Ala 988 1003 1018 ATG CTC CAG GCC TGT GTT GGC TCC TGG CTG GAC AGG GAA AAG TGC AAG CAA TTT MET Leu Gln Ala Cys Val Gly Ser Trp Leu Asp Arg Glu Lys Cys Lys Gln Phe 1033 1048 1063 1078 GTG GAG CAG CAC ACG CCC CAG CTG CTG ACC CTG GTG CCC AGG GGC TGG GAT GCC Val Glu Gln His Thr Pro Gln Leu Leu Thr Leu Val Pro Arg Gly Trp Asp Ala 1093 1108 1123 CAC ACC ACC TGC CAG GCC CTC GGG GTG TGT GGG ACC ATG TCC AGC CCT CTC CAG His Thr Thr Cys Gln Ala Leu Gly Val Cys Gly Thr MET Ser Ser Pro Leu Gln 1138 1153 1166 1176 1186 1196 TGT ATC CAC AGC CCC GAC CTT TGATGAGAAC TCAGCTGTCC AGCTGCAAAG GAAAAGCCAA Cys Ile His Ser Pro Asp Leu 1 206 1216 1226 1236 1246 1256 1266 GTGAGACGGG CTCTGGGACC ATGGTGACCA GGCTCTTCCC CTGCTCCCTG GCCCTCGCCA GCTGCCAGGC 1276 1286 1296 1306 1316 1326 1336 TGAAAAGAAG CCTCAGCTCC CACACCGCCC TCCTCACCTC CCTTCCTCGG CAGTCACTTC CACTGGTGGA 1346 1356 1366 1376 1386 1396 1406 CCACGGGCCC CCAGCCCTGT GTCGGCCTTG TCTGTCTCAG CTCAACCACA GTCTGACACC AGAGCCCACT 1416 1426 1436 1446 1456 1466 1476 TCCATCCTCT CTGGTGTGAG GCACAGCGAG GGCAGCATCT GGAGGAGCTC TGCAGCCTCC ACACCTACCA 1486 1496 1506 1516 1526 1536 1546 CGACCTCCCA GGGCTGGGCT CAGGAAAAAC CAGCCACTGC TTTACAGGAC AGGGGGTTGA AGCTGAGCCC 1556 1566 1576 1586 1596 1606 1616 CGCCTCACAC CCACCCCCAT GCACTCAAAG ATTGGATTTT ACAGCTACTT GCAATTCAAA ATTCAGAAGA 1626 1636 1646 1656 1666 1676 1686 ATAAAAAATG GGAACATACA GAACTCTAAA AGATAGACAT CAGAAATTG T TAAGTTAAGC TTTTTCAAAA 1696 1706 1716 1726 1736 1746 1756 AATCAGCAAT TCCCCAGCGT AGTCAAGGGT GGACACTGCA CGCTCTGGCA TGATGGGATG GCGACCGGGC 1766 1776 1786 1796 1806 1816 1826 AAGCTTTCTT CCTCGAGATG CTCTGCTGCT TGAGAGCTAT TGCTTTGTTA AGATATAAAA AGGGGTTTCT 1836 1846 1856 1866 1876 1886 1896 TTTTGTCTTT CTGTAAGGTG GACTTCCAGC TTTTGATTGA AAGTCCTAGG GTGATTCTAT TTCTGCTGTG 1906 1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 ATTTATCTGC TGAAAGCTCA GCTGGGGTTG TGCAAGCTAG GGACCCATTC CTGTGTAATA CAATGTCTGC 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 2026 ACCAATGCTA ATAAAGTCCT ATTCTCTTTT AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AACGGAATTC Deduced protein sequence of 6Kd PSP protein is underlined composition of the latter 6 kd protein is set forth in Table 4.

The two approximately 6 kd proteins differ significantly from each other with respect to amino acid composition, as well as from the protein described by Tanaka, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 311:4100 (1983). Additionally, the N-terminal peptide sequence of the cold butanol-insoluble 6 kd protein was determined (Table 5). For the sake of simplicity, both low molecular weight PSP proteins are referred to hereinafter as "6k" proteins based on their approximate apparent molecular weights as determined by conventional SDS-PAGE. It should be understood, however, that the actual molecular weights of these proteins are in the range of 5.5-9 kilodaltons.

The fact that the four proteins can now be obtained in pure form by the above-described methods now makes it possible for one to apply conventional methods to elucidate the amino acid composition and sequence of the proteins; to prepare oligonucleotide probes based on the elucidated peptide sequences; to identify genomic DNA or cDNA encoding the proteins by conventional means, e.g., via (a) hybridization of labeled oligonucleotide probes to DNA of an appropriate library (Jacobs et al., 1985), (b) expression cloning (Wong et al., 1985) and screening for surfactant enhancing activity or (c) immunoreactivity of the expressed protein with antibodies to the proteins or fragments thereof; and to produce corresponding recombinant proteins using the identified genomic DNA or cDNA and conventional expression technology i.e. by culturing genetically engineered host cells such as microbial, insect or mammalian host cells containing the DNA so identified, for instance, transformed with the DNA or with an expression vector containing the DNA.

By way of example, tryptic fragment of one of the two 35 kd proteins were prepared and sequenced. Oligonucleotide probes were synthesized based on the elucidated peptide sequence of the tryptic fragments and were used to screen a lambda gt10 cDNA library made from human lung mRNA. Numerous clones were identified which hybridized to the probes. DNAs from two of these positive clones (PSAP-1 and PSAP-2) were subcloned into M13 for DNA sequencing, thus generating the clones MPSAP-1A and MPSAP-6A. The nucleotide sequence for the cDNA clones encoding each of the two 35 kd surfactant proteins was thereby elucidated and is presented above in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The sequences of subclones encoding the two 35 kd proteins are similar to each other but not identical. The sequence differences result in restriction fragment polymorphism between the two clones with respect to the coding region recognized by the restriction enzyme PstI. Considerably more nucleotide variation between the two clones was found in their 3' untranslated regions. Plasmids PSP35K-1A-10 and PSP35K-6A-8 were constructed by inserting the approximately 940-950 nucleotide EcoRI fragments depicted in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, into the EcoRI site of plasmid SP65 (see infra). PSP35K-1A-10 contains the polylinker site adjacent to the EcoRI site at cDNA position 1, while PSP35K-6A-8 contains the polylinker site adjacent to the EcoRI site at cDNA position 947. PSP35K-1A-10 and PSP35K-6A-8 have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. under accession Nos. ATCC 40243 and 40244, respectively.

Additionally, oligonucleotide probes based on the N-terminal sequence of the cold butanol-insoluble 6K protein (See Table 5) were synthesized and were used to screen a cDNA library prepared from human lung mRNA (Toole et al., 1984) as described in greater detail in Example 4, below. Several clones which hybridized to the probes were identified.

Based on hybridization intensity one clone was selected, subcloned into M13 and sequenced. Plasmid PSP6K-17-3 was constructed by inserting the cloned cDNA so identified as an EcoRI fragment into the EcoRI site of plasmid SP65 (D.A. Melton et al., 1984, Nucleic Acids Res., 12:7035-7056). PSP6K-17-3 has been deposited with the ATCC under accession No. ATCC 40245. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA insert is shown in Table 6.

TABLE 5______________________________________1 5 10 F P I P L P Y (--) W L (--) (--) A L______________________________________ (--) = Not determined positions 8, 11 and 12 were unidentified As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the cDNA insert in PSP6K-17-3 contains an open reading frame encoding a protein having a molecular weight of over 40 kd. It is presently believed that the primary translation product is further processed, e.g., by Type II pneumocytes (Alveolar Type II cells), to yield the approximately 6K protein. It is contemplated that the cloned cDNA, portions thereof or sequences capable of hybridizing thereto may be expressed in host cells or cell lines by conventional expression methods to produce "recombinant" proteins having surfactant or surfactant enhancing activity.

With respect to the cloned approximately 6K protein, this invention encompasses vectors containing a heterologous DNA sequence encoding the characteristic peptide sequence Ile through Cys corresponding to nucleotides A-656 through C-757 of the seqence shown in Table 6, i.e., IKRIQAMIPKGALAVAVAQVCRVVPLVAGGICQC. One such vector contains the nucleotide sequence

__________________________________________________________________________ATC AAG CGG ATC CAA GCC ATG ATTCCC AAG GGT GCG CTA GCT GTG GCAGTG GCC CAG GTG TGC CGC GTG GTACCT CTG GTG GCG GGC GGC ATC TGC CAG TGC__________________________________________________________________________ Other vectors of this invention contain a heterologous DNA sequence encoding the characteristic peptide sequence substantially as depicted in the underlined peptide region of Table 6, i.e., FPIPLPYCWLCRALIKRIQAMIPKGALAVAVAQVCRVVPLVAGGICQCLAERYSVILLDTLLGRML. One such vector contains the DNA sequence substantially as depicted in the underlined nucleotide sequence of Table 6, i.e., __________________________________________________________________________TTC CCC ATT CCT CTC CCC TAT TGC TGG CTC TGC AGG GCT CTGATC AAG CGG ATC CAA GCC ATG ATT CCC AAG GGT GCG CTA GCT GTGGCA GTG GCC CAG GTG TGC CGC GTG GTA CCT CTG GTG GCG GGC GGCATC TGC CAG TGC CTG GCT GAG CGC TAC TCC GTC ATC CTG CTC GACACG CTG CTG GGC ATG CTG__________________________________________________________________________ Another exemplary vector contains a heterologous DNA sequence, such as the nucleotide sequence depicted in Table 6, which encodes the full-length peptide sequence of Table 6. DNA inserts for such vectors which comprise a DNA sequence shorter than the full-length cDNA of PSP6K-17-3, depicted in Table 6, may be synthesized by known methods, e.g. using an automated DNA synthesizer, or may be prepared from the full-length cDNA sequence by conventional methods such as loop-out mutagenesis or cleavage with restriction enzymes and ligation. Vectors so prepared may be used to express the subject proteins by conventional means or may be used in the assembly of vectors with larger cDNA inserts. In the former case the vector will also contain a promoter to which the DNA insert is operatively linked and may additionally contain an amplifiable and/or selectable marker, all as is well known in the art.

The proteins of this invention may thus be produced by recovering and purifying the naturally-occuring proteins from human pulmonary lavage material as described hererin. Alternatively, the corresponding "recombinant" proteins may be produced by expression of the DNA sequence encoding the desired protein by conventional expression methodology using microbial or insect or preferably, mammalian host cells. Suitable vectors as well as methods for inserting therein the desired DNA are well known in the art. Suitable host cells for transfection or transformation by such vectors and expression of the cDNA are also known in the art.

Mammalian cell expression vectors, for example, may be synthesized by techniques well known to those skilled in this art. The components of the vectors such as the bacterial replicons, selection genes, enhancers, promoters, and the like may be obtained from natural sources or synthesized by known procedures. See Kaufman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 689-693 (1985).

Established cell lines, including transformed cell lines, are suitable as hosts. Normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, as well as primary explants are also suitable. Candidate cells need not be genotypically deficient in the selection gene so long as the selection gene is dominantly acting.

The host cells preferably will be established mammalian cell lines. For stable integration of vector DNA into chromosomal DNA, and for subsequenct amplification of integrated vector DNA, both by conventional methods, CHO (Chinese hamster Ovary) cells are generally preferred. Alternatively, the vector DNA may include all or part of the bovine papilloma virus genome (Lusky et al., Cell, 36:391-401 (1984) and be carried in cell lines such as C127 mouse cells as a stable episomal element. Other usable mammalian cell lines include HeLa, COS-1 monkey cells, mouse L-929 cells, 3T3 lines derived from Swiss, Balb-c or NIH mice, BHK or HaK hmaster cell lines and the like. Cell lines derived from Alveolar Type II cells may be preferred in certain cases such as expression of the 6K protein (alone or with one or more other proteins of this invention) using the cDNA insert from PSP6K-13-7 or a fragment thereof.

Stable transformants then are screened for expression of the product by standard immunological or enzymatic assays. The presence of the DNA encoding the proteins may be detected by standard procedures such as Southern blotting. Transient expression of the DNA encoding the proteins during the several days after introduction of the expression vector DNA into suitable host cells such as COS-1 monkey cells is measured without selection by activity or immunological assay of the proteins in the culture medium.

In the case of bacterial expression, the DNA encoding the protein may be further modified to contain preferred codons for bacterial expression as is known in the art and preferably is operatively linked in-frame to a nucleotide sequence encoding a secretory leader polypeptide permitting bacterial secretion of the mature variant protein, also as is known in the art. The compounds expressed in mammalian, insect or microbial host cells may then be recovered, purified, and/or characterized with respect to physicochemical, biochemical and/or clinical parameters, all by known methods.

One or more of the proteins of this invention may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable fatty acid or lipid such as dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline or with mixtures of such fatty acids of lipids which may be obtained from commercial sources or by conventional methods, or with natural surfactant lipids to provide a formulated pulmonary surfactant composition. Natural surfactant lipids may be extracted by known methods from lung lavage, e.g. bovine or human lung lavage. Typically the weight ratios of total lipids to total proteins in the composition will be about 20:1 to about 100:1. At the levels currently being tested in clinical trials, one dose of the surfactant composition corresponds to 1-2 mg of total protein and 98-99 mg. of total lipid.

It is contemplated that certain subcombinations of (1) the 35 kd protein encoded for by the nucleotide sequence of Table 1, (2) the 35 kd protein encoded for by the nucleotide sequence of Table 2, (3) the 6 kd protein encoded by the cDNA sequence of Table 6 and having the amino acid composition set forth in Table 3 and (4) the 6 kd protein having the amino acid composition set forth in Table 4 may be especially useful in the treatment of patients with particular clinical indications. Thus, this invention specifically contemplates the following subcombinations and compositions containing such subcombinations:

At present compositions containing proteins (3) and/or (4) are preferred.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1

Isolation and Characterization of the 35 kd Surfactant Associated Proteins

Pulmonary lavage (50 ml) from an alveolar proteinosis patient was centrifuged at 10,000 .times.g for 5 min. The pellet was collected and washed 5 times in 20 mm Tris HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 7.4. The lipids and lipid-associated proteins were extracted from the washed pellet by shaking with 50 ml 1-butanol for 1 hr at room temperature. The butanol-insoluble material was collected by centrifugation, washed with distilled water and dissolved in 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.0 and 6M guanidine HCl. The protein was applied to a Vydac C4 reverse phase column and eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile: 2-propanol (2:1,v:v) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The major protein peak eluting at 50% B was collected and evaporated to dryness. The proteins present were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970).

Alkylation and Tryptic Mapping

The protein so obtained (approx. 50 ug) was taken up and reduced in 200 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 6M guanidine HCl, 20 mM DTT, pH8.5 at 37.degree. C. for 2 hrs. Solid iodacetamide was added to a final concentration of 60 mM and the reaction incubated at 0.degree. C. for 2 hrs under argon in the dark. The reaction was stopped and the reagents removed by dialysis into 0.1M NH.sub.4 HCO.sub.3, 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH7.5 followed by further dialysis into 100 mM NH.sub.4 HCO.sub.3, pH7.5. The alkylated protein was digested with trypsin (3% trypsin by weight) at 37.degree. C. for 16 hrs and the digest chromatographed over a C18 Vydac Reverse phase HPLC column (4.6.times.250 mm).

The tryptic peptides were eluted with a linear gradient of 95% acetonitrile and 0.1% TFA, collected and subjected to N-terminal Edman degradation using an Applied-Biosystems Model 470A protein sequencer. The PTH-amino acids were analyzed by the method of Hunkapillar and Hood (1983). Sequence data so obtained for tryptic fragments T19, T26 and T28 is presented below in Table 7.

EXAMPLE 2

Isolation and Characterization of the Low Molecular Weight Lipid Associated Proteins

The butanol extract obtained in Example 1 was stored at -20.degree. C. causing precipitation of one of the low MW proteins. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and dried under vacuum. The butanol layer containing butanol-soluble protein was evaporated to dryness. The precipitated cold butanol insoluble protein and the cold butanol-soluble protein were then purified in parallel by the same method as follows. Each crude protein was separately dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 : MeOH (2:1, v/v), applied to Sephadex LH20 columns and eluted with CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH (2:1). The proteins were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Fractions containing the protein were pooled and evaporated to dryness. Amino acid composition was determined by hydrolysis in 6 N HCl at 110.degree. C. for 22 hrs followed by chromatography on a Beckman model 63000 amino acid analyzer. N-terminal sequence was determined on an Applied Biosystems 470A sequencer. Molecular weights were determined on 10-20% gradient SDS polyacrylamide gels.

TABLE 7______________________________________Peptide Observed Sequence______________________________________T19 Asp Val Cys Val Gly Ser Hyp Gly Ile Hyp Gly Thr Hyp Gly Ser His Gly Leu Pro GlyT26 Ala Leu Ser Leu Gln Gly Ser Ile MET Thr Val (-) (-) LysT28 Asn Pro Glu Glu Asn Glu Ala Ile Ala (-) Phe Val Lys______________________________________ "Hyp" = hydroxyproline

EXAMPLE 3

Screening of the cDNA Library and Sequencing of Clones for the 35 Kd Proteins

Based on the amino acid sequence of tryptic fragment T28, (Table 7) an oligonucleotide probe was synthesized. The probe consisted of four pools of 20 mers and each pool contained 32 different sequences. The sequences of the 20 mers are depicted in Table 8.

A cDNA library from human lung mRNA was prepared as described in Toole et al., (1984) and screened with the total mixture of the four pools using tetramethyl ammoniumchloride as a hybridization solvent (Jacobs et al., 1985) Between 0.5-1% of the phage clones were positive with this probe.

DNA from two of these clones were subcloned into M13 for DNA sequence analysis. By using Pool II as a sequencing primer, the nucleotide sequence corresponding to tryptic fragment T26 was identified in both clones, confirming that the isolated clones code for the major protein species found in the partially purified 35 kd protein from lavage material of alveolar proteinosis patients (see above).

The two clones differed in nucleotide sequence at three positions out of 250 nucleotides. Both clones were completely sequenced by generating an ordered set of deletions with Bal 31 nuclease, recloning into other M13 vectors and sequencing via the dideoxynucletide chain termination procedure (Viera and Messing, 1982; Sanger et al., 1977). One clone corresponded to a full-lenth copy of the type referred to as 1A (Table 1), the second to an incomplete copy of the type referred to as 6A (Table 2). By using an oligonucleotide specific for type 6A, a full-length clone of this type was identified. The 5' EcoRI fragment of the

TABLE 8______________________________________Four 20-mer Oligonucleotide Pools ForCloning 35K PSP Proteins______________________________________ ##STR1## ##STR2## ##STR3## ##STR4##______________________________________ lambda gt10 cDNA clone was subcloned into M13 and sequenced as above by using specific olignucleotides as primers. This sequence is presented in Table 2. The two clones differ within the coding region at 7 nucleotides which led to amino acid changes and at 6 nucleotides which resulted in silent changes. These changes result in restriction fragment polymorphism between the two clones within the coding region for the restriction enzyme PstI. Clone 6A has 2 PstI sites at the nucleotide position 454 and 478 (Table 2) and clone 1A has 3 PstI sites at 454, 478 and 756 (Table 1). Additional DNA sequencing of each clone at the 3' untranslated region revealed a large 1kb untranslated region and considerably more nucleotide variation between MPSAP-1A and MPSAP-6A.

DNA Binding and Hybrid Selection

Very dilute (10-15 ug/ml) single stranded DNA from either subclone MPSAP-1A or MPSAP-1B was applied to nitrocellulose paper (10 ug/cm ) under vacuum (Kafatos et al., 1979). MPSAP-1A represents the M13 subclone of a 0.9 kb ECOR1 fragment in one orientation in M13. MPSAP-1B represents the same fragment cloned in the opposite orientation in M13. Each filter (1 cm.sup.2) was cut into nine equal size pieces and each piece was used in a 20-30 ul hybridization reaction. Each reaction contained human lung RNA (5 mg/ml), 50% deionized formamide (Fluka AG Chemical Corp.), 10 mM PIPES [(Piperazine-N, N'-bis) (2-ethanesulfonic acid)]pH 6.4 and 0.4M NaCl (Miller et al., 1983). The source and preparation of the RNA have been reported previously (Floros et al., 1985). Each hybridization reaction was routinely incubated at 50.degree. C. for 3 hrs. At the end of the incubation period each filter was washed for five minutes with 1 ml LXSSC (0.15M NaCl, 0.015M sodium citrate, 0.5% SDS at 60.degree. C. five times. Then it was washed for five minutes with 1 ml of 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.9 at 60.degree. C. three times. The selected RNA was eluted by boiling for one minute in 300 ul of 1 mM EDTA pH 7.9 and 10 ug of yeast tRNA (Boehringer, Mannheim). The precipitated RNA was translated, immunoprecipitated and subjected to one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis as described in Floros et al., 1985.

EXAMPLE 4

Screening of the cDNA Library and Sequencing of Clones for the 6 Kd Proteins

Based on the first six amino acids of the sequence shown in Table 5 an oligonucleotide probe was synthesized. The probe consisted of six pools of 17 mers. Three of the pools each contained 128 different sequences, and three of the pools each contained 64 different sequences. Based on the first seven amino acids two pools of 20 mers were synthesized. These pools contained either 384 or 192 different sequences.

A cDNA library from human lung mRNA was prepared as described in Toole et al., (1984) and screened with the total mixture of the six pools using tetramethylammoniumchloride as a hybridization solvent (Jacobs et al., 1985). Approximately 100,000 phage were screened, and 100 phage which hybridized to the probe were plaque purified. The phage were then pooled into groups of 25 and screened with the individual 17 mer and 20 mer pools. Six phage which hybridized most intensely to one of the 20 mer oligonucleotide probes and one of the corresponding 17 mer pools (pool 1447 containing 128 different sequences) were plaque purified. The 17 mer pool 1447 was divided into four pools of 32 different sequences and hybridized to a dot blot of DNA prepared from these phage.

Based on the hybridization intensity, DNA from one of these six phage were subcloned into M13 and DNA sequence analysis. A sequence corresponding in identity and position to the amino acids shown in Table 5 was obtained, confirming that the isolated clone coded for the approximately 6kd cold butanol-insoluble protein found in the lavage material of alveolar proteinosis patients (see above).

The first clone obtained was presumed to be an incomplete copy of the mRNA because it lacked an initiating methionine, and was used to isolate longer clones. Two clones were completely sequenced by generating an ordered set of deletions with Bal 31 nuclease, recloning into other M13 vectors and sequencing via the dideoxynucleotide chain termination procedure (Viera and Messing, 1982; Sanger et al., 1977). One clone corresponded to a full-length copy of the type referred to as 17 (Table 6), the second began at nucleotide 148 of clone 17. Sequence of the 5' end of a third clone confirmed the sequence of the 5' end of clone 17. The clones are identical throughout the coding region and differ only at two positions in the 3' untranslated region.

______________________________________REFERENCES______________________________________1. Bhattacharyya, S. N., and Lynn, W. S. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 537, 329-3352. Bhattacharyya, S. N., and Lynn, W. S. (1980) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 625, 451-4583. Bhattacharyya, S. N., Passero, M. A., DiAugustine, R. P., and Lynn, W. S. (1975) J. Clin. Invest. 55, 914-9204. Floros, J., Phelps, D. S., and Taeusch, W. H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 495-5005. Hawgood, S., Benson, B. J., and Hamilton, Jr. R. L. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 184-1906. Hunkapiller, M. W. and Hood, L. E. (1983) Methods in Enzymology 91, 486-7. Jacobs, K., Shoemaker, C., Rudersdorf, R., Neil, S. D., Kaufman, R. J., Mufson, A., Seehra, J., Jones, S. S., Hewick, R., Fritsch, E. E., Kawakita, M., Shimizu, T., and Miyake, T. (1985) Nature (Lond.) 313, 806-810.8. Kafatos, E., Jones, W. C., and Efstratiadis, A. (1979) Nucleic acid Rest. 7, 1541-1552.9. Katyal, S. L., Amenta, J. S., Singh, G., and Silverman, J. A. (1984) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148, 48-53.10. Katyal, S. L. and Singh, G. (1981) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 670, 323-331.11. King, R. J., Carmichael, M. C., and Horowitz, P. M. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10672-10680.12. King, R. J. (1982) J. Appl. Physiol. Exercise Physiol. 53, 1-8.13. King. R. J., Klass, D. J., Gikas, E. G., and Clements, J. A. (1973) Am. J. Physiol. 224, 788-795.14. King, R. J., Ruch, J., Gikas, E. G., Platzker, A. C. G., and Creasy, R. K. (1975) J. of Applied Phys. 39, 735-741.15. Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Nature (Lond.) 227, 680-685.16. Miller, J. S., Paterson, B. M., Ricciardi, R. P., Cohen, L and Roberts, B. E. (1983) Methods in Enzymology 101p. 650-674.17. Phelps, D. S., Taeusch, W. H., Benson, B., and Hawgood, S. (1984) Biochem. Biophs. Acta, 791-226-238.18. Shelley, S. A., Balis, J. U., Paciga, J. E., Knuppel, R. A., Ruffolo, E. H., and Bouis, P. J. (1982) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 144, 224-228.19. Sigrist, H., Sigrist-Nelson, K., and Gither, G. (1977) BBRC 74, 178, 184.20. Sueishi, K., and Benson, G. J. (1981) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 665, 442-453.21. Toole, J. J., Knopf, J. L., Wozney, J. M., Sultzman L. A., Bucker, J. L., Pittman, D. D., Kaufman, R. J., Brown, E., Shoemaker, C., Orr, E. C., Amphlett, G. W., Foster, W. G., Coe, M. L., Knutson, G. L., Eass, D. N., Hewick, R. M. (1984) Nature (Lond.) 312, 342-347.22. Whitsett, J. A., Hull, W., Ross, G., and Weaver, T. (1985) Pediatric Res. 19, 501-508.23. Wong, G. G. et al., 1985, Science, 228:810-815______________________________________

Claims

1. A purified human protein useful for enhancing pulmonary surfactant activity characterized by a molecular weight of about 35,000 daltons and a polypeptide sequence encoded by a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of the cDNA insert in vector PSP35K-1A-10 (ATCC No. 40243) and the cDNA insert in vector PSP35K-68-A (ATCC No. 40244).