Patent Grant
7410586
The present invention relates to an improved process for the purification or work-up of ionic liquids (ILs).
Ionic liquids are a class of substances which have been employed for only a relatively short time. They are relatively low-viscosity, relatively noncorrosive salt melts which are liquid at relatively low temperatures, usually less than 100° C., preferably at room temperature. A great deal of research on them is at present being carried out in universities and industry. There are initial commercial applications and it is to be expected that the number of applications will rise sharply in the future. A comprehensive description of ionic liquids is given, for example, by von Wasserscheid and Keim in Angewandte Chemie 2000, 112, 3926-3945.
For the purposes of the present invention, ionic liquids are compounds which have at least one positive charge and at least one negative charge but are electrically neutral overall and have a melting point below 200° C., preferably below 100° C., particularly preferably below 50° C.
The ionic liquids can also have a plurality of positive or negative charges, for example from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 4, particularly preferably from 1 to 3, very particularly preferably 1 or 2 but in particular only one positive charge and one negative charge.
The charges can be located in various localized or delocalized regions within one molecule, i.e. in a betaine-like fashion, or be distributed over separate ions and cations. Preference is given to ionic liquids made up of at least one cation and at least one anion. Cation and anion can, as indicated above, be singly or multiply charged, preferably singly charged.
Of course, mixtures of various ionic liquids are also conceivable.
As cation, preference is given to ammonium or phosphonium ions or cations comprising at least one five- or six-membered heterocycle containing at least one phosphorus or nitrogen atom and, if desired, an oxygen or sulfur atom, particularly preferably compounds comprising at least one five- or six-membered heterocycle containing one, two or three nitrogen atoms and one sulfur or oxygen atom, very particularly preferably ones having one or two nitrogen atoms.
Particularly preferred ionic liquids are ones which have a molecular weight of less than 1000 g/mol, very particularly preferably less than 350 g/mol.
Furthermore, preference is given to cations selected from among the compounds of the formulae (Ia) to (Iw),
and oligomers and polymers in which these structures are present,
where
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each, independently of one another, C1-C18-alkyl, C2-C18-alkyl interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, C6-C12-aryl, C5-C12-cycloalkyl or a five- or six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and/or sulfur-containing heterocycle or two of them together form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring which may be interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, where the radicals mentioned may each be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles.
In addition, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 can be hydrogen.
R7 can also be C1-C18-alkyloyl (alkylcarbonyl), C1-C18-alkyloxycarbonyl, C5-C12-cycloalkylcarbonyl or C6-C12-aryloyl (arylcarbonyl), where the radicals mentioned may each be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles.
In these definitions
C1-C18-alkyl which may be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, benzhydryl, p-tolylmethyl,1-(p-butylphenyl)ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, m-ethoxybenzyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1,2-di-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, diethoxymethyl, diethoxyethyl, 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl, 2-methoxy-isopropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 4-aminobutyl, 6-amino-hexyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-methylaminopropyl, 3-methylaminopropyl, 4-methyl-aminobutyl, 6-methylaminohexyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl, 2-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl, 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl or 6-ethoxyhexyl, and
C2-C18-alkyl interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups is, for example, 5-hydroxy-3-oxa-pentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-hydroxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-hydroxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-hydroxy-4,8, 12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-hydroxy-5-oxa-nonyl, 14-hydroxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxa-octyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxa-undecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.
If two radicals form a ring, they can together be 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propenylene, 1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1-C1-C4-alkyl-1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene, 1-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene or 2-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene.
The number of oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or imino groups is not subject to any restrictions. In general, there will be no more than 5 in the radical, preferably no more than 4 and very particularly preferably no more than 3.
Furthermore, there is generally at least one carbon atom, preferably at least two carbon atoms, between any two heteroatoms.
Substituted and unsubstituted imino groups can be, for example, imino, methylimino, isopropylimino, n-butylimino or tert-butylimino.
Furthermore,
functional groups can be carboxy, carboxamide, hydroxy, di(C1-C4-alkyl)amino, C1-C4-alkyloxycarbonyl, cyano or C1-C4-alkyloxy,
C6-C12-aryl which may be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2- or 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl or ethoxymethylphenyl,
C5-C12-cycloalkyl which may be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl or a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl,
a five- or six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and/or sulfur-containing heterocycle is, for example, furyl, thienyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthienyl, isopropylthienyl or tert-butylthienyl and
C1 to C4-alkyl is, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
C1-C18-Alkyloyl (alkylcarbonyl) can be, for example, acetyl, propionyl, n-butyloyl, sec-butyloyl, tert-butyloyl, 2-ethylhexylcarbonyl, decanoyl, dodecanoyl, chloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl or trifluoroacetyl.
C1-C18-Alkyloxycarbonyl can be, for example, methyloxycarbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, propyloxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl, n-butyloxycarbonyl, sec-butyloxycarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, hexyloxycarbonyl, 2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl or benzyloxycarbonyl.
C5-C12-Cycloalkylcarbonyl can be, for example, cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexyl-carbonyl or cyclododecylcarbonyl.
C6-C12-Aryloyl (arylcarbonyl) can be, for example, benzoyl, toluyl, xyloyl, α-naphthoyl, β-naphthoyl, chlorobenzoyl, dichlorobenzoyl, trichlorobenzoyl or trimethylbenzoyl.
Preference is given to R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 each being, independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(n-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, dimethylamino, diethylamino or chlorine.
R7 is preferably methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-(methoxy-carbonyl)ethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(n-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, acetyl, propionyl, t-butyryl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or n-butoxycarbonyl.
Particularly preferred pyridinium ions (Ia) are those in which one of the radicals R1 to R5 is methyl, ethyl or chlorine, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen, or R3 is dimethylamino, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R2 is carboxy or carboxamide, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R1 and R2 or R2 and R3 are together 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen.
Particularly preferred pyridazinium ions (Ib) are those in which one of the radicals R1 to R4 is methyl or ethyl, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen.
Particularly preferred pyrimidinium ions (Ic) are those in which R2 to R4 are each hydrogen or methyl, R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and R1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, or R2 and R4 are each methyl, R3 is hydrogen and R1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl.
Particularly preferred pyrazinium ions (Id) are those in which R1 to R4 are all methyl and
R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl or R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen.
Particularly preferred imidazolium ions (Ie) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, 2-hydroxyethyl and 2-cyanoethyl,
R7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
R2 to R4 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
Particularly preferred 1H-pyrazolium ions (If) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl,
R2, R3 and R4 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl and
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl.
Particularly preferred 3H-pyrazolium ions (Ig) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl,
R2, R3 and R4 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl and
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl.
Particularly preferred 4H-pyrazolium ions (Ih) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 to R4 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl and R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl.
Particularly preferred 1-pyrazolinium ions (Ii) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 to R6 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl and
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl.
Particularly preferred 2-pyrazolinium ions (Ij) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R2 to R6 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred 3-pyrazolinium ions (Ik) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 and R2 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R3 to R6 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (Il) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 and R2 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and phenyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R3 and R4 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl and
R5 and R6 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (Im) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 and R2 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R3 to R5 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (In) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1, R2 and R3 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R4 to R6 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred thiazolium ions (Io) or oxazolium ions (Ip) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R2 and R3 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl.
Particularly preferred 1,2,4-triazolium ions (Iq) and (Ir) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 and R2 are selected from among hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R3 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl and phenyl.
Particularly preferred 1,2,3-triazolium ions (Is) and (It) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 is selected from among hydrogen, methyl and ethyl,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R2 and R3 are selected from among hydrogen and methyl or
R2 and R3 are together 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene and all others are hydrogen.
Particularly preferred pyrrolidinium ions (Iu) are those in which, independently of one another,
R1 and R7 are selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each hydrogen.
Particularly preferred ammonium ions (Iv) are those in which, independently of one another,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R1, R2 and R3 are selected from among methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, benzyl and phenyl.
Particularly preferred phosphonium ions (Iw) are those in which, independently of one another,
R7 is selected from among acetyl, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and
R1, R2 and R3 are selected from among phenyl, phenoxy, ethoxy and n-butoxy.
Among these, preference is given to the ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium and imidazolium ions.
Very particularly preferred cations are 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethyl-pyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethyl-6-methylpyridinium, N-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-2-methyl-pyridinium, 1-butyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-butyl-2-ethyl-6-methylpyridinium, N-butyl-pyridinium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethyl-imidazolium, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1,3,4-tri-methylimidazolium, 2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 3,4-di-methylimidazolium, 2-ethyl-3,4-dimethylimidazolium, 3-methyl-2-ethylimidazole, 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium, 3-butyl-1-ethylimidazolium, 3-butyl-1,2-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3-di-n-butylimidazolium, 3-butyl-1,4,5-trimethylimidazolium, 3-butyl-1,4-dimethylimidazolium, 3-butyl-2-methylimidazolium, 1,3-dibutyl-2-methylimidazolium, 3-butyl-4-methylimidazolium, 3-butyl-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazolium and 3-butyl-2-ethylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium.
Especial preference is given to 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium and 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium.
Anions can in principle be any anions.
Preferred anions are halides, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, acetate CH3COO−, trifluoroacetate CF3COO−, triflate CF3SO3−, sulfate SO42−, hydrogensulfate HSO4−, methylsulfate CH3OSO3−, ethylsulfate C2H5OSO3−, sulfite SO32−, hydrogensulfite HSO3−, chloroaluminates AlCl4−, Al2Cl7−, Al3Cl10−, tetrabromoaluminate AlBr4−, nitrite NO2−, nitrate NO3−, chlorocuprate CuCl2−, phosphate PO43−, hydrogenphosphate HPO42−, dihydrogenphosphate H2PO4−, carbonate CO32−, hydrogencarbonate HCO3−.
Ionic liquids can be used for improving the conversion and/or selectivity in reactions. Here, they either act as catalysts themselves or as suitable solvents. A further large field of application is the use of ionic liquids as auxiliaries in separation operations. Here, they can be used in distillation (extractive distillation), in extraction, absorption or membrane processes. WO 02/074718 discloses the use of ionic liquids as additives for the separation of narrow-boiling or azeotropic mixtures. They can also be used as heat transfer media or electrolytes for batteries. Each of these uses leads either to dilution or contamination of the ionic liquid, so that it either has to be worked up or disposed of. Up to the present, the preparation of ionic liquids has been relatively expensive (about 1000 =C/kg) because of the small quantities. In the case of large capacities, costs of about 20-10 =C/kg are possible. Owing to these still relatively high materials costs, it is desirable and essential for the economics of a process for the ionic liquid to be able to be used for as long as possible and be able to be recycled. This is normally achieved by means of recycled streams in a process. Impurities, in particular high-boiling impurities, accumulate in these recycled streams. This is countered by means of a purge stream which prevents or at least reduces the increase in the concentrations. The contaminated ionic liquid which is discharged has a considerable value and efforts are made to recover it.
The separation of low-boiling components from ionic liquids is usually relatively simple, since the ionic liquids have a nonmeasurable vapor pressure. The low-boiling components are separated off by simple evaporation or rectification.
However, the separation of high-boiling impurities from the ionic liquids is found to be a problem. Here, high boilers are substances which are difficult to separate off from an ionic liquid by distillation. These can be polymers which have no measurable vapor pressure or substances which have only a low vapor pressure of less than about 10 mbar, preferably less than 1 mbar, at room temperature. They can also be substances which have a particularly strong interaction with ionic liquids, so that they can be removed only incompletely from the ionic liquid. Economical purification of the ionic liquid by vaporization is not possible in this case.
The separation of ionic liquids from other substances by means of extraction is known. It is employed, for example, after the synthesis of ionic liquids and is described in Wasserscheid and Welton “Ionic liquids in synthesis” 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (page 17). Disadvantages are that it is frequently not possible to find a suitable solvent and a considerable amount of ionic liquid is lost during the separation, since it likewise dissolves in the extractant because of small miscibility gaps. Extraction is therefore suitable mainly for nonpolar high boilers which readily dissolve in nonpolar (organic) solvents. These solvents are virtually immiscible with most ionic liquids and can therefore often be separated off relatively easily. However, it is possible that the interfering impurity cannot be washed out of the IL. This is observed especially in the case of polar high boilers. In such a case, it is necessary to use polar solvents which have a greater miscibility with the ionic liquid, which then increases the undesirable loss of material of value (ionic liquid).
In Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (2001), 40(1), 287-292, Prof. Brennecke describes the purification of ionic liquids using supercritical CO2 as an alternative method. However, this procedure is relatively complicated in engineering terms.
It is an object of the present invention to find an alternative process for the purification of mixtures comprising ionic liquids, which remedies the abovementioned disadvantages and makes it possible to achieve an economical separation which is simple in process engineering terms.
We have found that this objective is achieved by a process for the work-up of a mixture comprising ionic liquids and a further substance, wherein the substance present is separated off by means of adsorptive separation processes.
Adsorptive separation techniques are found to be economical variants which are simple in process engineering terms for achieving the separation in the process of the present invention. Adsorptive separation techniques generally involve bringing the ionic liquid into contact with a solid (the adsorbent) so that impurities are concentrated on the surface of the adsorbent. In this way, the amount of impurities can be reduced or the impurities can be separated off completely from the ionic liquid. Adsorptive separation processes which are particularly suitable for the process of the present invention are chromatography, adsorption and ion exchange, which are described in more detail below.
Chromatography
The process is shown by way of example in
After the chromatographic separation, the solvent is separated from the ionic liquid. This can be achieved by known separation operations such as evaporation or crystallization.
Suitable stationary phases have been found to be, for example, silica gels, reversed phase silica gels, molecular sieves, zeolites, aluminum oxides, acid and base ion exchangers. The solvent should be miscible with the ionic liquid. Suitable solvents are, in particular, relatively polar solvents such as water, acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile and mixtures thereof.
Apart from the batchwise chromatography described here, it is also possible to use continuous chromatographic separation methods, e.g. simulated countercurrent chromatography. This is a chromatographic process in which the ionic liquid to be purified is no longer added discontinuously via a syringe, but is introduced continuously. The purified ionic liquid and the impurities are likewise removed continuously from the apparatus. The way in which such a plant functions is prior art and is described, for example, in Y. Beste, “Simulierte Gegenstromchromatographie für Mehrkomponenten-und kinetisch kontrollierte Systeme”, progress report VDI No. 712. Suitable adsorbents and solvents are the same materials as those mentioned above.
Adsorption or Ion Exchange
In contrast to chromatography, this advantageously requires no solvent which comes into contact with the ionic liquid and sometimes no separation from the solvent by means of an evaporation step is necessary either. In the case of adsorption or ion exchange, the ionic liquid contaminated with the additional substance is passed directly through a column containing either an adsorbent (in the form of powder in the column) or an ion exchange resin. Preferred adsorbents are adsorbent resins, activated carbon, zeolites, aluminum oxides, molecular sieves or silica gels and also reversed phase silica gels. In the case of the adsorbent, the impurities are adsorbed on the stationary phase (adsorbent) or, in the case of ion exchange, the impurities are bound to the ion exchange resin by electrical interactions. The ionic liquid leaves the column in purified form.
The stationary phase can be disposed of after a single use, but it is preferably passed to purification and reuse. For this purpose, the stationary phase is regenerated with a suitable regenerating medium such as steam, solvents, acids or alkalis (at ambient temperature or higher). It is then merely necessary to dispose of the regenerating medium and the impurities present therein.
Absorption and ion exchange can be carried out batchwise (i.e. a fixed bed goes through all of the individual steps in succession), pseudocontinuously, (i.e. two fixed beds are operated alternately) or fully continuously (carousel arrangements having 16-32 columns and a multiport valve).
The stationary phase can be present as a fixed bed, a suspended bed or a fluidized bed.
The process of the present invention offers an economical way which is simple in process engineering terms of separating off ionic liquids in pure form from mixtures. It is thus possible to work up the mixtures comprising ionic liquids obtained in many processes in an appropriate fashion and to reintroduce the purified ionic liquid into the respective process. As a result, the consumption of ionic liquid is decreased considerably and the waste streams obtained are minimized, which leads not only to simplification of the process but also to an improvement in the economics. The process of the present invention is particularly useful for separating off high-boiling components which frequently impart a color and/or impair the properties of the ionic liquid and/or have other adverse effects.
The ionic liquid (IL) used was 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate. It is virtually colorless. After having been used a number of times, the IL was contaminated. Firstly, it had become darker, a phenomenon which is regularly observed when an IL is used at elevated temperatures. In addition, an intense dark green color developed during distillation. All volatile components could be removed by evaporation on a rotary evaporator. This barely changed the color. It became more concentrated. XRF analysis of the contaminated IL indicated relatively large amounts of S. In addition, Al, Cr, Mg, Fe, Ni, Cu were detected (<1000 ppm).
In the shaking experiment, 25 ml of this contaminated IL were in each case brought into contact with one of a variety of adsorbents for 24 hours. The liquid was then filtered. Comparison of the filtrates with the starting sample indicated a significant lightening of the color and thus a clearly visible purifying effect in all cases. Silica gels, adsorbent resins, ion exchangers, activated carbons and aluminum oxides were tested. The purifying effect was somewhat less in the case of aluminum oxide and better in the case of ion exchangers and adsorbent resins. The behavior of activated carbons was in the middle. The purifying effect was quantified by means of the discoloration. The less green the ionic liquid, the better the purifying effect.
A 1×25 cm column which was charged with adsorbent resin (polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) as stationary phase was used. Deionized water as eluant was pumped continuously through the resin-containing column. Detection at the outlet of the column was carried out by means of a UV-VIS detector. To improve the fluidity, the contaminated IL was diluted with water prior to injection. Repeated injection of up to 200 μl of the IL into the resin gave in each case a symmetrical peak at 220 nm and no detectable peak at 430 nm. On injection into the system without a column, peaks were detected at both wavelengths. This indicates that the color-imparting substances were adsorbed on the resin.
After injection, water was replaced by isopropanol as solvent. A large peak clearly visible at 430 nm was observed in front of the isopropanol front, which demonstrates that the color-imparting substances were being desorbed. Similar desorption from the column was also able to be achieved using other solvents which are less polar than water. Successful desorption experiments were carried out using, for example, ethanol and methanol.
An extraction experiment was carried out using the same starting solution of the contaminated ionic liquid. For this purpose, 25 g of ionic liquid were mixed with 25 g of n-hexane and stirred at ambient temperature for a number of hours. After mixing was stopped, the two phases separated again. The upper phase (n-hexane) remained clear and colorless and the lower phase (ionic liquid) was also unchanged. Thus, no purification took place.
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| WO 03013685 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| WO 03037835 | May 2003 | WO |
| WO 03048078 | Jun 2003 | WO |
| WO 03051894 | Jun 2003 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040188350 A1 | Sep 2004 | US |
