The invention pertains generally to the field of power conversion and more particularly to methods of controlling power converters.
Switching power converters offer both compactness and efficiency in a number of different topologies that can be placed in two main categories: isolated (or transformer-coupled) and non-isolated (or direct-coupled). In non-isolated switching power converters, such as a buck (reducing voltage) or boost (increasing voltage) converter, the power output is directly coupled to the power input through the power switch element. In contrast, in isolated power converters, such as flyback or forward converters, the power output is isolated from the power input through a transformer, with the power switch element located on the primary (input) side of the transformer.
The regulation of the output voltage of switching power converters (whether isolated or non-isolated) is generally accomplished by sensing the difference between an output voltage feedback signal approximating the output voltage at the load, and a reference, and using this difference, or error voltage, to determine how to cycle the switch so as to minimize the difference between the output voltage feedback signal and the reference. In this context, regulation schemes can be divided into two classes: pulse modulating schemes and pulse gating schemes.
With pulse modulating schemes, the error voltage is used to form a pulse which will cycle the switch in such a way as to drive the output voltage signal onto the reference; whereas with pulse gating schemes, the error voltage is not used to form a specific pulse, but instead is used to gate pre-formed pulses (from a pulse generator) to the switch to drive the output voltage feedback signal toward the reference.
Examples of a pulse gating schemes are disclosed and described in application Ser. No. 09/970,849, filed Oct. 3, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/279,949, filed Oct. 4, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,473, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/585,928, filed Jun. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,018, each of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. Pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse frequency modulation (PFM), or combinations of PWM and PFM form the basis of most pulse modulating schemes.
Consider, for example, the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 1. The converter 10 includes a power switch Q1 (typically a field effect transistor (FET)) coupled to an input voltage, Vin, via a primary winding 20 of a power transformer T1. A rectifying diode D1 and filter capacitor C1 are coupled to a secondary winding 22 of the transformer T1. The converter 10 includes a pulse modulating controller 25 that outputs a drive signal 61 to turn ON the power switch Q1 in order to control an output voltage, Vout, across a load 24. A primary/secondary isolation circuit 30 provides an output voltage feedback signal that approximates the output voltage across load 24. An error voltage sense circuit 31 generates an error voltage from inputs that include a reference voltage, VREF, as well as the output voltage feedback signal from primary/secondary isolation circuit 30. This error voltage is used by the controller 25 for regulating the ON time of the power switch Q1.
Obtaining the output voltage feedback signal from the secondary side of the converter, as shown in
In a primary-side feedback system, the output voltage feedback signal would be obtained from the primary side of power transformer T1, preferably via an auxiliary winding, as shown in FIG. 2.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for power converters having primary-only feedback that achieves regulation performance traditionally obtainable with secondary feedback, while preserving the intended simplicity and cost benefits of primary-only feedback.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, power converters for delivering power from a source to a load, are provided with digital sampling control circuitry. In one embodiment, a converter includes a switch, pulse modulating controller producing power pulses for cycling the switch ON and OFF, wherein if a switch is cycled ON and OFF according to a cycle of a power pulse, power is transferred from the source to the load and a comparator for comparing an output voltage feedback signal to a reference the control circuitry controls the turn ON and turn OFF times of the switch in response to an output of the comparator, the controller sampling the comparator output at one or more determined times during a cycling of the switch.
In embodiments of the invention, the comparator may be a binary comparator, a ternary comparator, or a signed digital comparator.
In certain embodiments, the controller takes into account comparator outputs from one or more previous switch cycles in determining the turn ON and turn OFF times of the switch in response to a present comparator output.
In preferred embodiments, the determined sample times are determined for each cycling of the switch. In one embodiment, a determined sample time is an instant at which the output voltage feedback signal corresponds to the output voltage plus a small, substantially constant voltage drop measured from cycle to cycle of the switch. In one embodiment, a determined sample time is an instant at which current flowing through the rectifying element is small and substantially constant from cycle to cycle of the switch.
In one embodiment, the converter is a flyback converter having a transformer flux reset point, the output voltage feedback signal is a reflected flyback voltage signal, and one determined sample time is a fixed backward offset time from the transformer flux reset point. In flyback embodiments, transformer flux reset point may be determined using a measured or calculated value of the period of resonant oscillation of the reflected flyback voltage signal, using a point at which the voltage across an auxiliary transformer winding is approximately zero, or using a point at which the voltage across the primary winding of the power transformer is approximately zero.
In one embodiment, the converter is a forward converter having an output inductor, the output voltage feedback signal is a reflected voltage across an auxiliary winding coupled to the output inductor, and one determined sample time is a fixed backward offset time from a point of output inductor flux reset.
In one embodiment, the converter is a direct-coupled boost converter, the output voltage feedback signal corresponds to a voltage across the switch during its OFF time, and one determined sample time is an instant at which current through a rectifying element is small and substantially constant from cycle to cycle of the switch.
In one embodiment, the converter is a direct-coupled buck converter, the output voltage feedback signal corresponds to a differential voltage across an output inductor during the OFF time of the switch, and one determined sample time is an instant at which current through a rectifying element is small and substantially constant from cycle to cycle of the switch.
Other and further aspects and embodiments of the invention will become apparent upon review of the accompanying figures and the following detailed description.
The various aspects and features of the invention will be better understood by examining the figures, in which similar elements in different embodiments are given the same reference numbers for ease in illustration, and in which:
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the power converter control system methodologies and embodiments disclosed and described herein may be applied to transformer-coupled switching converters, such as a flyback, forward, fly-forward, push-pull, or bridge-type power converters. In addition, as will be explained herein, direct-coupled switching power converters such as buck, boost, buck/boost or SEPIC power converters may also benefit from these control methodologies and embodiments.
The above-incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,018 discloses and describes various embodiments of a “pulse rate” (also referred to as “pulse train”) method of power converter regulation. Notably, pulse rate regulation, in itself, controls neither the ON TIME nor the OFF TIME of the power switch in order to regulate the output voltage. Instead, output regulation may be accomplished by controlling the rate of independently specified activation pulses presented to the power switch. If the load requires more power, pulses from a pulse generator are allowed to cycle the power switch. Otherwise, pulses from the pulse generator are inhibited from cycling the power switch.
Control circuitry for and methods for obtaining accurate, real-time primary-only feedback are disclosed and described in the above-incorporated U.S. patents and applications, and are further refined upon herein. These primary-only circuits and methods may also be applied to power converters regulated using PWM and PFM controllers, as disclosed and described below.
More particularly, prior art PWM and PFM controllers endeavor to construct pulses that will drive the output voltage onto the reference. In this case, owing to practical limits on the width and frequency of pulses, in the presence of a fixed load, the output voltage will “ripple” about the reference. Because pulse rate control parameters (i.e., phase, width, and frequency) are specified independently of regulation, pulse rate regulation presents the opportunity to realize numerous power stage optimizations obtained at the price of exchanging “ripples” for “limit cycles.” Compared to secondary feedback, with its costly opto-isolator circuit and attendant demands on circuit board-layout, primary-only feedback offers the potential of cheaper, slimmer power supplies for applications such as consumer electronics.
To regulate Vout, pulse modulating controller 70 controls the ON TIME (the time between switch ON and switch OFF) and the OFF TIME (the time between switch OFF and switch ON) through drive signal 71 that cycles switch Q1. (Driver 96 amplifies drive signal 71 to effect the turn ON and turn OFF of switch Q1.) Where controller 70 implements fixed frequency pulse width modulation (PWM), the switch ON TIME will vary between a minimum power pulse width (corresponding to the minimum duty cycle) and a maximum power pulse width (corresponding to the maximum duty cycle).
The switch OFF TIME will be the difference between the switch cycle period and the ON TIME. Where controller 70 implements fixed ON TIME pulse frequency modulation (PFM), the switch OFF TIME will vary between a minimum value (corresponding to the maximum duty cycle) and a maximum value (corresponding to the minimum duty cycle). Where controller 70 implements some combination of PWM and PFM, the switch ON TIME and OFF TIME may be determined, in part, by operating conditions, such as the power being transferred to load 24.
The pulse modulating controller 70 may or may not keep history; that is it may or may not remember the results of previous comparisons. If controller 70 keeps history, it may reference said history in the process of determining the ON TIME and OFF TIME of switch Q1. Moreover, the precise instants in time when transistor Q1 switches ON and OFF may further be controlled by a pulse optimizer 85, as disclosed and described in the above-incorporated patents and applications, and described further herein.
The flyback power converter 100 implements a method of primary-only feedback in the following fashion. When switch Q1 is switched OFF following the ON time of a power pulse, the voltage on the secondary winding 22 will be “reflected” back onto the primary winding 20 scaled by the turns ratio, NP/NS, where NP is the number of turns on the primary winding 20 and NS is the number or turns on the secondary winding 22.
Although the voltage across the primary winding 20 could be sensed to perform primary-only feedback control, a more suitable signal for sensing may be provided through the use of an auxiliary winding 105, as the voltage on this winding 105 is ground referenced. The reflected voltage, VAUX, on auxiliary winding 105 will be NAUX/NS times the voltage on secondary winding 22, where NAUX is the number of turns on auxiliary winding 105, and NS is the turns on secondary winding 22. The relationship between VAUX and Vout is given by the expression
VAUX=(Vout+ΔV)NAUX/NS (1)
where ΔV is the voltage drop caused by resistive and other losses in the secondary circuit. This voltage drop includes, in particular, losses across rectifying diode D1.
One aspect of the present invention leverages the notion that by sampling VAUX at precisely determined instants for which the term ΔV is small and approximately constant from sample to sample, real-time output voltage feedback can be obtained, where “real-time” output voltage feedback denotes an unfiltered output voltage measurement taken after each power pulse and available to the control logic for the selection of the succeeding drive signal.
A comparator 151 produces an output voltage feedback signal 150 by comparing the VAUX waveform to a reference voltage, VREF, calibrated to compensate for the average value of ΔV at those precisely determined instants when ΔV is small and substantially constant from cycle to cycle. For example, the reference may be derived from a bandgap voltage reference or other suitable means, such as a compensated zener diode to provide a reliably stable reference voltage. By this calibration of VREF, those precisely determined instants define not only the instants at which accurate, real-time output voltage feedback is available, but also the instants at which VAUX and VREF are expected to crossover, resulting in a transition or state change in the output voltage feedback signal 150.
Comparator 151 employed to generate feedback signal 150 can be more or less sophisticated, depending on the amount of information required to insure acceptable regulation. Perhaps the simplest of comparators is the binary comparator, with or without hysteresis, which indicates VAUX is high or low, relative to VREF. Slightly more sophisticated is the ternary comparator, which indicates high or low or neither, when the magnitude of the difference between VAUX and VREF is less than some fixed voltage.
A still more sophisticated comparator is a signed digital comparator, which provides a high or low indication and, in addition, the magnitude of the difference expressed digitally.
The sampling timing diagrams of FIG. 4 and
For both the maximum pulse 106 and minimum pulse 107, the reflected auxiliary voltage waveform 102 swings high when drive signal 101 switches transistor Q1 from ON to OFF. Similarly, ISEC 103 will also jump from a substantially zero current to a relatively high current value, IPEAK, when drive signal 101 switches transistor Q1 from ON to OFF. During drive signal 101 OFF TIME, ISEC 103 will ramp down from this relatively high current value back to a substantially zero current value, assuming discontinuous or critically discontinuous operation. Sampling the binary output signal 150 at times when ISEC=K Amps, where K=a small and constant value, will insure that the ΔV term in Equation (1) remains small and approximately constant from sample to sample.
To implement the foregoing, it suffices to sample binary output signal 150 at time TSAMPLE, where TSAMPLE occurs at a fixed backward offset ΔT from the zero points of the secondary current ISEC. This is because the current ISEC decays at the same rate regardless of the width of the preceding power pulse. Note that reflected voltage waveform 102 forms a “plateau” period of relatively constant voltage while ISEC 103 ramps down to zero current. As ISEC 103 reaches zero current, this plateau voltage drops off steeply. To get a good reading of the output voltage on load 24 by way of VAUX, TSAMPLE should occur within the plateau period, as close to the drop off as possible. Hence ΔT cannot be made too small or sampling will be complicated by the collapse of the plateau, preventing a proper sensing of the output voltage.
To summarize, by sampling ΔT time ahead of the zero points of the secondary current, the ΔV term in equation (1) is maintained at a small and approximately constant value regardless of line or load conditions, enabling the potential for precise output regulation.
An alternative to direct sensing of the secondary current (an appropriate methodology for single-output converters) is the sensing of the transformer reset condition directly or indirectly. When ISEC 103 reaches zero the transformer T1 may be denoted to be in a reset condition. This reset condition occurs when the energy in the primary winding 20 has been completely transferred to the secondary winding 22. At such a point in time, the voltage across primary winding 20 will proceed to drop rapidly to zero.
Referring to
After the transformer has reached reset, there is still energy stored in the drain-source capacitance of transistor Q1. Assuming that transistor Q1 is not immediately cycled ON at this point, this energy then resonantly oscillates with the magnetizing inductance of the primary winding 22 at a resonant frequency determined by the capacitance and inductance values. The frequency (or period) of this resonance is substantially the same regardless of the width of the preceding power pulse.
The resonant oscillation of VAUX is illustrated in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. With specific reference to
The reflected auxiliary voltage 102 achieves its first minimum at a time T3, which occurs midway between times 110 and 111. This first minimum voltage point, or a subsequent minimum, may be advantageously used as the point when the ON period for the next pulse begins. Because the voltage at the drain of transistor Q1 is also a minimum at time T3, the switching stresses and losses are minimized. Although the drain voltage is non-zero at time T3, it may be denoted as the zero-voltage switching time because this is as close to zero as the drain voltage will get.
As disclosed and discussed in the above-incorporated patents and applications, the pulse optimizer 85 accepts a variety of optimizer inputs, including VAUX, and applies these inputs to derive the timing, etc., of power pulses, in order to realize optimizations such as zero-voltage switching. As the foregoing paragraphs suggest, an effective and easily-mechanized method for implementing zero-voltage switching is first, to detect the first and second zero-crossings of VAUX following the turn off of switch Q1; second, to derive the period of resonant oscillation; and third, to adjust power pulses to turn on at the first zero-crossing of VAUX (TAUXO), plus ¼ of the resonant oscillation period, or TAUXO plus ¼ of the resonant oscillation period plus an integral multiple of resonant oscillation periods.
Where the foregoing method is used to implement zero-voltage switching, the time TAUXO and the period of resonant oscillation generated by pulse optimizer 85 can both be made available to pulse modulating controller 70 for use in the determination of TSAMPLE. TSAMPLE could, for example, be determined from TAUXO by first subtracting ¼ of the resonant oscillation period (to “locate” the transformer reset point), and then subtracting ΔT. Having determined the sampling time, TSAMPLE, controller 70 need only evaluate the binary output signal 150 of comparator 151 to determine whether at that instant VAUX is higher or lower than the expected value, VREF.
If VAUX is greater than the reference voltage at the sample time TSAMPLE, binary output signal 150 will be high; if VAUX is less than the reference voltage at TSAMPLE, signal 150 will be low. A variety of control strategies may be employed to modulate pulse width or frequency based on binary output signal 150 at time-TSAMPLE. These control strategies have as their primary objective, the determination of the duty cycle required to regulate the output voltage. Accordingly, they may be viewed as search strategies, exemplified by linear search, binary search, Newton-Raphson search, etc.
An alternative to sampling the binary output signal 150 at time TSAMPLE is to sample signal 150 periodically to detect the high to low transitions or state changes of said signal, and classify them as “early” or “late” relative to TSAMPLE, where an “early” transition is one that occurs before TSAMPLE, and a “late” transition is one that occurs after TSAMPLE. This follows from the fact that TSAMPLE is, by definition, the expected crossover point of VAUX with VREF, and therefore the expected transition point of binary output signal 150. As illustrated in
An early/late detector can be more or less sophisticated, depending on the amount of information required to insure acceptable regulation. Perhaps the simplest of early/late detectors is the binary detector, which indicates early or late, relative to TSAMPLE. Slightly more sophisticated is the ternary detector, which indicates early or late or neither, when the magnitude of the earliness or lateness is less than some fixed interval of time. A still more sophisticated early/late detector is a signed digital detector, which provides an early or late indication and, in addition, the magnitude of the earliness or lateness expressed digitally.
A variety of control strategies may be employed to modulate pulse width or frequency based on early/late detection of transitions of binary output signal 150 (relative to TSAMPLE). These control strategies have as their primary objective, the determination of the duty cycle required to regulate the output voltage. Accordingly, they may be viewed as search strategies, exemplified by linear search, binary search, Newton-Raphson search, etc.
The narrowing procedure, in this case, amounts to decreasing the pulse width (relative to the width of the previous pulse) by a fixed increment, TDELTA, subject to the minimum pulse width constraint. When the indication from the ternary detector is neither, pulse modulating controller 70 leaves the width of the next power pulse unchanged (relative to the previous power pulse). In this fashion, the search converges on the value of TON required for regulation, and the output voltage Vout across load 24 will be determined through the value of VREF.
Minimum power pulses play an important role in the output voltage regulation scheme. Since output voltage feedback is based on the reflected voltage across the transformer T1, a power pulse (of some size) must be sent in order for a sample of the output voltage to be obtained. The more frequently the output is sampled, the better the regulation and the better the response to step changes in load. Accordingly, the minimum pulse and minimum duty cycle constraints of PWM and PFM controls support the objectives of tight regulation and rapid step response.
When load 24 becomes very light or is removed from flyback converter 100 of
Controller 70 may detect that a low-load or no-load condition is true by measuring the frequency of minimum power pulses 107 transferred through power stage 35. Alternatively, it may utilize the magnitude information provided by a signed digital comparator or signed digital early/late detector to detect the disappearance (or reappearance) of the load. Once in skip mode, the digital logic in controller 70 intersperses minimum pulses with no pulses, to maintain good regulation with an appropriate level of response to step changes in load without creating excessive audible noise. The process of interspersing minimum pulses could be pseudo-random (e.g., employing a linear feedback shift register).
Although shown separately in
Although the above discussion has been with respect to a flyback converter 100, it will be appreciated that primary-only feedback methods of the present invention may be implemented in other isolated power converters such as a forward converter.
By way of example,
Although shown separately in
The primary-only feedback method disclosed herein may also be extended to direct-coupled switching power converters as well. By way of example,
By way of another example,
Specific embodiments illustrating various aspects and features of the invention have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments or methods shown or described, but to the contrary, the invention broadly covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives encompassed by the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/335,723, filed Nov. 29, 2001, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
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