Patent Application
20100173408
The invention relates to a recombinant receptor comprising an extracellular ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic domain that includes a heterologous bait polypeptide. The recombinant receptor is activated by the binding of a ligand to the ligand-binding domain and by the binding of a prey polypeptide to the heterologous bait peptide. The invention also relates to a method of detecting compound-compound-binding using the recombinant receptor.
Protein-protein interactions are an essential key in all biological processes, from the replication and expression of genes to the morphogenesis of organisms. Protein-protein interactions govern, among other things, ligand-receptor interactions and signaling pathways. The protein-protein interactions are also important in the assembly of enzyme subunits, in the formation of biological supramolecular structures, such as ribosomes, filaments and virus particles, and in antigen-antibody interactions.
Several approaches have been developed in attempts to identify protein-protein interactions. Some of the first techniques included co-purification of proteins and co-immunoprecipitation. However, these techniques are tedious and do not allow high throughput screening. Moreover, these techniques require lysis which corrupts the normal cellular context. A major breakthrough in the study of protein-protein interactions was achieved with the introduction of genetic approaches. Of the various genetic approaches, yeast two-hybrid (Fields and Song, 1989) is the most important one.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,463 describes an improvement of the yeast two-hybrid system which may be used to screen for modification-dependent protein-protein interactions. However, this method relies on the co-expression of a modifying enzyme which may exert its activity in the cytoplasm of the host organism. In this manner, the modifying enzyme may modify enzymes other than the protein involved in the protein-protein interaction and may affect the viability of the host organism.
Although the yeast two-hybrid system has been widely used, it has several drawbacks. One drawback is that the fusion proteins need to be translocated to the nucleus, which may not be evident. Also, proteins with intrinsic transcription activation properties may result in false positives. Moreover, protein-protein interactions that are dependent on secondary modifications of the protein, such as phosphorylation, may not be easily detected. To overcome some of these problems, alternative protein-protein interaction systems have been developed.
One of these alternative systems is an approach based on phage display that avoids the nuclear translocation drawback. PCT International Publication WO 9002809 describes an approach where a binding protein can be displayed on the surface of a genetic package, such as a filamentous phage, and the gene encoding the binding protein is packaged inside the phage. Phages bearing the binding protein that recognizes the target molecule are isolated and amplified. Several improvements of the phage display approach have been proposed and are as described in PCT International Publications WO 9220791, WO 9710330 and WO 9732017.
However, the phage display approaches suffer from difficulties inherent in phage display methodology. For instance, the proteins need to be exposed at the phage surface where the proteins are exposed to an environment that may not be physiologically relevant for the in vivo interaction. Moreover, when a phage library is screened, a competition exists between the phages which results in a selection of the high affinity-binding proteins. Also, modification-dependent phage display systems have not been described.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,689 describes a protein recruitment system which detects protein-protein interactions by recruitment of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Sos) to a plasma membrane where Sos activates a Ras reporter molecule. Activation of the Ras reporter molecule results in the survival of the cell that otherwise would not survive in the conditions used to culture the cell. Although this method allows the protein-protein interaction to take place under physiological conditions in the submembranary space, it has several drawbacks. For instance, modification-dependent interactions cannot be detected. Moreover, the method uses the pleiotropic Ras pathway and may cause technical complications.
Provided is a recombinant transmembrane receptor comprising an extracellular ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic domain that includes a heterologous bait polypeptide. The recombinant receptor is activated by binding a ligand to the ligand-binding domain and by binding a prey polypeptide to the heterologous bait polypeptide. As used herein, the term “receptor” may be used interchangeably with the term “recombinant receptor.” The recombinant receptor may be a chimeric receptor in which the ligand-binding domain and the cytoplasmic domain are derived from two different receptors. The recombinant receptor may also be a multimerizing receptor, such as a homomultimerizing receptor or a heteromultimerizing receptor.
The cytoplasmic domain of the recombinant receptor comprises a heterologous bait polypeptide which may be fused to a carboxy terminal end, may replace a part of the carboxy terminal end, or may be situated in the cytoplasmic domain as an insertion or a replacement of an endogenous internal fragment. If the recombinant receptor is a heteromultimerizing receptor, then all chains may not comprise the bait since it is sufficient that one of the chains comprises the bait in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. When at least one of the activation sites in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor is inactivated, the recombinant receptor is not activated. Thus, there is no active signaling pathway if only a ligand binds to the ligand-binding domain of the recombinant receptor.
The recombinant receptor may be inactivated in several ways. In one way, the amino acid required for activation is replaced by another amino acid. Other ways include changing the amino acid context of the activation site or deleting the activation site. For instance, insertion of the heterologous bait polypeptide and inactivation of the activation sites may result in one or more deletions of the original cytoplasmic domain. However, the cytoplasmic domain is that the cytoplasmic domain should retain, directly or indirectly, its inherent modifying enzyme activity by retaining a modifying enzyme activity binding site, such as a Jak binding site, or by incorporating an active modifying enzyme activity in the cytoplasmic domain. By maintaining the modifying enzyme activity, activation of the receptor and the signaling pathway is still achieved since a ligand will bind to the ligand-binding domain and a prey polypeptide will bind to the heterologous bait polypeptide in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor.
The gene encoding the recombinant receptor which includes the bait polypeptide may be placed downstream from a constitutive or inducible promoter. The inducible promoter may have some advantages in cases where a competition exists for the binding site between prey polypeptides and endogenous polypeptides. Inducing the recombinant receptor in the presence of prey polypeptides may facilitate binding and avoid saturating the binding sites with endogenous polypeptides.
In one embodiment of the invention, a recombinant receptor includes a phosphorylation site as the activation site and the modifying enzyme activity is a kinase.
In another embodiment of the invention, a homomultimerizing recombinant leptin receptor has a heterologous bait polypeptide fused into or at the carboxy terminal end of its cytoplasmic domain. In this embodiment, the heterologous bait polypeptide may replace part of the cytoplasmic domain. Alternatively, three conserved tyrosine phosphorylation sites of the cytoplasmic domain may be inactivated by replacing the tyrosine residues with phenylalanine residues.
In another embodiment, a homomultimerizing recombinant receptor is disclosed in which an inactivated cytoplasmic domain of the leptin receptor, including a heterologous bait polypeptide as described herein, is fused to the ligand-binding domain of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor.
In yet another embodiment, a heteromultimerizing recombinant receptor with the inactivated cytoplasmic domain of the leptin receptor, including a heterologous bait polypeptide, is fused to the interleukin-5 receptor α-chain ligand-binding domain of one subunit, wherein the other subunit is fused to the interleukin-5 receptor β-chain.
In a further embodiment, a heteromultimerizing recombinant receptor is disclosed wherein the inactivated cytoplasmic domain of the leptin receptor, including a heterologous bait polypeptide, is fused to the GM-CSFα-chain ligand-binding domain of one subunit, wherein the other subunit is fused to the interleukin-5 receptor β-chain.
In another aspect of the invention, a recombinant receptor comprising a ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic domain that includes a modified heterologous bait polypeptide is disclosed. The modification of the heterologous bait polypeptide may include, but is not limited to, phosphorylation, acetylation, acylation, methylation, ubiquitinilation, glycosylation or proteolytic processing. In this aspect, the recombinant receptor is activated by binding a ligand to the ligand-binding domain and by binding a prey polypeptide to the heterologous bait polypeptide, wherein the binding of the prey polypeptide to the heterologous bait polypeptide depends on the modification state of the heterologous bait polypeptide, i.e., the prey polypeptide binds if there is modification or no modification of the heterologous bait polypeptide. The modification state may be, but is not limited to, the presence or absence of phosphorylation, acetylation, acylation, methylation, ubiquitinilation, glycosylation, or proteolytic cleavage. The heterologous bait polypeptide may be modified by the bait-modifying enzyme activity which can be the modifying enzyme activity that modifies the activation site, although other bait-modifying enzyme activities may exist.
The recombinant receptor may be a chimeric receptor in which the ligand-binding domain and the cytoplasmic domain are derived from two different receptors. In one embodiment, the receptor is a multimerizing receptor. As described herein, the cytoplasmic domain of the recombinant receptor comprises a heterologous bait polypeptide which may be fused to the carboxy terminal end, may replace a part of the carboxy terminal end, or may be situated in the cytoplasmic domain as an insertion or a replacement of an endogenous internal fragment.
If the recombinant receptor is a heteromultimerizing receptor, then not all of the chains need to comprise the bait, since it is sufficient if one of the chains comprising the bait is in the cytoplasmic domain. When at least one of the activation sites in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor has been inactivated, the receptor will not be activated and no active signaling pathway will exist if only a ligand binds the ligand-binding domain of the recombinant receptor. The inactivation of the cytoplasmic domain may be obtained in several ways, such as by replacing the amino acid required for activation with another amino acid, by changing the amino acid context of the activation site or by deleting the activation site. Insertion of the heterologous bait polypeptide and inactivation of the activation sites may result in one or more deletions of the original cytoplasmic domain. Regardless of the inactivation technique employed, the cytoplasmic domain should retain, directly or indirectly, its inherent modifying enzyme activity by retaining a modifying enzyme binding site or by incorporating an active modifying enzyme activity in the cytoplasmic domain.
The modification of the bait may be in cis or in trans, i.e., the enzymatic activity may be situated on the same cytoplasmic domain or the enzymatic activity may come from elsewhere. As described herein, the modification of the bait may be induced by binding a ligand to the ligand-binding domain. In one embodiment, a homodimerizing receptor where the bait is phosphorylated by an inherent kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain, such as a Jak kinase that binds to the cytoplasmic domain, is disclosed. In another embodiment, a heteromultimerizing receptor where the cytoplasmic domain of one chain includes a bait to be modified and the cytoplasmic domain of another chain includes the bait-modifying enzyme activity is disclosed.
As described herein, the receptor and the signaling pathway may be activated by binding a ligand to the ligand-binding domain and by binding a prey polypeptide to the heterologous bait polypeptide situated in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. Binding of the prey polypeptide may depend on the modification state of the heterologous bait polypeptide, i.e., binding occurs when the bait is modified or when the bait is not modified.
In another aspect of the invention, a prey polypeptide comprising a fusion protein of two polypeptides is disclosed. The first polypeptide interacts, directly or indirectly, with a bait polypeptide and the second polypeptide includes at least one activation site. The activation site may be a phosphorylation site, such as a tyrosine phosphorylation site. The tyrosine phosphorylation site may be part of a Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) binding site such as a STAT1 and/or STAT3 binding site. As used herein, the phrase “direct interaction” will refer to a direct protein-protein contact between the heterologous bait polypeptide and the prey polypeptide. The phrase “indirect interaction” as used herein will refer to the heterologous bait polypeptide interacting with one or more other polypeptides, and subsequently forming a complex that interacts with the prey polypeptide or vice versa. In the indirect interaction, the prey polypeptide may interact with one polypeptide or with several polypeptides from the complex. The binding of the prey polypeptide to the bait polypeptide may also be dependent on the modification state of the bait polypeptide and/or of proteins within the binding complex.
When interactions of nuclear proteins are studied using the teachings of the invention, the prey polypeptide may comprise a Nuclear Export Sequence (NES) to ensure that it is available in the cytosol. The NES signal (amino acids 37-46) of the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been shown to override a strong nuclear localization signal (Wiley et al., 1999). Thus, the NES signal helps keep the prey polypeptide in the cytoplasm even when a strong nuclear localization signal is present, thus facilitating interaction with the bait.
In one embodiment, a prey polypeptide of the invention is disclosed wherein the prey polypeptide interacts with the heterologous bait polypeptide of a recombinant receptor. Upon binding of a ligand to the ligand-binding domain of the recombinant receptor and upon interaction, directly or indirectly, of the heterologous bait polypeptide with the prey polypeptide, the activation site of the prey polypeptide may be modified by the modifying enzyme activity of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. Modification of the activation site will activate the signaling pathway. In the illustrated embodiment, the activation site is a phosphorylation site and the modifying enzyme activity is a kinase activity. In an illustrative embodiment, the activation may comprise binding of a STAT polypeptide to the phosphorylated phosphorylation site, followed by phosphorylation of the STAT polypeptide and subsequent dimerization of two phosphorylated STAT molecules.
In another aspect of the invention, a vector encoding a recombinant receptor of the invention and/or a vector encoding a prey polypeptide of the invention is disclosed. The recombinant receptor and the prey polypeptide may be situated on the same or separate vectors. The vector may be any vector known by a person skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, episomal vectors, integrative vectors and viral vectors. In one embodiment, a bait vector where the bait is integrated in the chromosome by a recombinase-assisted integration, such as cre-lox or flp-frt, and/or a retroviral prey vector that allows for retroviral integration in the genome are disclosed.
In another aspect, a eukaryotic cell comprising a recombinant receptor of the invention is disclosed. In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is transformed or transfected with one or more vectors of the invention. The eukaryotic cell may comprise, but is not limited to, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, a plant cell, an insect cell or other mammalian cells. In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell. In another embodiment, a eukaryotic cell line expressing the mouse retroviral receptor is disclosed, thus allowing safe retroviral work using retroviral cDNA libraries.
In another aspect, a kit comprising one or more cloning vectors which allow for the construction of one or more vectors of the invention is disclosed. It will be apparent by those skilled in the art that a cloning vector encoding a recombinant receptor with the cytoplasmic domain may include one or more restriction sites which allow for an “in-frame” fusion of a nucleic acid fragment encoding a polypeptide. Thus, the cloning vector may be used to construct a vector encoding a recombinant receptor of the invention. In a similar manner, a cloning vector encoding a first polypeptide with at least one activation site may include one or more restriction sites, such that an “in-frame” fusion of a nucleic acid fragment encoding a second polypeptide may be fused to the first polypeptide. In this manner, a vector encoding a prey polypeptide of the invention may be constructed. Alternatively, other cloning strategies known by those skilled in the art may be used to construct vectors encoding the recombinant receptor and vectors encoding the prey polypeptide.
In yet another aspect, a method to detect compound-compound binding using a recombinant receptor and/or a prey polypeptide is disclosed. In one embodiment, a eukaryotic cell carrying a recombinant receptor of the invention is transformed or transfected with a vector library encoding prey polypeptides. Bait-prey binding will result in an activation of the signaling pathway which can be detected with a reporter system.
A chimeric receptor may also be used in the disclosed method. By using the chimeric receptor in the disclosed method, a nonbait-specific background may be eliminated. By using two different receptors, such as a nonbait-comprising receptor and a bait-comprising receptor, a difference between bait-specific and nonbait-specific binding may be realized by using a host cell carrying at least two receptors.
A first receptor of the host cell may include a first ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic domain without an activation site or a heterologous bait polypeptide. A second receptor of the host cell may include the inactivated cytoplasmic domain, a heterologous bait polypeptide and a second ligand-binding domain. Upon exogenous addition of the first ligand to the medium and binding of the first ligand to the receptor, a positive signal may be detected in the cells when a nonbait-specific interaction occurs between a prey polypeptide and the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, wherein the prey polypeptide is fused to a polypeptide comprising an activation site. The cells may then be selected and/or eliminated. After selection and/or elimination of the nonbait-specific interacting preys, the second ligand may be added to the medium. Upon binding of the second ligand to the ligand-binding domain, a positive signal may be detected upon specific bait-prey interaction as the prey polypeptides binding to the cytoplasmic domain have been removed. The chimeric receptor allows a subtractive selection to be made for preys binding to closely related, but different baits.
An illustrative embodiment of the method to detect compound-compound binding is a method wherein the binding is a protein-protein interaction. Another illustrative embodiment is a method to detect protein-protein interaction wherein the interaction is modification state dependent. Yet another illustrative embodiment is a method to detect compound-compound binding wherein the binding is mediated by three or more partners. In this embodiment, one or more of the partners may not be or not completely be of proteinaceous nature. It will be apparent by a person skilled in the art that a recombinant receptor of the invention may bind a small molecule. Alternatively, the prey polypeptide of the invention may also bind to the small molecule, such that bait and prey are linked together by the small molecule. The small molecule may be present in the host cell as a compound produced by the cell or as a compound taken up by the cell from the medium.
The method to detect compound-compound binding includes the construction of a eukaryotic cell comprising a recombinant receptor of the invention, followed by transformation or transfection of the cell with a library of prey polypeptide vectors of the invention. The compound-compound binding may be detected by activating the receptor, thus leading to an active signaling pathway and resulting in the induction of a reporter system. The reporter system may be any system that allows for the detection and/or the selection of the cells which carry a recombinant receptor of the invention. Several different reporter systems may be used including, without limitation, a luciferase gene, an antibiotic resistance gene or a cell surface marker gene placed after a promoter and induced by the signaling pathway. Alternatively, reporter systems based on the change in characteristics of compounds of the signaling pathway may be used, wherein the signaling pathway is active upon the phosphorylation and/or dimerization of the compounds.
Thus, provided is a protein-protein interaction selection system that studies the protein-protein interactions under physiological conditions, with a low and controllable background, and by which modification-dependent protein-protein interactions can be isolated.
The following definitions are set forth:
The term “receptor” as used herein does not necessarily indicate a single polypeptide, but may be used to refer to a receptor complex including two or more polypeptides, and may further include a ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic domain. The term “recombinant receptor” indicates that at least one of the polypeptides, such as the cytoplasmic domain, is recombinant.
The term “activation site” as used herein refers to the site of a receptor that, in the wild-type receptor, is modified after binding of a ligand to the ligand-binding domain, thus leading to a reorganization of the receptor and subsequent activation of the modifying enzyme activity. “Activation site” also refers to a site to which a compound of the signaling pathway can bind after modification or any site that performs a similar function. In the latter case, the activation site is not necessarily located on the same polypeptide as the wild-type receptor, but may be situated on another polypeptide of the receptor complex.
“Modifying enzyme activity” as used herein refers to the enzymatic activity associated with or incorporated in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor that is normally induced upon binding of the ligand to the ligand-binding domain and subsequent reorganization of the receptor (e.g., by a conformational change) which may modify the activation site. The activation site may be a phosphorylation site and the modifying enzyme activity may be a kinase activity. The phrase “bait-modifying enzyme activity” refers to the activity that modifies the bait and may be substantially similar to the modifying enzyme activity.
The phrase “activation of a receptor” as used herein refers to the receptor inducing a signaling pathway, such as by binding a compound of the signaling pathway to the modified activation site, wherein the activation typically results in the induction or repression of one or more genes. The gene may be a reporter gene such that the activation of the receptor may be monitored.
An “activated receptor” refers to a receptor where the binding of a compound to the activation site has been enabled by modification of the site. A receptor in which the modifying enzyme activity has been induced without modification of an activation site is not considered as activated.
“Multimerizing receptor” as used herein indicates that the activated receptor comprises several polypeptides, but does not necessarily imply that the multimerization is induced by ligand binding because the receptor can exist as a preformed complex wherein the conformation is changed upon ligand binding.
The term “polypeptide” as used herein refers to any proteinaceous structure independent of length and includes molecules such as peptides, phosphorylated proteins and glycosylated proteins. “Polypeptide” does not necessarily indicate an independent compound, but may also refer to a part of a bigger compound, such as a domain of a protein.
The phrase “heterologous bait polypeptide” will be used herein to refer to a polypeptide comprised in the cytoplasmic domain of a receptor, and indicates that the polypeptide is within the cytoplasmic domain, or fused to the cytoplasmic domain; there is another polypeptide that is not present in the cytoplasmic domain of the non-recombinant receptor. The “heterologous bait polypeptide” may replace a part of the cytoplasmic domain. The term “bait” as used herein indicates that the polypeptide can interact with other polypeptides which do not belong to the normal receptor complex.
“Prey polypeptide” as used herein refers to a fusion protein comprising one polypeptide that may bind with the heterologous bait polypeptide and another polypeptide that comprises at least one activation site.
The term “ligand” as used herein refers to every compound that can bind to the extracellular domain of a receptor and that is able to initiate the signaling pathway by binding the extracellular domain. “Initiating” as used herein refers to starting the events that normally follow the binding of the ligand to the extracellular domain of the receptor, e.g., multimerization for a multimerizing receptor, but does not imply activation of the receptor and/or activation of the signaling pathway.
“Compound,” as used herein, refers to any chemical or biological molecule, including simple, complex, organic or inorganic molecules, peptides, peptido-mimetics, proteins, antibodies, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or derivatives thereof.
The terms “bind” and “binding” refer to any interaction, direct or indirect. A direct interaction implies a contact between the binding partners. An indirect interaction indicates any interaction wherein the interaction partners interact in a complex of more than two compounds. The interaction may be completely indirect with the help of one or more bridging compounds or may be partly indirect, wherein a direct contact stabilized by the interaction of one or more compounds exists.
The phrase “functional fragment of the inactivated leptin receptor cytoplasmic domain” refers to a fragment of the leptin receptor cytoplasmic domain that allows binding of the Jak kinases.
As used herein, “inactivation of an activation site” will refer to any change, mutation or deletion that inhibits a modification at the position of the potentially modified residue in the polypeptide. In particular, “inactivation of a tyrosine phosphorylation site” indicates any change, mutation or deletion that inhibits a phosphorylation at the position of the potentially phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the polypeptide. In the illustrated embodiment, the inactivation is a mutation or a change of tyrosine to phenylalanine at this position.
“Cloning vector” as used herein refers to a vector that is generally considered as an intermediate step for the construction of another vector. The “cloning vector” is intended to insert one or more nucleic acid fragments in order to obtain one or more new vectors that will be used to transform or transfect the host cell of interest, or used as cloning vectors themselves.
Transfections were performed according to the calcium phosphate method (Graham and van der Eb, 1973).
Recombinant mouse leptin, recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) were obtained from R&D Systems. Stimulation conditions were 100 ng/ml leptin, 1 ng/ml LIF and 50 ng/ml Epo.
For production of ecotropic retrovirus harboring the gp130-CIS or LacZ coding sequence, φNX-Eco cells were seeded at a density of 6×106 cells/Petri dish the day prior to transfection. Cells were transfected with 50 μg of the retroviral vector pBG1-CIS according to the calcium phosphate procedure. Twenty-five μM chloroquine was added 5 minutes before transfection. Medium was harvested 24 and 48 hours post transfection, filtered over a 0.22 μm GV filter (Millipore) and stored at ±80° C. Packaging of the HEK cDNA library was performed as described herein with the exception that 1.6×107 cells in a 175 cm2 falcon were transfected with 87 μg pBG1-HEK293cDNA. For titer determination, 10% pMFG-EGFP (gift from Dr. Mulligan, Cambridge, Mass.) was included in the DNA in a parallel experiment. The virus titer was approximately 5×106 infectious units/ml as determined by FACS analysis of EGFP-expressing cells.
For infection with CIS “prey,” target cells were seeded at a density of 2×104 cells/well in a 24-well plate and 106 in 75 cm2 culture flasks. The day after seeding, cells were incubated for 24-48 hours with supernatant containing virus and diluted in medium as described herein. Polybrene (Sigma) was added to a final concentration of 2.5 μg/ml. After infection, cells were stimulated with Epo (50 ng/ml) for 24-48 hours and followed by puromycin (1-2 μg/ml as described; Sigma) selection for ten days.
Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed using Pfu polymerase (Stratagene, typically 2.5-5 U Pfu were used per reaction). The mouse leptin receptor (LepR) transmembrane and intracellular parts (amino acids 839-1162) were amplified by PCR using forward primer MBU-O-447 (SEQ ID NO:14 of the accompanying SEQUENCE LISTING, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by this reference) that contains a Pad restriction enzyme recognition site and the reverse primer MBU-O-448 (SEQ ID NO:15) that contains a linker sequence (Gly-Gly-Ser) and a multicloning site (MCS) with SalI, SacI, SpeI, NotI and XbaI recognition sites. Only one amino acid from the extracellular part of the LepR was included in the fragment (Gly). Primer design resulted in the insertion of an Asn residue between the PacI generated Leu-Ile sequence and the extracellular Gly residue. The amplicon was gel-purified and ligated in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). PacI-SacI digestion on the pCR® Blunt vector results in the desired LepR fragment after gel-purification.
The pSV-SPORT-EpoR/IFNaR2-2 (Pattyn et al., 1999) vector expresses an EpoR/IFNaR2-2 receptor chimera and was constructed as follows: RNA was isolated from 5×106 TF-1 cells using the RNeasy® kit (Qiagen GmbH Corporation, Milden, Federal Republic of Germany). RT-PCR was performed as follows: 2 (2 μg) of oligodT (12-18 mer; Pharmacia) was added and incubated at 70° C. for 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was chilled on ice for 1 minute, cDNA was prepared by adding 4 μl of 10×RT buffer (Life Sciences), 1 μl 20 mM dNTP's (Pharmacia), 2 μl 0.1 M DTT, and 1 μl of MMLV reverse transcriptase (200 U; Superscript RT; Life Technologies) to an end volume of 20 μl. Incubations were performed as follows: RT for 10 minutes, 42° C. for 50 minutes, 90° C. for 5 minutes, and 0° C. for 10 minutes. Following the incubations, 0.5 μl RnaseH (2 U; Life Technologies) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes, followed by chilling on ice.
PCR on the resulting cDNA was performed using Pfu enzyme (5 U; Stratagene). Forward primer MBU-O-167 (SEQ ID NO:7) and reverse primer MBU-O-308 (SEQ ID NO:10) were designed to amplify the extracellular part of the EpoR (amino acids 1-249) between a KpnI and PacI site. A band of correct size was purified and the DNA was digested with KpnI and PacI. The digested DNA was inserted into the KpnI-PacI opened pSV-SPORT-IL-5Rα/IFNaR2-2 vector. This vector contains a chimeric receptor that has the extracellular domain of the IL-5Rα receptor fused to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of IFNaR2-2. By site-specific mutagenesis, a PacI site was added to the fusion point by means of the Quikchange® site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.), which resulted in the insertion of two amino acids (Leu-Ile) before the most membrane-proximal, extracellular amino acid (Lys) of IFNaR2-2. Thus, using the KpnI site that precedes the coding sequence and the created PacI site on the extracellular/transmembrane domain fusion site, the extracellular domain of IL-5Rα could be exchanged by the one of EpoR, as described herein.
The LepR fragment generated by PacI-SacI digestion was ligated in the PacI-SacI-digested and gel-purified pSV-SPORT-EpoR/IFNaR2-2 vector, resulting in pSV-SPORT-EpoR/LepR.
Generation of IL-3Rα/LepR, IL-5Rα/LepR, GM-CSFRα/LepR and βc/LepR Chimeras
The pSV-SPORT-IL-5Rα/IFNaR2-2 and pSV-SPORT-βc/IFNaR1 vectors express an IL-5Rα/IFNaR2-2 and a βc/IFNaR1 chimera, respectively, including the extracellular portion of the IL-5Rα or βc chain, and the transmembrane and intracellular parts of the IFNaR2-2 or IFNaR1. A PacI site was used to generate the fusion site preceding the transmembrane segment. The IFNaR2-2 or IFNaR1 parts in these vectors were replaced by the same segments of the LepR using the PacI site and an XbaI site which is located just after the IFNaR2-2 or IFNaR1 stop codon. Thus, the LepR fragment was generated by a PacI-XbaI digest of the pSV-SPORT-EpoR/LepR vector (see example 1) and was inserted into the PacI-XbaI opened, gel-purified pSV-SPORT-IL-5Rα/IFNaR2-2 and pSV-SPORT-βc/IFNaR1 vectors, resulting in the vectors pSV-SPORT-IL-5Rα/LepR and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR.
The pSV-SPORT-IL-3Rα/LepR and pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR vectors were constructed as follows: the extracellular portion of the IL-3Rα and GM-CSFRα chains were amplified using standard RT-PCR procedures with Pfu polymerase. Two μl TF-1 cDNA was used as input. Forward primers were MBU-O-752 (IL-3Rα) and MBU-O-754 (GM-CSFRα) and generated a KpnI site. Reverse primers MBU-O-753 (IL-3Rα) and MBU-O-755 (GM-CSFRα) contain a Pad site allowing in-frame fusion to the LepR. After subcloning in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), the KpnI-PacI-excised extracellular fragments were ligated into the KpnI-PacI opened pSV-SPORT-IL-5Rα/LepR. For the GM-CSFRα construction, a partial KpnI digest was used since the extracellular portion contained an internal KpnI site. The resulting vectors, pSV-SPORT-IL-3Rα/LepR and pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR, contain chimeric receptors including the extracellular portion of the IL-3Rα or GM-CSFRα chain fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmatic tail of the LepR.
The mutant leptin receptors (Eyckerman et al., 1999) Y985-1077F and Y985-1077-1138F (LepR-F3; previously called F-all) were generated using the Quikchange® site-directed mutagenesis procedure (Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.) using Pfu polymerase on the pMET7-LepR template. Mutagenic oligonucleotides were MBU-O-157 (SEQ ID NO:1), MBU-O-158 (SEQ ID NO:2), MBU-O-159 (SEQ ID NO:3), MBU-O-160 (SEQ ID NO:4), MBU-O-161 (SEQ ID NO:5) and MBU-O-162 (SEQ ID NO:6). Each mutation was coupled to a change in restriction cleavage and confirmed by restriction and DNA sequence analysis. The double and triple mutants were created using a sequential approach. Signaling properties of the generated mutants were investigated at the gene induction level using the rPAP1-luci reporter construct (as described herein) and Northern blot analysis of induction of Metallothionein II gene transcripts. The double Y985-1077F mutant showed a higher stimulation of the relevant genes compared to the wild-type LepR, which is probably a result of loss of recruitment of an SH2-module containing tyrosine phosphatase, such as SHP-1 or SHP-2. The triple Y985-1077-1138F (LepR-F3) showed almost complete loss of induction due to elimination of the Box3 or STAT-3 association motif resulting in a receptor which allows phosphorylation and activation of the associated JAK2 kinase, but which cannot deliver a stimulatory signal to the studied genes.
PCR amplification on the pMET7-LepR-F3 vector template using MBU-O-447 (SEQ ID NO:14) and MBU-O-448 (SEQ ID NO:15) as forward and reverse primers, respectively, resulted in an LepR-F3 amplicon spanning the transmembrane and intracellular domains of LepR-F3 (+1 extra Gly of the extracellular part, see herein), which was subcloned in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). PacI-SacI digestion of the resulting plasmid yielded a DNA fragment containing the LepR-F3 sequence which was ligated into a PacI-SacI-digested and gel-purified pSV-SPORT-EpoR/IFNaR2-2 vector (as described herein). This resulted in pSV-SPORT-EpoR/LepR-F3, which was renamed to pSEL1.
Prey constructs were generated in the pMET7 vector, which contains a strong constitutive hybrid SRα promoter (Takebe et al., 1988).
Through site-directed mutagenesis (using the QUIKCHANGE® site-directed mutagenesis procedure available from Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.), a unique ApaI site was introduced after the pMET7 promoter and before the unique EcoRI site in the pMET7mcs vector, resulting in pMET7mcsA (primers MBU-O-567 (SEQ ID NO:24) and MBU-O-568 (SEQ ID NO:25)).
The pMET7mcs vector is a modified version of pMET7 containing an expanded MCS by insertion of the extra unique BglII, EcoRV, BstEII, AgeI and XhoI restriction sites. PCR amplification of the pSVL-gp130 template using the forward primer MBU-O-586 (SEQ ID NO:53) and the reverse primer MBU-O-443 (SEQ ID NO:11) generated a DNA fragment encoding a 158-amino acid-long intracellular fragment of the human gp130 chain, which contains four STAT-3 association motifs (amino acids 761-918, the stop codon was not co-amplified). The forward primer contains, from 5′ to 3′, an ApaI restriction site, a Kozak consensus sequence, a flag-tag encoding sequence (Met-Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys-Ile) (SEQ ID NO:48) and a BglII restriction site. The reverse primer encodes an additional hinge sequence (Gly-Gly-Ser) and contains an EcoRI recognition site. ApaI and EcoRI digestion of the PCR product (after subcloning in pCR® Blunt, Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) and of pMET7-mcsA, allowed the gp130 fragment to be ligated into the pMET7 vector, generating the pMET7-flag-gp130 construct.
SV40 largeT antigen (SVT) was amplified using a vector from the HYBRIZAP®-2.1 Two-Hybrid cDNA synthesis kit (Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif., pSV40) as a template. Primers MBU-O-445 (SEQ ID NO:12) and MBU-O-446 (SEQ ID NO:13) were used to generate a DNA fragment encoding 448 amino acids between residues 261 and 708. The N-terminal deletion eliminates the nuclear targeting signal in SVT. The forward primer contains an EcoRI recognition site that allows in-frame ligation to the gp130-hinge sequence. The reverse primer contains additional NruI, XhoI, BglII, NotI and XbaI restriction sites and encodes the stop codon after the SVT coding sequence. Subcloning in pCR® Blunt (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), followed by recovery of the cleaved amplicon with EcoRI and XbaI, allowed ligation in the EcoRI-XbaI opened pMET7-flag-gp130 vector, thus yielding pMET7-flag-gp130-SVT, which was renamed to pMG1-SVT. Digestion with EcoRI-XhoI or EcoRI-NotI allows the insertion of model preys or of cDNA libraries into this vector. In these cases, the SVT fragment acts as a “stuffer.”
Construction of the p53-SVT Interaction Trap Vectors
A DNA fragment encompassing murine p53 was amplified with MBU-O-450 (SEQ ID NO:16) and MBU-O-451 (SEQ ID NO:17) using the p53 control plasmid from the HYBRIZAP®-2.1 Two-Hybrid cDNA synthesis kit (Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.) as a template. The forward primer contains an SalI restriction site that allows in-frame coupling to the EpoR/LepR-F3 hinge construct. The reverse primer contains a STOP codon and an XbaI restriction site. The 243 amino acid-long p53 fragment (amino acids 73-315) contains the interaction site with SVT, but lacks the nuclear targeting signal and the oligomerization domain. Subcloning over pCR® Blunt (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), digestion with SalI-XbaI and gel-purification yielded a fragment that was ligated into an SalI-XbaI cut, gel-purified pSEL1 vector, resulting in pSEL1-p53.
Generation of the pMG1-SVT Vector is as Described Herein
Amplification using MBU-O-695 (SEQ ID NO:31) and MBU-O-696 (SEQ ID NO:32) as forward and reverse primers, respectively, and using pMG1-SVT as a template resulted in an SVT fragment (amino acids 261-708+stop codon) between BglII and XbaI recognition sites. The BglII-XbaI-digested and purified PCR fragment was ligated into a BglII-XbaI cut and gel-purified pMG1-SVT vector, resulting in pMET7-SVT.
RNA was prepared from 5×106 TF-1 cells using the RNeasy® kit (Qiagen GmbH Corporation, Milden, Federal Republic of Germany) and eluted in 50 μl water from which 10 μl was used as input for RT-PCR. RT-PCR was performed using standard reaction conditions as described herein. An intracellular fragment of the human EpoR (amino acids 370-453) was amplified from 4 μl TF1 cDNA using MBU-O-675 (SEQ ID NO:27) and MBU-O-676 (SEQ ID NO:28) as forward and reverse primers, respectively, with two consecutive PCR reactions and an intermediate gel-purification. Sad and XbaI recognition sites are present in the forward and reverse primers, respectively. The reverse primer also encodes a stop codon. After gel-purification of the PCR amplicon band of the correct size, the fragment was subcloned in pCR® Blunt (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), digested with SstI (which has the same recognition site as SacI) and XbaI, and ligated into an SstI-XbaI-digested, gel-purified pSEL1 vector, resulting in the pSEL1-EpoR construct.
Through site directed mutagenesis (using Quikchange® site directed mutagenesis procedure, Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.), a Tyr to Phe mutation on position 426 in the human EpoR was introduced in the pSEL1-EpoR construct, resulting in an inactive EpoR fragment. Forward primer MBU-O-717 (SEQ ID NO:33) and reverse primer MBU-O-718 (SEQ ID NO:34) were used for the PCR-based mutagenesis, which also resulted in the insertion of an EcoRI enzyme recognition site. Introduction of the mutation was confirmed by restriction and DNA sequence analysis. The construct was named pSEL1-EpoRY-F.
The complete coding region for mouse Cytokine Inducible SH2-containing protein CIS (amino acids 2-257) was amplified using MBU-O-677 (SEQ ID NO:29) and MBU-O-678 (SEQ ID NO:30) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The forward primer contains an EcoRI recognition site and the reverse primer contains an XbaI recognition site and the stop codon. The amplified, gel-purified fragment was subcloned into pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). The insert was recovered by EcoRI and XbaI digestion, gel-purified and cloned into an EcoRI-XbaI-digested and gel-purified pMG1-SVT vector, leading to the pMG1-CIS vector.
Through a mutagenesis approach (using Quikchange® site directed mutagenesis, Stratagene Corporation, LaJolla, Calif.), four amino acids (P1137-Y-M-P1140) within the mutant leptin receptor Y985-1077F (pMET7 LepR Y985-1077F) were exchanged for a phosphotyrosine-encoding region from human IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1; S892-P-G-E-Y-V-N-I-E-F901) (SEQ ID NO:49). This removes the functional STAT3 association motif within the leptin receptor. Primers MBU-O-515 (SEQ ID NO:22) and MBU-O-516 (SEQ ID NO:23) were used for the PCR-based mutagenesis. The resulting construct was named pMET7 LepR-IRS1.
Using standard RT-PCR procedures with Pfu polymerase, full-size human GRB2 (Growth Receptor Bound 2; aa 1-217) was amplified using 2 μl HepG2 cDNA as input, and using MBU-O-467 (SEQ ID NO:18) and MBU-O-468 (SEQ ID NO:19) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The forward primer contains an extra EcoRI site which allows in-frame fusion to the gp130 chain in the pMG1 vector and the reverse primer contains an extra XbaI site after the stop codon. After subcloning in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), the EcoRI-XbaI excised fragment was ligated into the EcoRI-XbaI cut pMG1 vector, resulting in pMG1-GRB2. The SH2 domain of GRB2 (aa 60-158) was amplified in the same manner using primers MBU-O-469 (SEQ ID NO:20) and MBU-O-470 (SEQ ID NO:21) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. The forward primer contains an extra EcoRI recognition site which allows an in-frame fusion to the gp130 chain, and the reverse primer contains an extra stop codon and an XbaI enzyme recognition site. After subcloning of the PCR fragment in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), the EcoRI-XbaI-generated fragment was ligated in the EcoRI-XbaI cut pMG1 vector, resulting in the pMG1-GRB2S vector.
A fragment of human GRB2 comprising the C-terminal SH3 domain (aa 159-217) was amplified using the pMG1-GRB2 construct as a template and MBU-O-770 (SEQ ID NO:38) and MBU-O-468 (SEQ ID NO:19) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. MBU-O-770 (SEQ ID NO:38) allows for an in-frame fusion to the flag tag by a BglII site and MBU-O-468 (SEQ ID NO:19) as described herein. After subcloning the PCR fragment in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), the GRB2 fragment was inserted in the pMG1 vector by a BglII-XbaI-based exchange, resulting in the pMET7-GRB2SH3 vector.
A fragment of human Vav (VavS: aa 259-789) was amplified using Pfu polymerase from mRNA of the human TF1 cell line by standard RT-PCR techniques. Primers were MBU-O-737 (SEQ ID NO:35) and MBU-O-738 (SEQ ID NO:36) as forward and reverse primers, respectively. MBU-O-737 (SEQ ID NO:35) contains an extra EcoRI allowing for in-frame fusion to gp130, and MBU-O-738 (SEQ ID NO:36) contains a Stop codon and an XhoI enzyme recognition site. The amplified fragment was subcloned in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) and ligated in the pMG1 vector through an EcoRI-XhoI-based exchange. The VavS fragment was also amplified using forward primer MBU-O-771 (SEQ ID NO:39), reverse primer MBU-O-741 (SEQ ID NO:37) and pMG1-VavS as a template. The forward primer contains a BamHI site which allows for an in-frame fusion to the flag tag, and the reverse primer contains a stop codon and an XbaI restriction site. The amplicon was subcloned in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) and excised with BamHI and XbaI. The purified fragment was cloned in a BglII-XbaI cut pMG1 vector, resulting in the pMET7-VavS construct.
Construction of the pGL3-rPAP1-luci and pSEAP-rPAP1 Reporter Constructs
Genomic DNA was isolated from the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line using the DNAzol procedure (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). Optimal primers for PCR amplification of the rat PAP1 promoter were selected using a software program, such as the “Oligo Primer 3” program. Forward and reverse primers were MBU-O-222 (SEQ ID NO:8) and MBU-O-223 (SEQ ID NO:9), respectively. Amplification was performed using Taq polymerase in 30 cycles: 2 minutes at 94° C., 2 minutes at 57° C., 2 minutes at 72° C., followed by a 10-minute fill-in reaction at 72° C. Optimal MgCl2 concentration was determined to be 6 mM. The promoter fragment was cloned after polishing with Klenow polymerase in the pCR® Blunt vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). The promoter fragment was cut from the plasmid construct using a successive PstI digest, Klenow treated to polish the end, and BamHI digested, resulting in a blunt-sticky fragment. The gel-purified fragment was cloned into a SmaI-BglII opened, gel-purified pGL3 control vector (Promega). Digestion with SstI-SpeI restriction enzymes and gel-purification resulted in a fragment that was cloned into an SstI-NheI and purified pGL3 basic vector, resulting in the pGL3-rPAP1-luci construct. DNA sequencing revealed ten nucleotides differing from the published sequence, wherein the difference did not affect the leptin-dependent induction of the promoter segment.
The full-length rPAP1 promoter fragment was excised from pGL3 rPAP1-luci by partial digestion with KpnI and XhoI, and ligated into the KpnI-XhoI opened pXP2d2 vector (gift from Prof. S. Nordeen), resulting in pXP2d2-rPAP1-luci. The coding sequence for puromycin was amplified using primers MBU-O-719 (SEQ ID NO: 40) and MBU-O-720 (SEQ ID NO: 41) on the pIRESpuro2 template (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The amplified puromycin coding sequence was combined with XhoI-XbaI digestion which allowed insertion into the pXP2d2-rPAP1-luci construct, resulting in pXP2d2-rPAP1-puroR.
Digestion of the pGL3-rPAP1-luci construct using MluI and XhoI restriction enzymes resulted in a fragment spanning the full size rPAP1 promoter. This fragment was gel-purified and ligated into an MluI-XhoI cut, gel-purified pSEAP vector (TROPIX, Perkin Elmer), resulting in the pSEAP-rPAP1 construct. Functionality of the pSEAP-rPAP1 construct was assayed by transient co-transfection of pMET7 LepR and pSEAP-rPAP1 in PC12 cells using the Phospha-Light™ secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter gene assay system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).
Construction of the pcDNA5/FRT-EpoR and pBG1-SVT, pBG1-CIS and pBG1-ccdB Vectors
Insertion of the EpoR-LR-F3-EpoR into the pcDNA5/FRT vector was performed by re-amplifying the complete chimeric construct using MBU-O-167 (SEQ ID NO:7) and MBU-O-769 (SEQ ID NO: 43) on the pSEL1-EpoR template, followed by subcloning using KpnI and NotI sites. This construct was named pcDNA5/FRT-EpoR.
The SVT fragment was re-amplified from pMG1-SVT using forward primer MBU-O-766 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and MBU-O-446 (SEQ ID NO:13). BamHI-NotI digestion allowed insertion in the pBMN-Z retroviral vector (gift from G. Nolan), resulting in vector pBG1-SVT. EcoRI-NotI based exchange of the SVT fragment for CIS (pMG1-CIS) resulted in the pBG1-CIS vector.
To allow counter-selection for vector self-ligation in the case of insertion of cDNA libraries in the pBG1 vector, the E. coli control of cell death gene (ccdB) was amplified using primers MBU-O-835 (SEQ ID NO: 44), MBU-O-836 (SEQ ID NO:45), template pENTRY11 (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) and cloned in the pBG1-CIS vector by an EcoRI-NotI restriction-based insertion, resulting in the pBG1-ccdB vector.
Generation of the pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3 and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3 Chimeras
The LepR fragment in pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR was replaced by the LepR-F3 fragment of pSEL1 (pSV-SPORT-EpoR/LepR-F3) using the Pad and NotI site. Thus, the LepR-F3 fragment was generated by a PacI-NotI digest of the pSEL1 construct, gel-purified and inserted into the PacI-NotI opened and gel-purified pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα or pSV-SPORT-βc vectors, resulting in the vectors pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3 or pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3.
Generation of the pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3-Modifying Enzyme Chimera and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3-Modifying Enzyme Chimera and Generation of the pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3-Bait Chimera and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3-Bait Chimera
The pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3 and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3 vectors were digested with SalI, gel-purified and the ends were polished with Klenow fragment (Boehringer Mannheim). The blunt ended vectors were incubated with Alkaline Phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim) to dephosphorylate the blunt ends. To produce the modifying enzyme, the mouse cytoplasmic tail of ALK4 (with mutation T206D) was placed in the vector pGBT9 (obtained from Prof. D. Huylebroeck), resulting in a constitutive active kinase. The mutated cytoplasmic tail of ALK4 was removed from the construct by an EcoRI-BamHI digestion, gel-purified and incubated with Klenow fragment to polish the ends. The insert was ligated in the opened pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3 and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3 vectors, resulting in pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3-ALK4CA and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3-ALK4CA, respectively.
To produce the bait, a construct containing a human cDNA encoding the entire Smad3 protein in vector pcdef was obtained as a kind gift of Prof. D. Huylebroeck. The Smad3 insert was removed with an EcoRI-XhoI digestion, gel-purified and the ends were polished by Klenow fragment (Boehringer Mannheim). The Smad3 insert was ligated into the opened pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3 and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3 vectors (as described herein) resulting in pSV-SPORT-GM-CSFRα/LepR-F3-Smad3 and pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR-F3-Smad3.
Generation of the pMG2-Prey Chimera
For construction of the pMG2 vector, the pMG1-SVT vector was digested with EcoRI and NotI and incubated with Klenow fragment (Boehringer Mannheim) to polish the ends. The blunt ended vector was incubated with Alkaline Phosphatase (Boehringer Mannheim) to dephosphorylate the blunt ends. Cassette dB of the Gateway Vector Conversion System (Life Technologies) was ligated into the opened vector leading to the pMG1-gateway vector. A PCR reaction using primers MBU-O-1094 (SEQ ID NO:46) and MBU-O-1076 (SEQ ID NO:47) on the pMG1-SVT template was performed, resulting in a fragment containing gateway recombination sites and a part (amino acids 905-918) of the gp130 chain. The fragment was cloned in the pMG1-gateway vector using a two-step gateway reaction (Life Technologies), resulting in pMG2-SVT, which is a prey construct with a total of six STAT recruitment sites. The pMG2-SVT construct was digested by EcoRI-XhoI and gel-purified. For the prey, a construct obtained from Prof. D. Huylebroeck contained a cDNA encoding almost the entire human Smad4 protein, only lacking the first three amino acids. The Smad4 insert was removed by an EcoRI-XhoI digestion, gel-purified and ligated into the opened pMG2 vector.
The Blasticidin system (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) was used to create a stable cell line with an endogenous pSEAP-rPAP1 reporter construct. Sensitivity to the toxic agent Blasticidin (Invitrogen Corporation) of Hek293T cells was estimated to be 3 μg/ml. Ten6 cells were seeded in a Petri dish and transfected the day after seeding using the Calcium Phosphate Transfection System (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A total of 20 μg DNA was transfected (18 μg of pSEAP-rPAP1seap and 2 μg of pcDNA6/V5-HisA, which contains a Blasticidin resistance gene). After 48 hours, the transfected cells were seeded in 96-well plates at ten cells per well. After 24 hours, Blasticidin was added at a concentration of 3 μg/ml and the cells were maintained under selective conditions for 3-4 weeks. The resulting single cell clones were screened by stimulation for 24 hours with 20 ng/ml hyper-IL6 (fusion protein of IL-6 with its specific receptor IL6-Rα; Fischer et al., 1997). Hek293T PAP21 was selected as the responsive cell line.
Flp-In-293 cells (Invitrogen Corporation) were stably transfected with a plasmid containing expression cassettes for the mouse ecotropic retroviral receptor (mEcoR) and for neomycin resistance. The pool of neomycin-resistant cells (resistant to 400 μg/ml geneticin, Life Technologies) was supertransfected at a ratio of 5:1, respectively, with the following two plasmids: i) a plasmid carrying the cDNA encoding the puromycin resistance marker (puromycin-N-acetyl-transferase) under control of promoter sequences of rPAP1 (pXP2d2-rPAP1-puroR), and ii) a plasmid carrying the cDNA for the blasticidin resistance marker (blasticidin S deaminase) under the control of the EM7 promoter (pcDNA6/V5-His, Invitrogen Corporation). After selection in blasticidin S (5 μg/ml, Invitrogen), single colonies were picked and seeded in 24-well plates. Puromycin resistance (1 μg/ml, Sigma; added 48 hours after seeding) was monitored in the absence or presence of LIF (1 ng/ml). After another five days, surviving cells were stained with crystal violet using a standard procedure.
Cells were lysed in 100 μl RLT buffer (RNeasy® method, Qiagen GmbH Corporation) and chromosomal DNA was sheared using Qiashredder columns (Qiagen GmbH Corporation). Beads were pretreated according to the manufacturers' instructions (Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin, Dynal). Dynabeads were washed twice in a high salt buffer (1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5 and 1 mM EDTA) and incubated with 200 pmoles of biotinylated oligonucleotide directed against the gp130 chain (5′ GGGCTGGGTAGACTCGGATCTTGAGAAGAC) (SEQ ID NO:50). Next, beads were washed three times in the high salt buffer and resuspended in a low salt buffer (0.15 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5 and 1 mM EDTA) to a concentration of 10 μg/μl. Five μl of this suspension was added to 100 μl total lysate diluted 1/5 in the high salt buffer. Fifteen minutes after gentle rotation at room temperature, the beads were washed three times with low salt buffer and eluted in 30 μl water for 2 minutes at 65° C. Fifteen μl of this sample was used as input for a standard RT-PCR reaction with the Qiagen OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen GmbH Corporation). Primers 5′ GGCATGGAGGCTGCGACTG (SEQ ID NO:51) and 5′ TCGTCGACCACT GTGCTGGC (SEQ ID NO:52) were used for amplification of the “prey” fragment. In a pilot experiment using CIS as a “prey” template, efficient amplification was obtained with lysate from less than 103 cells.
Luciferase was measured after lysis of the cells and addition of the luciferase substrate, Luciferin (Duchefa Biochemie, B.V.). Light emission was measured using a TopCount chemiluminescence counter (Canberra Packard). All luciferase measurements were normalized using an expression construct constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (pUT651), which was measured in triplicate for every transfection using the Galact-Star™ kit (Applied Biosystems).
Puromycin-resistant cell colonies were stained with crystal violet using a standard procedure.
Human erythropoietin receptor expression was monitored using goat anti-human EpoR polyclonal IgG (R&D Systems) at 2 μg/ml and Alexa 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (Molecular Probes) at 4 μg/ml. For demonstration of the expression of the FLAG-tagged “prey” construct, cells were fixed and permeabilized with the Starfiqs™ solution according to the manufacturer's protocol (Immuno Quality Products), stained with an anti-FLAG mouse mAb (Sigma) at 8 μg/ml and fluorescein-conjugated sheep anti-mouse IgG (Amersham), 1/50 diluted. All FACS analyses were performed on a BD FACSCalibur™ System (Becton Dickinson).
Generation of Retroviral cDNA Libraries and Screening Conditions
Construction of the HEK293 library was performed using standard procedures. Five μg of HEK293 polyA+mRNA was used as input for both oligo-dT and random primed first strand synthesis with Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies). Both the oligo-dT and random primers contain an NotI site. After second strand synthesis, adaptors containing an EcoRI site were ligated. The cDNA was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis and fragments between 0.5 and 2.5 Kbp were cloned unidirectionally in the pBG1-ccdB vector opened with EcoRI-NotI.
For screening, a total of 6×107 “bait” expressing cells were seeded at a density of 2×106 per 175 cm2 tissue culture flasks. Twenty-four hours after seeding, cells were infected with the retroviral HEK293 “prey” cDNA library (complexity of 2×106) for another 24 hours. After infection, cells were stimulated for 6.5 hours with 50 ng/ml Epo and puromycin was added at a final concentration of 2 μg/ml for 20 days. Single cell colonies were picked and analyzed using a functional assay and RT-PCR sequencing.
For demonstration of EpoR “bait” phosphorylation, approximately 3×106 HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with plasmids encoding the EpoR “bait” or the EpoR “bait” Y402F mutant and the CIS/SOCS-2 “preys.” Cleared lysates (in modified RIPA buffer: 50 mM TrisHCl pH 8.0; 200 mM NaCl; 1% NP40; 0.5% DOC; 0.05% SDS; 2 mM EDTA; 1 mM Na3VO4; 1 mM NaF; 20 mM β-glycerophosphate; Complete™ protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)) of stimulated and unstimulated cells were incubated with 2 μg goat anti-human EpoR polyclonal IgG and Protein G Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After precipitation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotting, phosphorylation was revealed using PY20 antibody (Transduction Laboratories).
Immunoprecipitation of “preys” was performed after transfection of EpoR/EpoRF “baits” and the SOCS-2 “prey” in HEK293T cells. Incubation of cleared lysates (modified RIPA) with anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel allowed SOCS-2 “prey” precipitation. Phosphorylation of the “prey” was revealed using the PY20 antibody. “Prey” expression levels were verified after stripping the blots and reprobing with anti-FLAG antibody.
STAT3 phosphorylation was demonstrated using the Phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705) Antibody (Cell Signaling) according to the manufacturer's instructions. STAT3 expression was verified on the same blots using anti-STAT3 antibody (Transduction Laboratories).
To determine the functionality of the EpoR/LepR chimera, three combinations of plasmids were transfected into Hek293T PAP21 cells:
Transfection was performed according to the calcium phosphate method (Graham and van der Eb, 1973). A precipitate was formed using 3.4 μg as total DNA input (0.4 μg for pUT651, 1 μg for each of the others) into a 300 μl total mixture. Two hundred μl of this mixture was added to 4×105 Hek293T PAP21 cells seeded the day before transfection into a six well plate (Falcon). Six hours after adding the mixture, the cells were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS (Life Technologies) and new DMEM medium (Life Technologies) was added. Two days after transfection, medium was removed and cells were resuspended using 200 μl Cell Dissociation Agent (Life Technologies). After neutralization with 1200 μl DMEM medium, 50 of the cell suspension was seeded into a 96-well plate (Costar) in triplicate for each condition and stimulated by adding recombinant human leptin (R&D systems) to a final concentration of 100 ng/ml, recombinant human erythropoietin (R&D systems) to a final concentration of 0.5 units/ml, the combination of leptin (same concentration as described herein) plus forskolin (Sigma, 10 μM final concentration) or the combination of erythropoietin (same concentration as described herein) plus forskolin (same concentration as described herein). A non-stimulated negative control was also incorporated in the experiment. Forskolin is a chemical agent that activates the adenylate cyclase present within the cells and leads to heightened levels of the second messenger cAMP.
Treatment of transfected cells with forskolin alone did not result in a significant induction of luciferase activity. Through an undefined mechanism, cAMP elevation leads to strong co-stimulation with the leptin signal on PAP1 induction (Eyckerman et al., 1999). Twenty-four hours after stimulation, the cells were lysed in the wells and the luciferase substrate Luciferin (Duchefa) was added. Light emission was measured using a TopCount chemiluminescence counter (Canberra Packard). The mock control transfection (transfection a) showed no signal in all cases. Results are shown in
The difference in induction between EpoR/LepR and LepR Y985/1077F is likely due to the elimination in the latter receptor construct of tyrosines involved in the recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases and SOCS proteins to the complex, leading to an enhanced signal (Eyckerman et al., 1999).
To investigate the functionality of the modification-independent interaction, the following plasmid combinations were transfected into 4×105 Hek293T cells seeded in a six-well plate the day before transfection:
A 300 μl precipitation mixture was prepared which contained 3.1 μg DNA (0.1 μg of pUT651, 1 μg of each of the others). Two hundred μl was added to the cells for 6 hours followed by washing once with Dulbecco's PBS. After washing, DMEM medium was added to the cells. After 24 hours, the cells were resuspended with 200 μl Cell Dissociation Agent and neutralized with 2,200 μl DMEM medium. Forty μl of the cell suspension was placed into a 96-well plate for each transfection and stimulated in triplicate. Sixty μl DMEM was added to obtain an end volume of 100 μl and after 24 hours, the cells were stimulated for 24 hours with erythropoietin or erythropoietin plus forskolin (same concentrations as described herein). A non-stimulated negative control was also included in the experiment. Luciferase measurements are shown in
Transfected cells from transfections a, b and c showed no significant induction of the reporter construct under all conditions tested. A 9.4-fold induction and a 14.6-fold induction was detected in transfected cells from transfection d after stimulation with erythropoietin and erythropoietin plus forskolin, respectively, implying an interaction-dependent signal. No signal was detected in transfection e and f. This implies a specific interaction which leads to gp 130-dependent STAT-3 activation. All results were normalized using the internal transfection control vector pUT651 and the Galacto-Star™ kit (Applied Biosystems) as described herein.
To determine the functionality of the EpoR-CIS phosphorylation-dependent interaction trap, the following plasmid combinations were transfected in 4×105 Hek293T cells seeded the day before transfection:
A precipitation mixture of 300 μl containing 3.1 μg DNA (0.1 μg of pUT651, 1 μg of each of the others) was prepared. Two hundred μl of this mixture was applied to the cells. After 6 hours, the cells were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS and DMEM medium was subsequently added. After 48 hours, the cells were resuspended with 250 μl Cell Dissociation Agent. After neutralization with 2,200 μl DMEM medium, 100 μl of this cell suspension was placed into a 96-well plate (Costar). The cells were stimulated with erythropoietin or erythropoietin plus forskolin (for final concentrations) as described herein. A non-stimulated negative control was also included in the experiment. Luciferase expression was measured 24 hours after stimulation using a TopCount chemiluminescence counter (Canberra Packard). Transfected cells from transfections a, b, c, e, f and g showed no significant induction of luciferase activity. Transfected cells from transfection d showed a 6.2-fold and a 10.5-fold induction with erythropoietin or erythropoietin plus forskolin, respectively. This indicates an erythropoietin-dependent phosphorylation of the EpoR bait, thus resulting in interaction between the CIS protein and EpoR. Interaction leads to gp130 phosphorylation, STAT activation and signaling toward the rPAP1 promoter, thus leading to luciferase activity (
To investigate the IRS1-GRB2-Vav indirect interaction trap, the following combinations of plasmids were transfected in 4×105 Hek293T cells seeded the day before transfection:
A 300 μl precipitation mixture was prepared containing 3.05 μg DNA (0.05 μg for pUT651, 1 μg for others). Two hundred μl of the mixture was added to the cells for 16 hours. After transfection, the cells were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS and DMEM was added (Gibco BRL). After 48 hours, the cells were resuspended in 200 μl of Cell Dissociation Agent (Gibco BRL) and neutralized by 1.8 ml DMEM medium. One hundred μl of cell suspension was seeded in a Costar 96-well plate and stimulated in a final volume of 200 μl with final concentrations of 100 ng/ml leptin, 100 ng/ml leptin plus 10 μM forskolin, 10 μM forskolin, or left unstimulated. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, luciferase and galactosidase activity assays were performed as described herein. From the results (
To investigate the specificity and involvement of GRB2 in the interaction, and to test if the signal is generated by recruitment of the gp130 chain, a number of control experiments were performed.
The following combinations of plasmids were tested in the same way as described herein:
Five-hundredths μg of pUT651 DNA and 1 μg of pMET7 LepR-IRS1 and pGL3-rPAP1-luci were added to the 300 μl precipitation mixture. The results (
In order to investigate the critical role of gp130 recruitment in rPAP1 promoter induction, the following combinations of plasmids were transfected as described herein:
The 300 μl precipitation mixture also contained 0.05 μg of pUT651 DNA, 1 μg of pMET7 LepR-IRS1 and pGL3-rPAP1-luci DNA. From the normalized results (
To permit easy interaction-dependent cDNA library screening, a selection system was developed as outlined in
A model screening experiment involved the following successive steps: (i) EpoR “bait” expression was obtained after Flp recombinase-assisted integration of the pcDNA5/FRT-EpoR “bait” vector. Isogenic cells were selected by growth in hygromycin-containing medium (100 μg/ml, for ten days) and FACS analysis using anti-EpoR antibodies indicated that almost the whole cell population showed homogeneous expression of the chimeric “bait” receptor (
As shown in
A screening experiment with the EpoR “bait” using a retroviral HEK293 cDNA library (2×106 independent clones) was performed. To favor single integrants, 6×107 HEK293-16 cells expressing the EpoR “bait” were infected with an estimated infection efficiency of 4%. Three weeks after Epo stimulation and selection in medium containing 2 μg/ml puromycin, 33 colonies were picked and analyzed in a functional assay (
In order to compare the functionality of the Epo, IL-3R, IL-5R and GM-CSFR LepR-chimera, the following combinations of plasmids were transfected into 4×105 Hek293T cells seeded the day before transfection:
A 300 μl precipitation mixture was prepared as described herein which further contained 0.05 μg of pUT651 and 1 μg of each of the others vectors. Two hundred p1 of this mixture was applied to the cells. After 6 hours, the cells were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS. After two days, the cells were resuspended in Cell Dissociation Agent and transferred to a 96-well plate (Costar). Transfections a-g were stimulated with 10,000, 1,000, 100, or 10 pg/ml of the respective cytokine. Cells of transfection h, expressing only the pSV-SPORT-βc/LepR, were treated with 10 ng/ml Epo, IL-3, IL-5 or GM-CSF. A non-stimulated negative control was also included in the experiment. Luciferase expression was measured 24 hours after stimulation.
Results are given in
To determine the functionality of the Smad3-Smad4 phosphorylation-dependent interaction trap, the following plasmid combinations were transfected in 4×105 Hek293T cells seeded the day before transfection:
A precipitation mixture of 300 μl was prepared which contained 2.92 μg (0.02 μg for pUT651, 0.2 μg for pXP2d2-rPAP1-luci+0.9 μg of each of the others). Two hundred μl of this mixture was applied to the cells. After 6 hours, the cells were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS and DMEM medium was added. After 48 hours, the cells were resuspended in 200 μl Cell Dissociation Agent. After neutralization with 2,200 μl DMEM medium, 40 μl of the cell suspension was placed into a 96-well plate (Costar). The cells were stimulated in a final volume of 100 μl with final concentrations of 1 ng/ml GM-CSF, 1 ng/ml GM-CSF plus 10 μM forskolin, 10 μM forskolin or were left unstimulated. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, luciferase and galactosidase activity assays were performed as described herein.
From these results (
An experiment is performed with Fujisporin, whereby FK506 is chemically linked to cyclosporin A (e.g., WO 94/18317). Alternatively, bivalent compounds are obtained by fusing FK506 to tetracycline or to a steroid ligand. Such hybrid compounds have the capacity to interact with the protein partners FKBP12 and cyclophilin (or tetracycline/steroid receptors).
Cells stably expressing the receptor/FKBP12 chimera are treated with the membrane-permeable divalent compound and after washing away excess compound, the cells are infected or transfected to enforce “prey” expression. Alternatively, both receptor/FKBP12 and “prey” chimeras are simultaneously expressed prior to addition of the compound. Careful compound dose-response experiments are performed and, given the dimerizer effect of the hybrid compounds, bell-shaped dose-response curves are obtained. The addition of excess monovalent compound is used as specificity control and reduces significantly signal output.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00201771.3 | May 2000 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/303,157, filed Nov. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which application is a continuation of PCT/EP01/05916, filed May 22, 2001, designating the United States of America, corresponding to WO 01/90188 (published in English on Nov. 29, 2001), which itself claims priority under Article 8 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty to EP 00201771.3, filed May 22, 2000, the contents of the entirety of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10303157 | Nov 2002 | US |
| Child | 12653484 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP01/05916 | May 2001 | US |
| Child | 10303157 | US |
