Patent Grant
9398666
As mobile multi-media functionality grows rapidly, portable electronic devices are becoming a more integral part of peoples' daily lives. As such, mobile devices are increasingly required to provide high display performance in a variety of ambient light conditions and applications without sacrificing battery life. Additionally, as portable devices progressively include more features and become more complex, battery power increasingly becomes a limiting factor in the performance of such devices. Conventional displays for portable devices require that a user make trade offs between power consumption and display performance, and provide little control over display settings and power usage.
Recently, displays have been developed which can operate in multiple modes and harness ambient light to improve display performance. For example, such modes may include a transmissive mode, where light from a back light is modulated, a reflective mode where ambient light is modulated, and a transflective mode where both light from a backlight and a relatively large amount of ambient light are modulated to create an image. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0020054 to Jepsen describes an LCD display having pixels that include separate transmissive and reflective portions. As a result, the effective aperture ratio of the display in a transmissive mode is reduced in comparison to displays in which the whole pixel is transmissive. The LCD display of the Jepsen publication also separately controls both portions. The separate control functionality requires separate data interconnects and additional drivers to control each portion independently, which substantially adds to the complexity of the backplane design and further reduces the space on the chip for light transmission.
A need exists for portable device displays that can transition between transmissive, reflective and/or a range of transflective operating modes using the same data interconnects to control both reflective and transmissive outputs of a display. In addition, a need exists for a device which provides transmissive, reflective and/or a range of transflective operating modes without sacrificing the effective aperture ratio of the display.
According to one aspect, a direct-view display apparatus includes a transparent substrate, an internal light source, a plurality of light modulators coupled to the transparent substrate, and a controller for controlling the states of the plurality of light modulators and the internal light source. The controller is configured to cause the display to display at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation by illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators through a first set data voltage interconnects coupled to the plurality of light modulators such that the plurality of light modulators modulate light emitted by the internal light source. The controller is further configured to detect a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a reflective mode of operation, transition, in response to the signal, to the reflective mode of operation, and display at least one image in the reflective mode of operation by, while keeping the internal light source un-illimuniated, outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators through the same first set of data voltage interconnects to the plurality of light modulators to modulate light originating from the ambient.
In certain embodiments, in the transmissive mode, the plurality of light modulators modulate both light emitted by the internal light source and light originating from the ambient. In some aspects, the controller receives the signal as an input from a user. In some aspects, transitioning to the reflective mode reduces power consumption by the display apparatus. In certain embodiments, the controller is further configured to transition to an operating mode in which images are displayed with more colors than another operating mode of the display device. In some aspects, the controller derives the signal from information to be displayed by the display apparatus. In some aspects, the controller derives the signal from an amount of energy stored in a battery. In certain embodiments, displaying at least one image in the transmissive mode comprises modulating light output by the internal light source, in which the light output by the internal light source is of a first intensity.
In certain embodiments, the controller is configured to transition to a transflective mode of operation, in which at least about 30% of the light modulated by the light modulators originates from the ambient. In various embodiments, the controller is configured to detect ambient light and transition to the transflective mode of operation in response to the detected ambient light and adjust the first intensity based on the detected ambient light. In certain aspects, adjusting the first intensity comprises reducing the intensity of the internal light source. In some aspects, the controller is configured to transition to the reflective mode in response to a signal based on the detected ambient light.
In certain embodiments, displaying at least one image in the transmissive mode comprises modulating light in accordance with a first number of grayscale divisions for the image, and displaying at least one image in the transflective or reflective modes comprises modulating light in accordance with a second number of grayscale divisions, in which the second number of grayscale divisions is less than the first number of grayscale divisions. In certain aspects displaying at least one image in the reflective mode comprises modulating the image as a black and white image. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the reflective mode comprises modulating light with at least 3 grayscale divisions. In certain aspects displaying at least one image in the transflective mode comprises modulating the image as a black and white image. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective mode comprises modulating light with at least 3 grayscale divisions.
In some embodiments, displaying at least one image in the transflective mode comprises modulating light to form a color image, in which the image is modulated with only 1 grayscale division per color. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective mode includes modulating light to form a color image, in which the image is modulated with at least 2 grayscale divisions per color. In some embodiments, the internal light source includes at least first and second light sources corresponding to different colors, and the controller measures at least one color component of the detected ambient light and adjusts the first intensity of at least one of the first and second light sources based on the measurement of the at least one color component of the detected ambient light. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the transmissive mode comprises modulating the light according to a first frame rate. In some aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective or reflective modes includes modulating light in accordance with a second frame rate, in which the second frame rate that is less than the first frame rate. In certain aspects, transitioning to the reflective mode of operation includes loading, from a memory, operating parameters corresponding to the reflective mode. In some aspects, displaying at least one image in the reflective mode comprises converting a color image into a black and white image for display.
In certain embodiments, displaying at least one image in the transmissive mode includes modulating the plurality of light modulators according to a first sequence of timing signals which control the loading of image data to the plurality of light modulators. In some aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective or reflective modes includes modulating the plurality of light modulators according to the same first sequence of timing signals which control the loading of image data to the plurality of light modulators. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective or reflective modes includes modulating the plurality of light modulators according to a second sequence of timing signals that is different from the first sequence. In certain aspects, displaying at least one image in the transflective or reflective modes includes loading a subset of image data to the plurality of light modulators.
In certain embodiments, a method for controlling a display apparatus as described above, includes displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation, detecting a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a reflective mode of operation, transitioning by the display apparatus, in response to said signal, to the reflective mode of operation, and displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in the reflective mode of operation. In some embodiments, the method further includes detecting a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a transflective mode of operation, transitioning by the display apparatus, in response to said signal, to the transflective mode of operation, and displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in the transflective mode of operation.
In certain embodiments, a display apparatus includes at least one internal light source, at least one reflective optical cavity for receiving ambient light and light emitted from the at least one internal light source, a plurality of light modulators for modulating light leaving the reflective optical cavity towards a viewer; and a controller. The controller is configured to display at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation by illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators such that the plurality of light modulators modulate light emitted by the internal light source. The controller is further configured to detect a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a reflective mode of operation, transition, in response to the signal, to the reflective mode of operation, and display at least one image in the reflective mode of operation by, while keeping the internal light source un-illuminated, outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators to the plurality of light modulators to modulate light originating from the ambient.
In some embodiments, a plurality of data interconnects are coupled to the plurality of light modulators and the controller, in which the data interconnects are used to output data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators. In certain aspects, in the transmissive mode, the plurality of light modulators modulate both light emitted by the internal light source and light originating from the ambient. In some aspects, in the transmissive mode the at least one internal light source outputs light with a first intensity.
In certain embodiments, the controller is configured to transition to a transflective mode in which at least about 30% of the light modulated by the light modulators originates from the ambient, wherein in the transflective mode, the controller outputs signals to control the plurality of light modulators to modulate both ambient light, and light emitted by the at least one internal light source. In some aspects, the light emitted by the at least one internal light source is at a lesser intensity than the first intensity, thereby increasing the percentage of ambient light output to a user.
In certain embodiments, the display apparatus includes a sensor for detecting and measuring ambient light. In some aspects, in the transflective mode, the controller decreases the intensity of the light emitted by the at least one internal light source based on at least one color component in the detected ambient light. In certain embodiments, the at least one optical cavity includes a rear-facing reflective layer and a front facing reflective layer.
In certain embodiments, a method for controlling a display apparatus as described above includes displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation, detecting a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a reflective mode of operation, transitioning by the display apparatus, in response to said signal, to the reflective mode of operation, and displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in the reflective mode of operation. In certain embodiments, the method includes detecting a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a transflective mode of operation, transitioning by the display apparatus, in response to said signal, to the transflective mode of operation, and displaying, by the display apparatus, at least one image in the transflective mode of operation.
In the detailed description which follows, reference will be made to the attached drawings, in which:
In the display apparatus 100, each light modulator 102 corresponds to a pixel 106 in the image 104. In other implementations, the display apparatus 100 may utilize a plurality of light modulators to form a pixel 106 in the image 104. For example, the display apparatus 100 may include three color-specific light modulators 102. By selectively opening one or more of the color-specific light modulators 102 corresponding to a particular pixel 106, the display apparatus 100 can generate a color pixel 106 in the image 104. In another example, the display apparatus 100 includes two or more light modulators 102 per pixel 106 to provide grayscale in an image 104. With respect to an image, a “pixel” corresponds to the smallest picture element defined by the resolution of image. With respect to structural components of the display apparatus 100, the term “pixel” refers to the combined mechanical and electrical components utilized to modulate the light that forms a single pixel of the image.
Display apparatus 100 is a direct-view display in that it does not require imaging optics that are necessary for projection applications. In a projection display, the image formed on the surface of the display apparatus is projected onto a screen or onto a wall. The display apparatus is substantially smaller than the projected image. In a direct view display, the user sees the image by looking directly at the display apparatus, which contains the light modulators and optionally a backlight or front light for enhancing brightness and/or contrast seen on the display.
Direct-view displays may operate in transmissive, reflective, or transflective modes. In a transmissive mode, the light modulators filter or selectively block light which originates from a lamp or lamps positioned behind the display. The light from the lamps is optionally injected into a lightguide or “backlight” so that each pixel can be uniformly illuminated. Transmissive direct-view displays are often built onto transparent or glass substrates to facilitate a sandwich assembly arrangement where one substrate, containing the light modulators, is positioned directly on top of the backlight. In a reflective mode, the light modulators filter or selectively block ambient light while the lamp or lamps positioned behind the display are turned off. In a transflective mode, the light modulators filter or selectively block both light which originates from a lamp or lamps positioned behind the display and ambient light. In certain embodiments, in transflective mode, the lamp intensity may be reduced without sacrificing display quality because the ambient light adds to the overall brightness of the image. In some cases, some ambient light is modulated in the transmissive mode. As used herein, a display device operating mode shall be considered transflective if greater than 30% and less than 100% of the total light modulated by the light modulators is ambient light.
Each light modulator 102 includes a shutter 108 and an aperture 109. To illuminate a pixel 106 in the image 104, the shutter 108 is positioned such that it allows light to pass through the aperture 109 towards a viewer. To keep a pixel 106 unlit, the shutter 108 is positioned such that it obstructs the passage of light through the aperture 109. The aperture 109 is defined by an opening patterned through a reflective or light-absorbing material in each light modulator 102.
The display apparatus also includes a control matrix connected to the substrate and to the light modulators for controlling the movement of the shutters. The control matrix includes a series of electrical interconnects (e.g., interconnects 110, 112, and 114), including at least one write-enable interconnect 110 (also referred to as a “scan-line interconnect”) per row of pixels, one data interconnect 112 for each column of pixels, and one common interconnect 114 providing a common voltage to all pixels, or at least to pixels from both multiple columns and multiples rows in the display apparatus 100. In response to the application of an appropriate voltage (the “write-enabling voltage, Vwe”), the write-enable interconnect 110 for a given row of pixels prepares the pixels in the row to accept new shutter movement instructions. The data interconnects 112 communicate the new movement instructions in the form of data voltage pulses. The data voltage pulses applied to the data interconnects 112, in some implementations, directly contribute to an electrostatic movement of the shutters. In other implementations, the data voltage pulses control switches, e.g., transistors or other non-linear circuit elements that control the application of separate actuation voltages, which are typically higher in magnitude than the data voltages, to the light modulators 102. The application of these actuation voltages then results in the electrostatic driven movement of the shutters 108.
The display apparatus 128 includes a plurality of scan drivers 130 (also referred to as “write enabling voltage sources”), a plurality of data drivers 132 (also referred to as “data voltage sources”), a controller 134, common drivers 138, lamps 140-146, and lamp drivers 148. The scan drivers 130 apply write enabling voltages to scan-line interconnects 110. The data drivers 132 apply data voltages to the data interconnects 112.
In some embodiments of the display apparatus, the data drivers 132 are configured to provide analog data voltages to the light modulators, especially where the gray scale of the image 104 is to be derived in analog fashion. In analog operation the light modulators 102 are designed such that when a range of intermediate voltages is applied through the data interconnects 112 there results a range of intermediate open states in the shutters 108 and therefore a range of intermediate illumination states or gray scales in the image 104. In other cases the data drivers 132 are configured to apply only a reduced set of 2, 3, or 4 digital voltage levels to the data interconnects 112. These voltage levels are designed to set, in digital fashion, an open state, a closed state, or other discrete state to each of the shutters 108.
The scan drivers 130 and the data drivers 132 are connected to a digital controller circuit 134 (also referred to as the “controller 134”). The controller sends data to the data drivers 132 in a mostly serial fashion, organized in predetermined sequences grouped by rows and by image frames. The data drivers 132 can include series to parallel data converters, level shifting, and for some applications digital to analog voltage converters.
The display 100 apparatus optionally includes a set of common drivers 138, also referred to as common voltage sources. In some embodiments the common drivers 138 provide a DC common potential to all light modulators within the array of light modulators, for instance by supplying voltage to a series of common interconnects 114. In other embodiments the common drivers 138, following commands from the controller 134, issue voltage pulses or signals to the array of light modulators, for instance global actuation pulses which are capable of driving and/or initiating simultaneous actuation of all light modulators in multiple rows and columns of the array.
All of the drivers (e.g., scan drivers 130, data drivers 132, and common drivers 138) for different display functions are time-synchronized by the controller 134. Timing commands from the controller coordinate the illumination of red, green and blue and white lamps (140, 142, 144, and 146 respectively) via lamp drivers 148, the write-enabling and sequencing of specific rows within the array of pixels, the output of voltages from the data drivers 132, and the output of voltages that provide for light modulator actuation.
The controller 134 determines the sequencing or addressing scheme by which each of the shutters 108 can be re-set to the illumination levels appropriate to a new image 104. Details of suitable addressing, image formation, and gray scale techniques can be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 200760250325 A1 and US 20015005969 A1 incorporated herein by reference. New images 104 can be set at periodic intervals. For instance, for video displays, the color images 104 or frames of video are refreshed at frequencies ranging from 10 to 300 Hertz. In some embodiments the setting of an image frame to the array is synchronized with the illumination of the lamps 140, 142, 144, and 146 such that alternate image frames are illuminated with an alternating series of colors, such as red, green, and blue. The image frames for each respective color is referred to as a color sub-frame. In this method, referred to as the field sequential color method, if the color sub-frames are alternated at frequencies in excess of 20 Hz, the human brain will average the alternating frame images into the perception of an image having a broad and continuous range of colors. In alternate implementations, four or more lamps with primary colors can be employed in display apparatus 100, employing primaries other than red, green, and blue.
In some implementations, where the display apparatus 100 is designed for the digital switching of shutters 108 between open and closed states, the controller 134 forms an image by the method of time division gray scale, as previously described. In other implementations the display apparatus 100 can provide gray scale through the use of multiple shutters 108 per pixel.
In some implementations the data for an image state 104 is loaded by the controller 134 to the modulator array by a sequential addressing of individual rows, also referred to as scan lines. For each row or scan line in the sequence, the scan driver 130 applies a write-enable voltage to the write enable interconnect 110 for that row of the array, and subsequently the data driver 132 supplies data voltages, corresponding to desired shutter states, for each column in the selected row. This process repeats until data has been loaded for all rows in the array. In some implementations the sequence of selected rows for data loading is linear, proceeding from top to bottom in the array. In other implementations the sequence of selected rows is pseudo-randomized, in order to minimize visual artifacts. And in other implementations the sequencing is organized by blocks, where, for a block, the data for only a certain fraction of the image state 104 is loaded to the array, for instance by addressing only every 5th row of the array in sequence.
In some implementations, the process for loading image data to the array is separated in time from the process of actuating the shutters 108. In these implementations, the modulator array may include data memory elements for each pixel in the array and the control matrix may include a global actuation interconnect for carrying trigger signals, from common driver 138, to initiate simultaneous actuation of shutters 108 according to data stored in the memory elements. Various addressing sequences, many of which are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/643,042, can be coordinated by means of the controller 134.
In alternative embodiments, the array of pixels and the control matrix that controls the pixels may be arranged in configurations other than rectangular rows and columns. For example, the pixels can be arranged in hexagonal arrays or curvilinear rows and columns. In general, as used herein, the term scan-line shall refer to any plurality of pixels that share a write-enabling interconnect.
The host processor 122 generally controls the operations of the host. For example, the host processor may be a general or special purpose processor for controlling a portable electronic device. With respect to the display apparatus 128, included within the host device 120, the host processor outputs image data as well as additional data about the host. Such information may include data from environmental sensors, such as ambient light or temperature; information about the host, including, for example, an operating mode of the host or the amount of power remaining in the host's power source; information about the content of the image data; information about the type of image data; and/or instructions for display apparatus for use in selecting an imaging mode.
The user input module 126 conveys the personal preferences of the user to the controller 134, either directly, or via the host processor 122. In one embodiment, the user input module is controlled by software in which the user programs personal preferences such as “deeper color”, “better contrast”, “lower power”, “increased brightness”, “sports”, “live action”, or “animation”. In another embodiment, these preferences are input to the host using hardware, such as a switch or dial. The plurality of data inputs to the controller 134 direct the controller to provide data to the various drivers 130, 132, 138, and 148 which correspond to optimal imaging characteristics.
An environmental sensor module 124 is also included as part of the host device. The environmental sensor module receives data about the ambient environment, such as temperature and or ambient lighting conditions. The sensor module 124 can be programmed to distinguish whether the device is operating in an indoor or office environment versus an outdoor environment in bright daylight versus and outdoor environment at nighttime. The sensor module communicates this information to the display controller 134, so that the controller can optimize the viewing conditions and/or display modes in response to the ambient environment.
Each actuator 205 includes a compliant load beam 206 connecting the shutter 202 to a load anchor 208. The load anchors 208 along with the compliant load beams 206 serve as mechanical supports, keeping the shutter 202 suspended proximate to the surface 203. The surface includes one or more aperture holes 211 for admitting the passage of light. The load anchors 208 physically connect the compliant load beams 206 and the shutter 202 to the surface 203 and electrically connect the load beams 206 to a bias voltage, in some instances, ground.
If the substrate is opaque, such as silicon, then aperture holes 211 are formed in the substrate by etching an array of holes through the substrate 204. If the substrate 204 is transparent, such as glass or plastic, then the first step of the processing sequence involves depositing a light blocking layer onto the substrate and etching the light blocking layer into an array of holes 211. The aperture holes 211 can be generally circular, elliptical, polygonal, serpentine, or irregular in shape.
Each actuator 205 also includes a compliant drive beam 216 positioned adjacent to each load beam 206. The drive beams 216 couple at one end to a drive beam anchor 218 shared between the drive beams 216. The other end of each drive beam 216 is free to move. Each drive beam 216 is curved such that it is closest to the load beam 206 near the free end of the drive beam 216 and the anchored end of the load beam 206.
In operation, a display apparatus incorporating the light modulator 200 applies an electric potential to the drive beams 216 via the drive beam anchor 218. A second electric potential may be applied to the load beams 206. The resulting potential difference between the drive beams 216 and the load beams 206 pulls the free ends of the drive beams 216 towards the anchored ends of the load beams 206, and pulls the shutter ends of the load beams 206 toward the anchored ends of the drive beams 216, thereby driving the shutter 202 transversely towards the drive anchor 218. The compliant members 206 act as springs, such that when the voltage across the beams 206 and 216 potential is removed, the load beams 206 push the shutter 202 back into its initial position, releasing the stress stored in the load beams 206.
A light modulator, such as light modulator 200, incorporates a passive restoring force, such as a spring, for returning a shutter to its rest position after voltages have been removed. Other shutter assemblies, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,945 and patent application publication No. US2006-0250325 A1, incorporate a dual set of “open” and “closed” actuators and a separate sets of “open” and “closed” electrodes for moving the shutter into either an open or a closed state.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,945 and application publication No. US2006-0250325 A1 have described a variety of methods by which an array of shutters and apertures can be controlled via a control matrix to produce images, in many cases moving images, with appropriate gray scale. In some cases control is accomplished by means of a passive matrix array of row and column interconnects connected to driver circuits on the periphery of the display. In other cases it is appropriate to include switching and/or data storage elements within each pixel of the array (the so-called active matrix) to improve either the speed, the gray scale and/or the power dissipation performance of the display.
The control matrices described herein are not limited to controlling shutter-based MEMS light modulators, such as the light modulators described above.
Each cell 272 includes a layer of water (or other transparent conductive or polar fluid) 278, a layer of light absorbing oil 280, a transparent electrode 282 (made, for example, from indium-tin oxide) and an insulating layer 284 positioned between the layer of light absorbing oil 280 and the transparent electrode 282. Illustrative implementation of such cells are described further in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0104804, published May 19, 2005 and entitled “Display Device.” In the embodiment described herein, the electrode takes up a portion of a rear surface of a cell 272.
The remainder of the rear surface of a cell 272 is formed from a reflective aperture layer 286 that forms the front surface of the optical cavity 274. The reflective aperture layer 286 is formed from a reflective material, such as a reflective metal or a stack of thin films forming a dielectric mirror. For each cell 272, an aperture is formed in the reflective aperture layer 286 to allow light to pass through. The electrode 282 for the cell is deposited in the aperture and over the material forming the reflective aperture layer 286, separated by another dielectric layer.
The remainder of the optical cavity 274 includes a light guide 288 positioned proximate the reflective aperture layer 286, and a second reflective layer 290 on a side of the light guide 288 opposite the reflective aperture layer 286. A series of light redirectors 291 are formed on the rear surface of the light guide, proximate the second reflective layer. The light redirectors 291 may be either diffuse or specular reflectors. One of more light sources 292 inject light 294 into the light guide 288.
In an alternative implementation, an additional transparent substrate is positioned between the light guide 290 and the light modulation array 270. In this implementation, the reflective aperture layer 286 is formed on the additional transparent substrate instead of on the surface of the light guide 290.
In operation, application of a voltage to the electrode 282 of a cell (for example, cell 272b or 272c) causes the light absorbing oil 280 in the cell to collect in one portion of the cell 272. As a result, the light absorbing oil 280 no longer obstructs the passage of light through the aperture formed in the reflective aperture layer 286 (see, for example, cells 272b and 272c). Light escaping the backlight at the aperture is then able to escape through the cell and through a corresponding color (for example, red, green, or blue) filter in the set of color filters 276 to form a color pixel in an image. When the electrode 282 is grounded, the light absorbing oil 280 covers the aperture in the reflective aperture layer 286, absorbing any light 294 attempting to pass through it.
The area under which oil 280 collects when a voltage is applied to the cell 272 constitutes wasted space in relation to forming an image. This area cannot pass light through, whether a voltage is applied or not, and therefore, without the inclusion of the reflective portions of reflective apertures layer 286, would absorb light that otherwise could be used to contribute to the formation of an image. However, with the inclusion of the reflective aperture layer 286, this light, which otherwise would have been absorbed, is reflected back into the light guide 290 for future escape through a different aperture. The electrowetting-based light modulation array 270 is not the only example of a non-shutter-based MEMS modulator suitable for control by the control matrices described herein. Other forms of non-shutter-based MEMS modulators could likewise be controlled by various ones of the control matrices described herein without departing from the scope of the invention.
In addition to MEMS displays, the invention may also make use of field sequential liquid crystal displays, including for example, liquid crystal displays operating in optically compensated bend (OCB) mode as shown in
The control matrix 300 is fabricated as a diffused or thin-film-deposited electrical circuit on the surface of a substrate 304 on which the shutter assemblies 302 are formed. The control matrix 300 includes a scan-line interconnect 306 for each row of pixels 301 in the control matrix 300 and a data-interconnect 308 for each column of pixels 301 in the control matrix 300. Each scan-line interconnect 306 electrically connects a write-enabling voltage source 307 to the pixels 301 in a corresponding row of pixels 301. Each data interconnect 308 electrically connects a data voltage source, (“Vd source”) 309 to the pixels 301 in a corresponding column of pixels 301. In control matrix 300, the data voltage Vd provides the majority of the energy necessary for actuation of the shutter assemblies 302. Thus, the data voltage source 309 also serves as an actuation voltage source.
Referring to
In operation, to form an image, the control matrix 300 write-enables each row in the array 320 in a sequence by applying Vwe to each scan-line interconnect 306 in turn. For a write-enabled row, the application of Vwe to the gates of the transistors 310 of the pixels 301 in the row allows the flow of current through the data interconnects 308 through the transistors 310 to apply a potential to the actuator 303 of the shutter assembly 302. While the row is write-enabled, data voltages Vd are selectively applied to the data interconnects 308. In implementations providing analog gray scale, the data voltage applied to each data interconnect 308 is varied in relation to the desired brightness of the pixel 301 located at the intersection of the write-enabled scan-line interconnect 306 and the data interconnect 308. In implementations providing digital control schemes, the data voltage is selected to be either a relatively low magnitude voltage (i.e., a voltage near ground) or to meet or exceed Vat (the actuation threshold voltage). In response to the application of Vat to a data interconnect 308, the actuator 303 in the corresponding shutter assembly 302 actuates, opening the shutter in that shutter assembly 302. The voltage applied to the data interconnect 308 remains stored in the capacitor 312 of the pixel 301 even after the control matrix 300 ceases to apply Vwe to a row. It is not necessary, therefore, to wait and hold the voltage Vwe on a row for times long enough for the shutter assembly 302 to actuate; such actuation can proceed after the write-enabling voltage has been removed from the row. The capacitors 312 also function as memory elements within the array 320, storing actuation instructions for periods as long as is necessary for the illumination of an image frame.
The pixels 301 as well as the control matrix 300 of the array 320 are formed on a substrate 304. The array includes an aperture layer 322, disposed on the substrate 304, which includes a set of apertures 324 for respective pixels 301 in the array 320. The apertures 324 are aligned with the shutter assemblies 302 in each pixel. In one implementation the substrate 304 is made of a transparent material, such as glass or plastic. In another implementation the substrate 304 is made of an opaque material, but in which holes are etched to form the apertures 324.
Components of shutter assemblies 302 are processed either at the same time as the control matrix 300 or in subsequent processing steps on the same substrate. The electrical components in control matrix 300 are fabricated using many thin film techniques in common with the manufacture of thin film transistor arrays for liquid crystal displays. Available techniques are described in Den Boer, Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005), incorporated herein by reference. The shutter assemblies are fabricated using techniques similar to the art of micromachining or from the manufacture of micromechanical (i.e., MEMS) devices. Many applicable thin film MEMS techniques are described in Rai-Choudhury, ed., Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining & Microfabrication (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Wash. 1997), incorporated herein by reference. Fabrication techniques specific to MEMS light modulators formed on glass substrates can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/361,785 and 11/731,628, incorporated herein by reference. For instance, as described in those applications, the shutter assembly 302 can be formed from thin films of amorphous silicon, deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process.
The shutter assembly 302 together with the actuator 303 can be made bi-stable. That is, the shutters can exist in at least two equilibrium positions (e.g. open or closed) with little or no power required to hold them in either position. More particularly, the shutter assembly 302 can be mechanically bi-stable. Once the shutter of the shutter assembly 302 is set in position, no electrical energy or holding voltage is required to maintain that position. The mechanical stresses on the physical elements of the shutter assembly 302 can hold the shutter in place.
The shutter assembly 302 together with the actuator 303 can also be made electrically bi-stable. In an electrically bi-stable shutter assembly, there exists a range of voltages below the actuation voltage of the shutter assembly, which if applied to a closed actuator (with the shutter being either open or closed), holds the actuator closed and the shutter in position, even if an opposing force is exerted on the shutter. The opposing force may be exerted by a spring such as spring 207 in shutter-based light modulator 200, or the opposing force may be exerted by an opposing actuator, such as an “open” or “closed” actuator.
The light modulator array 320 is depicted as having a single MEMS light modulator per pixel. Other embodiments are possible in which multiple MEMS light modulators are provided in each pixel, thereby providing the possibility of more than just binary “on’ or “off” optical states in each pixel. Certain forms of coded area division gray scale are possible where multiple MEMS light modulators in the pixel are provided, and where apertures 324, which are associated with each of the light modulators, have unequal areas.
In other embodiments the roller-based light modulator 220, the light tap 250, or the electrowetting-based light modulation array 270, as well as other MEMS-based light modulators, can be substituted for the shutter assembly 302 within the light modulator array 320.
A number of different types of lamps 382-386 can be employed in the displays, including without limitation: incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, lasers, or light emitting diodes (LEDs). Further, lamp 382-386 of direct view display 380 can be combined into a single assembly containing multiple lamps. For instance a combination of red, green, and blue LEDs can be combined with or substituted for a white LED in a small semiconductor chip, or assembled into a small multi-lamp package. Similarly each lamp can represent an assembly of 4-color LEDs, for instance a combination of red, yellow, green, and blue LEDs.
The shutter assemblies 302 function as light modulators. By use of electrical signals from the associated control matrix the shutter assemblies 302 can be set into either an open or a closed state. Only the open shutters allow light from the lightguide 330 to pass through to the viewer, thereby forming a direct view image in transmissive mode.
In direct view display 380 the light modulators are formed on the surface of substrate 304 that faces away from the light guide 330 and toward the viewer. In other implementations the substrate 304 can be reversed, such that the light modulators are formed on a surface that faces toward the light guide. In these implementations it is sometimes preferable to form an aperture layer, such as aperture layer 322, directly onto the top surface of the light guide 330. In other implementations it is useful to interpose a separate piece of glass or plastic between the light guide and the light modulators, such separate piece of glass or plastic containing an aperture layer, such as aperture layer 322, and associated aperture holes, such as aperture holes 324. It is preferable that the spacing between the plane of the shutter assemblies 302 and the aperture layer 322 be kept as close as possible, preferably less than 10 microns, in some cases as close as 1 micron. Descriptions of other optical assemblies useful for this invention can be found in US Patent Application Publication No. 20060187528A1 filed Sep. 2, 2005 and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Spatial Light Modulation” and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007-0279727 A1 published Dec. 6, 2007 and entitled “Display Apparatus with Improved Optical Cavities,” which are both incorporated herein by reference.
In some displays, color pixels are generated by illuminating groups of light modulators corresponding to different colors, for example, red green and blue. Each light modulator in the group has a corresponding filter to achieve the desired color. The filters, however, absorb a great deal of light, in some cases as much as 60% of the light passing through the filters, thereby limiting the efficiency and brightness of the display. In addition, the use of multiple light modulators per pixel decreases the amount of space on the display that can be used to contribute to a displayed image, further limiting the brightness and efficiency of such a display.
The human brain, in response to viewing rapidly changing images, for example, at frequencies of greater than 20 Hz, averages images together to perceive an image which is the combination of the images displayed within a corresponding period. This phenomenon can be utilized to display color images while using only single light modulators for each pixel of a display, using a technique referred to in the art as field sequential color. The use of field sequential color techniques in displays eliminates the need for color filters and multiple light modulators per pixel. In a field sequential color enabled display, an image frame to be displayed is divided into a number of sub-frame images, each corresponding to a particular color component (for example, red, green, or blue) of the original image frame. For each sub-frame image, the light modulators of a display are set into states corresponding to the color component's contribution to the image. The light modulators then are illuminated by a lamp of the corresponding color. The sub-images are displayed in sequence at a frequency (for example, greater than 60 Hz) sufficient for the brain to perceive the series of sub-frame images as a single image. The data used to generate the sub-frames are often fractured in various memory components. For example, in some displays, data for a given row of display are kept in a shift-register dedicated to that row. Image data is shifted in and out of each shift register to a light modulator in a corresponding column in that row of the display according to a fixed clock cycle. Other implementations of circuits for controlling displays are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2007-0086078 A1 published Apr. 19, 2007 and entitled “Circuits for Controlling Display Apparatus,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
The addressing portions depict addressing events by diagonal lines spaced apart in time. Each diagonal line corresponds to a series of individual data loading events during which data is loaded into each row of an array of light modulators, one row at a time. Depending on the control matrix used to address and drive the modulators included in the display, each loading event may require a waiting period to allow the light modulators in a given row to actuate. In some implementations, all rows in the array of light modulators are addressed prior to actuation of any of the light modulators. Upon completion of loading data into the last row of the array of light modulators, all light modulators are actuated substantially simultaneously.
Lamp illumination events are illustrated by pulse trains corresponding to each color of lamp included in the display. Each pulse indicates that the lamp of the corresponding color is illuminated, thereby displaying the sub-frame image loaded into the array of light modulators in the immediately preceding addressing event.
The time at which the first addressing event in the display of a given image frame begins is labeled on each timing diagram as AT0. In most of the timing diagrams, this time falls shortly after the detection of a voltage pulse vsync, which precedes the beginning of each video frame received by a display. The times at which each subsequent addressing event takes place are labeled as AT1, AT2, . . . AT(n−1), where n is the number of sub-frame images used to display the image frame. In some of the timing diagrams, the diagonal lines are further labeled to indicate the data being loaded into the array of light modulators. For example, in the timing diagram of
A bitplane is a coherent set of data identifying desired modulator states for modulators in multiple rows and multiple columns of an array of light modulators. Moreover, each bitplane corresponds to one of a series of sub-frame images derived according to a binary coding scheme. That is, each sub-frame image for a color component of an image frame is weighted according to a binary series 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The bitplane with the lowest weighting is referred to as the least significant bitplane and is labeled in the timing diagrams and referred to herein by the first letter of the corresponding color component followed by the number 0. For each next-most significant bitplane for the color components, the number following the first letter of the color component increases by one. For example, for an image frame broken into 4 bitplanes per color, the least significant red bitplane is labeled and referred to as the R0 bitplane. The next most significant red bitplane is labeled and referred to as R1, and the most significant red bitplane is labeled and referred to as R3.
Lamp-related events are labeled as LT0, LT1, LT2 . . . LT(n−1). The lamp-related event times labeled in a timing diagram, depending on the timing diagram, either represent times at which a lamp is illuminated or times at which a lamp is extinguished. The meaning of the lamp times in a particular timing diagram can be determined by comparing their position in time relative to the pulse trains in the illumination portion of the particular timing diagram. Specifically referring back to the timing diagram of
The level of gray scale achievable by a display that forms images according to the timing diagram of
Alternatively, finer grayscale can be generated if the time period used to display each sub-frame image is split into multiple time periods, each having its own corresponding sub-frame image. For example, with binary light modulators, a display that forms two sub-frame images of equal length and light intensity per color component can generate 27 different colors instead of 8. Gray scale techniques that break each color component of an image frame into multiple sub-frame images are referred to, generally, as time division gray scale techniques.
It is useful to define an illumination value as the product (or the integral) of an illumination period (or pulse width) with the intensity of that illumination. For a given time interval assigned in an output sequence for the illumination of a bitplane there are numerous alternative methods for controlling the lamps to achieve any required illumination value. Three such alternate pulse profiles for lamps appropriate to this invention are compared in
The lamp pulse 1486 is a pulse appropriate to the expression of a particular illumination value. The pulse width 1486 completely fills the time available between the markers 1482 and 1484. The intensity or amplitude of lamp pulse 1486 is adjusted, however, to achieve a required illumination value. An amplitude modulation scheme according to lamp pulse 1486 is useful, particularly in cases where lamp efficiencies are not linear and power efficiencies can be improved by reducing the peak intensities required of the lamps.
The lamp pulse 1488 is a pulse appropriate to the expression of the same illumination value as in lamp pulse 1486. The illumination value of pulse 1488 is expressed by means of pulse width modulation instead of by amplitude modulation. For many bitplanes the appropriate pulse width will be less than the time available as determined by the addressing of the bitplanes.
The series of lamp pulses 1490 represent another method of expressing the same illumination value as in lamp pulse 1486. A series of pulses can express an illumination value through control of both the pulse width and the frequency of the pulses. The illumination value can be considered as the product of the pulse amplitude, the available time period between markers 1482 and 1484, and the pulse duty cycle.
Lamp driver circuitry can be programmed to produce any of the above alternate lamp pulses 1486, 1488, or 1490. For example, the lamp driver circuitry can be programmed to accept a coded word for lamp intensity from the timing control module 724 and build a sequence of pulses appropriate to intensity. The intensity can be varied as a function of either pulse amplitude or pulse duty cycle.
The process of forming an image in the display process shown in
The display process of
The loading of the first bitplane R3 commences at the trigger point AT0. The second bitplane to be loaded, R2, commences at the trigger point AT1. The loading of each bitplane requires a substantial amount of time. For instance the addressing sequence for bitplane R2 commences in this illustration at AT1 and ends at the point LT0. The addressing or data loading operation for each bitplane is illustrated as a diagonal line in the timing diagram of
In the display process of
For the example of the display process in
Each of the sub-frame images, e.g. those associated with bitplanes R3, R2, R1, and R0 is illuminated by a distinct illumination pulse from the red lamp 140, indicated in the “R” line at the bottom of
A complete image frame is produced in the display process of
It is useful, in the development or programming of the sequence controller 160, to co-locate or store all of the critical sequencing parameters governing expression of gray scale in a sequence table, sometimes referred to as the sequence table store. An example of a table representing the stored critical sequence parameters is listed below as Table 1. The sequence table lists, for each of the sub-frames or “fields” a relative addressing time (e.g. AT0, at which the loading of a bitplane begins), the memory location of associated bitplanes to be found in buffer memory 159 (e.g. location M0, M1, etc.), an identification codes for one of the lamps (e.g. R, G, or B), and a lamp time (e.g. LT0, which in this example determines that time at which the lamp is turned off).
It is useful to co-locate the storage of parameters in the sequence table to facilitate an easy method for re-programming or altering the timing or sequence of events in a display process. For instance it is possible to re-arrange the order of the color sub-fields so that most of the red sub-fields are immediately followed by a green sub-field, and the green are immediately followed by a blue sub-field. Such rearrangement or interspersing of the color subfields increase the nominal frequency at which the illumination is switched between lamp colors, which reduces the impact of a perceptual imaging artifact known as color break-up. By switching between a number of different schedule tables stored in memory, or by re-programming of schedule tables, it is also possible to switch between processes requiring either a lesser or greater number of bitplanes per color—for instance by allowing the illumination of 8 bitplanes per color within the time of a single image frame. It is also possible to easily re-program the timing sequence to allow the inclusion of sub-fields corresponding to a fourth color LED, such as the white lamp 146.
The display process of
More specifically, the display of an image frame in timing diagram of
Because all the bitplanes are to be illuminated for a period longer than the time it takes to load a bitplane into the array of light modulators 150, the controller 134 extinguishes the lamp illuminating a sub-frame image upon completion of an addressing event corresponding to the subsequent sub-frame image. For example, LT0 is set to occur at a time after AT0 which coincides with the completion of the loading of bitplane R2. LT1 is set to occur at a time after AT1 which coincides with the completion of the loading of bitplane R1.
The time period between vsync pulses in the timing diagram is indicated by the symbol FT, indicating a frame time. In some implementations the addressing times AT0, AT1, etc. as well as the lamp times LT0, LT1, etc. are designed to accomplish 4 sub-frame images for each of the 4 colors within a frame time FT of 16.6 milliseconds, i.e. according to a frame rate of 60 Hz. In other implementations the time values stored in the schedule table store can be altered to accomplish 4 sub-frame images per color within a frame time FT of 33.3 milliseconds, i.e. according to a frame rate of 30 Hz. In other implementations frame rates as low as 24 Hz may be employed or frame rates in excess of 100 Hz may be employed.
The use of white lamps can improve the efficiency of the display. The use of four distinct colors in the sub-frame images requires changes to the data processing in the input processing module. Instead of deriving bitplanes for each of 3 different colors, a display process according to timing diagram of
In addition to the red, green, blue, and white lamp combination, shown in the timing diagram of
Other lamp combinations are possible. For instance, a useful 6-color space can be established with the lamp colors red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. A 6-color space can also be established with the colors white, cyan, magenta, yellow, orange, and green. A large number of other 4-color and 5-color combinations can be derived from amongst the colors already listed above. Further combinations of 6, 7, 8 or 9 lamps with different colors can be produced from the colors listed above, Additional colors may be employed using lamps with spectra which lie in between the colors listed above.
The sub-frame images corresponding to the least significant bitplanes are each illuminated for the same length of time as the prior sub-frame image, but at half the intensity. As such, the sub-frame images corresponding to the least significant bitplanes are illuminated for a period of time equal to or longer than that required to load a bitplane into the array.
More specifically, the display of an image frame in the timing diagram of
Because all the bitplanes are to be illuminated for a period longer than the time it takes to load a bitplane into the array of light modulators 150, the controller 134 extinguishes the lamp illuminating a sub-frame image upon completion of an addressing event corresponding to the subsequent sub-frame image. For example, LT0 is set to occur at a time after AT0 which coincides with the completion of the loading of bitplane R2. LT1 is set to occur at a time after AT1 which coincides with the completion of the loading of bitplane R1.
The mixing of color lamps within sub-frame images in the timing diagram of
Display Panels
The cover plate 508 serves several functions, including protecting the light modulation array 502 from mechanical and environmental damage. The cover plate 508 may be constructed from a thin transparent plastic, such as polycarbonate, or a glass sheet. The cover plate can be coated and patterned with a light absorbing material, also referred to as a black matrix 510. The black matrix can be deposited onto the cover plate as a thick film acrylic or vinyl resin that contains light absorbing pigments. Optionally, a separate layer may be provided.
The black matrix 510 absorbs substantially some or all incident ambient light 512. In certain embodiment (i.e., in reflective and transflective modes), ambient light that passes through the black matrix enters the light cavity and is recycled back out to a user. Ambient light is light that originates from outside the spatial light modulator 500, from the vicinity of the viewer. As shown in
In one implementation, color filters, for example, in the form of acrylic or vinyl resins are deposited on the cover plate 508. The filters may be deposited in a fashion similar to that used to form the black matrix 510, but instead, the filters are patterned over the open apertures light transmissive regions 516 of the optical cavity 504. The resins can be doped alternately with red, green, blue or other pigments.
The spacing between the light modulation array 502 and the cover plate 508 is less than 100 microns, and may be as little as 10 microns or less. The light modulation array 502 and the cover plate 508 preferably do not touch, except, in some cases, at predetermined points, as this may interfere with the operation of the light modulation array 502. The spacing can be maintained by means of lithographically defined spacers or posts, 2 to 20 microns tall, which are placed in between the individual right modulators in the light modulators array 502, or the spacing can be maintained by a sheet metal spacer inserted around the edges of the combined device.
While the shutter is in the closed position, the light absorbing film 1712 absorbs ambient light 1703 impinging on the top surface of the shutter 1706. While the shutter 1706 is in the open position as depicted in
The shutter assembly 1700 is covered with a cover plate 1714, which includes a black matrix 1716. The black matrix absorbs light, thereby substantially preventing ambient light 1703 from reflecting back to a viewer unless the ambient light 1703 reflects off of an uncovered aperture 1708 or reflective layer 1724.
The shutter assembly 1800 is covered with a cover plate 1814, which includes a black matrix 1816. The black matrix absorbs light, thereby substantially preventing ambient light 1803 from reflecting back to a viewer unless the ambient light 1803 reflects off of an uncovered aperture 1808.
Referring to both
The front-most layer of the shutter assembly 1900, including at least the front surface of the shutter 1904, is coated in a light absorbing film 1908. Thus, when the shutter 1904 is closed, light 1902 impinging on the shutter assembly 1900 is absorbed. When the shutter 1904 is open, at least a fraction of the light 1902 impinging on the reflective shutter assembly 1900 reflects off the exposed reflective layer 1924 back towards a viewer. Alternately the rear reflective layer 1924 can be covered with an absorbing film while the front surface of shutter 1908 can be covered in a reflective film. In this fashion light is reflected back to the viewer only when the shutter is closed.
As with the other shutter assemblies and light modulators described above, the shutter assembly 1900 can be covered with a cover plate 1910 having a black matrix 1912 applied thereto. The black matrix 1912 covers portions of the cover plate 1910 not opposing the open position of the shutter.
Each of the shutter assemblies in
Additionally, the examples of light modulators described with respect to
In each of the examples of shutter assemblies shown in
The shutter assemblies 1700, 1800, and 1900, which include optical cavities for the recycling of light, provide high contrast images formed from reflected light. In some embodiments a low-power reflective display can be provided by eliminated the light sources 1722, 1822, and 1922 altogether from the display assembly.
In
The photosensor 738 in
The photosensors 738, 742, and 744 can be broad-band photosensors, meaning they are sensitive to all light in the visible spectrum, or they can be narrowband. A narrowband sensor can be created, for instance, by placing a color filter in front of the photosensor such that its sensitivity is peaked at only a few wavelengths in the spectrum, for instance at red, or green, or blue wavelengths. In one implementation, photosensors 738, 742, or 744 can represent a group of three or more photosensors, each sensor being a narrowband sensor tuned to a wavelength appropriate to the spectrum of one of the lamps 718. Another narrowband sensor can be provided within the group of sensors 738, or 742, or 744 in which the sensitive band is chosen to correspond to a wavelength which is indicative of the general ambient illumination and relatively insensitive to the wavelengths from any of the lamps 718, for instance it could be sensitive to primarily yellow radiation near 570 nm. In a preferred implementation, described below, only a single broad-band sensor is employed, and timing signals from the field sequential display are employed to help the sensor discriminate between light that originates from the various lamps 718 or from the ambient.
The shutter assemblies 702 in
The vertical distance between the shutter assemblies 702 and the reflective aperture layer 724 is less than about 0.5 mm. In an alternative embodiment the distance between the shutter assemblies 702 and the reflective aperture layer 724 is greater than 0.5 mm, but is still smaller than the display pitch. The display pitch is defined as the distance between pixels (measured center to center), and in many cases is established as the distance between apertures 708 in the rear-facing reflective layer 724. When the distance between the shutter assemblies 702 and the reflective aperture layer 724 is less than the display pitch a larger fraction of the light that passes through the apertures 708 will be intercepted by their corresponding shutter assemblies 702 and the one or more photosensors 738, 742, 744.
Display assembly 700 includes a light guide 716, which is illuminated by one or more lamps 718. The lamps 718 can be, for example, and without limitation, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, lasers, or light emitting diodes (LEDs). In one embodiment, the lamps 718 include LEDs of various colors (e.g., a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED), which may be alternately illuminated to implement field sequential color.
In addition to red, green, and blue, several 4-color combinations of colored lamps 518 are possible, for instance the combination of red, green, blue, and white or the combination of red, green, blue, and yellow. Some lamp combinations are chosen to expand the space or gamut of reproducible colors. A useful 4-color lamp combination with expanded color gamut is red, blue, true green (about 520 nm), and parrot green (about 550 nm). One 5-color combination which expands the color gamut is red, green, blue, cyan, and yellow. A 5-color lamp combination analogue to the well-known YIQ color space can be established with the lamp colors white, orange, blue, purple, and green. A 5-color lamp combination analogue to the well-known YUV color space can be established with the lamp colors white, blue, yellow, red, and cyan. Other lamp combinations are possible. For instance, a useful 6-color space can be established with the lamp colors red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. An alternate combination is white, cyan, magenta, yellow, orange, and green. Combinations of up to 8 or more different colored lamps may be used using the colors listed above, or employing alternate colors whose spectra lie in between the colors listed above.
The lamp assembly includes a light reflector or collimator 719 for introducing a cone of light from the lamp into the light guide within a predetermined range of angles. The light guide includes a set of geometrical extraction structures or deflectors 717 which serve to re-direct light out of the light guide and along the vertical or z-axis of the display. The density of deflectors 717 varies with distance from the lamp 718.
The display assembly 700 includes a front-facing reflective layer 720, which is positioned behind the light guide 716. In display assembly 700, the front-facing reflective layer 720 is deposited directly onto the back surface of the light guide 716. In other implementations the back reflective layer 720 is separated from the light guide by an air gap. The back reflective layer 720 is oriented in a plane substantially parallel to that of the reflective aperture layer 724.
Interposed between the light guide 716 and the shutter assemblies 702 is an aperture plate 722. Disposed on the top surface of the aperture plate 722 is the reflective aperture or rear-facing reflective layer 724. The reflective layer 724 defines a plurality of surface apertures 708, each one located directly beneath the closed position of one of the shutters 750 of shutter assemblies 702.
An optical cavity is formed by the reflection of light between the rear-facing reflective layer 724 and the front-facing reflective layer 720. Light originating from the lamps 718 may escape from the optical cavity through the apertures 708 to the shutter assemblies 702, which are controlled to selectively block the light using shutters 750 to form images. Light that does not escape through an aperture 708 is returned by reflective layer 724 to the light guide 716 for recycling. A similar reflective optical cavity is formed between the reflective layers 1702 and 1724 in shutter assembly 1700. A similar optical cavity is formed between the reflective layers 1802 and 1824 in shutter assembly 1800. A similar optical cavity is formed between the reflective layers 1916 and 1924 in shutter assembly 1900. An optical cavity similar to that formed between reflective layers 720 and 724 can also be employed for use with optical cavity 504.
Interposed between the light guide 716 and the shutter assemblies 702 is an optical diffuser film 732 and a prism film 754. Both of these films help to randomize the direction of light, including ambient light, which is recycled within the optical cavity before it is emitted through one of the apertures 708. The prism film 754 is an example of a rear-facing prism film. In alternate embodiments a front-facing prism film may be employed for this purpose, or a combination of rear-facing and front-facing prism films. Prism films useful for the purpose of film 754 are sometimes referred to as brightness enhancing films or as optical turning films.
Light that passes through apertures 708 may also strike the one or more photosensors 738, 742, 744, which measures the brightness or intensity of the light for the purposes of maintaining image and color quality. The photosensors 738, 742, 744 may also be disposed to detect ambient light which reaches it through the light modulator substrate 704 for the purposes of adapting lamp illumination levels and/or shutter modulation. In some embodiments, brighter ambient light requires brighter images to be displayed by the display apparatus 700, and therefore requires greater drive currents or voltages to be applied to the lamps 718. In some embodiments, the ambient light may be modulated in a reflective or transflective mode to contribute to the brightness of an image. In this case, the drive currents and voltages applied to the lamps 718 may be reduced to save power.
The aperture plate 722 can be formed, for example, from glass or plastic. To form the rear-facing reflective layer 724, a metal layer or thin film can be deposited onto the aperture plate 722. Suitable highly reflective metal layers include fine-grained metal films without or with limited inclusions formed by a number of vapor deposition techniques including sputtering, evaporation, ion plating, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition. Metals that are effective for this reflective application include, without limitation, Al, Cr, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Ta, Ti, Nd, Nb, Si, Mo and/or alloys thereof. After deposition, the metal layer can be patterned by any of a number of photolithography and etching techniques known in the microfabrication art to define the array of apertures 708.
In another implementation, the rear-facing reflective layer 724 can be formed from a mirror, such as a dielectric mirror. A dielectric mirror is fabricated as a stack of dielectric thin films which alternate between materials of high and low refractive index. A portion of the incident light is reflected from each interface where the refractive index changes. By controlling the thickness of the dielectric layers to some fixed fraction or multiple of the wavelength and by adding reflections from multiple parallel dielectric interfaces (in some cases more than 6), it is possible to produce a net reflective surface having a reflectivity exceeding 98%. Hybrid reflectors can also be employed, which include one or more dielectric layers in combination a metal reflective layer.
The techniques described above for the formation of reflective layer 724 can also be applied to the formation of reflective layers 286, 1702, 1802, or 1916.
The substrate 704 forms the front of the display assembly 700. A low reflectivity film 706, disposed on the substrate 704, defines a plurality of surface apertures 730 located between the shutter assemblies 702 and the substrate 704. The materials chosen for the film 706 are designed to minimize reflections of ambient light and therefore increase the contrast of the display. In some embodiments the film 706 is comprised of low reflectivity metals such as W or W—Ti alloys. In other embodiments the film 706 is made of light absorptive materials or a dielectric film stack which is designed to reflect less than 20% of the incident light. Further low reflectivity films and or sequences of thin films are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/985,196, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Additional optical films can be placed on the outer surface of substrate 704, i.e. on the surface closest to the viewer. For instance the inclusion of circular polarizers or thin film notch filters (which allow the passage of light in the wavelengths of the lamps 718) on this outer surface can further decrease the reflectance of ambient light without otherwise degrading the luminance of the display.
A sheet metal or molded plastic assembly bracket 734 holds the aperture plate 722, shutter assemblies 702, the substrate 704, the light guide 716 and the other component parts together around the edges. The assembly bracket 732 is fastened with screws or indent tabs to add rigidity to the combined display assembly 700. In some implementations, the light source 718 is molded in place by an epoxy potting compound.
The assembly bracket includes side-facing reflective films 736 positioned close to the edges or sides of the light guide 716 and aperture plate 722. These reflective films reduce light leakage in the optical cavity by returning any light that is emitted out the sides of either the light guide or the aperture plate back into the optical cavity. The distance between the sides of the light guide and the side-facing reflective films is preferably less than about 0.5 mm, more preferably less than about 0.1 mm.
Information from sensors, such as a thermal sensor or photosensor (e.g., the photosensors 738, 742, and 744), are transmitted to a controller for controlling the illumination of the lamps and/or shutter modulation, thereby implementing either a closed-loop feedback or open-loop control to maintain image quality (e.g., by varying the brightness of the images displayed or altering the balance of colors to improve color quality).
With respect to
Display Modes
The controller 1000 receives an image signal 1001 from an external source, as well as host control data 1002 from the host device 120 and outputs both data and control signals for controlling light modulators and lamps of the display 128 into which it is incorporated.
The input processing module 1003 receives the image signal 1001 and processes the data encoded therein into a format suitable for displaying via the array of light modulators 100. The input processing module 1003 takes the data encoding each image frame and converts it into a series of sub-frame data sets. While in various embodiments, the input processing module 1003 may convert the image signal into non-coded sub-frame data sets, ternary coded sub-frame data sets, or other form of coded sub-frame data set, preferably, the input processing module converts the image signal into bitplanes, In addition, in some implementations, described further below in relation to
The input processing module 1003 also outputs the sub-frame data sets to the memory control module 1004. The memory control module then stores the sub-frame data sets in the frame buffer 1005. The frame buffer is preferably a random access memory, although other types of serial memory can be used without departing from the scope of the invention. The memory control module 1004, in one implementation stores the sub-frame data set in a predetermined memory location based on the color and significance in a coding scheme of the sub-frame data set. In other implementations, the memory control module stores the sub-frame data set in a dynamically determined memory location and stores that location in a lookup table for later identification. In one particular implementation, the frame buffer 1005 is configured for the storage of bitplanes.
The memory control module 1004 is also responsible for, upon instruction from the timing control module 1006, retrieving sub-image data sets from the frame buffer 1005 and outputting them to the data drivers 132. The data drivers load the data output by the memory control module into the light modulators of the array of light modulators 100. The memory control module outputs the data in the sub-image data sets one row at a time. In one implementation, the frame buffer includes two buffers, whose roles alternate. While the memory control module stores newly generated bitplanes corresponding to a new image frame in one buffer, it extracts bitplanes corresponding to the previously received image frame from the other buffer for output to the array of light modulators. Both buffer memories can reside within the same circuit, distinguished only by address.
Data defining the operation of the display module for each of the pre-set imaging modes are stored in the pre-set imaging mode stores 1009, 1010, 1011, and 1012. For example, data for operating the display in one of a transmissive mode, reflective mode and transflective mode may be stored. Specifically, in one implementation, the data takes the form of a scheduling table. As described above, a scheduling table includes distinct timing values dictating the times at which data is loaded into the light modulators as well as when lamps are both illuminated and extinguished. In certain implementations, the pre-set imaging mode stores 1009-1012 store voltage and/or current magnitude values to control the brightness of the lamps. Collectively, the information stored in each of the pre-set imaging mode stores provide a choice between distinct imaging algorithms, for instance between display modes which differ in the properties of modulation of ambient light and/or light generated by an internal lamp, frame rate, lamp brightness, color temperature of the white point, bit levels used in the image, gamma correction, resolution, color gamut, achievable grayscale precision, or in the saturation of displayed colors. The storage of multiple pre-set mode tables, therefore, provides for flexibility in the method of displaying images, a flexibility which is especially advantageous when it provides a method for saving power for use in portable electronics. In some embodiments, the data defining the operation of the display module for each of the pre-set imaging modes are integrated into a baseband, media or applications processor, for example, by a corresponding IC company or by a consumer electronics OEM.
In another embodiment, not depicted in
Based on these data inputs, the pre-set imaging mode selector 1007 determines the appropriate pre-set imaging mode (Step 1104). For example, a selection is made between the pre-set imaging modes stored in the pre-set imaging mode stores 1009-1012. When the selection amongst pre-set imaging modes is made by the pre-set imaging mode selector, it can be made in response to the type of image to be displayed (for instance video or still images require finer levels of gray scale contrast versus an image which needs only a limited number of contrast levels (such as a text image)). Another factor which that might influence the selection of an imaging mode might be the lighting ambient of the device. For example, one might prefer one brightness for the display when viewed indoors or in an office environment versus outdoors where the display must compete in an environment of bright sunlight. Brighter displays are more likely to be viewable in an ambient of direct sunlight, but brighter displays consume greater amounts of power. The pre-set mode selector, when selecting pre-set imaging modes on the basis of ambient light, can make that decision in response to signals it receives through an incorporated photodetector. For example, in areas of high ambient light the controller of the display device may transition to a reflective mode in which the internal lamp is turned off and ambient light is modulated to form an image. In some embodiments, the controller of the display device may transition to a transflective mode where both ambient light and light from an internal light source are modulated. In one transflective mode, the intensity of the light source is reduced when compared to a transmissive mode, because the ambient light contributes to the total illumination level. In another transflective mode, the intensity of the light source may be increased to improve color differentiation and/or contrast. In certain embodiments, the internal light source includes at least first and second light sources corresponding to different colors. In some situations, the controller measures at least one color component of the detected ambient light, and adjusts the intensity of at least one of the first and second light sources based on the measurement of the at least one color component of the detected ambient light. For example, if the ambient includes a high percentage of blue light relative to other color components, the intensity of a blue light source in the display assembly is adjusted accordingly relative to other color light sources. In one embodiment of a transflective mode of operation 30% or more of the light used to form the image originates from the ambient. In another transflective embodiment more than 50% or more than 60% of the light used to form the image originates from the ambient. Another factor that might influence the selection of an imaging mode might be the level of stored energy in a battery powering the device in which the display is incorporated. As batteries near the end of their storage capacity it may be preferable to switch to an imaging mode which consumes less power to extend the life of the battery (e.g., a monochromatic reflective mode or to a transflective mode which uses less power to illuminate the light source).
The selection step 1104 can be accomplished by means of a mechanical relay, which changes the reference within the timing control module 1006 to one of the four pre-set image mode stores 1009-1012. Alternately, the selection step 1104 can be accomplished by the receipt of an address code which indicates the location of one of the pre-set image mode stores 1009-1012. The timing control module 1006 then utilizes the selection address, as received through the switch control 1008, to indicate the correct location in memory for the pre-set imaging mode.
The process 1100 then continues with the receipt of the data for an image frame (step 1106). The data is received by the input processing module 1003 by means of the input line 1001. The input processing module then derives a plurality of sub-frame data sets, for instance bitplanes, and stores them in the frame buffer 1005 (step 1108). In some implementations, the number of bit planes generated depends on the selected mode. In addition, the content of each bit plane may also be based in part on the selected mode. After storage of the sub-frame data sets, the timing control module 1006 proceeds to display each of the sub-frame data sets, at step 1110, in their proper order and according to timing and intensity values stored in the pre-set imaging mode store.
The process 1100 repeats itself based on decision block 1112. For example, in one implementation, the controller executes process 1100 for an image frame received from the host processor. When the process reaches decision block 1112, instructions from the host processor indicate that the image mode does not need to be changed. The process 1100 then continues receiving subsequent image data at step 1106. In another implementation, when the process reaches decision block 1112, instructions from the host processor indicate that the image mode does need to change to a different pre-set mode. The process 1100 then begins again at step 1102 by receiving new pre-set imaging mode selection data. The sequence of receiving image data at step 1106 through the display of the sub-frame data sets at step 1110 can be repeated many times, where each image frame to be displayed is governed by the same selected pre-set image mode table. This process can continue until directions to change the imaging mode are received at decision block 1112. In an alternative embodiment, decision block 1112 may be executed only on a periodic basis, e.g., every 10 frames, 30 frames, 60 frames, or 90 frames. Or in another embodiment, the process begins again at step 1102 only after the receipt of an interrupt signal emanating from one or the other of the input processing module 1003 or the image mode selector 1007. An interrupt signal may be generated, for instance, whenever the host device makes a change between applications or after a substantial change in the data output by one of the environmental sensors.
In another implementation, the image signal 1001 received by the input processing module 1003 includes header data encoded according to a codec for selection of pre-set display modes. The encoded data may contain multiple data fields including user defined input, type of content, type of image, or an identifier indicating the specific display mode to be used. In step 1204 the image processing module 1003 recognizes the encoded data and passes the information on to the pre-set imaging mode selector 1007. The pre-set mode selector then chooses the appropriate pre-set mode based on one or multiple sets of data in the codec (step 1206). The data in the header may also contain information pertaining to when a certain pre-set mode should be used. For example, the header data indicates that the pre-set mode be updated on a frame-by-frame basis, after a certain number of frames, or the pre-set mode should continue indefinitely until information indicates otherwise.
In step 1208 the input processing module 1003 derives a plurality of sub-frame data sets based on the pre-set imaging mode, for instance bitplanes, from the data and stores the bitplanes in the frame buffer 1005. After a complete image frame has been received and stored in the frame buffer 1005 the method 1200 proceeds to step 1210. Finally, at step 1210 the sequence timing control module 1006 assesses the instructions contained within the pre-set imaging mode store and sends signals to the drivers according to the ordering parameters and timing values that have been re-programmed within the pre-set image mode.
The method 1200 then continues iteratively with receipt of subsequent frames of image data. The processes of receiving (step 1202) and displaying image data (step 1210) may run in parallel, with one image being displayed from the data of one buffer memory according to the pre-set imaging mode at the same time that new sub-frame data sets are being analyzed and stored into a parallel buffer memory. The sequence of receiving image data at step 1202 through the display of the sub-frame data sets at step 1210 can be repeated interminably, where each image frame to be displayed is governed by a pre-set imaging mode.
It is instructive to consider some examples of how the method 1200 can reduce power consumption by choosing the appropriate pre-set imaging mode in response to data collected at step 1204. These examples are referred to as adaptive power schemes.
A process is provided within the input processing module 1003 which determines whether the image is comprised solely of text or text plus symbols as opposed to video or a photographic image. The pre-set imaging mode selector can then select a pre-set mode accordingly. Text images, especially black and white text images, do not need to be refreshed as often as video images and typically require only a limited number of different colors or gray shades. The appropriate pre-set imaging mode can therefore adjust both the frame rate as well as the number of sub-images to be displayed for each image frame. Text images require fewer sub-images in the display process than photographic images.
The pre-set imaging mode selector 1007 receives direct instructions from the host processor 122 to select a certain mode. For example, the host processor may directly tell the pre-set imaging mode selector to “use the transflective mode”.
The pre-set imaging mode selector 1007 receives data from a photo sensor indicating low levels of ambient light. Because it is easier to see a display in low levels of ambient light, the pre-set imaging mode selector can choose a “transmissive mode” with a “dimmed lamp” pre-set mode in order to conserve power in a low-light environment.
A specific pre-set mode could be selected based on the operating mode of the host. For instance, a signal from the host would indicate if it was in phone call mode, picture viewing mode, video mode, or on stand by and the pre-set mode selector would then decide on best pre-set mode to fit to the present state of the host. More specifically, different pre-set modes could be used for displaying text, video, icons, or web pages.
In some implementations the components may be provided as distinct chips or circuits which are connected together by means of circuit boards, cables, or other electrical interconnects. In other implementations several of these components can be designed together into a single semiconductor chip such that their boundaries are nearly indistinguishable except by function. The controller 1300 receives an image signal 1302 from an external source, as well as host control data 1304 from the host device 120 and outputs both data and control signals for controlling light modulators and lamps of the display 128 into which it is incorporated. The input processing module 1003 receives the image signal 1001 and processes the data encoded therein into a format suitable for displaying via the array of light modulators 100. The input processing module 1003 takes the data encoding each image frame and converts it into a series of sub-frame data sets. While in various embodiments, the input processing module 1003 may convert the image signal into non-coded sub-frame data sets, ternary coded sub-frame data sets, or other form of coded sub-frame data set, preferably, the input processing module converts the image signal into bitplanes. The input processing module 1003 also outputs the sub-frame data sets to the memory control module 1004. The memory control module then stores the sub-frame data sets in the frame buffer 1005. The frame buffer is preferably a random access memory, although other types of serial memory can be used without departing from the scope of the invention. The memory control module 1004, in one implementation stores the sub-frame data set in a predetermined memory location based on the color and significance in a coding scheme of the sub-frame data set. In other implementations, the memory control module stores the sub-frame data set in a dynamically determined memory location and stores that location in a lookup table for later identification. In one particular implementation, the frame buffer 1005 is configured for the storage of bitplanes.
The memory control module 1004 is also responsible for, upon instruction from the timing control module 1006, retrieving sub-image data sets from the frame buffer 1005 and outputting them to the data drivers 132. The data drivers load the data output by the memory control module into the light modulators of the array of light modulators 100. The memory control module outputs the data in the sub-image data sets one row at a time. In one implementation, the frame buffer includes two buffers, whose roles alternate. While the memory control module stores newly generated bitplanes corresponding to a new image frame in one buffer, it extracts bitplanes corresponding to the previously received image frame from the other buffer for output to the array of light modulators. Both buffer memories can reside within the same circuit, distinguished only by address.
Data defining the operation of the display module for each of the pre-set imaging modes are stored in the pre-set imaging mode store 1316. The pre-set imaging mode store is divided up into separate sub modes within different categories. In one embodiment, the categories include “power modes”, which specifically modify the image so that less power is consumed by the display, “content modes”, which contain specific instructions to display images based on the type of content, and “environmental modes”, which modify the image based on various environmental aspects, such as battery power level and ambient light and heat. For example, a sub mode in the “power modes” category may hold instructions for the use of lower illumination values for the lamps 140-146 in order to conserve power. A sub mode in the “content modes” category may hold instructions for a smaller color gamut, which would save power while adequately displaying images that do not require a large color gamut such as text. In the controller 1300, the imaging mode selector/parameter calculator 1314 selects a combination of imaging pre-set sub modes based on input image or host control data. The instructions of the combined pre-set imaging sub modes are then processed by imaging mode selector/parameter calculator 1314 to derive a schedule table and drive voltages for displaying the image. Alternatively, the preset imaging mode store 1316 may store preset imaging modes corresponding to various combinations of submodes. Each combination may be associated with its own imaging mode, or multiple combinations may be linked with the same preset imaging mode.
In step 1408 the input processing module 1306 derives a plurality of sub-frame data sets based on the selected sub modes, for instance bitplanes, from the data and stores the bitplanes in the frame buffer 1310. After a complete image frame has been received and stored in the frame buffer 1310 the method 1400 proceeds to step 1410. Finally, at step 1410 the sequence timing control module 1312 assesses the instructions contained within the pre-set imaging mode store and sends signals to the drivers according to the ordering parameters and timing values that have been re-programmed within the plurality of selected pre-set imaging sub modes.
It is instructive to consider some examples of how a display apparatus can transition from one of a transmissive, reflective and transflective mode to another of said modes.
A controller, such as controller 134, which controls the states of a plurality of light modulators in a display apparatus and the internal light source controls the display apparatus to display at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation. The transmissive mode of operation includes illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators through a first set data voltage interconnects coupled to the plurality of light modulators. As a result of the data signals, the plurality of light modulators modulate light emitted by the internal light source. The light modulators may also modulate a small amount of ambient light relative to the light originating from the light source, i.e., less than about 30% of the total light modulated. When the controller detects a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a reflective mode of operation, the controller controls the display apparatus to transition, in response to the signal, to the reflective mode of operation to display one or more images. In the reflective mode of operation the internal light source is kept un-illuminated throughout the display of an image frame. Thus the only light modulated is light originating from the ambient.
A controller, such as controller 134, which controls the states of a plurality of light modulators in a display apparatus and the internal light source controls the display apparatus to display at least one image in a reflective mode of operation. In the reflective mode of operation the internal light source is kept un-illuminated throughout the display of an image. As a result of the data signals, the plurality of light modulators modulate light originating from the ambient. When the controller detects a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a transmissive mode of operation, the controller controls the display apparatus to transition, in response to the signal, to the transmissive mode of operation to display one or more images. The transmissive mode of operation includes illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators. As a result of the data signals, the plurality of light modulators modulate light emitted by the internal light source. The light modulators may also modulate a small amount of ambient light relative to the light originating from the light source, i.e., less than about 30% of the total light modulated.
A controller, such as controller 134, which controls the states of a plurality of light modulators in a display apparatus and the internal light source controls the display apparatus to display at least one image in a reflective mode of operation. In the reflective mode of operation the internal light source is kept un-illuminated throughout the display of an image frame. Thus, the only light modulated to form an image is ambient light. When the controller detects a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a transflective mode of operation, the controller controls the display apparatus to transition, in response to the signal, to the transflective mode of operation, in which at least about 30% of the light modulated by the light modulators originates from the ambient, to display one or more images.
A controller, such as controller 134, which controls the states of a plurality of light modulators in a display apparatus and the internal light source controls the display apparatus to display at least one image in a transmissive mode of operation. The transmissive mode of operation includes illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators through a first set data voltage interconnects coupled to the plurality of light modulators. As a result of the data signals, the plurality of light modulators modulate light emitted by the internal light source. The light modulators may also modulate a small amount of ambient light relative to the light originating from the light source, i.e., less than about 30% of the total light modulated. When the controller detects a signal instructing the display apparatus to transition to a transflective mode of operation, the controller controls the display apparatus to transition, in response to the signal, to the transflective mode of operation, in which at least about 30% of the light modulated by the light modulators originates from the ambient, to display one or more images. The transflective mode of operation includes illuminating the internal light source and outputting data signals indicative of desired states of the plurality of light modulators through the same first set data voltage interconnects coupled to the plurality of light modulators. As a result of the data signals, the plurality of light modulators modulate both light emitted by the internal light source and a substantial amount of light originating from the ambient.
While only a few of the many possible examples are described in detail above, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the a display apparatus can transition from any one of a transmissive, reflective or transflective mode to any other of the three modes or to different versions of the same mode (e.g., from a first transflective mode to a second transflective mode) without departing from the scope of the invention.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The specific embodiments and example described above may be combined in any many without departing from the scope of the invention. Additionally, the foregoing embodiments are to be considered in all respects illustrative, rather than limiting of the invention.
This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application PCT/US2011/028143, filed on Mar. 11, 2011 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/339,946, filed on Mar. 11, 2010, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. International Application No. PCT/US2011/028143 was published under PCT Article 21(2) in English.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2011/028143 | 3/11/2011 | WO | 00 | 10/26/2012 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011/112962 | 9/15/2011 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130082607 A1 | Apr 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61339946 | Mar 2010 | US |
