Patent Application
20200023299
The present invention pertains to a new method of fluorinating a nonwoven fibrous web. The method uses fluorine-containing plasma products created from a plasma formed at a location remote from a point where the fluorine atoms are transferred to the fibrous web. Webs fluorinated in accordance with the present invention also may be subjected to electrical charging so that they can subsequently be used as electret filters.
Electret articles—that is, dielectric articles that exhibit at least quasi-permanent electric charge—are known to exhibit good filtration properties. The articles have been fashioned in a variety of constructions, but for air filtration purposes, the articles commonly take the form of a nonwoven polymeric fibrous web. An example of such a product is the Filtrete™ brand furnace filter sold by the 3M Company. Nonwoven polymeric electret filters are also used in personal respiratory protection devices—see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,796 to Kronzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,295 to Braun et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,216,693 to Rekow et al.
A variety of methods have been used to make electrets, including fiber/electric particle bombardment (U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682 to Kubik et al.), direct current “DC” corona charging (see, U.S. Patents Re. 30,782 and 32,171 to van Turnhout and U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,815 to Nakao), hydrocharging (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,507, 6,119,691, 6,375,886, and 6,783,574 to Angadjivand et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,657 to Eitzman et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,464 to Insley et al.), and from exposure to polar liquids (U.S. Pat. No. 6,454,986 to Eitzman et al.). The electric charge that is imparted to the dielectric article is effective in enhancing particle capture.
During use, electret filters frequently become loaded with particles and contaminants that interfere with the filtering capabilities of the electret filter. Liquid aerosols, for example, particularly oily aerosols, may cause electret filters to lose their electret-enhanced filtering efficiency (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,563 to Huberty).
Numerous methods have been developed to counter this filtering efficiency loss. One method includes adding additional layers of nonwoven polymeric web to the filter. This approach, however, can increase the pressure drop across the electret filter and can add to its weight and bulk. When the electret filter is used in a personal respiratory protection device, these drawbacks can be particularly troublesome. Increased pressure drop, for example, results in increased breathing resistance, making the respirator more uncomfortable to wear.
Another method for improving resistance to oily-mist aerosols, includes adding a melt processable fluorochemical additive such as a fluorochemical oxazolidinone, a fluorochemical piperazine, or a perfluorinated alkane to the polymer during the creation of the polymeric fibrous article—see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,025,052 and 5,099,026 to Crater et al. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,411,576 and 5,472,481 to Jones et al. The fluorochemicals are melt processable, that is they suffer substantially no degradation under the melt processing conditions that are used to form the fibers in the electret web—see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,598 to Rousseau et al. In addition to a melt-processing method, fluorinated electrets also have been made by placing a polymeric article in an atmosphere that contains a fluorine-containing species and an inert gas and then applying an electrical discharge to modify the surface chemistry of the polymeric article. The electrical discharge may be in the form of a plasma such as an AC corona discharge. The plasma fluorination process causes fluorine atoms to become present on the surface of the polymeric article. The fluorinated polymeric article may be electrically charged using, for example, the hydrocharging techniques mentioned above. The plasma fluorination process is described in a number of U.S. Pat. Nos. to Jones/Lyons et al.: 6,397,458, 6,398,847, 6,409,806, 6,432,175, 6,562,112, 6,660,210, and 6,808,551. Other publications that disclose fluorination techniques include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,419,871, 6,238,466, 6,214,094, 6,213,122, 5,908,598, 4,557,945, 4,508,781, and 4,264,750; U.S. Publications US 2003/0134515 A1 and US 2002/0174869 A1; and International Publication WO 01/07144. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,244,291 to Spartz et al. and 7,244,292 to Kirk et al. describe fluorinated electret articles that exhibit improved thermal stability.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,678 assigned to the University of Western Ontario describes the use of remote plasmas to modify the surfaces of polymeric articles. Remote plasma treatments are different from direct plasma treatments in that the sample surface is positioned away from the plasma creation region. The remote location causes the sample to be exposed to only the longest lived plasma species, which are able to reach the sample, unlike a broader ranger of species that are present in a direct plasma process. Remote N2, H2, and O2 plasmas are used to incorporate nitrogen and oxygen on a polymer surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,234, assigned to Conte SA, discloses the uses of a remote nitrogen plasma to treat polymeric powders or articles and describes introducing NF3, either upstream or downstream of the plasma zone, to increase “the anti-wettability of a body.”
Inagaki, from Shizuoka University in Japan, has authored several publications that describe the use of remote plasma sources to create modified polymer surfaces. One Inagaki article (N. Inagaki, S. Tasaka, and S. Shimada, J. A
A number of additional patents and publications describe plasma devices and methods, including remote plasma fluorination—see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,147,678, 6,197,234, 6,477,980, 6,649,222, 6,819,096, 7,005,845, 7,161,112, 7,245,084, 7,445,695, and 7,468,494. U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0028944A1 describes a method of using NF3 and a remote plasma for removing surface deposits. International Publication WO03/051969A2 describes a plasma treatment to fluorinate porous articles. The following non-patent related publications also describe remote plasma techniques: Renate Foerch et al. Oxidation of Polyethylene Surfaces by Remote Plasma Discharge: A Comparison Study with Alternative Oxidation Methods, J
Although there are a number of documents that describe the use of remote plasma discharge techniques to fluorinate various articles, there is no known technique for using a remote plasma to deliver fluorine atoms to the surface of a nonwoven web that contains polymeric fibers. Fluorine atoms have been delivered to fibrous webs using plasmas that are created in the presence of the nonwoven web. It was not expected, however, that fluorine atoms could be created at a remote location and then delivered to a fibrous web through a conduit and a distribution means that would allow the fluorine atoms to remain in reactive condition long enough to sufficiently penetrate into the pores of the webs so as to cause the fluorine atoms to be distributed over the fiber surfaces within the interior and exterior of the nonwoven web. Applicants have been able to demonstrate that adequate fluorination can occur using a remote plasma source to enable the resulting product, after being electrically charged, to demonstrate good filtration performance in an oily mist environment. Such good performance can be achieved even after being thermally aged.
The present invention provides a new method of making a fluorinated fibrous web, which method comprises: providing a nonwoven web that contains polymeric fibers;
creating a plasma that contains fluorine atoms at a first location; and contacting the nonwoven web with products from the plasma at a second location remote from the first location so as to allow fluorine atoms to be transferred to surfaces of the polymeric fibers.
The present invention also provides a new method of making a nonwoven fibrous electret, which method comprises: fluorinating a nonwoven web, which contains polymeric fibers, with plasma products from a plasma that had been created at a location remote from where the fluorination occurs; and electrically charging the fluorinated nonwoven fibrous web.
The present invention further provides a new electret article that comprises a nonwoven web that comprises melt-blown fibers that contain polypropylene and that have fluorine atoms on the surfaces of the melt-blown fibers in the web such that (a) an atomic % fluorine is greater than 40%, and (b) a ToF-SIMS C3F4H+ to C2F5+ ratio that is greater than 0.3 and that is above a Remote Fluorination Threshold RFT line for the atomic % fluorine.
Conventional web fluorination techniques have exhibited problems in creating and sustaining a uniform plasma over a large area. The uniformity of the discharge is sensitive to variations in the electrode spacing, variations in the process gas flow, and the variations in the physical characteristics of the product that is being treated. The sensitivity of the discharge to these factors increases as the size of the discharge increases. Using the inventive method, however, a plasma is used to create reactive fluorine-atom-containing species, but the zone where the plasma is created is separated from the zone where the web is exposed to plasma products. This separation of the plasma reaction and the web-treatment zones allows greater process control, by allowing independent optimization of the two reaction processes. One advantage of spatially separating the plasma creation from the web reaction is that the desired uniformity of the delivered treatment is influenced mainly by the distribution of the plasma products and not by electrical distribution of the plasma discharge. When the plasma is made remote from the location of fluorine atom transfer, the manufacturing process window can be expanded because the nonwoven web does not interfere with the plasma creation.
Another advantage of the present invention is that higher power levels can be used in the plasma reaction, allowing more complete disassociation of the fluorine-containing feed gases. In known methods of plasma fluorinating fibrous webs, the higher power levels needed for full disassociation of the reactant gas are more difficult to achieve over a large electrode area. There is no concern for risking damage to the web when it is not present at the location where the plasma is made.
The present invention also is beneficial in that it allows for NF3 use rather than fluorine (F2) gas or fluorocarbons like C3F8. Surprisingly applicants discovered that nitrogen is not incorporated in the nonwoven web substantially when NF3 is used as the starting material for producing the plasma. The avoidance of fluorinated carbons is particularly beneficial in that their deposits do not need to be cleaned off the plasma fluorination equipment or the fluorinated web.
Articles of the present invention exhibit a different C3F4H+ to C2F5+ ratio when compared to similar fibrous webs that are locally fluorinated. The C3F4H+ to C2F5+ ratio is greater in nonwoven webs of the present invention for a given atomic % fluorine. This ratio may be distinguished from known articles using a Remote Fluorination Threshold line described below. Nonwoven webs produced in accordance with the present invention will have a C3F4H+:C2F5+ ratio that is above the local fluorination line. Articles of the invention may have a ratio so much greater that it is above a remote fluorination threshold line RFT1, and even may be above a further remote fluorination line RFT2, and even above a still further remote fluorination threshold line RFT3. Thus, the C3F4H+:C2F5+ ratio that is manifested under a ToF-SIMS analysis is remarkably distinct from the ratio provided in local fluorination, particularly above atomic % fluorine levels of 40% or greater, more particularly above about 42% atomic fluorine. The inventive nonwoven webs that exhibit such fluorine content have been able to demonstrate good performance after being aged under accelerated conditions.
Glossary
“comprises (or comprising)” means its definition as is standard in patent terminology, being an open-ended term that is generally synonymous with “includes”, “having”, or “containing”. Although “comprises”, “includes”, “having”, and “containing” and variations thereof are commonly-used, open-ended terms, this invention also may be suitably described using narrower terms such as “consists essentially of”, which is semi open-ended term in that it excludes only those things or elements that would have a deleterious effect on the fluorinated article, the fluorinated electret, or its method of being produced;
“electret” means a dielectric article that exhibits at least quasi-permanent electric charge;
“electric charge” means that there is charge separation;
“fluorine atoms” means atomic fluorine and/or any molecular fragment or molecule that contains fluorine;
“fluorinated” or “fluorinating” means placing fluorine atoms on the surface of an article;
“manifold” means a device or combination of parts that distributes a fluid;
“heteroatom” means any atom other than carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, which atom is reactive with fluorine to form a stable bond and includes but is not limited to P, N, B, Si, and S (the heteroatom is considered to be present in the polymeric material if it is above the “background value” as set forth below in “Heteroatom Determination”);
“nonwoven” means a structure or portion of a structure in which the fibers or other structural components are held together by a means other than weaving;
“plasma” means an ionized gas. Preferably, “plasma” means a state of matter in which molecules or atoms are effectively ionized allowing charges to flow freely;
“plasma products” or “products of the plasma” mean molecular fragments (and combinations thereof) of the molecules subjected to the plasma;
“polymer” means a material that contains repeating chemical units, regularly or irregularly arranged. Preferably, “polymer” means an organic material that contains repeating linked molecular units or groups that are regularly or irregularly arranged;
“polymeric” and “plastic” each mean a material that mainly includes one or more polymers and may contain other ingredients as well;
“quasi-permanent” means that the electric charge resides in the web under standard atmospheric conditions (22° C., 101,300 Pascals atmospheric pressure, and 50% humidity) for a time period long enough to be significantly measurable;
“remote from” means not at the same place—that is, different from location-wise;
“web” means a structure that is significantly larger in two dimensions than in a third and that is air permeable.
The manifold may be constructed with specific geometric properties, including port-shape orientation and cross-sectional area of the ports and inlet cross-sectional area. See, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2006-0265169A1, entitled Manifolds for Delivering Fluids Having a Desired Mass Flow Profile and Methods for Designing the Same. For filtering applications, the webs typically are at least 0.25 millimeters (mm) thick and even up to 5 mm or more thick. Very large rolls may be placed within the fluorine delivery chamber. Such rolls may have a diameter of at least about 0.5 meters, and even greater than 3 meters. The total volume of the fluorination chamber may be about 1 to 60 cubic meters (m3), more typically about 4 to 30 m3. The fluorine delivery chamber also may include one or more windows so that the progress of fluorination can be visually examined. This may be accomplished by visually examining the transfer of web 22 from the first roll 24 onto the second roll 28. A suitable alarm or other means may also be used to inform an operator of completion of the fluorination process. The vacuum chamber may further include one or more doors that allow the roll 28 to be removed from the vacuum chamber and to allow another roll 24 to be introduced into the chamber.
Fluorinated electrets are suitable for many filtration applications. Some filters, however, require enhanced thermal stability to meet product specifications, for example, military specifications and NIOSH requirements—see NIOSH, Statement of Standard for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Air-Purifying Escape Respirator, Attachment A, Sep. 30, 2003 and NIOSH, Statement of Standard for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Full Facepiece Air Purifying Respirator (APR), Appendix A, Apr. 4, 2003.
The filtering performance of an electret article is commonly characterized using a parameter that is referred to in the art as “quality factor” or “Q value” or “QF”. Quality Factor characterizes filtration performance as a blend of the particle penetration and pressure drop parameters. As indicated above, some filters require enhanced thermal stability to meet filtration product specifications. Applications exist where the electret filter media should be resistant to charge degradation at high temperatures. Extraordinary quality factor data can be achieved when testing the inventive electret articles after an accelerated high-temperature aging exposure. Specifically, extraordinary quality factor data can be achieved after 9 hours of storage at 100° C. The Quality Factor that results from this test is referred to as “Q9”. Nonwoven webs fluorinated remotely in accordance with the present invention can exhibit increased thermal stability—as measured by the Q9 value. The inventive electret articles thus can maintain good filtration efficiency despite being “aged” at high temperatures for an extended time period.
The higher the Q9 value, at a given flow rate, the better the filtering performance of the electret after high-temperature storage. Electrets of the present invention can have a Q9 value of at least about 1.5/mmH2O, preferably at least about 1.6/mmH2O, more preferably at least about 1.8/mmH2O. Q9 values may be determined according to the test set forth below.
The fluorination process may be performed at less than atmospheric pressure, or under “reduced pressure” and also possibly at atmospheric pressure. The fluorination process is preferably performed in a controlled atmosphere to prevent contaminants from interfering with the addition of fluorine atoms to the surface of the article. The term “controlled” means the apparatus has the ability to control the composition of the atmosphere in the chamber where fluorination occurs. The atmosphere preferably is substantially free of oxygen and other undesired components. The atmosphere typically contains less than 1% oxygen or other undesired components, preferably less than 0.1%, by volume.
The fluorine containing species present in the atmosphere can be derived from fluorinated compounds that are gases at room temperature, that become gases when heated, or that are capable of being vaporized. Examples of useful sources of fluorine-containing species include fluorine atoms, elemental fluorine, inorganic fluorides such as fluorinated sulfur (e.g., SF6), fluorinated nitrogen (e.g., NF3), and PF3, BF3, SiF4, and combinations thereof. The atmosphere of fluorine containing species can also include inert diluent gases such as the noble gases helium, argon, etc., and combinations thereof. Nitrogen can also be used as a diluent.
The electrical discharge that is created during plasma formation is capable of creating a variety of fluorine containing species. The plasma may be in the form of, e.g., glow discharge plasma, corona plasma, silent discharge plasma (also referred to as dielectric barrier discharge plasma and alternating current (“AC”) corona discharge), and hybrid plasma, e.g., glow discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure, and pseudo glow discharge—see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,808,551, 6,660,210, 6,562,112, 6,432,175, 6,409,806, 6,398,847 and 6,397,458 to Jones/Lyons et al. Preferably, the plasma is an AC plasma at reduced pressure. “Reduced pressure” means pressure less than 700 Pa, preferably less than 140 Pa. Examples of useful surface modifying electrical discharge processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,244,780, 4,828,871, and 4,844,979 to Strobel et al.
The fluorine surface concentration may be ascertained using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), also known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS. The surface of the inventive electret articles exhibits greater than about 40 atomic % fluorine, more typically greater than about 45 atomic % fluorine when analyzed by XPS. XPS analyzes the elemental composition of the outermost surface (i.e., approximately 30 to 100 Å) of a specimen. The electret article also has a fluorosaturation ratio (FSR) at the surface of the electret in a range of about 270 to about 413. The fluorosaturation ratio, FSR, can be determined by dividing the atomic percent fluorine of a sample by its saturated/unsaturated ratio. The atomic percent fluorine and the saturated/unsaturated ratio may be determined using XPS and ToF-SIMS procedures described below. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,291 to Spartz et al. The electret articles also do not possess any heteroatoms on the surface of the fibers. Heteroatom evaluation may be carried out according to the “Heteroatom Determination” technique set for in U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,292 to Kirk et al. at column 15, lines 17-61.
The C3F4H+ to C2F5+ ratio is measured using Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) as described below. The ratio of C3F4H+ to C2F5+ for the inventive articles is at least about 0.3, and more typically is at least about 0.4. This ratio also is above the Remote Fluorination Threshold (RFT1) line illustrated in
Fibrous webs suitable for use in this invention can be made from a variety of techniques, including air laid processes, wet laid processes, hydro-entanglement, spun-bond processes, and melt blown processes such as described in Van A. Wente, Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers, 48 I
Staple fibers also may be combined with the microfibers to improve web loft, that is, to reduce its density. Reducing web density can lower the pressure drop across the web, making it easier for air to pass through the filter. Lower pressure drops are particularly desirable in personal respiratory protection devices because they make the respirator more comfortable to wear. When the pressure drop is lower, less energy is needed to draw air through the filter. A respirator wearer who dons a negative pressure mask—that is a respirator that requires negative pressure from the wearer's lungs to draw air through the filter—does not have to work as hard to breathe filtered air. Lower energy requirements also can be beneficial in powered filtering systems to reduce costs associated with powering the fan and to extend the service life of a battery in a battery powered system. In a typical nonwoven fibrous filter, no more than about 90 weight percent staple fibers are present, more typically no more than about 70 weight percent. Often, the remainder of the fibers are microfibers. Examples of webs that contain staple fibers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,531 to Hauser.
Active particulate also may be included in webs for various purposes, including sorbent purposes, catalytic purposes, and others. U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,199 to Senkus et al., for example, describes various types of active particulate that may be suitable. Active particulate that has sorptive properties—such as activated carbon or alumina—may be included in the web to remove organic vapors during filtration operations. The active particulate may be present in the web at amounts up to about 95 volume percent. Examples of particle-loaded nonwoven webs are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,971,373 to Braun, 4,100,324 to Anderson, and 4,429,001 to Kolpin et al.
Polymers that may be suitable for use in producing nonwoven fibrous webs suitable for electrets include thermoplastic organic nonconductive polymers. These polymers are generally capable of retaining a high quantity of trapped charge and are capable of being processed into fibers, such as through a melt-blowing apparatus or a spun-bonding apparatus. The term “organic” means that the backbone of the polymer comprises carbon atoms. Preferred polymers include polyolefins, such as polypropylene, poly-4-methyl-l-pentene, blends or copolymers containing one or more of these polymers, and combinations of these polymers. Other polymers may include polyethylene, other polyolefins, perfluoropolymers, polyvinylchlorides, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, polyethylene terephthalate, other polyesters, such as polylactide, naturally occurring polymers, and combinations of these polymers and optionally other nonconductive polymers.
The fibrous electrets used in connection with the present invention also may be extruded or otherwise formed to have multiple polymer components—see U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,371 to Krueger and Dyrud and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,795,668, and 4,547,420 to Krueger and Meyer. The different polymer components may be arranged concentrically or longitudinally along the length of the fiber to create, for example, a bicomponent fiber. The fibers may be arranged to form a “macroscopically homogeneous” web, namely, a web that is made from fibers that each have the same general composition.
Fibers made from polymeric materials also may contain other suitable additives. Possible additives include thermally stable organic triazine compounds or oligomers, which compounds or oligomers contain at least one nitrogen atom in addition to those in the triazine ring—see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,495, 5,976,208, 5,968,635, 5,919,847, and 5,908,598 to Rousseau et al. Another additive known to enhance electrets charged by jets of water is Chimassorb™ 944 LF (poly[[6-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl) amino]-s-triazine-2,4-diyl][[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) imino] hexamethylene [(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) imino]]), available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Inc..
The additives may be N-substituted amino aromatic compounds, particularly tri-amino substituted compounds that are, for example, of the formulas (1) or (2) set forth below:
where Ar is a trivalent aromatic group substituted by zero to 3 nitrogen atoms, n is an integer of 1 to 20, and each R independently may be a group that has less than about 20 non-hydrogen non-metal atoms. Each R, for example, may independently be: hydrogen; halogen, for example, fluorine; hydroxyl; alkyl having up to 20 carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc; halogen substituted alkyls such as trifluoromethyl; alkoxy having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methoxy; ester having 2 to 20 carbon atoms such as methoxycarbonyl; substituted amines that contain 2 to 20 carbon atoms such as methylamino; and nitro. Further examples of charge-enhancing additives are provided in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/058,029, entitled Charge-Enhancing Additives For Electrets and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/058,041, entitled Electret Webs With Charging-Enhancing Additives. Typically, the additives are present in the polymeric article at about 0.1 to 5% by weight, more typically at about 0.25 to 2% by weight.
Other additives include light stabilizers, primary and secondary antioxidants, metal deactivators, hindered amines, hindered phenols, fatty acid metal salts, triester phosphites, phosphoric acid salts, fluorine-containing compounds, melamines, and the additives mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 7,390,351 to Leir et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,710 to Nishiura et al., Japanese Publication No. 2002-212439, Japanese Publication No. 2005-131485.
Fibers that contain additives can be quenched after shaping a heated molten blend of the polymer and additive—followed by annealing and charging steps—to create an electret article. Enhanced filtration performance may be imparted to the article by making the electret in this manner—see U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,799 to Rousseau et al. The electret articles also can be made to have a low level of extractable hydrocarbon (<3.0 weight %) to improve loading performance—see U.S. Pat. No. 6,776,951 to Rousseau et al.
The polymeric material that is used to produce a fibrous electret according to the inventive method may have a volume resistivity of 1014 ohm·cm or greater at room temperature. The volume resistivity may also be about 1016 ohm·cm or greater. Resistivity of the polymeric fiber-forming material can be measured according to standardized test ASTM D 257-93. The polymeric fiber-forming material used to make the fibrous electrets such as the melt blown fibers also should be substantially free from components such as antistatic agents, which agents could increase the electrical conductivity or otherwise interfere with the ability of the electret article to accept and hold electrostatic charges.
Electrets that comprise nonwoven polymeric fibrous webs for respiratory filters typically have a “basis weight” of about 2 to 500 grams per square meter (g/m2), more typically about 20 to 150 g/m2. The basis weight is the mass per unit area of filter web. The thickness of such nonwoven polymeric fibrous web is typically about 0.25 to 20 millimeters (mm), more typically about 0.5 to 2 mm. Multiple layers of fibrous electret webs are commonly used in filter elements. The solidity of the fibrous electret web typically is about 1 to 25%, more typically about 3 to 10%. Solidity is a unitless parameter that defines the solids fraction in the article.
The inventive electret articles may be used as filters in filtering face masks or other air-filtering personal respiratory protection devices, which are adapted to cover at least the nose and mouth of a wearer. The inventive electret articles also can be used in filter cartridges for half- and full-face respirators.
Nonwoven melt-blown microfiber webs useful in the present invention may be prepared using, for example, an apparatus as shown in
When staple fibers are present in the web, they may be introduced through use of a lickerin roll 56 disposed above the microfiber blowing apparatus as shown in
The electret charge can be imparted to the polymeric articles using various known (or later developed) apparatus and methods including hydrocharging systems. Documents that describe known hydrocharging systems include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,507, 6,119,691, 6,375,886, and 6,783,574 to Angadjivand et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,657 to Eitzman et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,464 to Insley et al.
Hydrocharging methods deposit both positive and negative charge onto the fibers such that the positive and negative charge is randomly dispersed throughout the web. Random charge dispersal tends to produce an unpolarized web. Thus, a nonwoven fibrous electret web produced by charging with a polar liquid like water may be substantially unpolarized in a plane normal to the plane of the web. Fibers that have been charged in this manner ideally exhibit the charge configuration shown in FIG. 5C of U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,691 to Angadjivand et al. If the fibrous web also is subjected to a corona treatment operation, it would exhibit a charge configuration similar to the configuration shown in FIG. 5B of that patent. A web, formed from fibers charged solely using hydrocharging, typically has unpolarized trapped charge throughout the volume of the web. “Substantially unpolarized trapped charge” refers to a fibrous electret web that exhibits less than 1 μC/m2 of detectable discharge current using thermally-simulated discharge current (TSDC) analysis, where the denominator is the electrode surface area. This charge configuration can be shown by subjecting the web to TSDC. One example of a useful hydrocharging process includes impinging jets of water or a stream of water droplets onto the article at a pressure and for a period sufficient to impart a filtration enhancing electret charge to the web, and then drying the article—see U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,507 to Angadjivand et al. The pressure necessary to optimize the filtration enhancing electret charge imparted to the article will vary depending on the type of sprayer used, the type of polymer from which the article is formed, the type and concentration of additives to the polymer, and the thickness and density of the article. Pressures in the range of about 10 to about 500 psi (69 to 3450 kPa) are generally suitable. The jets of water or stream of water droplets can be provided by any suitable spray device.
Suitable spray means for use in the method of the present invention include nebulizers where the aqueous liquid, provided through fluid line, and pressurized air, provided through air line, are supplied to a nozzle to provide a spray mist to impact the article-to-be-charged and pump action sprayers where a pump handle forces liquid provided by the supply means through the nozzle to provide a spray mist. Further description of this method of providing water contact is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,691 to Angadjivand et al. Alternatively, the article to be charged can be contacted with aqueous liquid using a variety of other methods, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,406,657 to Eitzman et al., 6,375,886 to Angadjivand et al., 6,454,986 to Eitzman et al., and 6,824,718 to Eitzman et al.
Hydrocharging may be carried out by contacting the web with an aqueous liquid sufficient to provide the web with filtration enhancing electret charge. The pH and conductivity of the aqueous liquid may be selected based on the zeta potential of the article—see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/131,770 to Sebastian et al. The aqueous liquid contact may be achieved by spraying, soaking, condensing, etc., the aqueous liquid on the polymeric fibrous web to be charged. If a sprayer is used, the pressure necessary to achieve optimum results may vary depending on the type of sprayer used, the type of polymer from which the article is formed, the thickness and density of the article, and whether pretreatment such as corona discharge treatment was carried out before hydrocharging. Generally, pressures in the range of about 10 to 500 psi (69 to 3450 kPa) are suitable. The aqueous liquid may be selected to have a conductivity of about 5 to 9,000 microS/cm, when the zeta potential of the article is −7.5 mV or less. When the zeta potential is greater than −7.5 mV, then the contacting liquid may have a conductivity of about 5 to 5,500 microS/cm. Under either situation, the conductivity typically would be about 7 to 3,000 microS/cm, and still more typically about 10 to 1,000 microS/cm. Distilled or deionized water is preferable to tap water. The aqueous liquid may be purified water, made through, for example, distillation, reverse osmosis, or deionization rather than simply tap water. The aqueous liquid may contain at least 40%, more typically 60%, and still more typically 80% water by volume. Preferably, the aqueous liquid will contain essentially 100% water by volume.
Corona pretreatment or post-treatment also may be used to charge the webs alone or in conjunction with the hydrocharging systems described above—see U.S. Patents RE 30,782; 31,285 and 32,171 to van Turnhout, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,375,718 and 5,401,446 to Wadsworth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,537 to Klasse et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,815 to Nakao.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/357889, which was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504514, which was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/418290, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
The samples were tested for % DOP aerosol penetration (% Pen) and pressure drop (ΔP), and the Quality Factor (QF) was calculated. The filtration performance (% Pen and ΔP) of the nonwoven microfiber webs were evaluated using an Automated Filter Tester AFT Model 8130 (available from TSI, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.) using dioctylphthalate (DOP) as the challenge aerosol. The DOP aerosol is nominally a monodisperse 0.3 micrometer mass median diameter having an upstream concentration of 70-125 mg/m3. The aerosol was forced through a sample of filter medium at a calibrated flow rate of 42.5 liters/minute (face velocity of 6.9 cm/s) with the aerosol TSI Model 8113 Aerosol Neutralizer turned off. The total testing time was 23 seconds (rise time of 15 seconds, sample time of 4 seconds, and purge time of 4 seconds). Simultaneously with % Pen, the pressure drop (AP in mm of water) across the filter was measured by the instrument. The concentration of DOP aerosol was measured by light scattering both upstream and downstream of the filter media using calibrated photometers. The DOP % Pen is defined as: % Pen=100×(DOP concentration downstream/DOP concentration upstream). For each material, typically 7 to 9 separate measurements were made at different locations on the BMF web, and the results were averaged.
The % Pen and ΔP were used to calculate a QF by the following formula:
QF=−1n(% Pen/100)/ΔP,
where 1n stands for the natural logarithm. A higher QF value indicates better filtration performance and decreased QF values effectively correlate with decreased filtration performance.
The Quality Factor and % Penetration of sample webs to be tested were determined before exposure to X-ray radiation using the test method described above. The Initial Quality Factor is designated as “QF0”. The sample web was exposed on each side to x-rays using the system described below, ensuring that the entire sample was uniformly exposed to the x-ray radiation. After x-ray exposure, the filter medium sample was tested again to measure its filter performance (QF and % Pen). The procedure was repeated after 5 minutes of x-ray exposure, after 30 minutes of x-ray exposure, and after 60 minutes of x-ray exposure. The % Penetration Ratio (% Pen Ratio) is also reported. The % Pen Ratio was calculated from the % Pen at 0 minutes and 60 minutes using the equation where 1n stands for the natural logarithm:
X-ray exposure was carried out using a Baltograph 100/15 CP (Balteau Electric Corp., Stamford, Conn.) X-ray exposure system consisting of a constant potential end grounded generator rated at 100 KV at 10 mA with a beryllium window (0.75 mm inherent filtration) with an output of up to 960 Roentgen/min at 50 cm from the focal spot of 1.5 mm×1.5 mm. The voltage was set to 80 KV, with a corresponding current of 8 mA. A sample holder was set up at an approximate distance of 57.2 centimeters (22.5 inches) from the focal spot to produce an exposure of about 580 Roentgen/min.
Q9 Aging Test (100° C. for 9 hours)
To assess the thermal stability of the charged filter medium, samples are placed in an oven at 100° C. for 9 hours then tested by the method described under Quality Factor Testing Method. The samples were tested for % DOP aerosol penetration (% Pen) and pressure drop (ΔP), and the age Quality Factor (Q9) was calculated. This Q9 data is compared with % DOP aerosol penetration (% Pen) and pressure drop (ΔP), and Quality Factor (QF) collected on web samples made under the same conditions but stored at ambient conditions instead of 100° C. Typically seven to nine samples of each example were tested, and the results were averaged.
While it is desirable to have a high degree of thermal stability in the filtration performance, another valuable property of fluorinated electret media is its superior performance against an oily mist aerosol. Test samples of the example webs were tested in a similar fashion to that used in the Filtration Testing Method, except that the sample is exposed continuously to the flow of DOP aerosol until the sample has been exposed to at least 100 mg of DOP aerosol. The samples tested are in the form of 5.25 inch disks with 4.5 inch diameter circular sections exposed to the aerosol. The samples are weighed before and after to check the exposures. With the measured % Pen, known flow rate time of exposure, and initial and final weights of the sample, the actual DOP exposure can be calculated. Throughout the DOP exposure the % Pen and ΔP are monitored by a computer at about 60 second intervals. A useful point in the exposure is 100 mg of DOP because it is one of the points of interest in having a two cartridge respirator meet the NIOSH 42CFR-84 certifications for R and P type respirators. From this data Q100 is calculated by picking the first data point after a sample exposure to 100 mg of DOP and selecting the value of % DOP penetration at this point as % Pen at 100 mg (% Pen@100). From this and the ΔP measured at the beginning of the test we can calculate Q100 by
Q100=−1n(% Pen@100/100)/ΔP.
In order to usefully compare samples, it is desirable that the starting pressure drop (ΔP) be similar between samples.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface analysis technique that uses a beam of soft x-rays (A1 Kα, 1486.6 eV) as a probe. The x-rays irradiate the material to generate photoelectrons that are characterized by their kinetic energy and intensity. The kinetic energies of the photoelectrons can provide quantitative information concerning the elements and their chemical states. XPS probes the outermost ˜30 to 100 Å of a sample surface. It is sensitive to essentially all elements except hydrogen and helium, with detection limits down to approximately 0.1 atomic %.
XPS measurements were carried out on the sample materials using a Kratos Axis Ultra Spectrometer (Kratos Analytical, Manchester, England), which spectrometer was equipped with a monochromatic A1 Kα x-ray excitation source and a spherical mirror analyzer. The spectrometer had an x-ray power equal to or near 120 Watts (W) (10 kV, 12 mA). The photoelectron take-off angle for all recorded spectra was 90 degrees, measured with respect to the sample surface. The Kratos system has a sampling area of approximately 800 micrometers (μm)×600 μm. The pressure in the vacuum system during analysis was at or below 7.0×10−6 Pascals (Pa).
Using the XPS method, wide scan surveys were obtained from the sample materials. A wide scan survey spectrum contains photoelectron peaks that are characteristic of the elements present on the surface of the material. The surface composition (in atomic %) is derived from the relative areas of the core-level photoelectron peaks, with linear background subtraction and corrections to account for the instrument's atomic sensitivity factors. The Kratos spectrometer's performance was verified by analysis of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) sample, which showed experimental values of atomic % fluorine (APF)=65-67 and atomic % carbon=33-35. These values are in excellent agreement with the PTFE theoretical stoichiometry.
Typical instrumental settings that were used are given in Table 1 below:
Method for Determining C3F4H+/C2F5+ Ratio Using ToF-SIMS:
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a surface analysis technique in which a pulsed beam of kilovolt energy ions (primary ions) is used to bombard a specimen, resulting in sputtering of its surface. During sputtering, neutral and ionized atomic and molecular species are emitted from the surface. The ionized species are referred to as “secondary ions” to distinguish them from the bombarding primary ions. Secondary ions of one polarity are accelerated in an electric field to a mass spectrometer, where they travel through a flight tube and arrive at the detection and counting system. As a result of the fragments departing from the sample surface at the same time, and being subject to the same accelerating voltage, the lighter fragments arrive at the detection system before the heavier ones. The “time-of-flight” of a fragment is proportional to the square root of its mass, so that different masses are separated during the flight and can be detected individually. The quantity measured in the analysis is the fragment mass divided by the charge amount on the fragment (m/z).
ToF-SIMS analysis was performed on samples using an ION-TOF, Gmbh (Munster, Germany) TOF.SIMS.5 instrument, with a 25 kilovolt (keV) Bi+ primary ion beam rastered over a 500×500 um sample target area. ToF-SIMS provides chemical information on the outermost 10 to 20 Å of a material and produces mass spectra in both positive and negative ion modes, extending out to a mass of 1000 atomic mass units (u) and beyond. Analysis of positive ion spectra of local-fluorinated webs and remote-fluorinated webs showed three types of ions as follows:
Pure hydrocarbon ions of type CxHy+, where x and y have values of 1 or greater (examples: C2H3+, C3H5+)
Pure fluorocarbon ions of type CxFy+, where x and y have values of 1 or greater (examples: C2F5+, C3F7+)
Mixed hydrofluorocarbon ions of type CxFyHz+, where x, y, and z have values of 1 or greater (examples: C3F4+, C5F4H+).
As an illustration of the spectra type,
In ToF-SIMS, it is convenient to use a reference ion to make relative quantitative comparisons between spectra. The ratio [integrated counts of the ion of interest]/[integrated counts of the reference ion] provides a basis for comparison. In this case, the C2F5+ fluorocarbon ion at m/z 119 provides a suitable reference ion. Table 2 contains a relative comparison of the abundance of the C3F4H+ ion for a series of local and remote plasma-fluorinated BMF webs, together with the atomic % F as determined by XPS. The ToF-SIMS peak integration ranges were 112.5 u to 113.5 u for m/z 113, and 118.5 u to 119.5 u for m/z 119.
A roll of nonwoven meltblown microfiber web having a nominal basis weight of 65 grams/m2, an Effective Fiber Diameter of 7.5 micrometers, a web solidity of 6%, and a width of about 50 inches was used. The polypropylene resin used to make the web was Total PP3941W available from Total Petrochemicals USA, Houston Tex.
For Local Plasma Treatment Examples 1-9, the webs were transported through a plasma by a roll-to-roll web conveying system within a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber contained large-area flat-plate electrodes spaced 25.4 mm apart, and a simple speed-controlled system transported a continuous web from a source roll, through the center of the space between the electrodes, to a collection roll. The total down-web path length for the web between the electrodes was 91 cm. Compressed F2 gas (Air Products, >97% purity) and argon (Oxygen Service Co. St. Paul, Minn., industrial grade, <5 ppm O2, <10 ppm H2O) were metered through separate mass flow control devices and then combined in a gas manifold. The gas mixture was introduced through an array of 1.6 mm diameter exit holes located across the face of each plate electrode. The electrodes were connected to a 13.56 MHz power supply (RF Power Products Inc., Model RF50SWC) coupled through a matching network (RF Power Products Inc., Model 7621020020) in order to sustain the plasma. The power supply was operated at a level that provided 0.18 Watts/cm2 of electrode area or 0.07 Watts/cm3 of plasma volume. The treatment chamber was evacuated using a vacuum pump stack, consisting of a Roots blower and a mechanical “dry” pump.
For the reported local plasma experiments, the reactor was typically evacuated to a base pressure of not greater than approximately 3 Pascals (Pa). The F2/argon gas mixture was then introduced to the chamber at total flow rate of 8 liters/minute, which produced a steady pressure of approximately 67 Pa during the execution of each experiment. Approximately 15 m of web was treated in each condition before a representative sample was collected.
For Remote Plasma Treatment Example 1 and Examples 3-6, the webs were treated using the same vacuum chamber and web transport system that was used for the local plasma treatments. For these remote plasma treatments, the flat-plate electrodes were removed and the 13.56 MHz power supply was disconnected. A remote plasma source (Astron hf-s model from MKS Instruments, Andover, Mass.) was mounted on the outside of the vacuum chamber and the output of this source was connected to a port on the vacuum chamber. On the interior side of the vacuum chamber, stainless steel tubing was connected to the inlet port and to both ends of two slotted reactive fluorine distribution manifolds (RFDM). The RFDM system consisted of two 1-inch diameter aluminum tubes each with a row of 0.0156×0.6875 inch slots spaced 0.0625 inches apart. The tubes were mounted approximately 5 inches away on the same side of the target web, with the slot surface normal opposing and parallel to the web surface normal. Compressed NF3 gas (Advanced Specialty Gases, Reno, Nev.) was metered through a mass flow control system and introduced to the inlet of the remote plasma source. When activated, the remote plasma source had an operating power level between 6600 and 7500 Watts.
For the reported remote plasma experiments, the reactor was typically evacuated to a base pressure of not greater than approximately 3 Pascals (Pa). The NF3 gas was then introduced to the remote plasma source at total flow rate of 4.8 liters/minute, which produced a steady pressure of approximately 53 Pa during the execution of each experiment. Approximately 15 m of web was treated in each condition before a representative sample was collected.
For Remote Plasma Treatment Example 2, the web was treated as in Remote Plasma Treatment Example 1, with the following exceptions. For Remote Plasma Treatment Example 2 a remote plasma sources (Xstream 3151806 model from Advanced Energy Fort Collins, Colo.) was mounted on the outside of the vacuum chamber and the output of this source was connected to a port on the vacuum chamber. On the interior side of the vacuum chamber, the RFDM system consisted of two 2-inch diameter aluminum tubes each with a row of 0.062×0.625 inch slots spaced 0.125 inch apart and the tubes were placed approximately 4 inches away from opposite sides of the target web, with the slot surface normal opposing and parallel to the web surface normal.
After the webs were fluorinated, samples about 30 cm. wide were cut cross-web. These cross-web samples were hydrocharged by directing a fine spray of distilled water at the web from a pair of nozzles operating at a pressure of about 790 kiloPascals (kPa) (115 psig). The distilled water was delivered to the webs using Teejet Model 9501 spray heads available from Spraying Systems; Wheaton, Ill. Spray heads were placed 10 cm apart and 10 cm away from the webs and operated at a pressure of about 790kPa. Webs passed under the spray heads at a rate of 5.1 cm/sec while a vacuum was applied to a slot positioned opposite the spray heads under the open mesh carrier belt. Located under the conveying belt opposite the spray heads was a vacuum slot, 25 cm long and 0.5 cm wide that was attached to a Dayton Electric wet dry vacuum, model 2Z974B (Dayton Electric, Chicago, Ill.). Each sample web was run through the hydrocharger twice (sequentially once on each side) while spraying, and then twice without spraying with just the vacuum to remove any excess water. The webs were allowed to dry completely in air overnight before filter testing.
The data in Table 2 show that the samples exhibit suitable levels of electric charge when compared to comparative samples of known techniques. Some of the better samples still had significant levels of electret enhanced filtration, i.e., QF at sixty minutes is greater than 0.2 (mm of H2O)−1 even after 60 minutes of x-ray exposure.
Surface Analysis and Performance Results
The samples were tested to measure the atomic % fluorine, the C3F4H+:C2F5+ ratio, Q0, Q9, and Q100. Data are presented below in Table 3:
The date in Table 3 compare surface analysis for samples treated by comparative local plasma and the remote plasma fluorination processes. The data in this table show that the two plasma treatment techniques produce web that has similar performance in the QF testing but have distinctly different surface character seen in the ToF-SIMS and XPS analysis.
The R2 value for the Remote Fluorination Line is 0.940, and the equation of the line is y=−0.0610x+4.364.
To distinguish between webs fluorinated locally or remotely, three Remote Fluorination Threshold (RFT) lines have been constructed from the ratio and atomic % fluorine data, as illustrated in
(1)y=−0.1037x +5.9188.
At a fluorination level above 54% F, line RFT1 takes on a constant value of y=0.32. The additional offset on line RFT1 is based on statistical prediction of the maximum likely value for a local-fluorinated web at a given % F level. BMF webs having a C3F4H+/C2F5+ ratio that falls above the RFT1 line at a given % F are distinguishable from webs that were fluorinated locally.
Line RFT3 runs parallel to the Remote Fluorination Line and has the following equation:
(3)y=−0.0610x+4.191.
The negative offset on line RFT3 is based on statistical prediction of the minimum likely value for a remote-fluorinated web at a given % F level. For a BMF web having a C3F4H+/C2F5+ ratio that falls above the RFT3 line at a given % F, there is a very high probability that the web was fluorinated remotely.
Line RFT2 has the following equation:
(2)y=−0.08235x+5.0549.
Line RFT2 is the line that bisects lines RFT1 and RFT3. At a fluorination level above 56% F, line RFT2 takes on a constant value of y=0.44. For a BMF web having a C3F4H+/C2F5+ ratio that falls above the RFT2 line at a given % F, there is a high probability that the web was fluorinated remotely.
This invention may take on various modifications and alterations without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, this invention is not limited to the above-described but is to be controlled by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof.
This invention also may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein.
All patents and patent applications cited above, including those in the Background section, are incorporated by reference into this document in total. To the extent there is a conflict or discrepancy between the disclosure in such incorporated document and the above specification, the above specification will control.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15357889 | Nov 2016 | US |
| Child | 16587986 | US | |
| Parent | 14504514 | Oct 2014 | US |
| Child | 15357889 | US | |
| Parent | 12418290 | Apr 2009 | US |
| Child | 14504514 | US |
