Patent Grant
10065394
Embodiments of the invention are directed toward roofing membranes that carry cured pressure-sensitive adhesive for seaming adjacent membranes positioned on a roof surface. The pressure-sensitive adhesive is advantageously applied to the membrane as a hot-melt adhesive and subsequently cured. A release liner can be applied to the pressure-sensitive adhesive, thereby allowing the membrane to be rolled, delivered to a job site, and ultimately seamed by using peel and stick techniques. Moreover, the membranes of the present invention may carry a cured pressure-sensitive adhesive for securing the membrane to a roof surface. In one or more embodiments, the same adhesive material is used to both seam adjacent membranes and secure the membranes to the roof surface, although the adhesives may be distinctly cured.
Large, flexible polymeric sheets, which are often referred to as membranes or panels, are used in the construction industry to cover flat or low-sloped roofs. These membranes provide protection to the roof from the environment particularly in the form of a waterproof barrier. As is known in the art, commercially popular membranes include thermoset membranes such as those including cured EPDM (i.e., ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber) or thermoplastics such as TPO (i.e., thermoplastic olefins).
These membranes, which may also be referred to as panels, are typically delivered to a construction site in a bundled roll, transferred to the roof, and then unrolled and positioned. The sheets are then affixed to the building structure by employing varying techniques such as mechanical fastening, ballasting, and/or adhesively adhering the membrane to the roof. The roof substrate to which the membrane is secured may be one of a variety of materials depending on the installation site and structural concerns. For example, the surface may be a concrete, metal, or wood deck, it may include insulation or recover board, and/or it may include an existing membrane.
In addition to securing the membrane to the roof—which mode of attachment primarily seeks to prevent wind uplift—the individual membrane panels, together with flashing and other accessories, are positioned and adjoined to achieve a waterproof barrier on the roof. Typically, the edges of adjoining panels are overlapped, and these overlapping portions are adjoined to one another through a number of methods depending upon the membrane materials and exterior conditions. One approach involves providing adhesives or adhesive tapes between the overlapping portions, thereby creating a water resistant seal.
Generally, there are two modes of membrane attachment that are used in conjunction to create a water impermeable roofing membrane assembly. The first seeks to anchor the membrane to the roof, while the second seeks to create a water impervious barrier by attaching individual adjacent membrane panels to each other or to flashing. Inasmuch as these modes of membrane attachment seek entirely different goals, the mechanisms by which they operate are likewise highly distinct.
With respect to the former mode of attachment, which involves securing of the membrane to the roof, the use of adhesives allow for the formation of a fully-adhered roofing system. In other words, a majority, if not all, of the membrane panel is secured to the roof substrate, as opposed to mechanical attachment methods which can only achieve direct attachment in those locations where a mechanical fastener actually affixes the membrane.
When adhesively securing a membrane to a roof, such as in the formation of a fully-adhered system, there are a few common methods employed. The first is known as contact bonding whereby technicians coat both the membrane and the substrate with an adhesive, and then mate the membrane to the substrate while the adhesive is only partially set. Because the volatile components (e.g. solvent) of the adhesives are flashed off prior to mating, good early (green) bond strength is developed. The contact bonding method employs adhesives that may include volatile organic compounds (i.e. solvent-based adhesives). Water-based adhesives are used for contact bonding as well, but the water does not flash off quickly and therefore the use of water-based adhesives for contact bonding may be fraught with problems.
The second method is known as wet lamination, whereby technicians coat the substrate with an adhesive and then mate the membrane with the substrate while the adhesive is still wet. This method can therefore advantageously employ water-based adhesives due to the fact that the mating step can occur immediately after application of the solvent, which significantly reduces installation time. But, wet lamination can only be used when the substrate to which the membrane is being adhered is porous (e.g. wood, plywood, or OSB board), which allows the water to dissipate through the substrate.
A third mode of attachment is through the use of a pre-applied adhesive to the bottom surface of the membrane. In other words, prior to delivery of the membrane to the job site, an adhesive is applied to the bottom surface of the membrane. In order to allow the membrane to be rolled and shipped, a release paper or liner is applied to the surface of the adhesive. During installation of the membrane, the release liner is removed, thereby exposing the pressure-sensitive adhesive, and the membrane can then be secured to the roofing surface without the need for the application of additional adhesives.
As is known in the art, the pre-applied adhesive is applied to the surface of the membrane in the form of a hot-melt adhesive. For example, U.S. Publication No. 2004/0191508, which teaches peel and stick thermoplastic membranes, employs pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions comprising styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), tackifying endblock resins such as cumarone-indene resin and tackifying midblock resins such as terpene resins. This publication also suggests other hot-melt adhesives such as butyl-based adhesives, EPDM-based adhesives, acrylic adhesives, styrene-butadiene adhesives, polyisobutylene adhesives, and ethylene vinyl acetate adhesives.
In view of the nature of the adhesives, peel and stick membranes have inherent limitations. Specifically, there are temperature windows that limit the minimum temperature at which the membranes can be installed on a roof surface. Also, there are maximum temperature limits on the roof surface that the adhesive can withstand while maintaining wind-uplift integrity. With respect to the latter, where the surface temperature on the roof nears the glass transition temperature of the adhesive, the adhesive strength offered by the pressure-sensitive adhesive is not maintained. As a result, peel-and-stick membranes have not gained wide acceptance in the industry. Moreover, the use of peel-and-stick membranes has been limited to use in conjunction with white membranes (e.g., white thermoplastic membranes) because the surface temperature of these membranes remains cooler when exposed to solar energy.
With respect to securing adjoining membranes, the use of pre-applied tapes is also known. For example, U.S. Publ. No. 2010/0024955 teaches membrane assemblies that carry pre-applied adhesive tapes over a pre-primed lap region. Also, U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0191588, which is discussed above with respect to peel-and-stick membranes, alludes to the desirability of a membrane assembly where all of the components are peel-and-stick, but then teaches an assembly where stronger adhesives or more moisture-resistant adhesives are used for seaming membranes while weaker, cheaper adhesives are used for the non-overlapping region (i.e., to adhere the membrane to the roof surface).
Embodiments of the present invention provide a membrane composite comprising a polymeric membrane panel, an adhesive layer, and a release liner, where the adhesive layer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive that is at least partially cured, and includes at least two distinct regions with the at least two regions having distinct states of cure.
Embodiments of the invention are based, at least in part, on the discovery of a roofing membrane having a pre-applied, pressure-sensitive adhesive applied to a planar surface thereof, where the pressure-sensitive adhesive has different states of cure within different regions of the planar surface. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive has a greater degree of cure in the lap region than in the central region of the membrane. As a result, the adhesive in the lap region has greater strength, which allows the adhesive to form a technologically useful lap seam with adjoining membranes. And, since the adhesive in the central region is less cured, it has greater tack, which allows the adhesive to bond to various roofing substrates. Advantageously, the adhesive is applied to the planar surface of the membrane as a hot-melt adhesive that is subsequently cured, and in accordance with the present invention, the degree of cure is varied between the lap region and the central region of the membrane. As a result of practicing the present invention, the membranes can be installed by exclusively using peel-and-stick techniques to install the membranes.
Membrane Construction
Practice of the present invention does not necessarily change the overall construction of the membranes of the present invention. As the skilled person understands, membranes that carry an adhesive for application by peel-and-stick methods are generally known as disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2004/0191508, which is incorporated herein by reference.
For example, a membrane 11, which may be referred to as a membrane composite 11, is shown in
The various regions of the adhesive layer 15 may be described with reference to
The width of lap regions (21, 23) can vary depending upon the application, but may generally have a width greater than 1 in., in other embodiments greater than 1.5 in., and in other embodiments greater than 2 in. In these or other embodiments, the width of the lap regions may be less than 18 in., in other embodiments less than 12 in., and in other embodiments less than 8 in. In one or more embodiments, the width of the lap regions may be from about 1 to about 18 in., in other embodiments from about 1.5 to about 12 in., and in other embodiments from about 2 to about 8 in.
First and second lap regions (21, 23) and central region 19 may be compositionally similar. For example, a single hot-melt adhesive composition may be applied to the entire surface of membrane 13, and therefore this single application of hot-melt adhesive will form both first and second lap edges (21, 23), as well as central region 19. In accordance with the present invention, and as will be described in greater detail below, first and second lap regions (21, 23) may be distinguished from central region 19 based upon the degree of cure imparted to adhesive layer 15. For example, adhesive layer 15 will be cured to a greater extent within first and second lap regions (21, 23) as compared to the degree of cure imparted to adhesive layer 15 within central region 19.
In one or more embodiments, release liner 17 may be discontinuous or otherwise severed or partially severed between the various regions associated with the adhesive layer. As shown in
Membrane Panel
In one or more embodiments, the membrane may be a thermoset material. In other embodiments the membrane may be a thermoformable material. In one or more embodiments, the membrane may be EPDM based. In other embodiments, the membrane may be TPO based. In these or other embodiments, the membrane may be flexible and capable of being rolled up for shipment. In these or other embodiments, the membrane may include fiber reinforcement, such as a scrim. In one or more embodiments, the membrane includes EPDM membranes including those that meet the specifications of the ASTM D-4637. In other embodiments, the membrane includes thermoplastic membranes including those that meet the specifications of ASTM D-6878-03.
Hot-Melt Curable Adhesives
In one or more embodiments, the curable hot-melt adhesive that may be used for forming the cured pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may be an acrylic-based hot-melt adhesive. These adhesive compositions are commercially available in the art. For example, useful adhesives include those available under the tradename acResin (BASF), those available under the tradename AroCure (Ashland Chemical), and NovaMeltRC (NovaMelt). In one or more embodiments, these hot-melt adhesives may be cured (i.e., crosslinked) by UV light.
In one or more embodiments, the hot-melt adhesive is at least partially cured after being applied to the membrane, as will be discussed in greater detail below. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive is cured to an extent that it is not thermally processable in the form it was prior to cure. In these or other embodiments, the cured adhesive is characterized by physical crosslinks. While at least partially cured, the adhesive layer of one or more embodiments is essentially free of curative residue such as sulfur or sulfur crosslinks and/or phenolic compounds or phenolic-residue crosslinks.
In one or more embodiments, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may have a thickness of at least 1 mil, in other embodiments at least 2 mil, in other embodiments at least 3 mil, and in other embodiments at least 4 mil. In these or other embodiments, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness of at most 15 mil, in other embodiments at most 13 mil, and in other embodiments at most 11 mil. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer has a thickness of from about 1 to 15 mil, in other embodiments from about 2 to 13 mil, and in other embodiments from about 3 to 11 mil.
Release Liner
In one or more embodiments, release liner 17 includes a polymeric film or extrudate. This polymeric film or extrudate may include a single polymeric layer or may include two or more polymeric layers laminated or coextruded to one another. In other embodiments, release liner 17 includes a cellulosic substrate having a polymeric film or coating applied thereon, which film or coating may be referred to as a polymeric layer. The polymeric layer may be a single layer or include multiple layers.
Suitable materials for forming a release liner that is a polymeric film or extrudate include polypropylene, polyester, high-density polyethylene, medium-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polystyrene or high-impact polystyrene. Suitable materials for forming a polymeric layer on a cellulosic-based release liner include siloxane-based materials, butadiene-based materials (e.g. styrene-butadiene rubber latex), as well as those polymeric materials employed to form a film or extrudate as described above. These polymeric materials may offer a number of advantageous properties including high moisture resistance, good resistance to temperature fluctuations during processing and storage, and increased tear and wrinkle resistance.
Preparation of Membrane Composite
The membrane panels employed in the membrane composites of the present invention may be prepared by conventional techniques. For example, thermoplastic membrane panels may be formed by the extrusion of thermoplastic compositions into one or more layers that can be laminated into a membrane panel. Alternatively, thermoset membranes can be formed using known calendering and curing techniques. Once the membrane is formed, the curable hot-melt adhesive can be extruded onto the membrane by using known apparatus such as adhesive coaters. The adhesive can then subsequently be cured by using, for example, UV radiation. The release film can be applied to the adhesive layer, and the membrane can then be subsequently rolled for storage and/or shipment.
As noted above, the adhesive is cured by using, for example, UV radiation. In accordance with practice of the present invention, the degree of cure between the central region and the lap regions of the adhesive layer 15 is adjusted. As the skilled person will understand, the degree of cure can be varied by varying the amount of energy (e.g., UV light energy) imparted to the coating within the respective regions of the coating. In one or more embodiments, the amount of UV radiation imparted to the lap regions is greater than the amount of UV radiation imparted to the central region of the adhesive coating.
In one or more embodiments, the amount of IN energy imparted to the lap regions is at least 1%, in other embodiments at least 3%, in other embodiments at least 5%, in other embodiments at least 10%, in other embodiments at least 15%, and in other embodiments at least 25% greater than the amount of energy imparted in the central region.
In one or more embodiments, the degree of cure in the lap regions is at least 1%, in other embodiments at least 3%, in other embodiments at least 5%, in other embodiments at least 10%, in other embodiments at least 15%, and in other embodiments at least 25% greater than the degree of cure in the central region. For example, skilled person understands that the degree of cure can be determined by determining gel content by solvent extraction methods at the reflux temperature of the solvent. Using these analytical techniques, the degree of cure in the lap region may be at least 85%, in other embodiments at least 88%, in other embodiments at least 90%, and in other embodiments at least 95%. In these or other embodiments, the degree of cure in the lap region is from about 85 to about 100%, or in other embodiments from about 88 to about 99%.
In one or more embodiments, the degree of cure in the central region may be at most 84%, in other embodiments at most 82%, in other embodiments at most 80%, and in other embodiments at most 78%. In these or other embodiments, the degree of cure in the central region is from about 50 to about 84%, in other embodiments from about 65 to about 82%, and in other embodiments from about 70 to about 80%.
In one or more embodiments, the level of cure in the lap regions, as compared to the level of cure in the central region, can be quantified based upon dead load shear, dead load peel, shear strength, peel strength, and etc. tests.
Application to a Roof Surface
The membrane composites of the present invention can advantageously be applied to a roof surface (also known as roof substrate) by using standard peel and stick techniques. For example, the membrane can be unrolled on a roof surface and placed into position. Portions of the membrane are then typically folded back and portions of the release liner are removed. The membrane can then subsequently be adhered to the roof surface by using various techniques including the use of rollers and the like to mate the adhesive to the substrate.
Additionally, where multiple membrane panels are employed, the membrane panels can be seamed to one another by over lapping the lap region and adhering the adhesive within the lap region to the top surface of the adjoining membrane. In one or more embodiments, the top surface of the adjoining membrane can be primed prior to seaming the membranes to one another.
In one or more embodiments, where the release liner includes multiple sections, as described above with respect to
It has advantageously been discovered that the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer employed in the membranes of the present invention, especially with respect to the adhesive within the center portion and the degree of cure associated therewith, allows the membranes to be adhered to a variety of roofing surfaces. These include, but are not limited to, wood decks, concrete decks, steel decks, faced construction boards, and existing membrane surfaces. In particular embodiments, the membranes of the present invention are adhered, through the cured adhesive layer disclosed herein, to a faced construction board such as, but not limited to, polyisocyanurate insulation boards or cover boards that include facers prepared from polar materials. For example, the adhesives of the present invention provide advantageous adhesion to facers that contain cellulosic materials and/or glass materials. It is believed that the polar nature of the adhesive is highly compatible with the polar nature of these facer materials and/or any adhesives or coatings that may be carried by glass or paper facers. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are directed toward a roof deck including a construction board having a cellulosic or glass facer and a membrane secured to the construction board through an at least partially cured polyacrylate adhesive layer in contact with a glass or cellulosic facer of the construction board.
In order to demonstrate aspects of the present invention, the following experiments were conducted. These experiments, however, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is provided in the claims.
Samples of EPDM rubber membrane were prepared by applying a layer of melt-extrudable, UV-curable pressure-sensitive coating composition to a planar surface of the membrane sample. The pressure-sensitive coating was believed to be an polyacrylate-based adhesive obtained from BASF. The layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive was about 6-10 mil thick. The coating was then cured by subjecting it to UV light at different doses as provided in the Table.
To determine the degree of cure, the following procedure was followed. A portion of the test specimen was obtained and the original weight of the obtained portion was recorded. This sample was then extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. Approximately 150 mL of THF was added to 250 mL Kimble boiling flasks, and boiling stones were added. Samples were allowed to reflux for a period of 3 hours. The thimbles were then removed, and placed under a fume hood overnight to allow the THF to evaporate. The samples were then weighed. During the extraction, the uncured portion of the pressure sensitive adhesive dissolved into the THF, leaving the cured (gel) portion behind. After extraction, samples were dried overnight. The samples were then weighed to determine the cured content. The soluble content was determined by subtracting the cured % from the total.
The remainder of the prepared samples was used to conduct peel strength tests generally in accordance with ASTM D413 to replicate seam tests where the adhesive was used to secure the composite to an EPDM membrane that was primed with a commercial primer, and ASTM D1970 to replicate adhesion to substrate tests where the adhesive was used to secure the composite to a polyisocyanurate insulation board having a paper facer. The test samples were allowed to set at room temperature for about 24 hours, and then the sample was pulled apart using an Instron apparatus.
As shown in the Table, where the cure was 77% or 78%, the peel strength in the seam did not meet the desired specification. The adhesion to the substrate, however, met specifications. On the other hand, where the cure was 96% or 98%, the peel strength in the seam did meet desired specifications, but the adhesion to the substrate did not meet desired specifications.
Various modifications and alterations that do not depart from the scope and spirit of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. This invention is not to be duly limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/949,317, filed on Mar. 7, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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