Rubber compounds containing vulcanized scrap rubber, methods of manufacturing such rubber compounds

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Industrial Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to rubber compounds that make reclaimed use of vulcanized scrap rubber, methods for manufacturing such rubber compounds and reclaiming agents used in such methods.
2. Prior Art
Conventionally known methods of reclaiming vulcanized scrap rubber include the open steam method (pan method), the digestor method, the mechanical method and the UHF heater devulcanization method (U.S. Pat. No. 4,104, 205), which makes use of microwave energy. However, these methods require large-scale desulfurization equipment such as the devulcanizer, digestor, reclaimator, super mixer and UHF heating equipment. Also, since treatments are performed in each of these methods under high temperature or high pressure conditions, large quantities of energy are required and the working environments are characterized by irritating odors and high temperatures. Thus, there is much demand for improvement. Furthermore, since these methods require that the ratio of fibers and other foreign objects mixed in the scrap rubber be reduced to 1% or less, multi-step processes had to be provided for the removal of fibers and other foreign objects prior to the devulcanization process.
With regards to methods of ordinary temperature reclamation of scrap rubber, a study by Yamashita and others at Kyoto Industrial Textiles University is known (Journal of the Rubber Society of Japan, Vol. 49, No. 12, pp. 908-911, 1976). However, since a tributylamine--iron (I) chloride chemical is used in this method, it carries the problem of irritating odors and since a long period of time (20-50 hours) is required for the reclamation, there are difficulties in putting this method to practical use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is to enable the obtaining of partially dissolved rubber without the use of such special devulcanization equipment as mentioned above and by simply mixing 1 or 2 types of reclaiming agents with vulcanized scrap rubber (which may have a fiber content of up to 6%) at ordinary temperatures and to manufacture rubber products that are excellent in physical performance and moldability by compounding this partially dissolved rubber with raw rubber.
The present invention consists of rubber compounds that contain vulcanized scrap rubber, methods for manufacturing such rubber compounds and reclaiming agents used in such methods.
One of the rubber compounds containing vulcanized scrap rubber is produced by compounding raw rubber, vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, etc. with a partially dissolved product obtained by causing a vulcanized rubber reclaiming agent, consisting of 50-200 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil and 1-30 parts by weight of a peptizer, to act on 100 parts by weight of powdered, vulcanized scrap rubber.
Another rubber compound containing vulcanized scrap rubber is produced by compounding raw rubber, vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, etc. with a partially dissolved product obtained by mixing 100 parts by weight of powdered, vulcanized scrap rubber with 80-500 parts by weight of an organic solvent and 50-200 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil.
One of the methods of manufacturing rubber compounds by the invention is characterized by mixing 100 parts by weight of powdered, vulcanized rubber with a reclaiming agent, consisting of 50-200 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil and 1-30 parts by weight of a mastication promoter, compounding raw rubber with the partially dissolved product, obtained by partial dissolution of the surface of the scrap rubber under ordinary temperature conditions, and then compounding with vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, reinforcing agent, filler, etc. Here, ordinary temperature conditions refer to conditions with temperatures from approximately 5.degree. C. to 30.degree. C. and include cases wherein some humidification is performed when the air temperature is low.
Another method of manufacturing rubber compounds containing vulcanized scrap rubber is characterized by mixing 100 parts by weight of powdered, vulcanized rubber with 80-500 parts by weight of an organic solvent as a first reclaiming agent to swell the powdered rubber under ordinary temperature conditions, then mixing 50-200 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil as a second reclaiming agent and compounding raw rubber with the partially dissolved product, obtained by partial dissolution of the surface of the scrap rubber at ordinary temperatures, and then compounding with vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, reinforcing agent, filler, etc.
Here, BR, EPDM, IR, IIR, NR or SBR may be favorably used as the vulcanized scrap rubber.
The vulcanized scrap rubber reclaiming agent used in the invention is one in which 100 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil is mixed with 0.5-60 parts by weight of peptizer or one which consists of 80-500 parts by weight of an organic solvent and/or 50-200 parts by weight of a petroleum process oil that are to act on 100 parts by weight of vulcanized scrap rubber. Here it is preferable to make combined use of the organic solvent as a first reclaiming agent and the petroleum process oil as a second reclaiming agent in the manufacturing method described above. The partially dissolved product, obtained by adding such a reclaiming agent to powdered vulcanized rubber, is useful as the intermediate product to be mixed with raw rubber.
The petroleum process oil can be selected suitably from among general rubber compounding agents such as naphthene, aromatic, paraffin and other process oils. It is preferable to use a process oil that is suited to the raw rubber to be compounded.
50-200 parts by weight and preferably 80-150 parts by weight of the petroleum process oil is suitably compounded with 100 parts by weight of powdered rubber. Adequate swelling cannot be expected if the amount of oil is less than 50 parts by weight while more than the necessary amount of processing oil will be compounded if the amount of oil is more than 200 parts by weight and this will be unfavorable since it conflicts with the intention of compounding the maximum possible amount of dissolved product consisting of vulcanized scrap rubber.
The peptizer can be selected suitably from among general peptizers for rubber such as a mixture of pentachlorothiophenol and an activating additive, the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, mixed dixylyl disulfides, mixed diaryl disulfides, di-(o-benzamidophenyl) disulfide, the zinc salt of 2-benzamidothiophenol and alkylated phenol sulfide. It is preferable to use a peptizer that is suited to the raw rubber to be compounded.
1-30 parts by weight and preferably 2-10 parts by weight of the peptizer is suitably compounded with 100 parts by weight of powdered rubber. Adequate mastication effects cannot be expected if the amount is less than 1 part by weight while further promotion of mastication cannot be expected even if the amount of peptizer exceeds 30 parts by weight and this is not appropriate since it will only lead to increases in cost.
The use of peptizers as reclaiming agents or reclaiming oils for vulcanized scrap rubber has been known priorly. However, even with low temperature type peptizers, such effects can only be obtained by heating to 60.degree. C. or more and applying mechanical shear forces. Thus, ordinary temperature reclamation is made possible for the first time by the invention which comprises a combination of a petroleum process oil and a peptizer.
The organic solvent can be selected from among general industrial solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, normal and iso-octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-diethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and isopropyl benzene. Among these, aromatic hydrocarbons are particularly favorable.
80-500 parts by weight and preferably 100-250 by weight of the organic solvent is suitably mixed with 100 parts by weight of powdered rubber. Adequate swelling cannot be expected if the amount of solvent is less than 80 parts by weight while an amount of solvent of 500 parts by weight or more is not favorable since a longer time will be required to distill off the solvent after the swelling treatment and the solvent costs will become high.
The amount of partially dissolved vulcanized scrap rubber, which is obtained by the abovementioned treatments and which is to be compounded with raw rubber, can be varied over a wide range according to the required quality of the rubber product to be obtained and is not restricted in particular. 100 parts by weight of raw rubber may be compounded with 10-300 parts by weight and preferably 20-200 parts by weight of the partially dissolved rubber.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Partially dissolved vulcanized scrap rubber is obtained by causing a reclaiming agent, consisting of a petroleum process oil and a peptizer, to act on powdered vulcanized scrap rubber and a rubber compound, that is particularly excellent for die molding, is obtained by compounding the partially dissolved rubber with raw rubber, vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, etc.
In the manufacturing process wherein the rubber compound containing vulcanized scrap rubber is produced by compounding raw rubber, vulcanizing agent, vulcanizing accelerator, etc. with a partially dissolved product obtained by mixing 100 parts by weight of powdered vulcanized scrap rubber with 80-500 parts by weight of organic solvent and 50-200 parts by weight of petroleum process oil, the organic solvent swells and dissolves the vulcanized scrap rubber so that its 3-dimensionally cross-linked structure is plasticized and so that the scrap rubber is dispersed in a colloidal form while the petroleum process oil partially dissolves only the surface part of the vulcanized scrap rubber. Since this is performed at ordinary temperatures, the dissolution stops at the surface and does not progress into the inner parts of the rubber and, furthermore, there is no formation of over-vulcanized rubber. Reclaimed rubber with excellent extrusion moldability can thus be obtained without the degradation of physical properties.
Reclaimed rubber can be obtained without the degradation of physical properties since these rubber reclamation reactions are ordinary temperature processes that are limited to the plasticization of the cross-linked structure of the scrap rubber and do not progress to the scission of the sulfur cross-links or the scission of the main chain (depolymerization).
Severe treatment conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, and high shear rate, were required with conventional reclaiming agents because of their poor compatibility with rubber. In contrast, the process oil used in the invention has been used intrinsically as softening agents for rubber and is thus excellent in compatibility with rubber and can swell the surface of the rubber even at ordinary temperatures. Furthermore, since the peptizer acts as a catalyst that promotes the peroxidation reaction of rubber molecules, partially dissolved rubber can be obtained in a short time at ordinary temperatures. Also, the organic solvent alone acts as a reclaiming agent which swells and partially dissolves the vulcanized scrap rubber at ordinary temperatures by plasticizing the 3 dimensionally cross-linked structure of the rubber and dispersing the rubber in a colloidal form.

EXAMPLE 1
150 parts by weight of naphthene process oil (Flex 1400N; made by Fuji Kosan Co. Ltd.) and 2 parts by weight of the peptizer, di-(o-bezamidephenyl) disulfide (Peptor 3S; made by Kawaguchi Chemicals Co. Ltd.) were added to 100 parts by weight of powdered rubber (made by Hayakawa Rubber Co. Ltd.). The powdered rubber is a powdered scrap tire product that mainly consists of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber and completely passes through a 30 mesh. Upon stirring and then letting the mixture stand at an ordinary temperature for 8 hours, a partially dissolved product, with only the surface being partially dissolved, was obtained.
The various compounding agents shown in the upper rows of Table 1 were then mixed with (1) vulcanized rubber alone, (2) the abovementioned partially dissolved product, (3) the abovementioned powdered scrap tire product and (4) commercially available tire-reclaimed rubber (RS-0; made by Hayakawa Rubber Co. Ltd.). Table 1 shows the physical properties of the products obtained by vulcanizing these mixtures for 10 minutes at 170.degree. C.
As is clear from Table 1, the compound (2), obtained by the method of the invention, is not only excellent in comparison to (3), in which scrap rubber powders were compounded as they were, and to (4), which is compounded from commercially available reclaimed rubber, but also exhibits excellent physical properties that compare favorably with (1), which is compounded without any scrap rubber, etc.
EXAMPLE 2
A vulcanized product of an inner-layer reinforced hose (intermediate reinforcing fiber=rayon; mixing ratio of fiber =6%), having an EPDM rubber compound, with the composition I, shown in Table 2, disposed at the inner and outer layers thereof, was powdered with a descrifier (made by Kobe Machines, Co. Ltd.). 80 parts by weight of paraffin process oil (Sunpar #2280; made by Sun Oil Co. Ltd.) and 10 parts by weight of a peptizer, ie. 1 di-(o-benzamidophenyl) disulfide (Peptor 3S; made by Kawaguchi Chemicals Co. Ltd.) or 2 a pentachlorothiophenol mixture (Renacid 7; made by Bayer Corp.), were added to 100 parts by weight of the portion of the above powdered rubber that passed completely through a 15 mesh. Upon stirring and then letting the mixtures stand at an ordinary temperature for 8 hours, partially dissolved products, (A) and (B), were obtained from 1 and 2 respectively.
The case, wherein the 15 mesh powdered rubber (C) was used as it is, and the case, wherein a partially swelled product (D) was obtained by adding 40 parts by weight of paraffin process oil (Sunpar #2280) to 100 parts by weight of the 15 mesh powdered rubber and stirring and then letting the mixture stand for 8 hours at an ordinary temperature, are indicated as comparison examples.
Molding shrinkage tests were performed by determining the rates of change in the length direction of a rubber sheet that was vulcanized and molded in a mold with a thickness of 2 mm, a width of 180 mm and a length of 210 mm (values determined at five positions were averaged).
The lower rows of Table 3 show the physical properties of the products obtained by vulcanizing, at 170.degree. C. for 10 minutes, the rubber compounds obtained by mixing the abovementioned reclaimed vulcanized rubber with the various compounding agents shown in the upper rows of Table 3. The results of the molding shrinkage tests are also shown in the lowermost row of Table 3.
As is clear from Table 3, the products, obtained by compounding the partially dissolved products (A) and (B) by the invention, indicate physical properties that are much better than the product compounded from untreated powdered rubber (C) or the product compounded from the partially swelled rubber (D) that was obtained by simply applying process oil. The molding shrinkage, which is a disadvantage of the untreated powdered rubber (C), has also been improved.
EXAMPLE 3
A vulcanized product of an inner-layer reinforced hose (intermediate reinforcing fiber=rayon; mixing ratio of fiber=3%), having an EPDM-rubber compound, with the composition I shown in Table 2, disposed at the inner and outer layers thereof, was powdered with a descrifier (made by Kobe Machines, Co. Ltd.). 100 parts by weight of an organic solvent (1 toluene, 2 xylene, 3 iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane)) were added to 100 parts by weight of the portion of the above powdered rubber that passed completely through a 15 mesh. The mixtures were stirred and then left to stand at an ordinary temperature for 8 hours. After distilling off the solvent under reduced pressure, 150 parts by weight of paraffin process oil (Sunpar #2280; made by Sun Oil Co. Ltd.) and 10 parts by weight of a peptizer, di-(o-benzamidophenyl) disulfide (Peptor 3S; made by Kawaguchi Chemicals Co. Ltd.), were added to each mixture. Upon stirring and then letting the mixtures stand for 8 hours at ordinary temperatures, partially dissolved products, (E), (F) and (G), were obtained from 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The 15 mesh powdered rubber (C) was also included in the evaluations as a comparison example.
Table 4 shows the physical properties of the products obtained by vulcanizing, at 170.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the rubber compounds obtained by mixing the abovementioned reclaimed vulcanized rubbers with the various compounding agents shown in the upper rows of Table 4. Also included are results of extrusion processability evaluations that were carried out in compliance with ASTM D2230.
As is clear from Table 4, the products reclaimed using organic solvents (in particular, aromatic hydrocarbons) do not show degradation of physical properties and are also excellent in extrusion processability.
EXAMPLE 4
A vulcanized product of an inner-layer reinforced hose (intermediate reinforcing fiber=rayon; mixing ratio of fiber=3%), having an EPDM-rubber compound, with the composition I shown in Table 2, disposed at the inner and outer layers thereof, was powdered with a descrifier (made by Kobe Machines, Co. Ltd.). 250 parts by weight of an organic solvent; ie. toluene, were added to 100 parts by weight of the portion of the above powdered rubber that passed completely through a 15 mesh. The mixture was stirred and then left to stand at an ordinary temperature for 8 hours. After distilling off the solvent under reduced pressure, 80 parts by weight of paraffin process oil (Sunpar #2280; made by Sun Oil Co. Ltd.) and 10 parts by weight of a peptizer; ie. di-(o-benzamidophenyl) disulfide (Peptor 3S; made by Kawaguchi Chemicals Co. Ltd.), were added. Upon stirring and then letting the mixture stand for 8 hours at ordinary temperatures, a partially dissolved product, (H), was obtained.
Table 4 shows the physical properties of the products obtained by vulcanizing, at 170.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the rubber compound obtained by mixing this partially dissolved product (H) with the various compounding agents shown in the upper rows of Table 4. Also included are results of extrusion processability evaluations that were carried out in compliance with ASTM D2230.
Furthermore, an inner tube was extruded from the rubber compound with the composition IX shown in Table 4 and containing the partially dissolved product (H). An inner pressure of 0.2 kgf/cm.sup.2 was then applied and a reinforcing layer, with braids or spiral cord knits, was formed on the outer periphery of this inner tube. A skin, formed from a rubber compound containing the partially dissolved product (H) obtained by the invention, was then applied to form a bare tube hose in the unvulcanized condition. This bare tube hose was held with straight or bent pipes to form shapes according to the parts to be used and heated and vulcanized to form a heater hose (inner diameter: .phi.16 mm, outer diameter: .phi.24 mm). Table 5 shows the results of performance evaluation tests carried out in compliance with JIS D2602. As is clear from Table 5, the heater hose, formed from the rubber obtained by the simplified reclamation procedure of the invention, retains adequate performance for practical use.
The following effects were obtained by the invention:
1 It has become possible to perform ordinary temperature reclamation of vulcanized scrap rubber. This can be performed without energy consumption and thus enables energy savings.
2 Since special facilities, such as those required in conventional reclamation of vulcanized scrap rubber, are not needed, facility investments are not needed.
3 Since the vulcanized scrap rubber needs only to be dispersed uniformly and does not need to be removed of fibers, multi-step fiber removal processes (gyroshifter, vibrating screen, electrostatic separation, cyclone, etc.) as well as alkali treatment are not needed.
4 Offensive odors do not remain on the reclaimed rubber product.
5 The powdering costs are low since the powdered rubber needs only to be powdered coarsely.
6 The working environment is improved since irritating odors are not generated, high temperature conditions do not arise, etc.
The invention therefore enables the reclaimed use of various rubber wastes and old tires that arise from used industrial, household and other rubber products and serves to help the beautification and maintenance of the global environment and the effective use of natural resources.
TABLE 1______________________________________Composition and Physical Properties of aRubber Compound Containing Reclaimed RubberComposition (*) (1) (2) (3) (4)______________________________________Natural rubber (RSS #3) 40 40 40 40BR (Diene NF35; made by Asahi Kasei 60 60 60 60Industries Co. Ltd.)SRF carbon black 75 75 75 75Naphthene process oil (Flex 1400N) 40 10 40 40Zinc oxide 5 5 5 5Stearic acid 1 1 1 1N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-P-phenylene- 1 1 1 1diamineN-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole 1 1 1 1sulfonamideTetramethylthiuram disulfide 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3Sulfur 2 2.5 2.5 2.5Partially dissolved vulcanized rubber 0 50.4 0 0compound (this invention)Powdered tire rubber (30 mesh) 0 0 20 0Reclaimed tire rubber (RS-O; made by 0 0 0 20Hayakawa Rubber Co. Ltd.)Dry physical Hardness 61 60 60 60properties (Hs - JIS A)In compliance with Tensile strength 142 143 103 121JIS K 6301 (Kgf/cm.sup.2) Elongation (%) 400 400 320 390______________________________________ *: All compositions are in parts by weight.
TABLE 2______________________________________Composition and Physical Properties of aRubber Compound That Does Not Contain Reclaimed RubberComposition (*) I______________________________________EPDM (Esprene 502; made by Sumitomo Chemicals Co. 100Ltd.)SRF carbon 70GPF carbon 80Heavy calcium carbonate 50Paraffin process oil 100Zinc oxide 5Stearic acid 1Diethylene glycol 0.5Dibenzothiazole disulfide 1Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 0.5Dipentamethylenethiurum hexasulfide 0.5Sulfur 1.5Dry physical properties Hardness (Hs - JIS A) 71In compliance with JIS K Tensile strength (Kgf/cm.sup.2) 1136301 Elongation (%) 330Molding shrinkage Average shrinkage (%) 2.26Extrudability Conditions of swell and 4 generation of cellsIn compliance with Continuity and sharpness of 3method A of ASTM 30.degree. edgeD2230-77 Smoothness of surface skin 4 Sharpness and continuity of 4 edges with angles besides 30.degree. Total points 15______________________________________ *: All compositions are in parts by weight.
TABLE 3______________________________________Composition and Physical Properties of aRubber Compound Containing Reclaimed RubberComposition (*) II III IV V______________________________________EPDM (Esprene 502; made by 100 100 100 100Sumitomo Chemicals Co. Ltd.)SRF carbon 70 70 70 70GPF carbon 80 80 80 80Heavy calcium carbonate 50 50 50 50Paraffin process oil 80 80 100 90Zinc oxide 5 5 5 5Stearic acid 1 1 1 1Diethylene glycol 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Dibenzothiazole disulfide 1 1 1 1Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Dipentamethylenethiurum 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5hexasulfideSulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5Partially dissolved product (A) 47.5 0 0 0Partially dissolved product (B) 0 47.5 0 015 mesh powdered rubber (C) 0 0 25 0Partially swelled product (D) 0 0 0 35Dry physical Hardness 71 69 68 67properties (Hs - JIS A)In compli- Tensile strength 116 118 90 95ance with (Kgf/cm.sup.2)JIS K 6301 Elongation (%) 330 350 230 330Molding Average 2.25 2.25 3.06 2.45Shrinkage shrinkage (%)______________________________________ *: All compositions are in parts by weight.
TABLE 4______________________________________Composition and Physical Properties ofRubber Compound Containing Reclaimed RubberComposition (*) VI VII VIII IV IX______________________________________EPDM (Esprene 502; made by 100 100 100 100 100Sumitomo Chemicals Co. Ltd.)SRF carbon 70 70 70 70 70GPF carbon 80 80 80 80 80Heavy calcium carbonate 50 50 50 50 50Paraffin process oil 62.5 62.5 62.5 100 80Zinc oxide 5 5 5 5 5Stearic acid 1 1 1 1 1Diethylene glycol 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Dibenzothiazole disulfide 1 1 1 1 1Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Dipentamethylenethiurum hexa- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5sulfideSulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5Partially dissolved product (E) 65 0 0 0 0Partially dissolved product (F) 0 65 0 0 0Partially dissolved product (G) 0 0 65 0 015 mesh powdered rubber (C) 0 0 0 25 0Partially swelled product (H) 0 0 0 0 47.5Dry physical Hardness 68 68 69 68 68properties (Hs - JIS A)In compliance Tensile strength 115 112 106 90 112with JIS K 6301 (Kgf/cm.sup.2) Elongation (%) 320 330 310 230 320Extrudability Conditions of 4 4 3 2 4 swell and gen- eration of cellsIn compliance Continuity and 3 3 2 1 3with method A sharpness of 30.degree.of ASTM edgeD2230-77 Smoothness of 4 4 3 1 4 surface skin Sharpness and 3 4 2 2 4 continuity of edges with angles besides 30.degree. Total points 14 15 10 6 15______________________________________ *: All compositions are in parts by weight.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Performance of Heater Hose Product Disposed with Rubber CompoundsContaining Reclaimed Rubber(Compatibility with JIS D2602)Rubber composition (*) I IX Standards__________________________________________________________________________Specifications of reinforcing layer Rayon #20/8 Rayon #20/8 No. of frames = 24 No. of frames = 24Dimensions of the hose Inner diameter: .phi.16 mm Inner diameter: .phi.16 mm Outer diameter: .phi.24 mm Outer diameter: .phi.24 mmPressure Pressure Rate of change of outer +6.8 +7.0 15 or lessresistance resistance diameter .DELTA.D (%) attests test 5 kgf/cm.sup.2 Bursting test Burst strength (kgf/cm.sup.2) 24 24 17 or more Negative Rate of change of outer -1.3 -1.5 within -10 pressure test diameter .DELTA.D (%) at -200 mmHgFatigue Repeated Appearance Pass Pass No bursting,resistance vibration blistering,test test etc. Rate of change of outer +2.5 +2.5 10 or less diameter (%)Peel test Adhesion strength 4.5 4.6 1 or more (kgf/cm.sup.2)Heat aging test Appearance Pass Pass No cracks, bursting, etc. Burst strength (kgf/cm.sup.2) 21 21 12 or moreLow temperature test Appearance Pass Pass No cracks, bursting, etc.Ozone test Appearance Pass Pass No anomalies such as formation of cracks__________________________________________________________________________ (*) Details of the testing methods are in compliance with JIS D 2602.

Number	Name	Date
4104205	Novotny et al.	Aug 1978
4130535	Coran et al.	Dec 1978
4341667	Lal et al.	Jul 1982
4426459	Watabe et al.	Jan 1984
4544675	Anderson, Jr.	Oct 1985
4579871	Linden et al.	Apr 1986
5304576	Martinez	Apr 1994
5356939	Burrowes et al.	Oct 1994
5362759	Hunt et al.	Nov 1994
5397825	Segrest	Mar 1995

Rubber compounds containing vulcanized scrap rubber, methods of manufacturing such rubber compounds

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