Each of the above-referenced applications is incorporated herein by reference.
Some applications of the presently disclosed subject matter relate generally to detecting components in a bodily sample, and in particular, to detecting components of a blood sample by performing optical measurements.
In some optics-based methods (e.g., diagnostic, and/or analytic methods), a property of a biological sample, such as a blood sample, is determined by performing an optical measurement. For example, the density of a component (e.g., a count of the component per unit volume) may be determined by counting the component within a microscopic image. Similarly, the concentration and/or density of a component may be measured by performing optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and/or luminescence measurements upon the sample. Typically, the sample is placed into a sample carrier and the measurements are performed with respect to a portion of the sample that is contained within a chamber of the sample carrier. The measurements that are performed upon the portion of the sample that is contained within the chamber of the sample carrier are analyzed in order to determine a property of the sample.
In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a sample carrier includes one or more sample chambers configured to house a biological sample (such as, a blood sample). The one or more sample chambers typically define at least first and second regions thereof, and the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions in a predefined manner. For example, the height of the one or more sample chambers may vary between the first and second regions in a predefined stepped manner, or in a predefined gradual manner.
Typically, in order to perform optical analysis upon the sample, it is desirable to know the optical path length, the volume, and/or the thickness of the portion of the sample upon which the optical measurements were performed. Further typically, optical measurements are performed upon a portion of the sample disposed in a sample carrier that is defined by two or more opposing surfaces (e.g., a top surface and a bottom surface). In order to provide a desired level of precision for determining the parameter of the sample from the optical measurement, it is desirable for the two or more opposing surfaces to be separated by a distance that is correspondingly tightly set or tightly controlled. However, in some manufacture or assembly processes, the distance between the opposing surfaces may vary substantially.
As described hereinabove, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, one or more sample chambers of a sample carrier define at least first and second regions thereof, and the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions in a predefined manner. Typically, the sample carrier includes a first substrate the defines a first surface of the one or more sample chambers (e.g. the lower surface of the one or more sample chambers), and a second substrate that defines one or more surfaces of the one or more sample chambers that oppose the first surface (e.g. upper surfaces of the one or more sample chambers). The second substrate is shaped to define the one or more surfaces that oppose the first surface, such that one or more surfaces that oppose the first surface define the manner in which the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions (e.g., by defining two or more stepped surfaces that are parallel to the first surface, and oppose the first surface). Typically, manufacturing tolerances within a single substrate, and especially between nearby surfaces, are tighter than manufacturing tolerances on positioning between different substrates or even between opposing surfaces lying within the same substrate. Therefore, it is typically the case that by having a single substrate define the manner in which the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions, the height difference between the first and second regions is relatively precise.
Typically, a first optical measurement is performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region of the one or more sample chambers, and a second optical measurement is performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region. A property of the sample is determined by using a relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region.
For some applications, a sample carrier is provided that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample. The one or more sample chambers define at least first and second regions thereof, and the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions. A biological sample is categorized and is placed into the one or more sample chambers of the sample carrier. Based upon the categorization of the biological sample, one of the regions of the sample carrier is selected upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand. For example, if a sample, and/or a monolayer formed by the sample, has a relatively low density of red blood cells, then measurements may be performed upon a region of the sample carrier having a relatively great height, for example, such that there is a sufficient density of cells, and/or such that there is a sufficient density of cells within the monolayer, to provide statistically reliable data. Such measurements may include, for example, red blood cell density measurements, measurements of other cellular attributes, (such as counts of abnormal red blood cells, red blood cells that include intracellular bodies (e.g., pathogens, Howell-Jolly bodies), etc.), and/or hemoglobin concentration. Conversely, if a sample, and/or a monolayer formed by the sample, has a relatively high density of red blood cells, then such measurements may be performed upon a region of the sample carrier having a relatively low height, for example, such that there is a sufficient sparsity of cells, and/or such that there is a sufficient sparsity of cells within the monolayer formed by the sample, that the cells can be identified within microscopic images. For some applications, such methods are performed even without the difference in heights between the regions being precisely known.
There is therefore provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus including:
a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions in a predefined manner; and
a computer processor configured to:
In some applications, the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions in a predefined stepped manner.
In some applications, the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions in a predefined gradual manner.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to receive the data relating to at least one of the first and second optical measurements by receiving imaging data from a microscope.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to receive the data relating to at least one of the first and second optical measurements by receiving data relating to a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a density of a component of the sample. In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a concentration of a component of the sample. In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a count of a component of the sample.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine an absolute height of the one or more sample chambers within at least one of the first and second regions, using the relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample, by:
subtracting a parameter derived from the first optical measurement from a parameter derived from the second optical measurement; and
determining the property of the sample, based upon a relationship between a result of the subtracting and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample, by:
dividing a parameter derived from the second optical measurement by a parameter derived from the first optical measurement; and
determining the property of the sample, based upon a relationship between a result of the dividing and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region
In some applications, the biological sample includes a blood sample, and the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the biological sample by determining a property of the blood sample. In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a concentration of a given component within the blood sample. In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a count of a given component within the blood sample. In some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the property of the sample by determining a density of a given component within the blood sample.
In some applications, the one or more sample chambers define at least first, second, and third regions thereof, the height of the one or more sample chambers varying between each of the first, second, and third regions in a predefined manner.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to:
receive data relating to a third optical measurement that is performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the third region; and
to determine the property of the sample, by performing statistical analysis with respect to the first, second, and third optical measurements, and the predefined variation in height between the first, second, and third regions.
In some applications, the computer processor is configured to:
determine a signal level of the biological sample, and
based upon the determined signal level, select two out of the first, second, and third regions upon which to perform, respectively, the first and second optical measurements.
In some applications, the sample carrier includes:
a first substrate that defines a first surface; and
a second substrate that defines one or more surfaces that oppose the first surface, and
the second substrate is shaped to define the one or more surfaces that oppose the first surface, such that one or more surfaces that oppose the first surface define the manner in which the height of the one or more sample chambers varies between the first and second regions.
In some applications, the second substrate defines second and third surfaces, the second and third surfaces (a) opposing the first surface, (b) being parallel to the first surface, and (c) being stepped with respect to each other. In some applications, the second substrate that defines at least a second surface, the second surface (a) opposing the first surface, and (b) being non-parallel with respect to the first surface.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method for determining a property of a biological sample, the method including:
providing a sample carrier, the sample carrier including one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions in a predefined manner;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers;
performing a first optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region;
performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region; and
determining the property of the sample by using a relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a computer software product, for use with a biological sample that is placed within a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions, in a predefined manner, the computer software product including a non-transitory computer-readable medium in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer cause the computer to perform the steps of:
receiving data relating to a first optical measurement that is performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region;
receiving data relating to a second optical measurement that is performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region; and
determining the property of the sample by using a relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the first region and the second region.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method including:
providing a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
categorizing the biological sample;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers; and
based upon the categorization of the biological sample, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand.
In some applications, categorizing the sample includes receiving an indication of the categorization of the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes categorizing the sample based upon a density of one or more components within the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes categorizing the sample based upon a surface density of one or more components within a monolayer formed by the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes categorizing the sample based upon a concentration of one or more components within the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes categorizing the sample based upon a count of one or more components within the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes measuring a parameter of the sample selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence, by performing a preliminary optical measurement upon the sample. In some applications, categorizing the sample includes performing microscopic imaging upon the sample.
In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform counting of a given component within the sample, by performing microscopic imaging upon the region. In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
In some applications:
the one or more sample chambers define at least first, second, and third regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between each of the first, second, and third regions in a predefined manner; and
based upon the identified property of the biological sample, selecting two out of the first, second, and third regions upon which to perform, respective, first and second optical measurements for measuring the given measurand.
In some applications, the method further includes:
performing the, respective, first and second optical measurements upon the selected two regions; and
measuring the given measurand by using a relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the selected two regions.
In some applications, the biological sample includes a blood sample, and selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand of the blood sample.
In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the blood sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, optical transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence. In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform counting of a given component within the blood sample, by performing microscopic imaging upon the region.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus including:
a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a computer software product, for use with a biological sample that is placed within a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions, the computer software product including a non-transitory computer-readable medium in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer cause the computer to perform the steps of:
categorizing the biological sample; and
based upon the categorization of the biological sample, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand of the biological sample.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the apparatus including:
a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample,
the one or more sample chambers defining at least first, second, and third regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between each of the first, second, and third regions in a predefined manner.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method including:
providing a sample carrier, the sample carrier including one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers;
measuring a first measurand, by performing a first optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region; and
measuring a second measurand, by performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
In some applications, the biological sample includes a blood sample, measuring the first measurand includes measuring a first measurand of the blood sample performing the first optical measurement upon a portion of the blood sample that is disposed within the first region, and measuring the second measurand includes measuring a second measurand of the blood sample by performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
In some applications, measuring the first measurand of the blood sample includes determining a count of a first component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region, and measuring the second measurand of the blood sample includes determining a count of a second component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
In some applications, measuring the first measurand of the blood sample includes measuring a concentration of a first component within the blood sample, by performing, upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region, an optical measurement of a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence. In some applications, measuring the second measurand of the blood sample includes measuring a concentration of a second component within the blood sample, by performing, upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region, an optical measurement of a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence. In some applications, measuring the second measurand of the blood sample includes determining a count of a second component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus including:
a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a computer software product, for use with a biological sample that is placed within a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions, the computer software product including a non-transitory computer-readable medium in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer cause the computer to perform the steps of:
measuring a first measurand, by receiving a first optical measurement performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region; and
measuring a second measurand, by receiving a second optical measurement performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method including:
providing a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
categorizing a measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers; and
based upon the categorization of the measurand, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand.
In some applications, the biological sample includes a blood sample, categorizing the measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured includes categorizing a measurand of the blood sample that is to be measured.
In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the blood sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence. In some applications, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand includes selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform microscopic imaging.
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus including:
a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a computer software product, for use with a biological sample that is placed within a sample carrier that includes one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions, the computer software product including a non-transitory computer-readable medium in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer cause the computer to perform the steps of:
categorizing a measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured; and
based upon the categorization of the measurand, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:
Reference is now made to
A computer processor 28 typically receives and processes optical measurements that are performed by the optical measurement device. Further typically, the computer processor controls the acquisition of optical measurements that are performed by the one or more optical measurement devices. The computer processor communicates with a memory 30. A user (e.g., a laboratory technician) sends instructions to the computer processor via a user interface 32. For some applications, the user interface includes a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a touchscreen device (such as a smartphone or a tablet computer), a touchpad, a trackball, a voice-command interface, and/or other types of user interfaces that are known in the art. Typically, the computer processor generates an output via an output device 34. Further typically, the output device includes a display, such as a monitor, and the output includes an output that is displayed on the display. For some applications, the processor generates an output on a different type of visual, text, graphics, tactile, audio, and/or video output device, e.g., speakers, headphones, a smartphone, or a tablet computer. For some applications, user interface 32 acts as both an input interface and an output interface, i.e., it acts as an input/output interface. For some applications, the processor generates an output on a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium), such as a disk, or a portable USB drive, and/or generates an output on a printer.
Reference is now made to
Typically, in order to perform optical analysis upon the sample, it is desirable to know the optical path length, the volume, and/or the thickness of the portion of the sample upon which the optical measurements were performed, as precisely as possible. Further typically, the optical measurements are performed upon a portion of the sample disposed in a sample carrier that is defined by two or more opposing surfaces. In order to provide the desired level of precision, it is desirable for the two or more opposing surfaces to be separated by a distance that is correspondingly tightly set or tightly controlled. However, in some manufacture or assembly processes, the distance between the opposing surfaces may vary substantially. For example, in some instances, two or more of the opposing surfaces lie in separate substrates that are bonded relative to each other during manufacture or assembly (e.g. using thermal bonding, solvent-assisted bonding, ultrasonic welding, laser welding, heat staking, adhesive, mechanical clamping and/or additional substrates).
For example, as shown in
Typically, an optical measurement is performed on the sample. For example, the density of a component may be determined by performing a count of the component within a microscopic image. Similarly, the concentration and/or density of a component may be measured by performing optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and/or luminescence measurements upon the sample. Without being bound by theory, an uncertainty of 20 percent in the distance separating the two opposing surfaces (as described in the above example), may, in turn, correspond to 20 percent uncertainty in parameters of the sample that are derived from the optical measurements that are performed upon the sample (such as, the derived concentration and/or density of a component within the sample).
For example, for some applications, the concentration of a component is determined by measuring optical absorption. The absorption measurements are analyzed based upon the Beer-Lambert Law, in accordance with which the resulting optical intensity I after passing through a distance h in a sample containing concentration ρ of a substance with absorptivity coefficient α is I=I0×e−αρh, where I0 is incident the light intensity before passing through the sample. Thus, for some applications, when passing light through a sample within a sample chamber having a height h (which is defined by the distance between the opposing surfaces), I and I0 are measured and the concentration of a given component is deduced using the known height and the known absorptivity coefficient of the component. For example, such a technique may be used to measure the hemoglobin concentration of a blood sample (e.g., using absorption techniques that are known in the art, such as, by first staining hemoglobin using a suitable dye that provides an optical absorption signature, or by performing the measurements upon unstained hemoglobin). For some applications, additional measurements are performed at different wavelengths to further improve the accuracy in determining the concentration. For such techniques, uncertainty in the height h of the sample chamber results in a corresponding uncertainty in the derived concentration.
For some applications, the density (e.g. count per unit volume) of a component is measured. For example, such measurements may be performed in order to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, Howell-Jolly bodies, bacteria, and/or parasites of a given type per unit volume, such as when performing a complete blood count or a diagnostic test. Typically, for such applications, images (e.g., microscopic images) of the sample are acquired, and the count per unit volume is determined based upon the count of the component within the images and the corresponding volume within which the count was measured. As the volume is equal to height times area, any uncertainty in the height of the sample chamber results in uncertainty in the volume, and a corresponding uncertainty in the count per unit volume.
For some applications, one or more of the following measurements are performed upon a sample within a sample chamber: bacteria or virus concentration, contaminant concentration (e.g. in drinking water), turbidity measurement (e.g. in water, urine), and enzymatic assays (including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays). For such measurements, uncertainty in the height of the sample chamber results in uncertainty in the measurement
In accordance with some applications of the present invention, the above-described problems associated with uncertainty relating to the height of a sample chamber are at least partially overcome. Referring again to
As shown in
An illustrative example of how the height difference Δh may be used to determine a parameter of the sample is as follows. In order to determine the density of white blood cells within a blood sample, the number of white blood cells within a microscopic image within a given area A within region 42 may be counted, and the number of white blood cells within the same area within region 44 may also be counted. The difference between these two numbers is equal to the number of white blood cells in a volume equal to area A multiplied by height difference Δh. Therefore, the number of white blood cells within this volume is divided by the known volume, to provide the density of white blood cells per unit volume in the solution that is disposed in the carrier. Typically, this value is used to extrapolate an amount or concentration of white blood cells in a stock sample, from which the solution in the sample carrier was produced.
For some applications, additional steps are performed to reduce the error in estimating the white blood cell density. For example, a choice of height differences may be provided, such that a suitable height difference is chosen, and/or such that measurements obtained across multiple height differences are integrated using a statistical method (e.g. averaging, regression, curve-fitting or other techniques known in the art). For some applications, the above-described technique is performed but with different areas being measured in regions 42 and 44, and with the volume being calculated by correcting for the area difference between the areas that were measured in regions 42 and 44.
For some applications, the above-described technique is used to determine the density (e.g., the count per unit volume) of other components within a blood sample, including but limited to red blood cells, platelets, anomalous white blood cells, circulating tumor cells, reticulocytes, Howell Jolly bodies, pathogens (such as, Plasmodium or Babesia), etc.
It is noted that although height h of first, shallower region 42 is shown in
It is further noted that, although in
For some applications, an optical measurement is performed by providing optical windows on the sample carrier. For example, absorption measurements may be performed by illuminating a sample through a region of one of the substrates (e.g., top substrate 52) that defines an optical window 60 and measuring light coming out through a region of the other substrate (e.g. bottom substrate 48) that defines an optical window 62. For some applications, a reflective surface is used to allow the light to enter and exit through the same optical window (e.g., window 60). This may be used, for example, in the case of an absorption or density measurement, with the analysis having to account, for example, for light having gone through the sample twice. For some applications fluorescence is measured using one or more optical windows. For example, epifluorescence measurements may be performed through a single optical window, since the emitted light may be detected through the same optical window as used for excitation light. For some applications, luminescence is measured using one or more optical windows.
Although
Reference is now made to
Reference is now made to
Reference is now made to
For some applications, three or more regions having a known height variation between them are used (e.g., using a sample chamber as shown in
For some applications, the intensity of light that is reflected from the sample is measured, rather than measuring light that is transmitted from the sample. For such applications, the algorithm described with reference to
For some applications, similar techniques are applied to optical measurements that relate to fluorescence or luminescence optical signatures. For example, the detected luminescence of a sample may be proportional to the volume assayed by an optical detector, which in turn may be proportional to sample height. The techniques described herein allow a practitioner to perform the measurement in two or more separate regions of the device that have predefined height differences therebetween. For some applications, the height differences are known to a greater degree of accuracy than the overall height of the sample chamber, as described hereinabove. For some applications, the height differences are used, for example, to mathematically infer sample luminescence per unit volume, which in turn may be used to assess the concentration, count or density of a component of the sample.
For some application, the techniques described with reference to
As described hereinabove, for some applications concentration is determined by comparing the light intensity before passing through the sample to the measured light intensity after light has been transmitted through, or reflected by, the sample. As the measured light intensity may be up to a few orders of magnitude smaller than the transmitted light intensity, this may require the ability to provide accurate light intensity measurements over a large dynamic range of measured intensities. Alternatively, one may provide the incident light and measure the transmitted or reflected light at a range of different emitter or detector settings, in which case this may require precise knowledge of how the emitter or detector behavior changes with changing the settings (e.g. how emitted light intensity varies with input current).
For some applications of the present invention, the concentration of a given component within the sample is determined without requiring knowledge of the intensity of the transmitted light intensity, by comparing measured light intensities corresponding to respective regions within the sample carrier, and without changing the intensity of the incident light between measurements. For example, with reference to the sample carrier as shown in
For some such applications, the actual system setting used is chosen such as to provide desirable operating conditions.
For some applications, sample carrier 22 defines three or more regions with predefined height differences between them, for example, as shown in
In general, the scope of the present invention includes (a) providing a sample carrier, such as sample carrier 22 as described herein, (b) categorizing a biological sample, (c) placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers of the sample carrier, and (d) based upon the categorization of the biological sample, selecting one of the regions of the sample carrier upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand. For example, if a sample, and/or a monolayer formed by the sample, has a relatively low density of red blood cells, then measurements may be performed upon a region of the sample carrier having a relatively great height, such that there is a sufficient density of cells, and/or such that there is a sufficient density of cells within the monolayer formed by the sample, to provide statistically reliable data. Such measurements may include, for example red blood cell density measurements, measurements of other cellular attributes, (such as counts of abnormal red blood cells, red blood cells that include intracellular bodies (e.g., pathogens, Howell-Jolly bodies), etc.), and/or hemoglobin concentration. Conversely, if a sample, and/or a monolayer formed by the sample, has a relatively high density of red blood cells, then such measurements may be performed upon a region of the sample carrier having a relatively low height, for example, such that there is a sufficient sparsity of cells, and/or such that there is a sufficient sparsity of cells within the monolayer of cells formed by the sample, that the cells can be identified within microscopic images. For some applications, such methods are performed even without the variation in height between the regions of the one or more sample chambers being precisely known.
For some applications, the sample is categorized based on receiving an indication of the categorization of the sample (e.g., the sample may be labelled to indicate its categorization and this categorization may be inputted into the computer processor). Alternatively or additionally, the categorization includes performing microscopic imaging upon the sample, and/or measuring a parameter of the sample, such as optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and/or luminescence measurements, by performing a preliminary optical measurement upon the sample. For some applications, the sample is categorized based on the concentration of one or more components within the sample, and/or based on the density (e.g., a count per unit volume) of one or more components within the sample. For some applications, a monolayer is formed within the sample carrier (for example, using techniques as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,329,129 to Pollak, which is incorporated herein by reference), and the sample is categorized based upon a surface density of one or more components of the sample within the monolayer.
For some applications, based upon the measurand that is being measured, the region within the sample carrier upon which to perform optical measurements is selected. For example, a region of the sample chamber having a relatively great height may be used to perform a white blood cell count (e.g., to reduce statistical errors which may result from a low count in a shallower region), white blood cell differentiation, and/or to detect more rare forms of white blood cells. Conversely, in order to determine mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), red blood cell morphologic features, and/or red blood cell abnormalities, optical measurements (e.g., microscopic images) may be obtained from a region of the sample chamber having a relatively low height, since in such regions the cells are relatively sparsely distributed across the area of the region, and/or form a monolayer in which the cells are relatively sparsely distributed. Similarly, in order to count platelets, classify platelets, and/or extract any other attributes (such as volume) of platelets, optical measurements (e.g., microscopic images) may be obtained from a region of the sample chamber having a relatively low height, since within such regions there are fewer red blood cells which overlap (fully or partially) with the platelets in microscopic images, and/or in a monolayer.
In accordance with the above-described examples, it is preferable to use a region of the sample carrier having a lower height for performing optical measurements for measuring some measurands within a sample (such as a blood sample), whereas it is preferable to use a region of the sample carrier having a greater height for performing optical measurements for measuring other measurands within such a sample. Therefore, for some applications, a first measurand within a sample is measured, by performing a first optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within a first region of the sample carrier, and a second measurand of the same sample is measured, by performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within a second region of the sample carrier. For some applications, the first and second measurands are normalized with respect to each other, for example, using techniques as described in a PCT application being filed on even date herewith, entitled “Performing optical measurements on a sample,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
For some applications, a sample carrier as described herein is used to determine hemoglobin concentration within an undiluted blood sample using green light (500 nm-600 nm). For some such applications, the nominal height of the lowest region of the sample carrier is between greater than 1 micrometer, and/or less than 300 micrometers (e.g., 1-300 micrometers). Typically, the predefined height differences between regions of the sample carrier are greater than 5 micrometers and/or less than 500 micrometers (e.g., 5-500 micrometers). For some applications, the area of each of the regions is less than 100 square millimeters, e.g., less than 25 square millimeters, although the exact dimensions typically depend on the substrate that is used and the fabrication method.
For some applications, a sample carrier as described herein is configured such that first and second regions of the sample chambers (which are as described hereinabove) are imaged using a microscope (e.g., by providing optical windows, as described hereinabove). For some such applications, the nominal height of the lowest region of the sample carrier is between greater than 40 micrometers, and/or less than 450 micrometers (e.g., 4-450 micrometers). For some applications, the area of each of the regions that is configured to be imaged by the microscope is less than 400 square millimeters.
Reference is now made to
For some applications, the sample as described herein is a sample that includes blood or components thereof (e.g., a diluted or non-diluted whole blood sample, a sample including predominantly red blood cells, or a diluted sample including predominantly red blood cells), and parameters are determined relating to components in the blood such as platelets, white blood cells, anomalous white blood cells, circulating tumor cells, red blood cells, reticulocytes, Howell-Jolly bodies, etc.
In general, it is noted that although some applications of the present invention have been described with respect to a blood sample, the scope of the present invention includes applying the apparatus and methods described herein to a variety of samples. For some applications, the sample is a biological sample, such as, blood, saliva, semen, sweat, sputum, vaginal fluid, stool, breast milk, bronchoalveolar lavage, gastric lavage, tears and/or nasal discharge. The biological sample may be from any living creature, and is typically from warm blooded animals. For some applications, the biological sample is a sample from a mammal, e.g., from a human body. For some applications, the sample is taken from any domestic animal, zoo animals and farm animals, including but not limited to dogs, cats, horses, cows and sheep. Alternatively or additionally, the biological sample is taken from animals that act as disease vectors including deer or rats.
For some applications, similar techniques to those described hereinabove are applied to a non-bodily sample. For some applications, the sample is an environmental sample, such as, a water (e.g. groundwater) sample, surface swab, soil sample, air sample, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is a food sample, such as, a meat sample, dairy sample, water sample, wash-liquid sample, beverage sample, and any combination thereof.
Applications of the invention described herein can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system, such as computer processor 28. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can comprise, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Typically, the computer-usable or computer readable medium is a non-transitory computer-usable or computer readable medium.
Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.
A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor (e.g., computer processor 28) coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements (e.g., memory 30) through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. The system can read the inventive instructions on the program storage devices and follow these instructions to execute the methodology of the embodiments of the invention.
Network adapters may be coupled to the processor to enable the processor to become coupled to other processors or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the C programming language or similar programming languages.
It will be understood that blocks of the flowcharts shown in
Computer processor 28 is typically a hardware device programmed with computer program instructions to produce a special purpose computer. For example, when programmed to perform the algorithms described with reference to
The apparatus and methods described herein may be used in conjunction with apparatus and methods described in any one of the following patent applications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference:
US 2012/0169863 to Bachelet;
US 2014/0347459 to Greenfield;
US 2015/0037806 to Pollak;
US 20150316477 to Pollak;
US 20160208306 to Pollak;
US 20160246046 to Yorav Raphael;
US 20160279633 to Bachelet;
WO 16/030897 to Yorav Raphael;
WO 17/046799 to Eshel;
WO 17/168411 to Eshel.
There is provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, the following inventive concepts:
1. A method for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method comprising:
providing a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
categorizing the biological sample;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers; and
based upon the categorization of the biological sample, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand.
2. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises receiving an indication of the categorization of the sample.
3. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises categorizing the sample based upon a density of one or more components within the sample.
4. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises categorizing the sample based upon a surface density of one or more components within a monolayer formed by the sample.
5. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises categorizing the sample based upon a concentration of one or more components within the sample.
6. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises categorizing the sample based upon a count of one or more components within the sample.
7. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises measuring a parameter of the sample selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence, by performing a preliminary optical measurement upon the sample.
8. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein categorizing the sample comprises performing microscopic imaging upon the sample.
9. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform counting of a given component within the sample, by performing microscopic imaging upon the region.
10. The method according to inventive concept 1, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
11. The method according to any one of inventive concepts 1-10, wherein:
the one or more sample chambers define at least first, second, and third regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between each of the first, second, and third regions in a predefined manner; and
based upon the identified property of the biological sample, selecting two out of the first, second, and third regions upon which to perform, respective, first and second optical measurements for measuring the given measurand.
12. The method according to inventive concept 11, further comprising:
performing the, respective, first and second optical measurements upon the selected two regions; and
measuring the given measurand by using a relationship between the first optical measurement, the second optical measurement, and the predefined variation in height between the selected two regions.
13. The method according to any one of inventive concepts 1-10, wherein the biological sample includes a blood sample, and wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand of the blood sample.
14. The method according to inventive concept 13, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the blood sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, optical transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
15. The method according to inventive concept 13, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the given measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform counting of a given component within the blood sample, by performing microscopic imaging upon the region.
16. Apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus comprising:
a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
categorizing the biological sample; and
based upon the categorization of the biological sample, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring a given measurand of the biological sample.
18. Apparatus for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the apparatus comprising:
a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample,
the one or more sample chambers defining at least first, second, and third regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between each of the first, second, and third regions in a predefined manner.
19. A method for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method comprising:
providing a sample carrier, the sample carrier including one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers;
measuring a first measurand, by performing a first optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region; and
measuring a second measurand, by performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
20. The method according to inventive concept 19, wherein the biological sample includes a blood sample, wherein measuring the first measurand comprises measuring a first measurand of the blood sample performing the first optical measurement upon a portion of the blood sample that is disposed within the first region, and wherein measuring the second measurand comprises measuring a second measurand of the blood sample by performing a second optical measurement upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
21. The method according to inventive concept 20, wherein measuring the first measurand of the blood sample comprises determining a count of a first component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region, and wherein measuring the second measurand of the blood sample comprises determining a count of a second component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
22. The method according to inventive concept 20, wherein measuring the first measurand of the blood sample comprises measuring a concentration of a first component within the blood sample, by performing, upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region, an optical measurement of a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
23. The method according to inventive concept 22, wherein measuring the second measurand of the blood sample comprises measuring a concentration of a second component within the blood sample, by performing, upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region, an optical measurement of a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
24. The method according to inventive concept 22, wherein measuring the second measurand of the blood sample comprises determining a count of a second component within the blood sample by performing microscopic imaging upon the portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
25. Apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus comprising:
a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
measuring a first measurand, by receiving a first optical measurement performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the first region; and
measuring a second measurand, by receiving a second optical measurement performed upon a portion of the sample that is disposed within the second region.
27. A method for performing optical measurements on a biological sample, the method comprising:
providing a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions;
categorizing a measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured;
placing the sample into the one or more sample chambers; and
based upon the categorization of the measurand, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand.
28. The method according to inventive concept 27, wherein the biological sample includes a blood sample, wherein categorizing the measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured comprises categorizing a measurand of the blood sample that is to be measured.
29. The method according to inventive concept 28, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to measure a concentration of a given component within the blood sample, by measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical absorption, transmittance, fluorescence, and luminescence.
30. The method according to inventive concept 28, wherein selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand comprises selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform microscopic imaging.
31. Apparatus for determining a property of a biological sample, the apparatus comprising:
a sample carrier that comprises one or more sample chambers configured to house the sample, the one or more sample chambers defining at least first and second regions thereof, a height of the one or more sample chambers varying between the first and second regions; and
a computer processor configured to:
categorizing a measurand of the biological sample that is to be measured; and
based upon the categorization of the measurand, selecting one of the first and second regions upon which to perform optical measurements for measuring the identified measurand.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/098,893 to Pollak (published as US 2019/0302099), which is a US national phase application of PCT Application No. PCT/IL2017/050523 to Pollak (published as WO 17/195205), filed May 11, 2017, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/334,521 to Pollak, filed May 11, 2016, entitled “Sample carrier for optical measurements.” The present application is related to PCT Application No. PCT/IL2017/050526 to Zait (published as WO 17/195208), filed May 11, 2017, entitled “Performing optical measurements on a sample,” which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/334,517 to Zait, filed May 11, 2016, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Estimating Dilution and Concentration.”
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20210072226 A1 | Mar 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62334521 | May 2016 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 16098893 | US | |
Child | 17082483 | US |