Patent Grant
6850345
The present invention relates to holographic data storage media.
Many different types of data storage media have been developed to store information. Traditional media, for instance, include magnetic media, optical media, and mechanical media to name a few. Increasing data storage density is a paramount goal in the development of new or improved types of data storage media.
In traditional media, individual bits are stored as distinct mechanical, optical, or magnetic changes on the surface of the media. For this reason, medium surface area may pose physical limits on data densities.
Holographic data storage media can offer higher storage densities than traditional media. In a holographic medium, data can be stored throughout the volume of the medium rather than the medium surface. Moreover, data can be superimposed within the same media volume through a process called shift multiplexing. For these reasons, theoretical holographic storage densities can approach tens of terabits per cubic centimeter.
In holographic data storage media, entire pages of information can be stored as optical interference patterns within a photosensitive optical material. This can be done by intersecting two coherent laser beams within the optical material. The first laser beam, called the object beam, contains the information to be stored; and the second, called the reference beam, interferes with the object beam to create an interference pattern that can be stored in the optical material as a hologram. When the stored hologram is later illuminated with only the reference beam, some of the reference beam light is diffracted by the hologram. Moreover, the diffracted light creates a reconstruction of the original object beam. Thus, by illuminating a recorded hologram with the reference beam, the data encoded in the object beam can be recreated and detected by a data detector such as a camera.
The invention is directed towards holographic data storage media, holographic data storage systems, and methods for making holographic data storage media. The holographic data storage media may incorporate thermoplastic substrates having reduced substrate thicknesses. Moreover, in some embodiments, holographic data storage media incorporate thermoplastic substrates within a particular thickness range.
In one embodiment, a holographic data storage medium may include a first thermoplastic substrate portion having a thickness less than or approximately equal to 2 millimeters, a second thermoplastic substrate portion having a thickness less than or approximately equal to 2 millimeters, and a holographic recording material sandwiched between the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions. By way of example, the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions may be made of at least one of the following: polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and amorphous polyolefin. The holographic recording material may be made of a photopolymer.
The holographic data storage medium, for instance, may take the form of a disk or a card. The first and second thermoplastic substrate portions may be injection molded substrate portions. As will be described in detail below, an edge wedge phenomenon associated with injection molded thermoplastic substrates can make fabrication of holographic data storage media challenging. To overcome problems introduced by the edge wedge phenomenon, the invention may involve the use of substrate portions with reduced thicknesses. For instance, each of the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions may have thicknesses less than or equal to approximately 2 millimeters, less than or equal to approximately 1.2 millimeters, or even less than or equal to approximately 0.6 millimeters.
Optimal substrate thicknesses may have a lower limit determined by other variables such as birefringence and stiffness. Therefore, in one particular embodiment, each of the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions have thicknesses less than 1.3 millimeters and greater than 0.5 millimeters. 1.3 millimeters to 0.5 millimeters, for instance, may define an optimal thermoplastic substrate thickness range.
In other embodiments, the invention may comprise a holographic data storage system. The system may include a laser that produces at least one laser beam and optical elements through which the laser beam passes. The system may also include a data encoder, such as a spatial light modulator, that encodes data in at least part of the laser beam. In addition, the system may include a holographic recording medium that stores at least one hologram. The holographic recording medium, for instance, may include one or more of the features mentioned above, such as thin thermoplastic substrate portions. The system may also include a data detector, such as a camera, that detects the hologram.
In yet another embodiment, the invention may comprise a method of fabricating holographic media. The method may include injection molding a first substrate portion and a second substrate portion, and depositing a photopolymer between the first and second substrate portions. Injection molding the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions, for instance, may comprise injection molding the first and second thermoplastic substrate portions to have sufficiently thin substrate thicknesses. Depositing the photopolymer may comprise injecting the photopolymer between the first and second substrate portions. For instance, for a disk shaped medium, the photopolymer may be injected by center dispensing the photopolymer through an inner diameter of the substrate portions of the medium. The method may also include forcing the first substrate portion onto an upper reference plane and forcing the second substrate portion onto a lower reference plane. The photopolymer may then be cured in situ.
Substrate thicknesses less than or equal to approximately 2.0 millimeters, less than or equal to approximately 1.2 millimeters, or less than or equal to approximately 0.6 millimeters may be highly advantageous. In particular, substrate thicknesses in these ranges may minimize the negative effects of the edge wedge phenomenon that is described in detail below. Briefly, the edge wedge phenomenon is the result of differential cooling of the thermoplastic material as it solidifies in an injection molding cavity. The differential cooling, for instance, can result in substrates that exhibit cusps at the substrate edges that are thicker than the average thickness of the substrate.
Other factors, such as birefringence and stiffness, however, may make thicker substrates more desirable. The range of 0.5 millimeters to 1.3 millimeters, for instance, may define an optimal thermoplastic substrate thickness range for sandwich construction holographic media.
Additional details of these and other embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects and advantages will become apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
The first component exits beam splitter 14 and follows an object path. This “object beam” may then pass through a collection of object beam optical elements 18A-18E and a data encoder such as a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) 20. For instance, lens 18A may expand the laser light and lens 18B may condition the laser light so that the photons are traveling substantially parallel when they enter SLM 20.
SLM 20 may encode data in the object beam, for instance, in the form of a holographic bit map (or pixel array).
The second component exits the beam splitter 14 and follows a reference path. This “reference beam” may be directed by reference beam optical elements such as lenses 26 and mirrors 28. The reference beam illuminates the media plane 21, interfering with the object beam to create a hologram on medium 25. By way of example, medium 25 may take the form of a disk shaped medium or a card shaped medium. For instance, if the medium takes the form of a disk, the disk may be rotatable within a holographic disk drive to read and write data
In order to provide increased storage density, storage medium 25 is typically located in proximity to one of the Fourier transform planes. Using an optical arrangement similar to that shown in
After a hologram has been stored on the medium 25, the data encoded in the hologram may be read, again, e.g., using an optical arrangement similar to that shown in FIG. 1. For readout of the data, only the reference beam is allowed to illuminate the hologram on medium 25. Light diffracts off the hologram stored on medium 25 to reconstruct or “re-create,” the object beam, or a beam of light that is substantially equivalent to the original encoded object beam. This recreated object beam passes through lens 18F, permitting a reconstruction of the bit map that was encoded in the object beam to be observed at image plane 22B. Therefore, a data detector, such as camera 30 can be positioned at image plane 22B to read the data encoded in the hologram.
The holographic bit map encoded by SLM 20 comprises one “page” of holographic data. For instance, the page may be an array of binary information that is stored in a particular location on the holographic medium as a hologram. By way of example, a typical page of holographic data may be 1000 bit by 1000 bit pixel array that is stored in 1 square millimeter of medium surface area, although the scope of the invention is not limited in that respect. Because holographic data is stored throughout the medium volume, however, sequential pages may be overlapped in the recording process by a process called shift multiplexing.
In one type of shift multiplexing of holographic data pages, sequential pages are recorded at shifted locations around the medium. The shift distances are typically much less than the recorded area in one dimension (the down-track dimension) and approximately equal to the recorded area in the other dimension (the cross-track dimension).
In an alternative type of shift multiplexing, sometimes referred to as phase correlation multiplexing, sequential pages are overlapped in the recording process in both the cross track dimension and the down track dimension.
In order to precisely locate track locations, a holographic data storage system may implement one or more tracking techniques. Exemplary tracking techniques, for instance, are described in copending and commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/813,065, to Jathan Edwards, entitled “TRACKING TECHNIQUES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE MEDIA,” filed Mar. 20, 2001, and bearing The content of the above-identified application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A holographic recording material 43 may be dispensed between the respective thermoplastic substrate portions 41, 42. For instance, for a disk shaped medium, the holographic recording material 43 may be injected by center dispensing a photopolymer through an inner diameter of the thermoplastic substrate portions 41, 42. In center dispensing, the photopolymer material flows radially to fill the cavity between the substrate portions 41, 42. Photopolymer material flow lines may be symmetric to the disk shaped medium. As mentioned above, if the holographic recording material is dispensed via injection, the injection process may also force the thermoplastic substrate portions 41, 42 against the respective flat portions 51, 52.
By way of example, the first and second flat portions 51, 52 may be positioned to define upper and lower reference planes. After dispensing the holographic recording material, e.g., via the center dispensing method mentioned above, the upper flat portion 51 or lower flat portion 52 may be adjusted slightly so that the parallelism of medium surface is maintained throughout medium fabrication. For high optical quality holographic media, substrate portions 41, 42 may need to be parallel to within one optical fringe.
For example, an interferometer may be implemented to measure parallelism. Alternatively, the system 50 may be mechanically pre-calibrated to ensure that the upper and lower surfaces of the resulting fabricated media will be sufficiently parallel. If the system is mechanically pre-calibrated to ensure parallelism, the positions of the upper and lower flat portions 51, 52 may be carefully pre-defined so that the upper and lower surfaces of the resulting fabricated media will be sufficiently parallel. In addition, if the system is mechanically pre-calibrated, an interferometer used to monitor parallelism may be unnecessary.
Holographic recording material, for instance, may be a photopolymer material. After the medium has been fabricated, the holographic recording material may have a thickness of approximately one millimeter. Thermoplastic substrate portions 42, 43 may each have thickness less than or equal to approximately 2 millimeters, less than or equal to approximately 1.2 millimeters, or even less than or equal to :approximately 0.6 millimeters. Thus, the total thickness of the holographic recording medium may be less than or equal to approximately 5 millimeters, less than or equal to approximately 3.4 millimeters, or even less than or equal to approximately 2.2 millimeters. As described below, however, an optimal range of respective substrate thicknesses may fall within 0.5 millimeters to 1.3 millimeters.
Thermoplastic substrate portions 42, 43, for instance, may be comprised of a suitable thermoplastic such as polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, amorphous polyolefin, or the like. Moreover, thermoplastic substrate portions 42, 43 may be fabricated by an injection molding process. Injection molding the substrates, for instance, can provide many advantages in fabrication.
For instance, injection molded substrates can be mass-produced at relatively low cost. Moreover, the injection molds may be adapted to provide the substrates with additional features such as surface variations that are optically detectable. These optically detectable surface variations can carry precision tracking and/or pre-format information. Copending and commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/813,065 to Jathan Edwards, entitled “TRACKING TECHNIQUES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE MEDIA,” filed Mar. 20, 2001, and bearing, for instance, describes how prerecorded surface variations may provide precision tracking features to a holographic medium. For these and other reasons, it may be highly advantageous to fabricate the respective substrate portions by injection molding.
Injection molding the thermoplastic substrate portions, however, raises additional challenges. For instance, injection molding can result in substrate portions exhibiting an “edge wedge” phenomenon. The “edge wedge” phenomenon is the result of the cooling and solidification of the thermoplastic in an injection mold. As a thermoplastic material cools and solidifies in an injection mold, the thermoplastic material at the inner and outer edges of the mold may cool at a different rate than the rest of the thermoplastic material.
This differential cooling can result in a substrate thickness that is non-uniform. For instance, small cusps at the edges of an injection molded disk substrate may have a thickness that is greater than the average disk thickness. The presence of such cusps is referred to as the “edge wedge” phenomenon or “edge wedge” problem.
Experimental data has shown that the edge wedge phenomenon increases as substrate thickness increases. For instance, as the thickness of an injection molded substrate increases, the variables X and Y, as shown in
The edge wedge phenomenon presents a significant obstacle to the fabrication of high optical quality holographic media. Referring again to
In short, the presence of cusps can undermine the ability to create a high optical quality holographic data storage medium. For instance, if substrate portions cannot be uniformly forced against reference planes (such as flat portions 51, 52 as shown in FIG. 5), high optical quality holographic data storage disks fabrication techniques may be ineffective. Moreover, even if disk fabrication is still possible, the usefulness of the disk can be reduced by the presence of cusps on the substrate portions. For instance, the storage density of the disk may be reduced if, during media fabrication, the substrate portions cannot be made to be sufficiently parallel to cause the holographic recording material to have a substantially uniform thickness.
To overcome problems relating to the edge wedge phenomenon, substrate portions may be fabricated to be sufficiently thin. In this manner, the edge wedge phenomenon may be reduced dramatically. In particular, thinner injection molded substrates exhibit smaller edge wedge phenomenon cusps. For instance, referring again to
As mentioned above, however, other media design variables such as birefringence and media stiffness may pose limitations on how thin a useful substrate can be made. In general, thicker substrates are stiffer and have lower birefringence. Thus, as described in the example below, there may exist an optimal substrate thickness range in which a number of variable fall within acceptable range for a high quality sandwich construction holographic data storage medium.
In experiments, thermoplastic materials such as polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, and amorphous polyolefin are injection molded to fabricate 120-millimeter diameter substrates and 130-millimeter diameter substrates having thicknesses of 2.0 millimeters, 1.2 millimeters and 0.6 millimeters. The edge wedge is then measured for each respective substrate thickness, e.g., by measuring the variable Y as shown in FIG. 7. Holographic data storage media are then fabricated using the respective substrates of differing thicknesses and the media fabrication techniques described above.
The experimental results show that the 2.0 millimeter substrates typically exhibit an edge wedge of approximately Y=20 microns, the 1.2 millimeter substrates typically exhibit an edge wedge of approximately Y=10 microns, and the 0.6 millimeter substrates typically exhibit an edge wedge of approximately Y=4 microns. Thus, the results show that the edge wedge phenomenon decreases with decreasing substrate thicknesses.
Also measured are the birefringence of each substrate (i.e., a measure of the variation of the index of refraction with orientation in the material). The experimental results show that birefringence is approximately 30 nanometers for the 2.0 and 1.2 millimeter substrates and increases to approximately 60 nanometers for the 0.6 millimeter substrates. Thus, the results show that birefringence increases with decreasing substrate thickness, and in particular, that birefringence increases dramatically for substrate thickness less than or approximately equal to 0.6 millimeters.
The experimental results described above clearly show the edge wedge advantages that can be achieved by decreasing the size of the substrate portions in a sandwiched construction holographic data storage medium. Substrate portions having a thickness of 2.0 millimeters or less appear to be adequate for some implementations, but substrate portions having a thickness of 1.2 millimeters or less exhibit smaller cusps. Moreover, substrate portions having a thickness of 0.6 millimeters or less had even smaller cusps. Substrate portions having a thickness of 0.6 millimeters had an acceptable, yet much higher birefringence than the thicker substrate portions. As substrate portions get much thinner than 0.5 millimeters, for example, birefringence may increase to unacceptable levels.
In addition to overcoming the edge wedge problems, thinner substrates also produce advantages in overall media thickness. Thinner substrates, for instance, can reduce the total material cost of an individual medium. There may, however, be a lower limit to the thickness of a substrate portion that could be dictated, e.g., by substrate birefringence, stiffness, and/or other factors such as environmental protection capability. In short, the optimal thickness range for thermoplastic substrate portions for use in a sandwich construction holographic data storage medium is approximately 0.5 millimeters to 1.3 millimeters.
As mentioned above, substrate portions may be formed from a thermoplastic such as a polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, amorphous polyolefin, or the like. For injection molded substrates, several factors may determine which substrate material is best suited for media fabrication. For instance, the substrate material should be capable of confining a viscous photopolymer during the fabrication process. In addition, the material should be capable of exhibiting surface variations, e.g., embossed or molded surface variations, that can carry precision tracking and/or pre-format information. The material should be capable of encapsulating the holographic recording material to protect the holographic recording material from environmental contamination. In addition, as discussed above, the material should have relatively low birefringence. Birefringence is generally a measure of the variation of the index of refraction with orientation in the material. Large variations in the index of refraction with orientation, for instance, are generally undesirable for holographic media substrate materials.
Additionally, a material should be chosen so that surface reflection and intrinsic optical scattering are minimized as much as possible. Moreover, the medium may need an anti-reflection coating. Finally, material cost may be a factor. Considering all these factors, the thermoplastic material referred to as amorphous polyolefin (APO) appears to be well suited as a substrate material for use in holographic media. In addition to meeting the design criteria above, APO does not absorb water vapor. Therefore, if APO is used as a holographic medium substrate, an anti-reflective coating can be applied to the medium without the need to bake or de-gas the substrate.
As described above, the optimal thickness range falls between approximately 0.5 millimeters and 1.3 millimeters. Birefringence may be too high if the substrate thickness is less than 0.5 millimeters, and edge wedge may become a problem if substrate thickness is greater than 1.3 millimeters. Therefore 0.5 millimeters to 1.3 millimeters represents the optimal range for thermoplastic substrates used in sandwich construction holographic data storage media, and APO appears to be the most suitable thermoplastic material for such substrates.
Data detector 112 such as a camera is positioned to detect data encoded bit maps on medium 110. A tracking detector (not shown) such as a PSD, a segmented detector array, a two-element photodetector or the like, may be positioned to detect light diffracted from medium 110 in a manner that enables system 100 to accurately locate track locations on medium 110.
In the system, at least one laser 102 may be carried on a record/read head (not shown). Additional lasers (not shown) may also be carried on the record/read head. In this manner, laser 102 may be properly positioned to read and write holograms on the medium 110.
Various embodiments of the invention have been described. For example, a sandwich construction holographic data storage medium has been described. The substrate portions of medium may be of adequate thickness to overcome edge wedge problems. Moreover, the medium may form part of a holographic data storage system. These and other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This Application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/441,426 filed May 19, 2003, now abandoned, which is in turn a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/812,518, filed Mar. 20, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,365. Each application, application Ser. No. 10/441,426, now abandoned, and application Ser. No. 09/812,518, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,365, are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.
This invention was made with Government support under Agreement No. NMA202-97-9-1050 with the National Imagery and Mapping Agency of the United States Department of Defense. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
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