The detailed description is provided with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, various embodiments of the invention may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the particular embodiments of the invention. Further, various aspects of embodiments of the invention may be performed using various mechanisms, such as integrated semiconductor circuits (“hardware”), computer-readable instructions organized into one or more programs (“software”), or some combination of hardware and software. For the purposes of this disclosure reference to “logic” shall mean either hardware, software, or some combination thereof. Also, the use of “instruction” or “micro-operation” (which may be referred to as “uop”) herein may be interchangeable.
Some of the embodiments discussed herein may be utilized to reselect a virtual address to be translated into a physical address after the virtual address remains unselected during a previous selection process. In an embodiment, a uop may be redispatched for execution in a following clock cycle (e.g., prior to the uop becoming the oldest operation stored in a store address buffer). Moreover, the redispatching of the uop may reduce the latency associated with waiting for the uop to be dispatched from a store address buffer of a processor core, as will be further discussed herein with reference to
More particularly,
As illustrated in
The processor core 100 may further include a schedule unit 106 (which may be a reservation based (RS) scheduler in an embodiment). The schedule unit 106 may store decoded instructions (e.g., received from the decode unit 104) until they are ready for dispatch, e.g., until all source values of a decoded instruction become available. For example, with respect to an “add” instruction, the “add” instruction may be decoded by the decode unit 104 and the schedule unit 106 may store the decoded “add” instruction until the values that are to be added become available. Hence, the schedule unit 106 may schedule and/or issue (referred generically herein as “dispatch”) decoded instructions to various components of the processor core 100 for execution, such as an execution unit 108. The execution unit 108 may execute the dispatched instructions after they are decoded (e.g., by the decode unit 104) and dispatched (e.g., by the schedule unit 106).
In an embodiment, the execution unit 108 may include more than one execution unit, such as a memory execution unit, an integer execution unit, a floating-point execution unit, or other execution units. The execution unit 108 may execute instructions (or uops) out-of-order in some embodiments. Also, in one embodiment, an address may be generated at execution (e.g., by a component of the execution unit such as an address generation unit (AGU)) and used by a memory execution unit to perform memory-related operations. The execution unit 108 may also perform various arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division, and may include one or more an arithmetic logic units (ALUs). In an embodiment, a co-processor (not shown) may perform various arithmetic operations in conjunction with the execution unit 108. In turn, the executed instructions may be checked by check unit 109, e.g., to ensure that the instructions were executed correctly. A retirement unit 110 may retire executed instructions after they are committed. Retirement of the executed instructions may result in processor state being committed from the execution of the instructions, physical registers used by the instructions being de-allocated, etc.
As illustrated in
In one embodiment, such as shown in
Additionally, the processor core 100 may include a data translation lookaside buffer (DTLB) 118, e.g., to enable translation from virtual to physical addresses. For example, when a store instruction is decoded by the decode unit 104 into a store address computation uop (e.g., an STA uop in accordance with at least one instruction set architecture) and a store data uop (e.g., an STD uop in accordance with at least one instruction set architecture), the store address computation uop may utilize the data stored in the DTLB 118 to compute the physical address of data associated with the decoded store instruction. Furthermore, a store data buffer 119 may store one or more bits corresponding to pending memory store operations that have not been written back (or committed) to a memory (e.g., which may be external to the processor core 100 in an embodiment, such as the memory 112).
As illustrated in
Referring to
Moreover, the multiplexer 208 may select one of its input signals based on a selection signal generated by a priority control logic 210. In an embodiment, the selection logic 120 may include the logic 210 and/or the multiplexer 208. Various priority schemes may be used by the logic 210. For example, the logic 210 may afford priority in the following order (from high to low): (1) PMH 122 dispatch of uop (e.g., after completion of a page walk (or second level TLB (STLB) access (not shown), for example in embodiments where the DTLB 118 has multiple levels); (2) redispatch of a uop from the SAB 124; (3) redispatch from the staging storage unit 204 (which may also be referred to as a skid buffer); and (4) dispatch from the storage unit 202. The output of the multiplexer 208 may be provided to the DTLB 118, e.g., to perform address translation such as discussed with reference to
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the storage unit 202, staging storage unit 204, and the staging storage unit 206 may operate in sequential clock cycles. For example, data store in the unit 202 may be output during a first clock cycle, data store in the storage unit 204 may be output during a second clock cycle, and data stored in the storage unit 206 may be output during a third clock cycle, where the third clock cycle may immediately follow the second clock cycle and the second clock cycle may immediately follow the first clock cycle. Therefore, the staging storage unit 204 may allow for redispatch of a uop prior to the same uop reaching retirement (e.g., becoming the senior uop or oldest entry) in the SAB 124. Such an embodiment may reduce the latency associated with waiting for a blocked uop to be rescheduled for execution and/or dispatched from the SAB 124. Also, the uop may be redispatched from the staging storage unit 204 after it fails to be selected from the storage unit 202 (and prior to reaching the SAB 124). The latter embodiment may reduce latency and improve performance.
In one embodiment, the, uop may be blocked at operation 306 due to various conditions such as a resource conflict or in response to a signal generated by the DTLB 118 (e.g., due to a miss in the DTLB 118, and, for example, where the PMH 122 may be busy, for example) and/or an overflow (e.g., a full queue) in the fetch unit 102. If the uop is blocked at operation 306, once the blocking condition is resolved (e.g., after the uop is marked as ready for dispatch, for example by clearing the block code stored at operation 305), it may be determined whether a selection has been made between various inputs at an operation 314. In an embodiment, the selection logic 120 may select between the entries of the SAB 124 and other inputs to the multiplexer 208 at operation 314. If the ready entry wins selection at operation 314, the method 300 may resume at operation 304 (e.g., by scheduling the uop in age order for execution). Hence, in some embodiments, at operation 314, a blocked uop (e.g., blocked at operation 306) may be redispatched for execution, e.g., prior to the blocked uop reaching retirement (e.g., by becoming the senior uop or oldest entry) in the SAB 124 in accordance with one embodiment.
At operation 302, if the uop loses selection, data corresponding to the uop may be stored at an operation 316. In an embodiment, data corresponding to the uop may be stored in the staging storage unit 204 at operation 316. At an operation 318, a selection may be made between various inputs. In an embodiment, at operation 318, the selection logic 120 may cause a selection between inputs to the multiplexer 208 (including the signal generated by the staging storage unit 204). At an operation 320, if the uop remains unselected, data corresponding to the uop may be stored at an operation 322. Otherwise, if the uop is selected at operation 320, the method 300 may resume at operation 304. In an embodiment, at operation 320, if the priority control logic 210 causes the multiplexer 208 to select the output of the staging storage unit 204 as its output, the method 300 may resume at operation 304. In one embodiment, at an operation 322, data corresponding to the uop may be store in an entry of the SAB 124 such as discussed with reference to
In an embodiment, the processor 402-1 may include one or more processor cores 100-1 through 100-M (which may be the same or similar to the processor core 100 of
In one embodiment, the router 410 may be used to communicate between various components of the processor 402-1 and/or system 400. Moreover, the processor 402-1 may include more than one router 410. Furthermore, the multitude of routers (410) may be in communication to enable data routing between various components inside or outside of the processor 402-1.
The shared cache 114 may store data (e.g., including instructions) that are utilized by one or more components of the processor 402-1, such as the cores 100. Further, the shared cache 114 may locally cache data stored in the memory 112 for faster access by components of the processor 402. In an embodiment, the cache 114 may include a mid-level cache (such as a level 2 (L2), a level 3 (L3), a level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache), a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. Moreover, various components of the processor 402-1 may communicate with the shared cache 114 directly, through a bus (e.g., the bus 116), and/or a memory controller or hub.
A chipset 506 may also communicate with the interconnection network 504. The chipset 506 may include a memory control hub (MCH) 508. The MCH 508 may include a memory controller 510 that communicates with a memory 512 (which may be the same or similar to the memory 112 of
The MCH 508 may also include a graphics interface 514 that communicates with a display device 516. In one embodiment of the invention, the graphics interface 514 may communicate with the display device 516 via an accelerated graphics port (AGP). In an embodiment of the invention, the display 516 (such as a flat panel display) may communicate with the graphics interface 514 through, for example, a signal converter that translates a digital representation of an image stored in a storage device such as video memory or system memory into display signals that are interpreted and displayed by the display 516. The display signals produced by the display device may pass through various control devices before being interpreted by and subsequently displayed on the display 516.
A hub interface 518 may allow the MCH 508 and an input/output control hub (ICH) 520 to communicate. The ICH 520 may provide an interface to I/O device(s) that communicate with the computing system 500. The ICH 520 may communicate with a bus 522 through a peripheral bridge (or controller) 524, such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bridge, a universal serial bus (USB) controller, or other types of peripheral bridges or controllers. The bridge 524 may provide a data path between the CPU 502 and peripheral devices. Other types of topologies may be utilized. Also, multiple buses may communicate with the ICH 520, e.g., through multiple bridges or controllers. Moreover, other peripherals in communication with the ICH 520 may include, in various embodiments of the invention, integrated drive electronics (IDE) or small computer system interface (SCSI) hard drive(s), USB port(s), a keyboard, a mouse, parallel port(s), serial port(s), floppy disk drive(s), digital output support (e.g., digital video interface (DVI)), or other devices.
The bus 522 may communicate with an audio device 526, one or more disk drive(s) 528, and a network interface device 530 (which is in communication with the computer network 503). Other devices may communicate via the bus 522. Also, various components (such as the network interface device 530) may communicate with the MCH 508 in some embodiments of the invention. In addition, the processor 502 and the MCH 508 may be combined to form a single chip. Furthermore, a graphics accelerator may be included within the MCH 508 in other embodiments of the invention.
Furthermore, the computing system 500 may include volatile and/or nonvolatile memory (or storage). For example, nonvolatile memory may include one or more of the following: read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically EPROM (EEPROM), a disk drive (e.g., 528), a floppy disk, a compact disk ROM (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, a magneto-optical disk, or other types of nonvolatile machine-readable media that are capable of storing electronic data (e.g., including instructions).
As illustrated in
In an embodiment, the processors 602 and 604 may be one of the processors 502 discussed with reference to
At least one embodiment of the invention may be provided within the processors 602 and 604. For example, one or more of the cores 100 of
The chipset 620 may communicate with a bus 640 using a PtP interface circuit 641. The bus 640 may communicate with one or more devices, such as a bus bridge 642 and I/O devices 643. Via a bus 644, the bus bridge 642 may communicate with other devices such as a keyboard/mouse 645, communication devices 646 (such as modems, network interface devices, or other communication devices that may communicate with the computer network 503), audio I/O device 647, and/or a data storage device 648. The data storage device 648 may store code 649 that may be executed by the processors 602 and/or 604.
In various embodiments of the invention, the operations discussed herein, e.g., with reference to
Additionally, such computer-readable media may be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a bus, a modem, or a network connection). Accordingly, herein, a carrier wave shall be regarded as comprising a machine-readable medium.
Reference in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or “some embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment(s) may be included in at least an implementation. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification may or may not be all referring to the same embodiment.
Also, in the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. In some embodiments of the invention, “connected” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean that two or more elements may not be in direct contact with each other, but may still cooperate or interact with each other.
Thus, although embodiments of the invention have been described in language specific to structural features, and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that claimed subject matter may not be limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as sample forms of implementing the claimed subject matter.