Patent Grant
11351608
The present invention relates to a sintered bearing that is excellent in corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance and has high strength, and to a manufacturing method for the sintered bearing.
Hitherto, for example, in an engine using gasoline or light oil as fuel, a motor-type fuel pump has been used. In recent years, engines including a motor-type fuel pump using fuel such as gasoline or light oil have been widely used in various parts of the world. Gasoline, light oil, and the like of a variety of quality have been used in regions of the world, and gasoline of inferior quality has been used in many regions. As one kind of gasoline of inferior quality, gasoline containing an organic acid is known. In the case of using a copper-based sintered bearing in a motor-type fuel pump, the copper-based sintered bearing is corroded with the organic acid contained in such gasoline of inferior quality. This corrosion occurs on the periphery of an opening of a pore that is opened on a bearing surface and an inner surface of the pore, and further occurs on an inner surface of a pore that is present inside the bearing and communicates with the inside from the surface, for example. This degrades the strength of the bearing, with the result that the life of the copper-based sintered bearing becomes short.
Further, in recent years, engines for automobiles and the like are being miniaturized and reduced in weight actively. Along with this, there is also a demand for miniaturization and reduction in weight of fuel pumps, and sintered bearings to be incorporated in the fuel pumps are also required to be compact. For example, in order to miniaturize a motor-type fuel pump while ensuring discharge performance thereof, it is necessary to increase the number of rotations. Along with this, fuel such as gasoline introduced into a fuel pump passes through a flow path of a narrow gap at high speed. Under such a condition, a sintered bearing is required to have further high strength and abrasion resistance as well as compactness. Therefore, although a related-art copper-based sintered bearing has high strength, the abrasion resistance thereof is not sufficient.
As a sintered bearing to be used for such a purpose, for example, Patent Document 1 discloses a Cu—Ni—Sn—C—P-based sintered bearing.
On the other hand, as a sintered bearing excellent in mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance, an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing is known. This sintered bearing has a problem in that aluminum oxide covering the surface of aluminum-containing copper alloy powder to be generated during sintering inhibits sintering, and hence a sintered compact having sufficient strength cannot be obtained easily. Patent Document 2 discloses a technology regarding mixed powder for sintered aluminum-containing copper alloy and a manufacturing method for the mixed powder in order to solve the above-mentioned problem.
Patent Document 1: JP 4521871 B2
Patent Document 2: JP 2009-7650 A
In the Cu—Ni—Sn—C—P-based sintered bearing disclosed in Patent Document 1, although strength and abrasion resistance are enhanced, corrosion resistance cannot be considered to be sufficient. Further, the sintered bearing contains Ni, which is a rare metal, and hence involves a problem in terms of cost as well.
The aluminum-containing copper alloy powder disclosed in Patent Document 2 is excellent in forming ability and sintering property. However, a further study is necessary in order to obtain a product suitable for mass production satisfying stable mechanical characteristics, compactness, and reduction in cost as an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing using the aluminum-containing copper alloy powder.
In view of the problems of the related art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing in which corrosion resistance, and mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance are enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost are realized and to provide a manufacturing method for the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing, which has good productivity and low cost, and thus is suitable for mass production.
The inventors of the present invention variously studied so as to achieve the above-mentioned object, and as a result, reached a novel concept of effectively using the expansion by sintering in order to enhance a bearing function and realize compactness and reduction in cost in an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing, and a novel concept of effectively using the expansion by sintering in order to realize a manufacturing method that has good productivity and low cost, and thus is suitable for mass production, as a manufacturing method for the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing.
A sintered bearing according to one embodiment of the present invention as a technical solution for achieving the above-mentioned object is a sintered bearing, comprising 3 to 12% by mass of aluminum, 0.05 to 0.5% by mass of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the sintered bearing having a structure in which an aluminum-copper alloy is sintered with a sintering aid added to raw material powder, a pore in a surface layer portion of the sintered bearing being formed smaller than an internal pore. Thus, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized.
Further, a manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to one embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method for a sintered bearing comprising 3 to 12% by mass of aluminum, 0.05 to 0.5% by mass of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the manufacturing method comprising at least: a green compact forming step of forming a green compact in which a sintering aid is added to raw material powder; a sintering step of obtaining, from the green compact, a sintered compact having a structure in which an aluminum-copper alloy is sintered; and a sizing step of subjecting the sintered compact to dimension shaping. Thus, it is possible to achieve a manufacturing method for the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing, which has good productivity and low cost, and thus is suitable for mass production. In the sintered bearing manufactured by the manufacturing method, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property can be enhanced, and compactness can be realized.
It is preferred that the content of aluminum be from 3 to 12% by mass. It is not preferred that the content of aluminum be less than 3% by mass, because the effects of corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance as the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing are not obtained, and the expansion of the sintered compact is small. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the content of aluminum be more than 12% by mass, because sintering does not occur easily and the sintered compact expands too much.
It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. It is not preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be less than 0.05% by mass, because the sintering accelerating effect between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be more than 0.5% by mass, because sintering proceeds excessively, and aluminum is segregated to increase the precipitation of a Y-phase, with the result that a sintered compact becomes brittle. In an alloy phase of copper and aluminum, a β-phase is changed to a Y-phase at eutectoid temperature (565° C.).
Sintering can be accelerated to enhance strength by adding 1 to 4% by mass of silicon and 0.5 to 2% by mass of tin as the sintering aid to the raw material powder.
It is preferred that the blending amount of silicon be from 1 to 4% by mass. When the blending amount of silicon is less than 1% by mass, the amount of a liquid phase to be generated is small, and the liquid phase sintering acceleration effect at low temperature becomes insufficient, with the result that a sintered compact that is dense and has appropriate hardness cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of silicon be more than 4% by mass, because a sintered compact to be obtained is hard and brittle.
It is preferred that the blending amount of tin be from 0.5 to 2% by mass. It is not preferred that the blending amount of tin be less than 0.5% by mass, because the effect of raising a green compact density by the addition of tin powder cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of tin be more than 2% by mass, because a high concentration of tin is precipitated in a grain boundary, which degrades the quality of outer appearance of a sintered compact.
Further, when a total of 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is added as the sintering aid to a total of 100% by mass of raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the sintering aid can react with aluminum oxide to be generated during an increase in temperature of sintering to break an aluminum oxide film, thereby accelerating sintering. It is preferred that the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride be from 0.05 to 0.2% by mass. When the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is less than 0.05% by mass, the effect as the sintering aid is insufficient, and a sintered compact that is dense and has appropriate hardness cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is more than 0.2% by mass, the effect as the sintering aid is not enhanced even when the blending amount is increased any more, and hence it is preferred that the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride be limited to 0.2% by mass or less from the viewpoint of cost.
When the aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride are used as the sintering aid, it is preferred that zinc be added in an amount of from 2 to 4% by mass. Zinc has a low melting point, and accelerates the sintering of copper and aluminum and further the diffusion of aluminum. Zinc is further excellent in corrosion resistance. When the blending amount of zinc is less than 2% by mass, the accelerating effects on the sintering of copper and aluminum and the diffusion of aluminum cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of zinc be more than 4% by mass, because zinc evaporates to contaminate a sintering furnace during sintering, and aluminum is segregated to be prevented from being diffused.
Further, it is preferred that silicon be added in an amount of from 0.5 to 3% by mass. Silicon generates a copper silicon-based liquid phase with respect to a phase of inhibiting the progress of sintering formed during a sintering step, thereby accelerating sintering. Silicon accelerates the diffusion of aluminum during the sintering step and hence reduces the amount of aluminum to decrease a Y-phase. It is preferred that the blending amount of silicon be from 0.5 to 3% by mass. When the blending amount of silicon is less than 0.5% by mass, the accelerating effect on the diffusion of aluminum during the sintering step is insufficient, and along with this, the decreasing effect on a Y-phase becomes insufficient. On the other hand, when the blending amount of silicon is more than 3% by mass, silicon effects a reaction during an increase in temperature of sintering to oxidize aluminum in black, which causes inconvenience of discoloration.
It is preferred that the raw material powder of copper mainly comprise electrolytic copper powder. The electrolytic copper powder has a dendritic shape. Therefore, the electrolytic copper powder can diffuse aluminum sufficiently into copper, and is excellent in forming ability, sintering property, and sliding characteristic.
1 to 5% by mass of graphite may be added with respect to a total of 100% by mass of the raw material powder and the inevitable impurities. Thus, graphite is present as free graphite in dispersed and distributed pores and imparts excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. As a result, abrasion resistance can be further enhanced. It is preferred that the blending amount of graphite be from 1 to 5% by mass. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 1% by mass, the enhancing effects on lubricity and abrasion resistance through the addition of graphite cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of graphite be more than 5% by mass, because strength is decreased.
It is preferred that the sintered bearing have a compressed layer in a surface layer, the compressed layer have a density ratio α1 higher than a density ratio α2 of the inside, the density ratio α1 be 80%≤α1≤95%, and a ratio T/D1 of an average value T of depths of the compressed layer to an inner diameter dimension D1 of the bearing surface be 1/100≤T/D1≤ 1/15. Herein, the density ratio α is represented by the following expression:
α(%)=(ρ1/ρ0)×100
where ρ1 represents a density of a porous body, and ρ0 represents a density in the case where it is assumed that the porous body has no micropores.
According to the above-mentioned configuration, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance can be enhanced, and corrosion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property can be enhanced in a green compact design.
It is preferred that, in an outer surface of the sintered bearing, a pore on a bearing surface be formed larger than a pore on the remaining outer surface. Thus, corrosion resistance and oil film formation property can be enhanced on the bearing surface on a radially inner surface side, and on the other hand, corrosion resistance and oil holding property can be enhanced on a radially outer surface and an end surface close to a closed state.
A satisfactory lubrication state can be obtained from the beginning of an operation by using an oil-impregnated bearing as the sintered bearing. As a lubricant, mineral oil, poly-α-olefin (PAO), an ester, liquid grease, or the like can be used.
As a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, it is preferred that the content of aluminum be from 8 to 9% by mass. This suppresses sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality, and the sintered bearing thus obtained is excellent in performance such as initial conformability and durability.
It is preferred that, in the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing, a forming in the sizing step comprises a die, a pair of punches, and a core, and the sizing step comprises compressing the sintered compact from both sides in an axial direction and a radially outer side with the punches and the die to shape a radially inner side of the sintered compact with the core. Thus, the sintered bearing can be subjected to dimension shaping and desired pores can be formed through effective use of the expansion of an aluminum copper-based sintered bearing by sintering.
It is preferred that the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered compact can be set by adjusting a dimension difference between an inner diameter dimension of the die and an outer diameter dimension of the sintered compact and a dimension difference between an outer diameter dimension of the core and an inner diameter dimension of the sintered compact. Thus, the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered bearing can be controlled easily.
Further, through the use of a mesh-belt type continuous furnace during the sintering step, productivity can be enhanced further and cost can be reduced further. From the viewpoint of a function of a sintered bearing, strength can be ensured sufficiently.
Specifically, the load on the mesh-belt type continuous furnace can be alleviated, and stable quality and manufacturing method can be realized by setting the sintering temperature during the sintering step to from 850 to 950° C., using a reducing atmosphere as the sintering atmosphere, and setting the sintering time to from 10 to 60 minutes.
In the sintered bearing according to one embodiment of the present invention, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized. Further, the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to one embodiment of the present invention can realize a manufacturing method for an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing, which has good productivity and low cost, and thus is suitable for mass production.
Now, a sintered bearing according to a first embodiment of the present invention and a manufacturing method according to a first embodiment of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings.
As illustrated in
The sintered bearing 1 according to the first embodiment is formed by filling a form with raw material powder obtained by mixing various powders, compressing the raw material powder to form a green compact, and then sintering the green compact.
The raw material powder is mixed powder comprising copper powder, powder having a composition of copper, aluminum, and an aluminum-copper alloy, silicon powder, tin powder, phosphorus alloy powder, and graphite powder as main components. The detail of each powder is described below.
[Copper Powder]
As the copper powder, spherical or dendritic copper powder used generally for a sintered bearing can be used, and for example, reduced powder, electrolytic powder, water atomized powder, or the like is used. The grain size of the copper powder is set so that the copper powder is powder having passed through a 100 mesh and a ratio of powder having passed through a 350 mesh is 40% or less.
[Powder Having Composition of Copper, Aluminum, and Aluminum-Copper Alloy]
The powder having a composition of copper, aluminum, and an aluminum-copper alloy (hereinafter referred to as “aluminum-copper alloy powder) is obtained by heating mixed powder comprising 40 to 60% by mass of aluminum alloy powder and the balance being copper powder in a reducing or inert atmosphere, pulverizing the resultant, and adjusting the grain size thereof. The preferred grain size of the aluminum-copper alloy powder is set so that the aluminum-copper alloy powder is powder having passed through a 80 mesh and a ratio of powder having passed through a 350 mesh is 60% or less. The problem of shortage of strength of a green compact caused by a decrease in forming ability due to the hardness of powder is solved by using the aluminum-copper alloy powder, and in this case, there arises no problem of handling due to scattering of aluminum simple substance particles having a small specific gravity.
It is preferred that the composition of the aluminum-copper alloy powder fall within a range of from 40 to 60% by mass of aluminum. When the powder comprises aluminum in an amount of less than 40% by mass, the density of a green compact during pressure forming is decreased owing to a decrease in a copper powder mixing ratio, and the generation amount of a copper silicon-based liquid phase under low-temperature sintering is reduced owing to the generation of an alloy phase having a high melting point, with the result that the effect exhibited by adding a sintering accelerating element is decreased. On the other hand, when the powder comprises aluminum in an amount of more than 60% by mass, unreacted aluminum particles are scattered owing to increases in aluminum particles that remain unreacted with copper particles, and there arises a problem of handling in terms of the scattering.
In the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment and the manufacturing method for the sintered bearing described later, copper powder, aluminum-copper alloy powder, and phosphorus alloy powder, silicon powder, and tin powder described later are mixed at such a ratio that the content of aluminum is from 3 to 10% by mass, the content of silicon is from 1 to 4% by mass, the content of tin is from 0.5 to 2% by mass, the content of phosphorus is from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, and the balance comprises copper as a main component, and graphite powder is mixed with a total of 100% by mass of the above-mentioned mixture so that the blending amount of graphite is from 1 to 5% by mass to obtain raw material powder.
[Phosphorus Alloy Powder]
Phosphorus enhances wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering and suppresses the generation of a nitride film that shifts a temperature for generation of a liquid phase caused by the addition of silicon powder to a low temperature side. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.05% by mass, the accelerating effect on the sintering between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than 0.5% by mass, the sintering proceeds excessively, and aluminum is segregated to increase a Y-phase, with the result that a sintered compact becomes brittle.
[Silicon Powder]
Silicon is added as the sintering aid. Silicon generates a copper silicon-based liquid phase with respect to a phase of inhibiting the progress of sintering formed during the sintering step and accelerates the sintering. It is preferred that the blending amount of silicon be from 1 to 4% by mass. When the blending amount of silicon is less than 1% by mass, the amount of a liquid phase to be generated is small, and the accelerating effect on liquid-phase sintering at low temperature becomes insufficient, with the result that a sintered compact that is dense and has appropriate hardness cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the blending amount of silicon is more than 4% by mass, the sintering proceeds excessively, and aluminum is segregated to increase a Y-phase, with the result that a sintered compact becomes brittle.
[Tin Powder]
Tin is added as the sintering aid. Tin has effects of compensating for a decrease in forming ability due to the addition of silicon powder and decreasing a temperature for generation of a liquid phase generated by the addition of silicon powder in the same way as in phosphorus. It is preferred that the blending amount of tin be from 0.5 to 2% by mass. When the blending amount of tin be less than 0.5% by mass, the effect of increasing a green compact density by the addition of tin powder is not obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of tin be more than 2% by mass, because a high concentration of tin is precipitated in a grain boundary, which degrades the quality of outer appearance of a sintered compact.
[Graphite Powder]
Graphite is present mainly as free graphite in pores dispersed and distributed in a substrate and contributes to the enhancement of abrasion resistance by imparting excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. It is preferred that the blending amount of graphite be from 1 to 5% by mass with respect to a total of 100% by mass of aluminum, silicon, tin, phosphorus, copper, and inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 1% by mass, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance by the addition of graphite cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of graphite be more than 5% by mass, because the strength is decreased.
As illustrated in
In the sintered bearing 1, both the radially outer surface 1b of the bearing and the bearing surface 1a on the radially inner side are subjected to sizing processing after sintering in a manufacturing method (see
The pores do, db, and di of the sintered bearing 1 are impregnated with lubricating oil. Thus, a satisfactory lubrication state can be obtained from the beginning of an operation. As the lubricating oil, mineral oil, poly-α-olefin (PAO), an ester, liquid grease, or the like can be used. Note that, it is not necessarily required to impregnate those pores with the lubricating oil in some use purposes of a bearing.
In addition, when an average value of depths of the compressed layer Po in the surface layer on the radially outer surface 1b side is defined as To, an average value of depths of the compressed layer Pb in the surface layer on the bearing surface 1a side is defined as Tb, and ratios of To and Tb to the inner diameter dimension D1 of the bearing surface are defined as To/D1 and Tb/D1, respectively, it is preferred that relationships of 1/100≤To/D1 and Tb/D1≤ 1/15 be satisfied. Herein, the density ratio α is represented by the following expression:
α(%)=(ρ1/ρ0)×100
where ρ1 represents a density of a porous body, and ρ0 represents a density in the case where it is assumed that the porous body has no micropores.
It is not preferred that To/D1 and Tb/D1 be less than 1/100 because pores are crushed insufficiently. On the other hand, it is not preferred that To/D1 and Tb/D1 be more than 1/15 because pores are crushed excessively. Note that, herein, To and Tb are collectively referred to as “T”.
Next, the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to the first embodiment is described. A sintered bearing is manufactured through a raw material powder preparation step S1, a green compact forming step S2, a sintering step S3, a sizing step S4, and an oil impregnation step S5 as illustrated in
[Raw Material Powder Preparation Step S1]
In the raw material powder preparation step S1, raw material powder of the sintered bearing 1 is prepared and generated. The raw material powder was prepared and generated by adding 3% by mass of graphite powder and 0.5% by mass of a lubricant such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate for enhancing forming ability to a total of 100% by mass of 81% by mass of copper powder, 12% by mass of 50% by mass aluminum-copper alloy powder, 3% by mass of silicon powder, 1% by mass of tin powder, and 3% by mass of 8% by mass phosphorus-copper alloy powder. By adding the lubricant, a green compact described later can be released smoothly, and the deformation of the green compact due to the release can be prevented. Specifically, raw material powder M as described above is supplied to a can body 11 of a V-shaped mixer 10 illustrated in
[Green Compact Forming Step S2]
In the green compact forming step S2, the above-mentioned raw material powder is compressed to form a green compact 1′ (see
Specifically, for example, a form having a cavity with a shape similar to that of a green compact is set on a CNC press machine using a servo motor as a drive source. The raw material powder filling the cavity is compressed with a pressurization force of from 200 to 700 MPa to form the green compact 1′. During forming of the green compact 1′, the form may be heated to 70° C. or more.
In the manufacturing method for the sintered bearing 1 according to the first embodiment, the problem of shortage of strength of a green compact caused by a decrease in forming ability due to fluidity is solved by using aluminum-copper alloy powder as an aluminum source, and in this case, there arises no problem of handling due to scattering of aluminum simple substance particles having a small specific gravity. Further, the manufacturing method has good production efficiency and hence is suitable for mass production.
[Sintering Step S3]
In the sintering step S3, the green compact 1′ is heated at a sintering temperature and the raw material powders adjacent to each other are bound by sintering to form the sintered compact 1″. The green compact 1′ is supplied in a large amount to a mesh belt 16 of a mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15 illustrated in
The aluminum-copper alloy powder generates various liquid phases when the temperature is equal to or higher than 548° C. as the eutectic temperature. When the liquid phases are generated, the aluminum-copper alloy powder expands, and a sintering neck is formed owing to the generated liquid phases, which leads to densification, resulting in reduction in dimension. In the first embodiment, as a result of the sintering in the mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15, the surface of the sintered compact 1″ is oxidized, and the sintering thereof is inhibited. Therefore, the sintered compact 1″ is not densified, and the dimension thereof remains expanding. Note that, the inside of the sintered compact 1″ is sintered without being oxidized, and hence the strength of the sintered compact 1″ can be ensured sufficiently. Owing to the use of the mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15, the sintering time from the supply of the green compact 1′ to the release thereof can be shortened to mass-produce products, and cost can also be reduced. Further, from the viewpoint of the function of the sintered bearing, the strength can be ensured sufficiently.
In the sintering step, the added phosphorus alloy powder, tin powder, silicon powder, and graphite powder exhibit the synergistic effect described below. Thus, a sintered compact of good quality can be formed. First, phosphorus has effects of enhancing wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering and shifting a temperature for generation of a liquid phase caused by the addition of silicon powder to a low temperature side, and hence a sintered compact of good quality can be obtained. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.05% by mass, the effect of accelerating the sintering between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than 0.5% by mass, a sintered compact to be obtained becomes brittle. Further, silicon serving as the sintering aid generates a copper silicon-based liquid phase with respect to a phase of inhibiting the progress of sintering formed during the sintering step and accelerates the sintering. It is preferred that the blending amount of silicon be from 1 to 4% by mass. When the blending amount of silicon is less than 1% by mass, the amount of a liquid phase to be generated is small and the effect of accelerating the sintering of a liquid phase at low temperature becomes insufficient, with the result that a sintered compact that is dense and has appropriate hardness cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the blending amount of silicon is more than 4% by mass, a sintered compact to be obtained is hard and brittle.
In addition, tin serving as the sintering aid exhibits the effects of compensating for a decrease in forming ability due to the addition of silicon powder, and decreasing the temperature for generation of a liquid phase to be generated by the addition of silicon powder in the same way as in phosphorus. It is preferred that the blending amount of tin be from 0.5 to 2% by mass. It is not preferred that the blending amount of tin be less than 0.5% by mass, because the effect of raising a green compact density by the addition of tin powder cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of tin be more than 2% by mass, because a high concentration of tin is precipitated in a grain boundary and inhibits the diffusion of aluminum.
The sintering aid is added to the raw material powder M as described above, and hence the sintered compact 1″ having a structure in which an aluminum-copper alloy is sintered can be obtained, and strength and corrosion resistance can be enhanced.
Further, graphite is present mainly as free graphite in pores dispersed and distributed in a substrate and contributes to the enhancement of abrasion resistance by imparting excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. It is preferred that the blending amount of graphite be from 1 to 5% by mass with respect to a total of 100% by mass of aluminum, silicon, tin, phosphorus, copper, and inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 1% by mass, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance by adding graphite powder cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of graphite be more than 5% by mass, because strength is decreased.
[Sizing Step S4]
In the sizing step S4, the sintered compact 1″ that has expanded compared to the green compact 1′ by sintering is subjected to dimension shaping.
The form used during the sizing step includes the die 20, a pair of the punches 21, 22, and the core 23, and the radially inner side of the sintered compact 1″ is shaped by the core 23 by compressing the sintered compact 1″ from both sides in the axial direction and the radially outer side with the punches 21, 22 and the die 20. Thus, the sintered bearing 1 can be subjected to dimension shaping and desired pores can be formed through effective use of the expansion of an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing by sintering.
Further, the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered compact 1″ can be set by adjusting a dimension difference between the inner diameter dimension of the die 20 and the outer diameter dimension of the sintered compact 1″ and a dimension difference between the outer diameter dimension of the core 23 and the inner diameter dimension of the sintered compact 1″. Thus, the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered bearing 1 can be controlled easily.
[Oil Impregnation Step S5]
The oil impregnation step S5 is the step of impregnating the product 1 (sintered bearing) with lubricating oil.
The sintered bearing 1 according to the first embodiment manufactured through the above-mentioned steps has enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property, and can also achieve compactness and reduction in cost.
Next, a sintered bearing according to a second embodiment of the present invention and a manufacturing method according to a second embodiment of the present invention are described. The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that silicon and tin are used as the sintering aid in the first embodiment, whereas aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride are used as the sintering aid in the sintered bearing and manufacturing method in the second embodiment.
Raw material powder in the sintered bearing and manufacturing method according to the second embodiment is mixed powder containing copper powder, aluminum-copper alloy powder, phosphorus alloy powder, and graphite powder used in the first embodiment, and a sintering aid containing aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride as main components. Copper powder, aluminum-copper alloy powder, phosphorus alloy powder, and graphite powder are the same as those of the first embodiment, and hence repeated descriptions thereof are omitted.
In the second embodiment, copper powder, aluminum-copper alloy powder, and phosphorus alloy powder are mixed at such a ratio that the content of aluminum is from 7 to 12% by mass, the content of phosphorus is from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, and the balance comprises copper as a main component, and a total of 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid and 1 to 5% by mass of graphite are mixed with a total of 100% by mass of the above-mentioned mixture to obtain raw material powder.
[Aluminum Fluoride and Calcium Fluoride]
An aluminum oxide film to be generated on a surface of aluminum-containing copper-based alloy powder during sintering inhibits the sintering remarkably. However, aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid evaporate gradually while being melted at a sintering temperature of from 850 to 900° C. of the aluminum-containing copper-based alloy powder and protect the surface of the aluminum-containing copper-based alloy powder to suppress the generation of aluminum oxide, thereby accelerating the sintering to increase the diffusion of aluminum. Aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride evaporate and volatilize during sintering, and hence hardly remain in a finished product of the sintered bearing.
It is preferred that aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid be added in an amount of from about 0.05 to 0.2% by mass in total with respect to a total of 100% by mass of raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities. When the addition amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is less than 0.05% by mass, the effect as the sintering aid is insufficient, and a sintered compact that is dense and has appropriate hardness is not obtained. On the other hand, when the addition amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is more than 0.2% by mass, the effect as the sintering aid is not enhanced even when they are added any more, and hence it is preferred that the addition amount be limited to 0.2% by mass or less from the viewpoint of cost.
The metal structure of a cross-section of the sintered bearing according to the second embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment illustrated in the schematic view of
In addition, in the sintered bearing 1 according to the second embodiment as well, as illustrated in
Further, the state of the compressed layer in the surface layer of the sintered bearing 1 according to the second embodiment is also the same as that of the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment illustrated in
In addition, when an average value of depths of the compressed layer Po in the surface layer on the radially outer surface 1b side is defined as To, an average value of depths of the compressed layer Pb in the surface layer on the bearing surface 1a side is defined as Tb, and ratios of To and Tb to the inner diameter dimension D1 of the bearing surface are defined as To/D1 and Tb/D1, respectively, To/D1 and Tb/D1 are set to 1/100≤To/D1 and Tb/D1≤ 1/15.
The manufacturing method according to the second embodiment is also the same as the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to the first embodiment illustrated in
[Raw Material Powder Preparation Step S1]
Raw material powder was prepared by adding a total of from 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, 1 to 5% by mass of graphite powder, and 0.5% by mass of a lubricant such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate for enhancing forming ability to a total of 100% by mass of a remaining % by mass of copper powder, 14 to 20% by mass of 40 to 60% by mass aluminum-copper alloy powder, and 2 to 4% by mass of 8% by mass of phosphorus-copper alloy powder.
[Sintering Step S3]
In the sintering step, the added phosphorus alloy powder, aluminum fluoride, and calcium fluoride exhibit the effect described below. Thus, a sintered compact of good quality can be formed. First, phosphorus has an effect of enhancing wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering, and hence a sintered compact of good quality can be obtained. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.05% by mass, the effect of accelerating the sintering between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than 0.5% by mass, a sintered compact to be obtained becomes brittle. Further, aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid evaporate gradually while being melted at a sintering temperature of from 850 to 900° C. of the aluminum-containing copper-based alloy powder and protect the surface of the aluminum-containing copper-based alloy powder to suppress the generation of aluminum oxide, thereby enabling the sintering. Aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride evaporate and volatilize during sintering, and hence hardly remain in a finished product of the sintered bearing. Note that, a green compact is sintered in a case or the like because evaporation and volatilization occur. It is preferred that aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid be added in an amount of from about 0.05 to 0.2% by mass in total with respect to a total of 100% by mass of raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities.
Also in the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to the second embodiment, in the same way as in the first embodiment, as illustrated in
Also in a sintered bearing based on the manufacturing method according to the second embodiment, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized.
A sintered bearing according to a third embodiment of the present invention and a manufacturing method according to a third embodiment of the present invention are described. The sintered bearing according to the third embodiment is specialized for a fuel pump of an automobile engine. The sintered bearing suppresses sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality and is excellent in performance such as initial conformability and durability.
In order to ensure performance such as initial conformability and durability while suppressing sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality in an environment constantly held in contact with the gasoline 34 as described above, various studies and test evaluation were conducted, and the third embodiment was achieved based on the following findings.
(1) In a relationship between the blending amount of aluminum and corrosion resistance, when the amount of aluminum increases, the diffusion of aluminum into copper increases, and thus the effect of corrosion resistance is large.
(2) In a relationship between the sintering temperature and the corrosion resistance, when the sintering temperature is increased, the diffusion of aluminum increases, and thus the effect of corrosion resistance is large.
(3) In a relationship between the density of a sintered bearing and the corrosion resistance, when the density increases, the effect of corrosion resistance is slightly enhanced.
(4) The additives (phosphorus, zinc, and silicon) can accelerate the diffusion of aluminum during the sintering step to reduce the amount of aluminum, thereby reducing the precipitation of a Y-phase of an aluminum structure that degrades corrosion resistance and initial conformability.
In order to suppress sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion and enhance performance such as initial conformability and durability in a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, in the sintered bearing and manufacturing method according to the third embodiment, copper powder, aluminum-copper alloy powder, phosphorus alloy powder, silicon powder, and zinc alloy powder are mixed at such a ratio that the content of aluminum is from 8 to 9% by mass, the content of phosphorus is from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, the content of silicon is from 0.5 to 3% by mass, the content of zinc is from 2 to 4% by mass, and the balance comprises copper as a main component, and a total of 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride, and 1 to 5% by mass of graphite are mixed with a total of 100% by mass of the above-mentioned mixture to obtain raw material powder. Regarding the raw material powder, although some parts are similar to those of the first and second embodiments, the details of each powder are described below.
[Copper Powder]
As the copper powder, there are given atomized powder, electrolytic powder, and pulverized powder. However, in order to sufficiently diffuse aluminum into copper, dendritic electrolytic powder is effective and is excellent in forming ability, sintering property, and sliding characteristics. Therefore, in the third embodiment, electrolytic powder was used as copper powder. The grain size thereof is set so that the electrolytic powder is powder having passed through a 100 mesh and a ratio of powder having passed through a 350 mesh is 40% or less.
[Aluminum-Copper Alloy Powder]
50% by mass aluminum-copper alloy powder was pulverized to adjust a grain size thereof. The preferred grain size of the aluminum-copper alloy powder is set so that the aluminum-copper alloy powder is powder having passed through 145 mesh and a ratio of powder having passed through a 350 mesh is 60% or more. The use of the aluminum-copper alloy powder extracts the effect of additives such as graphite, phosphorus, and zinc, and enables a sintered bearing material to be excellent in, for example, corrosion resistance, strength, and sliding characteristics. Further, the aluminum-copper alloy powder is alloy powder, and hence there is no problem of handing due to scattering of aluminum simple substance powder having a small specific gravity.
In the aluminum structure, an α-phase is most excellent in corrosion resistance with respect to sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion, and initial conformability. When 50% by mass aluminum-copper alloy powder is used, even when graphite is added, the strength is obtained, and a sintered bearing can be manufactured. When the structure is a Y-phase, although excellent abrasion resistance is obtained, corrosion resistance and initial conformability are degraded.
In addition, in order to accelerate the sintering of copper and aluminum, phosphorus alloy powder, zinc alloy powder, and a fluoride (aluminum fluoride, calcium fluoride) are added. Thus, the diffusion of aluminum with respect to copper is enhanced during liquid-phase sintering and solid-phase sintering. When the diffusion of aluminum is accelerated, corrosion resistance is enhanced.
[Phosphorus Alloy Powder]
AS the phosphorus alloy powder, in the same way as in the first and second embodiments, 8% by mass phosphorus-copper alloy powder was used. Phosphorus has effects of enhancing wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering and shifting a temperature for generation of a liquid phase caused by the addition of silicon powder to a low temperature side. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.05 to 0.5% by mass. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.05% by mass, the effect of accelerating the sintering between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than 0.5% by mass, the sintering proceeds excessively, and aluminum is segregated to increase Y-phase precipitation, with the result that a sintered compact becomes brittle.
[Zinc Alloy Powder]
As the zinc alloy powder, zinc-copper alloy powder was used. Zinc has a low melting point, accelerates the sintering of copper and aluminum, and also accelerates the diffusion of aluminum. Further, zinc is excellent in corrosion resistance.
It is preferred that the blending amount of zinc be from 1% by mass to 5% by mass. When the blending amount of zinc is less than 1% by mass, the effects of accelerating the sintering of copper and aluminum and accelerating the diffusion of aluminum are not obtained. On the other hand, when the blending amount of zinc is more than 5% by mass, zinc evaporates to contaminate a sintering furnace during sintering, and sintering proceeds excessively, with the result that aluminum is segregated and the diffusion of aluminum is inhibited.
[Silicon Powder]
Silicon is added as the sintering aid. Silicon generates a copper silicon-based liquid phase with respect to a phase of inhibiting the progress of sintering formed during the sintering step and accelerates the sintering. Silicon can accelerate the diffusion of aluminum during the sintering step to reduce the amount of aluminum, thereby reducing a Y-phase. It is preferred that the blending amount of silicon be from 0.5 to 3% by mass. When the blending amount of silicon is less than 0.5% by mass, the effect of accelerating the diffusion of aluminum during the sintering step is insufficient, and along with this, the effect of reducing a Y-phase becomes insufficient. On the other hand, when the blending amount of silicon is more than 3% by mass, silicon reacts during an increase in temperature of sintering to oxidize aluminum in black, which causes inconvenience of discoloration.
[Graphite Powder]
Graphite is present mainly as free graphite in pores dispersed and distributed in a substrate and contributes to the enhancement of abrasion resistance by imparting excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. It is preferred that the blending amount of graphite be from 1 to 5% by mass with respect to a total of 100% by mass of aluminum, silicon, tin, phosphorus, copper, and inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 1% by mass, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance by the addition of graphite cannot be obtained. On the other hand, it is not preferred that the blending amount of graphite be more than 5% by mass, because the strength is decreased.
[Aluminum Fluoride and Calcium Fluoride]
Aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride are the same as those of the second embodiment, and hence the repeated descriptions thereof are omitted.
The metal structure of a cross-section of the sintered bearing according to the third embodiment is also the same as those of the first and second embodiments illustrated in the schematic view of
Further, in the sintered bearing 1 according to the third embodiment as well, as illustrated in
Further, the state of the compressed layer of the surface layer of the sintered bearing 1 according to the third embodiment is also the same as that of the sintered bearing according to each of the first and second embodiments illustrated in
In addition, when an average value of depths of the compressed layer Po in the surface layer on the radially outer surface 1b side is defined as To, an average value of depths of the compressed layer Pb in the surface layer on the bearing surface 1a side is defined as Tb, and ratios of To and Tb to the inner diameter dimension D1 of the bearing surface are defined as To/D1 and Tb/D1, respectively, To/D1 and Tb/D1 are set to 1/100≤To/D1 and Tb/D1≤ 1/15.
The manufacturing method according to the third embodiment is also the same as the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to each of the first and second embodiments illustrated in
[Raw Material Powder Preparation Step S1]
Raw material powder was prepared by adding a total of 0.05 to 0.2% by mass of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, 1 to 5% by mass of graphite powder, and 0.5% by mass of a lubricant such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate for enhancing forming ability to a total of 100% by mass of a remaining % by mass of electrolytic copper powder, 14 to 20% by mass of 40 to 60% by mass aluminum-copper alloy powder, 2 to 4% by mass of 8% by mass of phosphorus-copper alloy powder, 1 to 3% by mass of silicon powder, and 6 to 8% by mass of 20 to 40% by mass zinc-copper alloy powder.
[Sintering Step S3]
What is important in the sintering step is to enhance corrosion resistance by sufficiently diffusing aluminum into copper, and to enhance corrosion resistance and bearing performance (initial conformability) by setting an aluminum structure to an α-phase. When the aluminum structure is a Y-phase, although abrasion resistance is excellent owing to the enlarged hardness, corrosion resistance is degraded. Therefore, it was found that it was necessary to reduce the amount of aluminum so as to minimize the precipitation of a Y-phase.
As the sintering condition satisfying the foregoing, it is preferred that the sintering temperature be from 900 to 950° C. Further, in a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, it is preferred that the sintering temperature be from 900 to 920° C. (for example, 920° C.). Further, as atmospheric gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, or mixed gas hereof is used. As the sintering time is longer, corrosion resistance becomes more satisfactory, and in a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, the sintering time is preferably 20 to 60 minutes (for example, 30 minutes).
[Sizing Step S4]
Also in the manufacturing method for a sintered bearing according to the third embodiment, in the same way as in the first and second embodiments, as illustrated in
The sintered bearing based on the manufacturing method according to the third embodiment has enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil holding property, and can also achieve compactness and reduction in cost. In particular, in a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality are suppressed, and excellent performance such as initial conformability and durability are realized.
As the purpose of the sintered bearings according to the above-mentioned embodiments, a fuel pump has been illustrated. However, the purpose is not limited thereto. For example, the present invention can be appropriately applied to bearings required to have corrosion resistance, such as an exhaust gas recirculation device (EGR) and a fishing reel.
In the above-mentioned description of each embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to a perfect circular bearing having the bearing surface 1a in a perfect circle shape has been illustrated. However, the present invention can be similarly applied to a fluid dynamic bearing in which a dynamic pressure generation portion such as a herring-bone groove or a spiral groove is provided on the bearing surface 1a and an outer circumferential surface of the shaft 2, as well as the perfect circular bearing.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. As a matter of course, various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the gist of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined in claims, and encompasses equivalents described in claims and all changes within the scope of claims.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14384844 | US | |
| Child | 15944271 | US |
