Patent Application
20220100517
The field of invention relates generally to computer processor architecture, and, more specifically, to systems and methods for accelerating a block cipher.
A block cipher encrypts a block of text by applying a deterministic algorithm with a symmetric key. In some instances, the SM4 block cipher is implemented using C code that is translated into integer or other instructions. The encryption of a block of data is performed in 32 rounds.
Some techniques for accelerating SM4 utilize generic integer instructions or vector instructions such as Galois Field New Instructions (GFNI). However, such solutions do not have dedicated instructions, thereby, limiting the acceleration capabilities.
Efficiently accelerating a block cipher may assist in meeting the needs of processors, for example, performing cryptographic workloads or other demands requiring increased cryptographic speed.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and are not limitations in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.
References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
Accelerating the cryptography workload as described herein provides for performance improvements by providing a dedicated instruction set architecture for block ciphers such as SM4. Further embodiments advantageously accelerate data encryption by performing a plurality of cryptic rounds based on input from a single buffer.
In some embodiments, a plurality of cryptic rounds (e.g., a plurality of encryption or decryption rounds) of a block cipher may be computed. The plurality of cryptic rounds of the block cipher may be computed by performing a round function on data elements of the second operand and the third operand to generate a word (e.g., a 32-bit word). The computation may generate a word (e.g., a 32-bit word, a round key word, etc.) eventually resulting in ciphertext or plaintext.
As illustrated, the instruction 100 includes an opcode (e.g., the opcode 102 shown as the mnemonic “vsm4rnds4”), first operand 105 (e.g., a destination operand, or other like register), second operand 110 (e.g., source 1, a source register, or other like register), and third operand 115 (e.g., source 2, a source register, or other like register). In some embodiments, the first operand 105, the second operand 110, the third operand 115, or a combination thereof may take the form of a wide register (e.g., an Intel® SSE, AVX, AVX2, or AVX512 register) to perform a plurality of cryptic rounds of the block cipher (e.g., a SM4 encryption). Advantageously, the wide registers support different inputs of data elements and perform a plurality of cryptic rounds of a block cipher (e.g., SM4) encryption or decryption of each input. In some embodiments, the first operand 105, the second operand 110, the third operand 115, or a combination thereof may take the form of a vector register such as, but not limited to, a XMM, YMM, and/or ZMM (e.g., a 128-bit, 256-bit, 512-bit) register. Note that the order of operands detailed here is exemplary.
A register may include a bit lane. For example, a register (e.g., a XMM register) may include a 128-bit lane. In some embodiments, a register (e.g., a YMM register) may include two bit lanes. In some embodiments, a register (e.g., a ZMM register) may include four bit lanes. The data elements in each lane may represent a different input.
The execution, in some embodiments, may be based on a single precision floating point format (e.g., 32-bit data). In some embodiments, the execution may be based on a double precision floating point format (e.g., 64-bit data).
The first operand 105 (e.g., the destination) stores the output block. In some embodiments, data elements of the first operand 105 may take the form of little endian or big endian. The data elements of the first operand 105 are compatible with the data elements (e.g., the input) of the second operand 110 (e.g., source 1) and/or the third operand 115 (e.g., source 2). In
The second operand 110 (e.g., source 1) may include the input state (e.g., an input state block). The input state holds one or more input state blocks (e.g., 1 to N blocks of 128-bits). In some embodiments, the quantity N of input state blocks may vary according to the register (e.g., the register type or register size such as xmm, ymm, or zmm). Data elements of the second operand 110 may take the form of little endian or big endian. In some embodiments, the second operand 110 stores the current round keys block.
The third operand 115 (e.g., source 2) may include one or more round keys (e.g., 1-4 round keys). As used herein, the term “round key” may be used to refer to a 32-bit key used to perform the plurality of cryptic rounds. The first operand 105, the second operand 110, the third operand 115 may include a memory input. For example, the third operand 115 may include a memory input. Note the naming of operands above is exemplary and not intended to always denote a location in an encoded instruction. For example, the second operand 110 may be source 2 in some embodiments.
In an example embodiment, the execution circuitry 130 performs a round function (e.g., Round 1 as illustrated in
The execution circuitry 130 may compute a plurality of rounds according to a round index N (e.g., a round index or index set to “4”). In such embodiments, the execution circuitry 130 may perform four rounds (e.g., “Round 1, Round 2, Round 3, and Round 4”) of computation of the block cipher (e.g., SM4) encryption and/or decryption as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the execution circuitry 130 is to perform the actions consistent with the following pseudocode:
In some embodiments, the functions for this pseudocode are defined as follows: X, X0, X1, X2, X3, RK are 32-bit words. Note that in some embodiments, X, X0, etc. are the C above.
As illustrated, the instruction 200 includes an opcode (e.g., the opcode 202 shown as the mnemonic “vsm4key4”), first operand 205 (e.g., a destination operand, or other like register), second operand 210 (e.g., source 1, a source register, or other like register), and third operand 215 (e.g., source 2, a source register, or other like register). In some embodiments, the first operand 205, the second operand 210, the third operand 215, or a combination thereof may take the form of a wide register, vector register, or other suitable register to perform a plurality of key expansion rounds of the block cipher (e.g., a SM4 encryption) as described herein with reference to
The first operand 205 (e.g., the destination) stores the output block. The data elements of the first operand 205 may be little endian or big endian. The data elements of the first operand 205 are compatible with the data elements (e.g., the input) of the second operand 210 (e.g., source 1) and/or the third operand 215 (e.g., source 2).
The second operand 210 (e.g., source 1) may include a round key (e.g., a round key block). In some embodiments, the second operand may include 1 to 4 or more round key blocks according to the register type. For example, a register (XMM register) may include a single round key block that includes 128-bits or one bit lane. In some embodiments, a register (e.g., a YMM register) may include two round key blocks that includes 256-bits or two bit lanes. In some embodiments, a register (e.g., a ZMM register) may include round key blocks that includes 512-bits or four bit lanes. The data elements in each lane may represent a different input (e.g., “X1, X2, X3 . . . XN”). Data elements of the second operand 210 may take the form of little endian or big endian.
The third operand 215 (e.g., source 2) may include one or more constants to compute the following round keys as described herein with reference to
In an example embodiment, the execution circuitry 230 performs a round key expansion on the data elements from the second operand and the data elements from the third operand. In this regard, the execution circuitry 230 calculates RK while RK[0,1,2,3] (e.g., the first input) to generate 4 round keys. The is performed by taking RK[1],RK[2],RK[3],CK[0] and XORing them to get RK[1]{circumflex over ( )}RK[2]{circumflex over ( )}RK[3]{circumflex over ( )}CK[0] (note CK[i] are predefined 32 bit constants). Next a function t(x) (see below) is performed which includes the SBOX phase for all bytes which is followed by a linear calculation. The result of the linear calculation is then XORed with RK[0], etc. Resulting in RK[4]. Then the same is done to calculate RK[5] (but using RK[1,2,3,4] & CK[1]), etc.
As such, the execution circuitry 230 may compute a plurality of key expansion rounds according to an expansion index (e.g., an index set to “4, 32, or any other suitable index value”). In such embodiments, the execution circuitry 230 may perform four rounds (e.g., “Round 1, Round 2, Round 3, Round 4”) of computation of the key expansion of the block cipher (e.g., SM4).
In some embodiments, the execution circuitry 130 is to perform the actions consistent with the following pseudocode:
In some embodiments, the functions for this pseudocode are defined as follows: X, X0, X1, X2, X3, RK are 32-bit words. Note that in some embodiments, X, X0, etc. are the C above.
The fetched single instruction is decoded at 403. For example, the fetched single instruction is decoded by decode circuitry such as that detailed herein. The execution of the decoded single instruction may be scheduled.
At 405, the processor is to respond, using execution circuitry, to the decoded single instruction by executing the decoded single instruction according to the opcode of the instruction to compute a plurality of rounds of the block cipher or expand SM4 keys as detailed above.
Exemplary instruction formats, architectures, etc. to support these instructions are detailed below.
Further examples include, but are not limited to:
Example 1. A processor comprising: fetch circuitry to fetch an instruction corresponding to a block cipher, the instruction comprising a first field to identify a destination of a first operand, a second field to identify a source of a second operand comprising an input state, a third field to identify a source of a third operand comprising a round key; decode circuitry to decode the fetched instruction; and execution circuitry to execute the decoded instruction to compute a plurality of rounds of the block cipher by performing at least a round function on data elements of the second operand and the third operand to generate a plurality of word.
Example 2. The processor of example 1, wherein at least one of the first operand, the second operand, the third operand comprises a 512-bit register.
Example 3. The processor of any of examples 1-2, wherein a round iterates according to a round index.
Example 4. The processor of any of examples 1-3, wherein the plurality of rounds comprises encryption or decryption.
Example 5. The processor of any of examples 1-3, wherein the computation of the block cipher is to generate a 32-bit word, and wherein the computation of the block cipher generates ciphertext, plaintext, a round key, or a combination thereof.
Example 6. The processor of any of examples 1-5, wherein the first operand, the second operand, and the third operand comprise a register, and wherein the register comprises one or more bit lanes.
Example 7. The processor of any of examples 1-5, wherein at least one of the first operand, the second operand, or the third operand comprises a memory input.
Example 8. The processor of any of examples 1-7, wherein the block cipher comprises a SM4 block cipher.
Example 9. A method comprising: fetching and decoding, using fetch and decode circuitry, an instruction corresponding to a block cipher, the instruction comprising a first field to identify a destination of a first operand, a second field to identify a source of a second operand comprising an input state, a third field to identify a source of a third operand comprising a round key; and responding, using execution circuitry, to the decoded instruction by executing the decoded instruction to compute a plurality of rounds of the block cipher by performing at least a round function on data elements of the second operand and the third operand to generate a plurality of words.
Example 10. The method of example 9, wherein at least one of the first operand, the second operand, the third operand comprises a 512-bit register.
Example 11. The method of any of examples 9-10, wherein the data elements of the second operand and the third operand are received in parallel.
Example 12. The method of any of examples 9-11, wherein the plurality of cryptic rounds comprises encryption or decryption.
Example 13. The method of any of examples 9-12, wherein the computation of the block cipher is to generate a 32-bit word, and wherein the computation of the block cipher generates ciphertext, plaintext, a round key, or a combination thereof.
Example 14. The method of any of examples 9-13, wherein the first operand, the second operand, and the third operand comprise a register, and wherein the register comprises one or more bit lanes.
Example 15. The method of any of examples 9-14, wherein the block cipher comprises a SM4 block cipher.
Example 16. A system comprising: a memory; and a processor comprising: fetch and decode circuitry to fetch and decode an instruction corresponding to a block cipher, the instruction comprising a first field to identify a destination of a first operand, a second field to identify a source of a second operand comprising a round key block, a third field to identify a source of a third operand comprising a constant; and execution circuitry to respond to the decoded instruction by executing the decoded instruction to compute a plurality of key expansion rounds of the block cipher by performing at least a round function on data elements of the second operand and the third operand to generate a plurality of round keys.
Example 17. The system of example 16, wherein the round key block comprises the generated round key.
Example 18. The system of any of examples 16-17, wherein the first operand, the second operand, the third operand comprises at least one of a 128-bit register, 256-bit register, or 512-bit register.
Example 19. The system of any of examples 16-18, wherein the block cipher comprises a SM4 block cipher.
Example 20. The system of any of examples 16-19, wherein the data elements of the second operand and the third operand are received in parallel.
Exemplary Computer Architectures
Detailed below are describes of exemplary computer architectures. Other system designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops, desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineering workstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embedded processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, video game devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portable media players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices, are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronic devices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other execution logic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.
Processors 570 and 580 are shown including integrated memory controller (IMC) units circuitry 572 and 582, respectively. Processor 570 also includes as part of its interconnect controller units' point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 576 and 578; similarly, second processor 580 includes P-P interfaces 586 and 588. Processors 570, 580 may exchange information via the point-to-point (P-P) interface 550 using P-P interface circuits 578, 588. IMCs 572 and 582 couple the processors 570, 580 to respective memories, namely a memory 532 and a memory 534, which may be portions of main memory locally attached to the respective processors.
Processors 570, 580 may each exchange information with a chipset 590 via individual P-P interfaces 552, 554 using point to point interface circuits 576, 594, 586, 598. Chipset 590 may optionally exchange information with a coprocessor 538 via a high-performance interface 592. In some embodiments, the coprocessor 538 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.
A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor 570, 580 or outside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-P interconnect, such that either or both processors' local cache information may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placed into a low power mode.
Chipset 590 may be coupled to a first interconnect 516 via an interface 596. In some embodiments, first interconnect 516 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) interconnect, or an interconnect such as a PCI Express interconnect or another I/O interconnect. In some embodiments, one of the interconnects couples to a power control unit (PCU) 517, which may include circuitry, software, and/or firmware to perform power management operations with regard to the processors 570, 580 and/or co-processor 538. PCU 517 provides control information to a voltage regulator to cause the voltage regulator to generate the appropriate regulated voltage. PCU 517 also provides control information to control the operating voltage generated. In various embodiments, PCU 517 may include a variety of power management logic units (circuitry) to perform hardware-based power management. Such power management may be wholly processor controlled (e.g., by various processor hardware, and which may be triggered by workload and/or power, thermal or other processor constraints) and/or the power management may be performed responsive to external sources (such as a platform or power management source or system software).
PCU 517 is illustrated as being present as logic separate from the processor 570 and/or processor 580. In other cases, PCU 517 may execute on a given one or more of cores (not shown) of processor 570 or 580. In some cases, PCU 517 may be implemented as a microcontroller (dedicated or general-purpose) or other control logic configured to execute its own dedicated power management code, sometimes referred to as P-code. In yet other embodiments, power management operations to be performed by PCU 517 may be implemented externally to a processor, such as by way of a separate power management integrated circuit (PMIC) or another component external to the processor. In yet other embodiments, power management operations to be performed by PCU 517 may be implemented within BIOS or other system software.
Various I/O devices 514 may be coupled to first interconnect 516, along with an interconnect (bus) bridge 518 which couples first interconnect 516 to a second interconnect 520. In some embodiments, one or more additional processor(s) 515, such as coprocessors, high-throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's, accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signal processing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or any other processor, are coupled to first interconnect 516. In some embodiments, second interconnect 520 may be a low pin count (LPC) interconnect. Various devices may be coupled to second interconnect 520 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 522, communication devices 527 and a storage unit circuitry 528. Storage unit circuitry 528 may be a disk drive or other mass storage device which may include instructions/code and data 530, in some embodiments. Further, an audio I/O 524 may be coupled to second interconnect 520. Note that other architectures than the point-to-point architecture described above are possible. For example, instead of the point-to-point architecture, a system such as multiprocessor system 500 may implement a multi-drop interconnect or other such architecture.
Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures
Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for different purposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations of such cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a special purpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors may include: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order cores intended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more general purpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and 2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such different processors lead to different computer system architectures, which may include: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) the coprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) the coprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessor is sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purpose cores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die the described CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) or application processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, and additional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are described next, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computer architectures.
Thus, different implementations of the processor 600 may include: 1) a CPU with the special purpose logic 608 being integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores, not shown), and the cores 602(A)-(N) being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., general purpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, or a combination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 602(A)-(N) being a large number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores 602(A)-(N) being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus, the processor 600 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor or special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU (general purpose graphics processing unit circuitry), a high-throughput many integrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embedded processor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or more chips. The processor 600 may be a part of and/or may be implemented on one or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies, such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.
A memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache unit(s) circuitry 604(A)-(N) within the cores 602(A)-(N), a set of one or more shared cache units circuitry 606, and external memory (not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units circuitry 614. The set of one or more shared cache units circuitry 606 may include one or more mid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, such as a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. While in some embodiments ring based interconnect network circuitry 612 interconnects the special purpose logic 608 (e.g., integrated graphics logic), the set of shared cache units circuitry 606, and the system agent unit circuitry 610, alternative embodiments use any number of well-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In some embodiments, coherency is maintained between one or more of the shared cache units circuitry 606 and cores 602(A)-(N).
In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 602(A)-(N) are capable of multi-threading. The system agent unit circuitry 610 includes those components coordinating and operating cores 602(A)-(N). The system agent unit circuitry 610 may include for example power control unit (PCU) circuitry and/or display unit circuitry (not shown). The PCU may be or may include logic and components needed for regulating the power state of the cores 602(A)-(N) and/or the special purpose logic 608 (e.g., integrated graphics logic). The display unit circuitry is for driving one or more externally connected displays.
The cores 602(A)-(N) may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms of architecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 602(A)-(N) may be capable of executing the same instruction set, while other cores may be capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or a different instruction set.
Exemplary Core Architectures
In-Order and Out-of-Order Core Block Diagram
In
By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 700 as follows: 1) the instruction fetch 738 performs the fetch and length decoding stages 702 and 704; 2) the decode unit circuitry 740 performs the decode stage 706; 3) the rename/allocator unit circuitry 752 performs the allocation stage 708 and renaming stage 710; 4) the scheduler unit(s) circuitry 756 performs the schedule stage 712; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) circuitry 758 and the memory unit circuitry 770 perform the register read/memory read stage 714; the execution cluster 760 perform the execute stage 716; 6) the memory unit circuitry 770 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) circuitry 758 perform the write back/memory write stage 718; 7) various units (unit circuitry) may be involved in the exception handling stage 722; and 8) the retirement unit circuitry 754 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) circuitry 758 perform the commit stage 724.
The front end unit circuitry 730 may include branch prediction unit circuitry 732 coupled to an instruction cache unit circuitry 734, which is coupled to an instruction translation lookaside buffer (TLB) 736, which is coupled to instruction fetch unit circuitry 738, which is coupled to decode unit circuitry 740. In one embodiment, the instruction cache unit circuitry 734 is included in the memory unit circuitry 770 rather than the front-end unit circuitry 730. The decode unit circuitry 740 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate as an output one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points, microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, which are decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, the original instructions. The decode unit circuitry 740 may further include an address generation unit circuitry (AGU, not shown). In one embodiment, the AGU generates an LSU address using forwarded register ports, and may further perform branch forwarding (e.g., immediate offset branch forwarding, LR register branch forwarding, etc.). The decode unit circuitry 740 may be implemented using various different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include, but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs), etc. In one embodiment, the core 790 includes a microcode ROM (not shown) or other medium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., in decode unit circuitry 740 or otherwise within the front end unit circuitry 730). In one embodiment, the decode unit circuitry 740 includes a micro-operation (micro-op) or operation cache (not shown) to hold/cache decoded operations, micro-tags, or micro-operations generated during the decode or other stages of the processor pipeline 700. The decode unit circuitry 740 may be coupled to rename/allocator unit circuitry 752 in the execution engine unit circuitry 750.
The execution engine circuitry 750 includes the rename/allocator unit circuitry 752 coupled to a retirement unit circuitry 754 and a set of one or more scheduler(s) circuitry 756. The scheduler(s) circuitry 756 represents any number of different schedulers, including reservations stations, central instruction window, etc. In some embodiments, the scheduler(s) circuitry 756 can include arithmetic logic unit (ALU) scheduler/scheduling circuitry, ALU queues, arithmetic generation unit (AGU) scheduler/scheduling circuitry, AGU queues, etc. The scheduler(s) circuitry 756 is coupled to the physical register file(s) circuitry 758. Each of the physical register file(s) circuitry 758 represents one or more physical register files, different ones of which store one or more different data types, such as scalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., an instruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to be executed), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit circuitry 758 includes vector registers unit circuitry, writemask registers unit circuitry, and scalar register unit circuitry. These register units may provide architectural vector registers, vector mask registers, general-purpose registers, etc. The physical register file(s) unit(s) circuitry 758 is overlapped by the retirement unit circuitry 754 (also known as a retire queue or a retirement queue) to illustrate various ways in which register renaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using a reorder buffer(s) (ROB(s)) and a retirement register file(s); using a future file(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using a register maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit circuitry 754 and the physical register file(s) circuitry 758 are coupled to the execution cluster(s) 760. The execution cluster(s) 760 includes a set of one or more execution units circuitry 762 and a set of one or more memory access circuitry 764. The execution units circuitry 762 may perform various arithmetic, logic, floating point or other types of operations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and on various types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). While some embodiments may include a number of execution units or execution unit circuitry dedicated to specific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may include only one execution unit circuitry or multiple execution units/execution unit circuitry that all perform all functions. The scheduler(s) circuitry 756, physical register file(s) unit(s) circuitry 758, and execution cluster(s) 760 are shown as being possibly plural because certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain types of data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floating point/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vector floating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each have their own scheduler circuitry, physical register file(s) unit circuitry, and/or execution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline, certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution cluster of this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) circuitry 764). It should also be understood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of these pipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.
In some embodiments, the execution engine unit circuitry 750 may perform load store unit (LSU) address/data pipelining to an Advanced Microcontroller Bus (AHB) interface (not shown), and address phase and writeback, data phase load, store, and branches.
The set of memory access circuitry 764 is coupled to the memory unit circuitry 770, which includes data TLB unit circuitry 772 coupled to a data cache circuitry 774 coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache circuitry 776. In one exemplary embodiment, the memory access units circuitry 764 may include a load unit circuitry, a store address unit circuit, and a store data unit circuitry, each of which is coupled to the data TLB circuitry 772 in the memory unit circuitry 770. The instruction cache circuitry 734 is further coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit circuitry 776 in the memory unit circuitry 770. In one embodiment, the instruction cache 734 and the data cache 774 are combined into a single instruction and data cache (not shown) in L2 cache unit circuitry 776, a level 3 (L3) cache unit circuitry (not shown), and/or main memory. The L2 cache unit circuitry 776 is coupled to one or more other levels of cache and eventually to a main memory.
The core 790 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newer versions); the MIPS instruction set; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensions such as NEON)), including the instruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 790 includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g., AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimedia applications to be performed using packed data.
Exemplary Execution Unit(s) Circuitry
Exemplary Register Architecture
In some embodiments, the register architecture 900 includes writemask/predicate registers 915. For example, in some embodiments, there are 8 writemask/predicate registers (sometimes called k0 through k7) that are each 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, or 128-bit in size. Writemask/predicate registers 915 may allow for merging (e.g., allowing any set of elements in the destination to be protected from updates during the execution of any operation) and/or zeroing (e.g., zeroing vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be zeroed during the execution of any operation). In some embodiments, each data element position in a given writemask/predicate register 915 corresponds to a data element position of the destination. In other embodiments, the writemask/predicate registers 915 are scalable and consists of a set number of enable bits for a given vector element (e.g., 8 enable bits per 64-bit vector element).
The register architecture 900 includes a plurality of general-purpose registers 925. These registers may be 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, etc. and can be used for scalar operations. In some embodiments, these registers are referenced by the names RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RBP, RSI, RDI, RSP, and R8 through R15.
In some embodiments, the register architecture 900 includes scalar floating point register 945 which is used for scalar floating-point operations on 32/64/80-bit floating point data using the x87 instruction set extension or as MMX registers to perform operations on 64-bit packed integer data, as well as to hold operands for some operations performed between the MMX and XMM registers.
One or more flag registers 940 (e.g., EFLAGS, RFLAGS, etc.) store status and control information for arithmetic, compare, and system operations. For example, the one or more flag registers 940 may store condition code information such as carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, sign, and overflow. In some embodiments, the one or more flag registers 940 are called program status and control registers.
Segment registers 920 contain segment points for use in accessing memory. In some embodiments, these registers are referenced by the names CS, DS, SS, ES, FS, and GS.
Machine specific registers (MSRs) 935 control and report on processor performance. Most MSRs 935 handle system related functions and are not accessible to an application program. Machine check registers 960 consist of control, status, and error reporting MSRs that are used to detect and report on hardware errors.
One or more instruction pointer register(s) 930 store an instruction pointer value. Control register(s) 955 (e.g., CR0-CR4) determine the operating mode of a processor (e.g., processor 570, 580, 538, 518, and/or 600) and the characteristics of a currently executing task. Debug registers 950 control and allow for the monitoring of a processor or core's debugging operations.
Memory management registers 965 specify the locations of data structures used in protected mode memory management. These registers may include a GDTR, IDRT, task register, and a LDTR register.
Alternative embodiments of the invention may use wider or narrower registers. Additionally, alternative embodiments of the invention may use more, less, or different register files and registers.
Instruction Sets
An instruction set architecture (ISA) may include one or more instruction formats. A given instruction format may define various fields (e.g., number of bits, location of bits) to specify, among other things, the operation to be performed (e.g., opcode) and the operand(s) on which that operation is to be performed and/or other data field(s) (e.g., mask). Some instruction formats are further broken down though the definition of instruction templates (or sub-formats). For example, the instruction templates of a given instruction format may be defined to have different subsets of the instruction format's fields (the included fields are typically in the same order, but at least some have different bit positions because there are less fields included) and/or defined to have a given field interpreted differently. Thus, each instruction of an ISA is expressed using a given instruction format (and, if defined, in a given one of the instruction templates of that instruction format) and includes fields for specifying the operation and the operands. For example, an exemplary ADD instruction has a specific opcode and an instruction format that includes an opcode field to specify that opcode and operand fields to select operands (source1/destination and source2); and an occurrence of this ADD instruction in an instruction stream will have specific contents in the operand fields that select specific operands.
Exemplary Instruction Formats
Embodiments of the instruction(s) described herein may be embodied in different formats. Additionally, exemplary systems, architectures, and pipelines are detailed below. Embodiments of the instruction(s) may be executed on such systems, architectures, and pipelines, but are not limited to those detailed.
The prefix(es) field(s) 1001, when used, modifies an instruction. In some embodiments, one or more prefixes are used to repeat string instructions (e.g., 0xF0, 0xF2, 0xF3, etc.), to provide section overrides (e.g., 0x2E, 0x36, 0x3E, 0x26, 0x64, 0x65, 0x2E, 0x3E, etc.), to perform bus lock operations, and/or to change operand (e.g., 0x66) and address sizes (e.g., 0x67). Certain instructions require a mandatory prefix (e.g., 0x66, 0xF2, 0xF3, etc.). Certain of these prefixes may be considered “legacy” prefixes. Other prefixes, one or more examples of which are detailed herein, indicate, and/or provide further capability, such as specifying particular registers, etc. The other prefixes typically follow the “legacy” prefixes.
The opcode field 1003 is used to at least partially define the operation to be performed upon a decoding of the instruction. In some embodiments, a primary opcode encoded in the opcode field 1003 is 1, 2, or 3 bytes in length. In other embodiments, a primary opcode can be a different length. An additional 3-bit opcode field is sometimes encoded in another field.
The addressing field 1005 is used to address one or more operands of the instruction, such as a location in memory or one or more registers.
The content of the MOD field 1142 distinguishes between memory access and non-memory access modes. In some embodiments, when the MOD field 1142 has a value of b11, a register-direct addressing mode is utilized, and otherwise register-indirect addressing is used.
The register field 1144 may encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand, or may encode an opcode extension and not be used to encode any instruction operand. The content of register index field 1144, directly or through address generation, specifies the locations of a source or destination operand (either in a register or in memory). In some embodiments, the register field 1144 is supplemented with an additional bit from a prefix (e.g., prefix 1001) to allow for greater addressing.
The R/M field 1146 may be used to encode an instruction operand that references a memory address, or may be used to encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand. Note the R/M field 1146 may be combined with the MOD field 1142 to dictate an addressing mode in some embodiments.
The SIB byte 1104 includes a scale field 1152, an index field 1154, and a base field 1156 to be used in the generation of an address. The scale field 1152 indicates scaling factor. The index field 1154 specifies an index register to use. In some embodiments, the index field 1154 is supplemented with an additional bit from a prefix (e.g., prefix 1001) to allow for greater addressing. The base field 1156 specifies a base register to use. In some embodiments, the base field 1156 is supplemented with an additional bit from a prefix (e.g., prefix 1001) to allow for greater addressing. In practice, the content of the scale field 1152 allows for the scaling of the content of the index field 1154 for memory address generation (e.g., for address generation that uses 2scale*index+base).
Some addressing forms utilize a displacement value to generate a memory address. For example, a memory address may be generated according to 2scale*index+base+displacement, index*scale+displacement, r/m+displacement, instruction pointer (RIP/EIP)+displacement, register+displacement, etc. The displacement may be a 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte, etc. value. In some embodiments, a displacement field 1007 provides this value. Additionally, in some embodiments, a displacement factor usage is encoded in the MOD field of the addressing field 1005 that indicates a compressed displacement scheme for which a displacement value is calculated by multiplying disp8 in conjunction with a scaling factor N that is determined based on the vector length, the value of a b bit, and the input element size of the instruction. The displacement value is stored in the displacement field 1007.
In some embodiments, an immediate field 1009 specifies an immediate for the instruction. An immediate may be encoded as a 1-byte value, a 2-byte value, a 4-byte value, etc.
Instructions using the first prefix 1001(A) may specify up to three registers using 3-bit fields depending on the format: 1) using the reg field 1144 and the R/M field 1146 of the Mod R/M byte 1102; 2) using the Mod R/M byte 1102 with the SIB byte 1104 including using the reg field 1144 and the base field 1156 and index field 1154; or 3) using the register field of an opcode.
In the first prefix 1001(A), bit positions 7:4 are set as 0100. Bit position 3 (W) can be used to determine the operand size, but may not solely determine operand width. As such, when W=0, the operand size is determined by a code segment descriptor (CS.D) and when W=1, the operand size is 64-bit.
Note that the addition of another bit allows for 16 (24) registers to be addressed, whereas the MOD R/M reg field 1144 and MOD R/M R/M field 1146 alone can each only address 8 registers.
In the first prefix 1001(A), bit position 2 (R) may an extension of the MOD R/M reg field 1144 and may be used to modify the ModR/M reg field 1144 when that field encodes a general purpose register, a 64-bit packed data register (e.g., a SSE register), or a control or debug register. R is ignored when Mod R/M byte 1102 specifies other registers or defines an extended opcode.
Bit position 1 (X) X bit may modify the SIB byte index field 1154.
Bit position B (B) B may modify the base in the Mod R/M R/M field 1146 or the SIB byte base field 1156; or it may modify the opcode register field used for accessing general purpose registers (e.g., general purpose registers 925).
In some embodiments, the second prefix 1001(B) comes in two forms—a two-byte form and a three-byte form. The two-byte second prefix 1001(B) is used mainly for 128-bit, scalar, and some 256-bit instructions; while the three-byte second prefix 1001(B) provides a compact replacement of the first prefix 1001(A) and 3-byte opcode instructions.
Instructions that use this prefix may use the Mod R/M R/M field 1146 to encode the instruction operand that references a memory address or encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand.
Instructions that use this prefix may use the Mod R/M reg field 1144 to encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand, be treated as an opcode extension and not used to encode any instruction operand.
For instruction syntax that support four operands, vvvv, the Mod R/M R/M field 1146, and the Mod R/M reg field 1144 encode three of the four operands. Bits[7:4] of the immediate 1009 are then used to encode the third source register operand.
Bit[7] of byte 2 1417 is used similar to W of the first prefix 1001(A) including helping to determine promotable operand sizes. Bit[2] is used to dictate the length (L) of the vector (where a value of 0 is a scalar or 128-bit vector) and a value of 1 is a 256-bit vector). Bits[1:0] provide opcode extensionality equivalent to some legacy prefixes (e.g., 00=no prefix, 01=66H, 10=F3H, and 11=F2H). Bits[6:3], shown as vvvv, may be used to: 1) encode the first source register operand, specified in inverted (1s complement) form and valid for instructions with 2 or more source operands; 2) encode the destination register operand, specified in is complement form for certain vector shifts; or 3) not encode any operand, the field is reserved and should contain a certain value, such as 1111b.
Instructions that use this prefix may use the Mod R/M R/M field 1146 to encode the instruction operand that references a memory address or encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand.
Instructions that use this prefix may use the Mod R/M reg field 1144 to encode either the destination register operand or a source register operand, be treated as an opcode extension and not used to encode any instruction operand.
For instruction syntax that support four operands, vvvv, the Mod R/M R/M field 1146, and the Mod R/M reg field 1144 encode three of the four operands. Bits[7:4] of the immediate 1009 are then used to encode the third source register operand.
The third prefix 1001(C) can encode 32 vector registers (e.g., 128-bit, 256-bit, and 512-bit registers) in 64-bit mode. In some embodiments, instructions that utilize a writemask/opmask (see discussion of registers in a previous figure, such as
The third prefix 1001(C) may encode functionality that is specific to instruction classes (e.g., a packed instruction with “load+op” semantic can support embedded broadcast functionality, a floating-point instruction with rounding semantic can support static rounding functionality, a floating-point instruction with non-rounding arithmetic semantic can support “suppress all exceptions” functionality, etc.).
The first byte of the third prefix 1001(C) is a format field 1511 that has a value, in one example, of 62H. Subsequent bytes are referred to as payload bytes 1515-1519 and collectively form a 24-bit value of P[23:0] providing specific capability in the form of one or more fields (detailed herein).
In some embodiments, P[1:0] of payload byte 1519 are identical to the low two mmmmm bits. P[3:2] are reserved in some embodiments. Bit P[4] (R′) allows access to the high 16 vector register set when combined with P[7] and the ModR/M reg field 1144. P[6] can also provide access to a high 16 vector register when SIB-type addressing is not needed. P[7:5] consist of an R, X, and B which are operand specifier modifier bits for vector register, general purpose register, memory addressing and allow access to the next set of 8 registers beyond the low 8 registers when combined with the ModR/M register field 1144 and ModR/M R/M field 1146. P[9:8] provide opcode extensionality equivalent to some legacy prefixes (e.g., 00=no prefix, 01=66H, 10=F3H, and 11=F2H). P[10] in some embodiments is a fixed value of 1. P[14:11], shown as vvvv, may be used to: 1) encode the first source register operand, specified in inverted (1s complement) form and valid for instructions with 2 or more source operands; 2) encode the destination register operand, specified in is complement form for certain vector shifts; or 3) not encode any operand, the field is reserved and should contain a certain value, such as 1111b.
P[15] is similar to W of the first prefix 1001(A) and second prefix 1011(B) and may serve as an opcode extension bit or operand size promotion.
P[18:16] specify the index of a register in the opmask (writemask) registers (e.g., writemask/predicate registers 915). In one embodiment of the invention, the specific value aaa=000 has a special behavior implying no opmask is used for the particular instruction (this may be implemented in a variety of ways including the use of a opmask hardwired to all ones or hardware that bypasses the masking hardware). When merging, vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be protected from updates during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in other one embodiment, preserving the old value of each element of the destination where the corresponding mask bit has a 0. In contrast, when zeroing vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be zeroed during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in one embodiment, an element of the destination is set to 0 when the corresponding mask bit has a 0 value. A subset of this functionality is the ability to control the vector length of the operation being performed (that is, the span of elements being modified, from the first to the last one); however, it is not necessary that the elements that are modified be consecutive. Thus, the opmask field allows for partial vector operations, including loads, stores, arithmetic, logical, etc. While embodiments of the invention are described in which the opmask field's content selects one of a number of opmask registers that contains the opmask to be used (and thus the opmask field's content indirectly identifies that masking to be performed), alternative embodiments instead or additional allow the mask write field's content to directly specify the masking to be performed.
P[19] can be combined with P[14:11] to encode a second source vector register in a non-destructive source syntax which can access an upper 16 vector registers using P[19]. P[20] encodes multiple functionalities, which differs across different classes of instructions and can affect the meaning of the vector length/rounding control specifier field (P[22:21]). P[23] indicates support for merging-writemasking (e.g., when set to 0) or support for zeroing and merging-writemasking (e.g., when set to 1).
Exemplary embodiments of encoding of registers in instructions using the third prefix 1001(C) are detailed in the following tables.
Program code may be applied to input instructions to perform the functions described herein and generate output information. The output information may be applied to one or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of this application, a processing system includes any system that has a processor, such as, for example, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a microprocessor.
The program code may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a processing system. The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are not limited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.
Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementation approaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computer programs or program code executing on programmable systems comprising at least one processor, a storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.
One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor.
Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation, non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formed by a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, any other type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory (PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory, tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containing design data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which defines structures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system features described herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as program products.
Emulation (Including Binary Translation, Code Morphing, Etc.)
In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert an instruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set. For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using static binary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamic compilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to one or more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instruction converter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, off processor, or part on and part off processor.
References to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
Moreover, in the various embodiments described above, unless specifically noted otherwise, disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of A, B, or C” is intended to be understood to mean either A, B, or C, or any combination thereof (e.g., A, B, and/or C). As such, disjunctive language is not intended to, nor should it be understood to, imply that a given embodiment requires at least one of A, at least one of B, or at least one of C to each be present.
The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.
