Patent Grant
7002765
This application relates generally to the operation of data storage devices and more particularly to reducing the retry time needed to correct read and write errors.
Data storage devices, such as those that utilize disc-shaped data storage media like disc drives, record data in tracks on the data storage media and also read recorded data from the tracks. Devices do this by positioning a read/write head with a signal transducer over a track so that data can be written to or read from the track. Errors in reading or writing data can occur due to problems positioning the head or irregularities in the track and storage media. When an error occurs as data is written to or read from a track, a retry operation typically is performed in an attempt to correct the error. Retry operations often include a variety of retry procedures, also sometimes referred to as error recovery routines, each designed to correct for a different error type. If the retry operation is unsuccessful, i.e. none of the retry procedures were able to correct the error, the device interprets this as a “hard” error and considers that location on the track no longer usable.
On a data storage media a read error may occur due to various causes, such as scratches on the media, asperity (or roughness) of the storage media surface, and non-homogeneity in data storage material over the media. Read errors may also occur due to track “wander” wherein the track does not follow the expected path. Errors at different locations on the data storage media may be caused different things and, thus, require different retry procedures to correct. Additionally, errors may change over time. Errors may be introduced over time as the data storage media deteriorates with use and age or is damaged. Although rare, errors may also ameliorate over time as well.
Various retry procedures have been invented to correct for many of the errors encountered. These may include changing the gain of a reading or writing circuit, looking for data in the vicinity of where the track was expected to be found (off-track checking), and changing the bias value of a magneto resistance (MR) element in the case where the MR element is used as a read head. For example, in a disc drive with a magnetic disc and a hard-disc controller, the retry procedures may be, for example, varying an off-track quantity which is an offset quantity between the center of the magnetic head and the center of the track, varying a bias current value given to an MR element in the case where a magnetic head is equipped with the MR element, or various automatic gain control factors such as the gain of the variable gain amplifier (VGA) and the adaption rate of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Retry procedures also often include a number of subprocedures, comprising incrementally increasing some deviation from a normal read or write operation parameter such as location or bias.
The retry operation typically performs its retry procedures in sequence until the error is corrected or the procedures are exhausted and a hard error is determined. Depending on what type or error is at a location, the retry operation may take more or less time in correcting it because of where in the retry procedure sequence the appropriate retry procedure occurs. For example, an error may be track wander error, which will be corrected by the off-track retry procedure. If the off-track retry procedure is the first retry procedure in the retry procedure sequence, then the error will be corrected relatively quickly. However, if the off-track procedure is the last in the sequence, the retry operation—while still successful—will take a relatively longer time. Since the overall rate that data can be read and written is an important performance parameter for data storage devices, there is a need to minimize the amount of time a data storage devices spends performing retry operations.
Typical retry operations are standardized according the data storage device's characteristics at the design stage. The procedures and subprocedures of the operation are selected and ordered based on certification testing of a predefined population of the product prototype. The ordering of the procedures is made by sorting the retry procedures in the operation sequentially by probability of success, with the most probable retry procedure made the first procedure in the operation. While not optimum for every error on the tested media, when looking at the media as a whole, the sequence is optimized over the media as a whole, resulting in an optimized average time the device spends performing retry operations. The resulting standardized retry operation is stored in every device and is used without modification throughout the lifetime of the device. Whenever an error is detected that requires a retry, the retry operation starts with the first retry procedure and proceeds sequentially through its subprocedures. Then it proceeds to the second procedure and so on through all the procedures and subprocedures. If at any time a retry subprocedure is successful, then the retry operation is terminated. The implementation of the operation is simple and relatively fast, both during manufacture and operation. The standardized retry operation, however, does not take into account any individual variation among devices or the degradation of the device over time. For that reason, it is not very efficient at reducing the time a device spends performing retries.
Because the retry operation affects the average read and write speed of the device, there is a general need to minimize the average time a device spends performing retry operations. In addition, there is also a need to adjust the sequence as the device degrades over time and maintain the optimal sequence.
Accordingly there is a need for a smart method for performing retry operations that re-optimizes itself by adjusting to variations in errors over time and location in the storage media. The present invention provides a solution to this and other problems, and offers other advantages over the prior art.
Against this backdrop the present invention has been developed. An embodiment of the present invention is a smart retry method, or sequence for performing retry procedures, that optimizes itself for the data storage device's individual characteristics, including variations across the data storage media and variations introduced as the device degrades over time. In embodiments, the data storage media (e.g. a disc in a disc drive) is divided into a number of zones and a separate sequence of retry procedures is maintained for each zone. The data storage media is tested to find errors correctable by the retry procedures and to determine the number of successful retries in each zone for each procedure. From this information, a statistical likelihood of success for each retry procedure is developed. The sequential order of the retry procedures in each zone's sequence is then optimized based on the statistics by placing the most statistically likely retry procedure as the first procedure in the sequence, the second-most likely retry procedure as the second procedure in the sequence, and so on. In this way, a retry operation for each zone is optimized, thus reducing the average time spent performing retries in each zone and, consequently, in the storage media overall.
One retry sequence for each zone may be used for both write and read retry operations. Alternatively, separate read and write retry sequences may be maintained and used for each zone. Using separate sequences results in improved performance as the optimum write retry sequences may not mirror the optimum read retry sequences for the same zone. In fact, they need not even contain the same set of retry procedures.
The retry sequences may be periodically re-optimized over the lifetime of the data storage device. This allows the retry sequences to change in response to changes in each zone's characteristics over time. Updated data for successful read retry procedures may be obtained during the device's self-diagnostic routines typically run during idle periods. The retry data may then be statistically analyzed as described above and used to reorder the procedures in the sequence(s) for the zone or zones investigated during the self-diagnostic. Updated write retry data may be obtained during user-initiated security operations which cause a write command to be issued to every sector in a zone or zone(s).
These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings.
a shows the improved performance for zone 1 of the data storage device as shown in
b shows the improved performance for zone 2 of the data storage device as shown in
c shows the improved performance for zone 3 of the data storage device as shown in
d shows the improved performance for zone 4 of the data storage device as shown in
e shows the improved performance for zone 5 of the data storage device as shown in
A disc drive 100 constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in
During a seek operation, the track position of the heads 118 is controlled through the use of a voice coil motor (VCM) 124, which typically includes a coil 126 attached to the actuator assembly 110, as well as one or more permanent magnets 128 which establish a magnetic field in which the coil 126 is immersed. The controlled application of current to the coil 126 causes magnetic interaction between the permanent magnets 128 and the coil 126 so that the coil 126 moves in accordance with the well-known Lorentz relationship. As the coil 126 moves, the actuator assembly 110 pivots about the bearing shaft assembly 112, and the heads 118 are caused to move across the surfaces of the discs 108.
The spindle motor 106 is typically de-energized when the disc drive 100 is not in use for extended periods of time. The heads 118 are moved over park zones 120 near the inner diameter of the discs 108 when the drive motor is de-energized. The heads 118 are secured over the park zones 120 through the use of an actuator latch arrangement, which prevents inadvertent rotation of the actuator assembly 110 when the heads are parked.
A flex assembly 130 provides the requisite electrical connection paths for the actuator assembly 110 while allowing pivotal movement of the actuator assembly 110 during operation. The flex assembly includes a printed circuit board 132 to which head wires (not shown) are connected; the head wires being routed along the actuator arms 114 and the flexures 116 to the heads 118. The printed circuit board 132 typically includes circuitry for controlling the write currents applied to the heads 118 during a write operation and a preamplifier for amplifying read signals generated by the heads 118 during a read operation. The flex assembly terminates at a flex bracket 134 for communication through the base deck 102 to a disc drive printed circuit board (not shown) mounted to the bottom side of the disc drive 100.
Referring now to
One skilled in the art will also realize that the sequence in which retry procedures are performed need not be determined by their position on a table. In the embodiment shown, for example, the retry procedures are identified by retry procedure identification (ID) numbers 216 and the sequence may be stored separately as a sequential list of ID numbers 216. The sequence may be easily reordered by changing the order the ID numbers appear in the sequence. This has the benefit that if more than one sequence is used by the device, only one set of retry procedures need be stored, rather than multiple tabular sets. Many other methods for providing a sequence of retry procedures will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and could be utilized while not departing from the scope of the invention.
In practice, executing the retry procedures of
A smart retry operation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention optimizes itself for the specific data storage device's individual characteristics, including variations across the storage media and variations introduced as the device degrades over time. In an exemplary embodiment, the data storage media (e.g. a disc in a disc drive) is divided into a number of zones and a separate sequence is maintained for each zone. This allows each zone's sequence to be tailored to the particular characteristic of the errors that predominate that zone. The more zones that are used, the better the method will optimize (i.e. reduce) the overall time the device spends performing retry procedures. Furthermore, over the lifetime of the data storage device, the sequence is constantly re-optimized, which allows the retry operation to adapt to changes in each zone's characteristics over time.
Turning now to
Preferably, the sequences 220 are initially optimized during device manufacture. To do this, the retry statistics of each zone of a device may be determined by factory testing. After the data storage media has been divided into zones, the factory test writes and reads over all the tracks in the data storage media and records the number times of each subprocedure was successful at correcting an error in each zone. Then the sequence 220 of retry procedures 202 for each zone are ordered by success probability, with the most successful procedure ordered as the first procedure 224 in the sequence. The sequences 220 may vary by zone depending on the retry statistics found in the zone. In one embodiment of the present invention, the read retry statistics and write retry statistics are preferably combined and one read/write sequence 220 for each zone is determined. In another embodiment, two different and independent sequences 220 are provided for each zone: a read retry sequence and a write retry sequence. In each case, the sequences 220 created are then stored in the device for subsequent use during operation.
The sequences 220 and retry procedures 202 for a device may be stored on reserved sectors of the data storage media, or may be stored in memory in the data storage device. They may also be stored in compressed form to save storage space. Upon startup, the device may retrieve some or all of the retry procedures 202 and sequences 220 load them into fast memory to improve the speed at which the retry operation may be performed.
Turning now to
Control then passes to a retry procedure performance operation 310 that performs the retry procedure in the retrieved sequence in the position corresponding to the current value of the index variable n. In the embodiment shown, the retry procedures are read into fast memory upon device startup and need not be retrieved as they are already available to the method. In another embodiment, where the retry procedures are not read into fast memory at startup, the retry procedure performance operation 310 may also include the step of retrieving the retry procedure corresponding to the current value of the index variable n from its storage location. The retry procedure performance operation 310 performs each of the subprocedures (if any) in retry procedure n until the error is corrected or all the subprocedures are performed. If either of these two conditions are met, control passes to the query operation 312.
The query operation 312 determines if the error was successfully corrected. If the error was successfully corrected by retry procedure n, then control passes to a return operation 314 that returns control to the data storage device's controller and the device returns to normal operation.
If the error was not successfully corrected, the query operation 312 passes control to an increment index operation 316 that increments the index variable. In the example shown, the variable n is incremented by a value of 1, e.g. if the current value of n is 2 then it is incremented to be 3. After the index variable is incremented, control passes to a second query operation 318 that determines if all the retry procedures have been performed by checking if there is an n retry procedure. If there is not an n retry procedure, then all the retry procedures have been performed without correcting the error. In that case, control is passed to the hard error operation 320 that reports the hard error to the data storage device's controller and control subsequently passes to the return operation 314 and the device returns to normal operation as described above. If there is an n retry procedure, then control passes back to the retry procedure performance operation 310. Thus, the method 300 continues until a procedure corrects the error or all of the procedures are performed.
After the initial determination of the sequences during manufacture, the sequences are updated (re-optimized) periodically during normal drive operation. The updating procedure mirrors the procedure (described above) used in the manufacturing process. The entire data storage media is written to and/or read from and the number of successful retries are recorded by zone and procedure or, preferably, subprocedure. This information is then analyzed statistically by the data storage device and the retry procedures within each zone's sequence (or sequences, in embodiments utilizing separate write and read sequences) are reordered, if necessary.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the updating may only be performed during periods when the device is not in use or when user access time is not a concern. For example, in disc drive embodiments separate read sequences and combined read/write sequences may be updated during an idle period when the device performs an “Offline Auto Scan” or when the drive performs an automatic self-test. Often, disc drives will automatically go into an Offline Scan Mode when the drive has been offline for a predetermined period of time. Assuming that the drive is not interrupted by a user command during the process, an Offline Auto Scan is then performed which includes a complete read pass (i.e. reading all of the data storage media). Some embodiments of the present invention include, as an additional function of the Offline Auto Scan, updating the sequences using error data taken during the Offline Auto Scan's read pass.
In embodiments that utilize separate sequences for write retry operations, however, updating write sequences requires that the data storage media be write passed, that is completely written over with either ‘1’s or ‘0’s. As this will destroy any data on the device, updating separate write sequences is rarely performed. One instance where this may occur, again in disc drive embodiments, is when the Security Erase Unit command (standard ATA command code F4h) is performed. The command causes the entire disc to be write passed and all data replaced with ‘0’s. In the embodiments, during the write pass all successful retry subprocedures are counted and recorded by zone. At the completion of the write pass, the retry procedures in the write sequences for the disc drive will be reordered, as necessary, based on the newly determined statistics.
Turning now to
The method starts with an initiation operation 402 when the data storage device's controller determines that it is time to update the sequence. This may occur automatically as part of a self-diagnostic performed by the data storage device during idle periods or it may occur as part of a user-initiated diagnostic procedure. After initiation, control passes to an index initialization operation 404. In an alternate embodiment, the initiation operation 402 occurs when the data storage device is powered up and immediately passes control to a query operation (not shown) that continuously monitors the drive for idle periods. In that embodiment, if the query operation determines that the device is idle, control is passed to the index initiation operation 404.
In the index initialization operation 404 an index is set. In the embodiment shown, an index variable n is set to one. Control then passes to a scan zone operation 406 wherein the zone corresponding to the index number (i.e. zone n) is scanned for errors. This scanning may be included in part of another diagnostic that requires the zone to be scanned or may be solely to generate the error information necessary to reorder the sequences. As a part of the scan zone operation 406 the number of successful retries by procedure is tracked for the zone. In one embodiment, this is done by incrementing a counter for each procedure or subprocedure for each time that procedure is successful. So that, at the end of the scan zone operation 406, the number of successful retries for each procedure is recorded for that zone. Other methods are possible, such as maintaining a relative success ranking for each procedure. Any method that allows the retry procedures to be sequenced by successfulness is applicable.
After the scan zone operation 406, control passes to an increment index operation 408 that increments the index variable. In the example shown, the variable n is incremented by a value of 1, e.g. if the current value of n is 2 then it is incremented to be 3. After the index variable is incremented, control passes to a query operation 410 that determines if all the zones have been scanned by checking if there is a zone for the incremented index value n. If there is a zone n, then control returns to the scan zone operation 406 and the zone is scanned as described above. Thus, the method 400 continues until all of the zones have been scanned.
If there is no zone n, then all the zones have been scanned. In that case, control is passed to the analysis operation 412. Analysis operation 412 analyzes the number of successful retries by retry procedure and zone and ranks the retry procedures by successfulness.
Once the retry procedure ranking has been developed for each zone, control passes to the reorder operation 414. The reorder operation 414 reorders each zone sequence to match the ranking developed by the analysis operation 412. In an embodiment, this performed by erasing the previous sequences and storing new sequences of retry procedure ID numbers corresponding to the ranking, from most successful to least. Once the new sequences are stored, control passes to a return operation 416 that returns control to the data storage device's controller and the device returns to normal operation.
A hypothetical example is provided showing the improvement in performance (i.e. reduction in total retry time) resulting in a disc drive embodying the present invention.
The cumulative retry time by subprocedure is shown in the next column. Because the sequence follows the table order, with the topmost subprocedure being performed first, the cumulative retry time by subprocedure is determined by the location in the table and the time it takes to perform the earlier subprocedures in the sequence. For this hypothetical example, it is assumed that the time taken to perform each subprocedure is 1 ms. Thus, it would take 10 ms to correct an error using the 10th subprocedure because the prior nine subprocedures must be performed before, the retry operation gets to the 10th subprocedure.
The next column in the table in
The rightmost column shows the subtotal of time spent correcting errors by each subprocedure for the disc (i.e. sum of the total number of successful subprocedures over all zones multiplied by the retry time). For example, as it is assumed to take 1 ms to perform each subprocedure, then a subtotal of 4128 ms were spent correcting the 341 errors with the Set FIR ×8 (i.e. 40+91+42+90+81) subprocedure. Note, however, that had the Set FIR ×8 been the first subprocedure, only 341 ms would have been needed to perform the same number of corrections.
The total time spent by the retry operation correcting errors for the entire disc is shown below the subtotal time column and is a sum of the subtotal time for all retry subprocedures. In this hypothetical, the total time spent using the retry operation to correct the 3902 errors on the disc was 30376 ms.
a though 6e are for the same disc drive with the same number and type of errors in the same locations on the disc, however now employing an embodiment of the present invention.
The number of successful retry subprocedures are presented again for each zone and are the same as that shown in
The subtotal of time spent correcting errors by each subprocedure for each zone is shown in the last column in
The present invention provides a method (such as 300) for use in a data storage device (such as a disc drive 100) having data storage media (such as a data storage disc 108) wherein the data storage media is divided into a plurality of zones. The method (such as 300) reducing time the data storage device (such as 100) spends performing a retry operation (such as the retry operation represented by
An embodiment of the method (such as 300) uses a separate read sequence (such as 220) for correcting read errors and a write sequence (such as 220) for correcting write errors. In the embodiment, the method includes retrieving the read sequence (such as 220) for the zone associated with the error location, if the error is a read error; and retrieving the write sequence (such as 220) for the zone associated with the error location, if the error is a write error. In he method, the read sequence comprises read retry procedures (such as 202) and the write sequence comprises write retry procedures (such as 202).
An embodiment of the method (such as 300) may perform the defining step (such as 400) during manufacture and the sequence (such as 220) for each zone may be optimized based on a probability of success for each retry procedure (such as 202) within that zone. The sequence (such as 220) for each zone may be periodically re-optimized during device (such as 100) operation. The retry procedures (such as 202) may include an off-track retry procedure (such as 204), an MR bias retry procedure (such as 210), a VGA Gain retry procedure (such as 206) and an FIR adaption retry procedure (such as 210) and each retry procedure (such as 202) may include a plurality of subprocedures (such as 212).
The present invention also provides a method (such as 400) for determining a sequence (such as 220) for performing a plurality of retry procedures (such as 202) during a retry operation (such as
An embodiment of the method (such as 400) uses one sequence (such as 220) for each to correct read errors and write errors in that zone. In another embodiment a read sequence (such as 220) is used to correct read errors.
In yet another embodiment of the method (such as 400), a read sequence is used to correct read errors and a write sequence is used to correct write errors. The method includes determining a read sequence (such as 220) for performing the plurality of read retry procedures (such as 202) for each of the plurality of zones and determining a write sequence (such as 220) for performing the plurality of write retry procedures (such as 202) for each of the plurality of zones.
The data storage media may be divided into a predetermined number of zones of a predetermined size or the may be divided by in to zones by scanning the entire data storage media (such as 108) for errors and performing the retry procedures to correct errors found in the scanning step (in an operation such as 406); determining a location on the data storage media for each of the errors corrected by the performing step; creating a distribution of error types and locations on the data storage media; analyzing the distribution; and dividing the data storage media into the plurality of zones based the results of the analyzing step.
The retry procedures used in the method (such as 400) may include an off-track retry procedure (such as 204), an MR bias retry procedure (such as 210), a VGA Gain retry procedure (such as 206) and an FIR adaption retry procedure (such as 210) and each retry procedure (such as 202) may include a plurality of subprocedures (such as 212). Embodiments of the method (such as 400) may be performed during manufacture and periodically performed during operation of the device, such as during idle periods.
A apparatus embodying the present invention may be a data storage device (such as 100) comprising: a data storage media (such as 108) divided into zones of data; a means for reading (such as 110) the data from the storage media; and a plurality of first sequences (such as 220) for performing a plurality of retry procedures (such as 202) to correct read errors, wherein each sequence (such as 220) is associated with one of the zones and is stored on the data storage device (such as 100) and wherein each first sequence (such as 220) is optimized during manufacture. Furthermore, the data storage device may periodically analyze the errors in each zone and re-optimize the first sequences (such as 220).
The data storage device (such as 100) may periodically reorder the sequences (such as 220) during device operation. The plurality of retry procedures may include an off-track retry procedure (such as 204), an MR bias retry procedure (such as 210), a VGA Gain retry procedure (such as 206) and an FIR adaption retry procedure (such as 210) and each retry procedure (such as 202) may include a plurality of subprocedures (such as 212).
An embodiment of the data storage device may include: a means for writing data to the data storage media (such as 110); and a plurality of second sequences (such as 220), each associated with one of the zones, for performing a plurality of write retry procedures (such as 202) for use by the writing means to correct write errors, wherein each second sequence is optimized during manufacture. The data storage device may periodically analyze the write errors in each zone and reorder the second sequence (such as 220).
The data storage device may be a disc drive utilizing magnetic data storage discs, an optical disc drive utilizing optical data storage discs, or utilize removable data storage media.
It will be clear that the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment has been described for purposes of this disclosure, various changes and modifications may be made which are well within the scope of the present invention. For example, the invention could be easily modified to reorder the retry operations at the retry subprocedure level rather than the retry procedure level. Another variation is, rather than predetermining a fixed number of zones, determining the number and extent of zones based on a statistical analysis of the variation of successful retry procedures across the data storage media. Numerous other changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed in the spirit of the invention disclosed and as defined in the appended claims.
This application claims priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/409,158, filed Sep. 9, 2002.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5721816 | Kusbel et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 6084733 | Ohzeki et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6122235 | Arai | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6188538 | Mills et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040047063 A1 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60409158 | Sep 2002 | US |
