Patent Grant
9994626
This application is a U.S. National Stage Application of PCT/EP2014/068282 filed Aug. 28, 2014, which claims priority to Swedish Patent Application 1350986-4 filed Aug. 28, 2013, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The present invention relates to polypeptides that bind to human complement component 5 (C5) and to the use of such polypeptides in therapy.
The complement protein C5 is a central component of the complement system; a key part of the innate immune system. The complement system is an intricate immune surveillance system with numerous tasks in tightly controlled, diverse processes. It functions as a first line host defense system against infection by other organisms, and also in discriminating healthy host tissues from cellular debris and apoptotic and necrotic cells. Furthermore, it is involved in clearance of immune complexes, regulation of the adaptive immune response, promotion of tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, mobilization of stem cells and development of the central nervous system (Woodruff et al. Mol Immunol 2011, 48 (14):1631-1642); Ricklin et al. Nat Immunol 2010, 11(9):785-795). Any trigger, for example erroneous or unrestricted activation or insufficient regulation, that disturbs the fine balance of complement activation and regulation may lead to pathologic conditions including self-attack of the host's cells leading to extensive tissue damage.
The complement system consists of about 30 proteins. There are three pathways to initiate complement; the classical pathway that employs C1q to recognize immune complexes on the surface of cells; the lectin pathway that is initiated when mannose-binding lectin (MBL) recognizes certain sugars; and the alternative pathway that is initiated spontaneously by hydrolysis of complement factor 3 (C3), a process suppressed by certain mammalian cell surface molecules not present on invading pathogens. The alternative pathway also acts as an amplification loop for the complement system. All three pathways converge at the level of C3. Cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b leads to the formation of a convertase that in turn cleaves complement factor 5 (C5) into C5a and C5b. C5a is a very potent attractant of various immune cells while C5b oligomerizes with C6-9 to form a pore known as the membrane attack complex (MAC) or sometimes the terminal complement complex (TCC). Activation of the complement system leads to a number of mechanisms with the purpose of neutralizing the pathogen; formation of MAC on the surface of a cell such as an invading bacteria leads to lysis, deposition of C3 and C4 cleavage products C3b and C4b aids opsonization leading to phagocytosis of the pathogen by macrophages and anaphylatoxins such as C3a and C5a attracts monocytes and neutrophils to the site of activation, up-regulates surface markers leading to increased immunologic susceptibility and to the release of cytokines.
C5 is a 190-kDa glycoprotein comprised of 2 disulfide-linked polypeptide chains, alpha and beta, with a molecular mass of 115 and 75 kDa, respectively (Tack et al. Biochem 1979, 18:1490-1497). Haviland et al. (J Immun 1991, 146: 362-368) constructed the complete cDNA sequence of human complement pro-05, which is predicted to encode a 1,676-amino acid pro-molecule that contains an 18-amino acid leader peptide and a 4-amino acid linker separating the beta and alpha chains (SEQ ID NO: 251). Since C5 is common to all pathways of complement activation, blocking C5 will stop the progression of the cascade regardless of the stimuli and thereby prevent the deleterious properties of terminal complement activation while leaving the immunoprotective and immunoregulatory functions of the proximal complement cascade intact.
The complement system's key role in the defense against pathogens in general makes it an interesting target for pharmaceutical intervention. This is emphasized by the fact that many mutations or impaired regulation of complement is involved in various diseases and conditions. These include increased susceptibility to auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) where deposition of immune complexes triggers the classical pathway (Manderson et al. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22:431-456). In addition, mutations of the complement proteins C1-C5 often result in SLE or SLE like symptoms. Other autoimmune diseases with a strong involvement of the complement system are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where immune complexes may activate complement in the RA joint, Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis and other autoantibody driven diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Fisher syndrome (Kaida et al. J. Neuroimmun 2010, 223:5-12), different types of vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) and anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) (Chen et al. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J276-J286). Furthermore, complement inhibition have been proven effective in animal models of such different conditions as periodontitis (Abe et al. J Immunol 2012, 189:5442-5448), wound healing (Cazender et al. Clin Dev Immunol 2012, on-line publication), tumor growth (Markiewski et al. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:1225-1235) and diseases of the eye such as uveitis and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Copland et al. Clin Exp Immunol 2009, 159:303-314).
Antibodies targeted to human complement C5 are known from, e.g., WO 95/29697; WO 02/30985; and WO 2004/007553. Eculizumab (SOLIRIS) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against protein C5 and prevents cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. Eculizumab has been shown to be effective in treating paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), a rare and sometimes life threatening disease of the blood characterized by intravascular hemolytic anemia, thrombophilia and bone marrow failure, and is approved for this indication. Eculizumab was also recently approved by the FDA for treatment of atypical hemolytic syndrome (aHUS), a rare but life threatening disease caused by loss of control of the alternative complement pathway leading to over-activation manifested as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) leading to constant risk of damage to vital organs such as kidney, heart and the brain. In aHUS, transplantation of the damaged organ only temporarily helps the patient as the liver continues to produce the mutated form of controlling protein (most often complement factor H or other proteins of the alternative pathway). A related disease with a transient acute pathophysiology is HUS caused by infection of Shiga toxin positive E. coli (STEC-HUS) and there are promising clinical data suggesting efficacy also for this condition (Lapeyraque et al, N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2561-2563). Finally, the C5 blocking antibody Eculizumab has proven efficacious in preventing antibody mediated rejection (AMR) in recipients of highly mismatched kidneys (Stegall, M. D. et al. Am J Transplant 2011, 11:2405-2413), and in treating autoimmune neuropathies such as neuromyelitis optica and myasthenia gravis (Pittock et al. Lancet Neurol 2013, 12:554-562; Howard et al. Muscle Nerve 2013, 48:76-84).
Apart from full length antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFV), minibodies and aptamers targeting C5 are described in literature. These C5 inhibitors may bind to different sites (epitopes) on the C5 molecule and may have different modes of action. For example, whereas Eculizumab interacts with C5 at some distance of the convertase cleavage site, the minibody MUBODINA interacts with the cleavage site of C5. The C5 inhibitory protein Ornithodoros moubata Complement Inhibitor (OmCI, Nunn, M. A. et al. J Immunol 2005, 174:2084-2091) from soft tick Ornithodoros moubata has been hypothesized to bind to the distal end of the CUB-05d-MG8 superdomain, which is close to the convertase cleavage site (Fredslund et al. Nat Immunol 2008, 9 (7):753-760). In contrast to the three proteins mentioned above inhibiting cleavage of C5, the monoclonal antibody TNX-558 binds to a C5a epitope present both on intact C5 and released C5a without inhibiting the cleavage of C5. (Fung et al. Clin Exp Immunol 2003, 133 (2):160-169).
C5 binding polypeptides, comprising a C5 binding motif, are disclosed in the International Patent Application No. PCT/SE2013/050139, published as WO 2013/126006. In particular, WO 2013/126006 discloses a C5 binding motif, BM, consisting of the amino acid sequence
wherein, independently of each other,
X2 is selected from H, Q, S, T and V;
X3 is selected from I, L, M and V;
X4 is selected from A, D, E, H, K, L, N, Q, R, S, T and Y;
X6 is selected from N and W;
X7 is selected from A, D, E, H, N, Q, R, S and T;
X11 is selected from A, E, G, H, K, L, Q, R, S, T and Y;
X16 is selected from N and T;
X17 is selected from I, L and V;
X18 is selected from A, D, E, H, K, N, Q, R, S and T;
X21 is selected from I, L and V;
X25 is selected from D, E, G, H, N, S and T;
X26 is selected from K and S; and
X28 is selected from A, D, E, H, N, Q, S, T and Y.
Examples of specific C5 binding motifs, as previously disclosed in WO 2013/126006, are shown as SEQ ID NO: 1-248 in the present patent application.
It is known from WO 2013/126006 that additional peptides or polypeptides may improve stabilization of C5 binding polypeptides. One example of such a polypeptide is the albumin binding domain (ABD) shown as SEQ ID NO: 250 in the present description. Other examples of suitable albumin binding domains are disclosed in WO 2009/016043 and WO 2012/004384. An ABD-extended polypeptide binds to serum albumin in vivo, and benefits from its longer half-life, which increases the net half-life of the polypeptide itself (see e.g. WO 91/01743).
The continued provision of agents with comparable C5 blocking activity remains a matter of substantial interest within the field. In particular, there is a continued need for molecules that prevent the terminal complement cascade as well as the formation of the pro-inflammatory molecule C5a. Of great interest is also a provision of uses of such molecules in the treatment of disease.
It has surprisingly been found that C5 binding polypeptides and compounds, wherein the amino acid sequences have been modified in specific positions, have improved stability when compared to previously known C5 binding polypeptides and compounds.
Consequently, this invention provides a polypeptide capable of binding human complement component 5 (C5), said polypeptide being selected from:
The inventors have surprisingly found that modification or substitution of amino acid residue(s) in certain position(s) of the amino acid sequence of the C5 binding polypeptides as described in WO 2013/126006 improves stability of the C5 binding polypeptides while biological activity, such as binding affinity for human complement component 5 (C5) and inhibition of complement pathway function, is essentially retained. Thus, the biological activity of the modified C5 binding polypeptides is comparable to the biological activity of the known C5 binding polypeptides. Stability testing of the C5 binding polypeptides of the present invention demonstrates that substitution in either X52, from N to E or S, or X53, from D to E or S, improves stability. It has moreover been found that specific amino acid substitution in [L2] independently may promote stability.
The terms “C5 binding” and “binding affinity for C5” as used in this specification refers to a property of a polypeptide which may be tested for example by the use of surface plasmon resonance technology, such as in a Biacore instrument (GE Healthcare). C5 binding affinity may e.g. be tested in an experiment in which C5 is immobilized on a sensor chip of a Biacore instrument, and the sample containing the polypeptide to be tested is passed over the chip. Alternatively, the polypeptide to be tested is immobilized on a sensor chip of the instrument, and a sample containing C5, or fragment thereof, is passed over the chip. The skilled person may then interpret the results obtained by such experiments to establish at least a qualitative measure of the binding of the polypeptide to C5. If a quantitative measure is desired, for example to determine the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant KD for the interaction, surface plasmon resonance methods may also be used. Binding values may for example be defined in a Biacore 2000 instrument (GE Healthcare). C5 is immobilized on a sensor chip of the measurement, and samples of the polypeptide whose affinity is to be determined are prepared by serial dilution and injected over the chip. KD values may then be calculated from the results using for example the 1:1 Langmuir binding model of the BIAevaluation software provided by the instrument manufacturer. The C5 or fragment thereof used in the KD determination may for example comprise the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 251. Examples of how C5 binding affinity may be tested are given herein, see Example 3 and 5.
In a preferred form of the invention, said polypeptide is selected from:
As previously disclosed in WO 2013/126006, the C5 binding polypeptide according to the invention may form part of a three-helix bundle protein domain. Said C5 binding motif [BM] essentially may form part of two alpha helices, with an interconnecting loop, within said three-helix bundle. A second interconnecting loop, referred to herein as [L2], connects the C5 binding motif to the third alpha helix, referred to as the “Backbone”.
In one embodiment, the C5 binding motif [BM] is essentially as disclosed in WO 2013/126006. However, according to the present invention the C5 binding motif preferably consists of 28, rather than 29, amino acids, and may in addition carry further amino acid substitutions.
Thus in one embodiment, said [BM] carries at least one further amino acid substitution, e.g. in position 17, when compared to the [BM] as disclosed in WO 2013/126006. Thus, said [BM] is a polypeptide selected from:
In a preferred embodiment, the C5 binding motif [BM] is essentially as disclosed in WO 2013/126006. Said [BM] is accordingly a polypeptide selected from:
In a further preferred aspect, [BM] comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of positions 1-28 in SEQ ID NOS: 1-248. More preferably, [BM] comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence shown as positions 1-28 in SEQ ID NO: 1.
In a further aspect, the C5 binding polypeptide according to the invention is selected from:
In a preferred embodiment, the C5 binding polypeptide according to the invention is selected from:
In preferred forms of the invention, at least one of the following eighteen, optionally nineteen, conditions is fulfilled:
More preferably, at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen or nineteen of the above conditions are fulfilled.
In an embodiment, X52 and X53 are independently selected from E and S. Preferably, (a) X52 is S and X53 is E, or (b) X52 is E and X53 is S.
In an embodiment, X52 is S and X53 is D.
In another embodiment, X52 is N and X53 is E.
In a further aspect, the polypeptide according to the invention comprises the amino sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 260, SEQ ID NO: 265, SEQ ID NO: 266, or SEQ ID NO: 267.
In a further aspect, there is provided a compound capable of binding C5, said compound comprising:
Preferably, said albumin binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 250.
Preferably, said linking moiety is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence KVX60GS (SEQ ID NO: 295), wherein X60 is selected from D, E and A. When X60 is D, a preferred compound comprises or consists of the amino sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 253. When X60 is E, preferred compounds comprise or consist of the amino sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 261, SEQ ID NO: 263, SEQ ID NO: 264, SEQ ID NO: 269 or SEQ ID NO: 270. When X60 is A, a preferred compound comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 262. In the above listed amino acid sequences of the C5 binding compounds, amino acid residues 1-57 represent the amino acid sequence of a C5 binding polypeptide, residues 58-62 represent the amino acid sequence of a linker, and residues 63-108 represent the amino acid sequence of an albumin binding domain.
In an embodiment, the linking moiety is absent.
As discussed above, preferred C5 binding polypeptides according to the invention include those wherein X52 and X53 are independently selected from E and S.
Specifically, compounds according to the invention can be derived from PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) but have modifications in at least one of positions 52, 53 and 60. For instance, as shown in
As accounted for above, the inventors have surprisingly found that amino acid substitutions in certain positions of the amino acid sequence of the C5 binding polypeptides as described in WO 2013/126006 may improve stability. Such substitutions improve stability of the C5 binding compounds while biological activity, such as C5 binding capability and inhibition of hemolysis in vitro, is retained. Stability testing of the C5 binding compounds of the present invention demonstrate that for instance each of N52S (X52) and D53E (X53) (SEQ ID NO: 253) individually, as well as removal of D60 (X60) (SEQ ID NO: 259 lacking linking moiety) improves stability. The combination of the substitutions N52S, D53E and D60E or D60A further improves the stability (SEQ ID NO: 261 and SEQ ID NO: 262). Each of the combined substitutions of N52S and D60E (SEQ ID NO: 270) and D53E and D60E (SEQ ID NO: 269) has similarly been found to improve stability. This indicates that each of the listed amino acid substitutions is involved in improving the stability of the polypeptide, and thus that each of these substitutions will provide further stabilized C5 binding polypeptides and compounds compared to previously known C5 binding polypeptides and compounds.
However, the skilled person will be able to identify polypeptides and/or compounds which have modifications in at least one of positions 52, 53 and 60, and/or in the loop [L2], but which also carry additional modifications like substitutions, small deletions, insertions or inversions, and nevertheless have substantially the disclosed biological activities and improved stability. Further, a C5 binding polypeptide and/or compound according to the invention could comprise further C terminal and/or N terminal amino acids that improve production, purification, stabilization in vivo or in vitro, coupling, or detection of the polypeptide.
In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound capable of binding C5, said compound comprising:
It has been found that removal of D60 or an amino acid substitution in position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 249 alone improves stability of the C5 binding compounds of the invention compared to previously known C5 binding compounds. Preferably, the linking moiety is KVEGS (SEQ ID NO: 297) (X60=E) while X52X53 may be ND, and an example of a preferred compound carrying such a linking moiety is PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO: 268). In another preferred embodiment, D60 and the entire linking moiety is absent and an example of such a compound is the preferred compound designated PSI0369 (SEQ ID NO: 259).
In embodiments of the above aspect, [BM] and the albumin binding domain are as defined above in related aspects. Preferably, [L2] is DDPS.
In a further aspect, there is provided a compound capable of binding C5, said compound comprising:
Specific amino acid substitutions in the loop [L2] have been found to improve stability of the C5 binding compounds (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 252) of the invention compared to previously known C5 binding compounds. In embodiments of the above aspect, said [BM] and albumin binding domain are individually as defined above in related aspects. Preferably, said linking moiety is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence KVX60GS (SEQ ID NO: 295), wherein X60 is selected from D, E and A.
The invention includes polynucleotides which encode polypeptides according to the invention. Further included in the invention are vectors, such as expression vectors, comprising polynucleotides which encode polypeptides according to the invention. Included are also host cells which comprise such vectors.
Included in the invention are C5 binding polypeptides and compounds as described above, for use in therapy. In particular, the C5 binding polypeptides and compounds according to the invention are useful in methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of C5-related conditions, such as inflammatory diseases; autoimmune diseases; infectious diseases; cardiovascular diseases; neurodegenerative disorders; graft injury; eye diseases; kidney diseases; pulmonary diseases; haematological diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); allergic diseases and dermatological diseases.
In methods for treatment and/or prophylaxis, the said C5 binding polypeptide or compound can preferably be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, by inhalation, nasally, orally, intravitreally, or topically.
The C5 binding compound designated PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) was formulated in 25 mM NaP/125 mM NaCl pH 7.0 and subjected to an accelerated stability study for 2 weeks at 37° C. The stability was measured by the appearance of new variants after the stability testing by SDS-PAGE and Reversed Phase HPLC (RPC). In both analyses the initial sample and the one subjected to the stability study were run in parallel. For the SDS-PAGE, 7.5 μg protein was loaded into each well. The RPC was run on an Agilent 1100 HPLC using a Mobile Phase A consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, and using a Mobile Phase B consisting of 0.1% TFA/45% MeOH/45% isopropylamine (IPA)/10% water.
The results show that new forms of the protein are formed during incubation, these new forms visualized as bands in SDS-PAGE (
Positions 1-60 in SEQ ID NO: 249 correspond to the polypeptide Z06175a, previously disclosed in WO 2013/126006 as SEQ ID NO: 753. PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) was produced essentially as disclosed in WO 2013/126006.
Modified C5 binding polypeptides and compounds were synthesized and purified essentially as described in WO 2013/126006.
Briefly, DNA encoding C5 binding Z variants was E. coli codon optimized and synthesized by GeneArt, GmbH. The synthetic genes representing the C5 binding Z variants were subcloned and expressed in E. coli.
Intracellularly expressed Z variants were purified using conventional chromatography methods. Homogenization and clarification was performed by sonication followed by centrifugation and filtration. Anion exchange chromatography was used as capture step. Further purification was obtained by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purifications were executed at acidic conditions (pH 5.5). Polishing and buffer exchange was performed by size exclusion chromatography.
The purified proteins were formulated in 25 mM NaP/125 mM NaCl pH 7.0 and subjected to an accelerated stability study for 2 weeks at 37° C. The stability was measured by the appearance of new variants after the stability testing by SDS-PAGE and Reversed Phase HPLC (RPC). In both analyses the initial sample and the one subjected to the stability study were run in parallel. For the SDS-PAGE, 7.5 μg protein was loaded into each well. An example of a resulting gel is shown in
The RPC was run on an Agilent 1100 HPLC using a Mobile Phase A consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, and a Mobile Phase B consisting of 0.1% TFA/45% MeOH/45% isopropylamine (IPA)/10% water. An example of a resulting chromatogram is shown in
The results of the stability testing are summarized in Table I, below.
It can be concluded from Table I that certain modified C5 binding polypeptides or compounds have improved properties, such as increased stability, when compared with PSI0242. Such improved C5 binding polypeptides or compounds include PSI0334 (SEQ ID NO: 253), PSI0340 (SEQ ID NO: 258), PSI0369 (SEQ ID NO: 259), PSI0377 (SEQ ID NO: 260), PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO: 261), PSI0379 (SEQ ID NO: 262), PSI0381 (SEQ ID NO: 263), PSI0383 (SEQ ID NO: 264), PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO: 267), PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO: 268), PSI0403 (SEQ ID NO: 269) and PSI0404 (SEQ ID NO: 270). In six of the mentioned variants (SEQ ID NO: 253, 260, 261, 262, 264 and 267), the amino acid residues in positions 52-53 have been substituted from ND (cf PSI0242) to SE. In SEQ ID NO: 263, the corresponding substitution is from ND to ES. In SEQ ID NO: 269 only the amino acid residue in position 53 has been substituted from D to E, while in SEQ ID NO: 270 the amino acid residue in position 52 has been substituted from N to S.
Further, PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO: 261), PSI0381 (SEQ ID NO: 263), PSI0383 (SEQ ID NO: 264), PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO: 268), PSI0403 (SEQ ID NO: 269) and PSI0404 (SEQ ID NO: 270) have in common an amino acid residue substitution from D to E in position 60.
The combined benefit of stability enhancing substitutions in position 52 or 53 and position 60 can be seen in
In PSI0369 (SEQ ID NO: 259) the linker moeity (including D60) is altogether removed, yielding a more stable C5 binding compound and indicating the influence of position 60 upon stability of the C5 binding compounds.
Human serum albumin was immobilized to Amine Reactive 2nd generation (AR2G) Dip and Read Biosensors (Pall Life sciences (ForteBio) Cat #18-5092) by amine coupling. PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249; 1 μM) and C5 binding compounds (1 μM) in read buffer (HBS-EP Buffer ready-to-use 200 ml, GE Healthcare #BR100188) were loaded, each onto a separate sensor with HSA, for 120 seconds followed by a base line recording for 60 seconds in read buffer before being subjected to human C5 (Quidel Cat #403) in concentrations ranging from 0.79 nM to 25 nM in read buffer with a regeneration cycle and a base line recording between each concentration. Regeneration conditions for the sensors were 10 mM Glycine, pH 2 (three pulses with 30 seconds and running buffer for 60 seconds). Each spectrogram was reference subtracted against an analogous construct containing an albumin binding domain (SEQ ID NO: 250) but without the C5 binding capacity. The data were analyzed according to Langmuir 1:1 model using ForteBio Analysis 7.1 (Pall Life sciences (ForteBio) kinetics software).
The KD of the interaction with C5 relative to PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) is shown in Table II. The KD of PSI0242 varied from 1-3 nM in different runs.
The results in Table II indicate that C5 binding compounds according to the invention have a binding capacity to human C5 which is similar to that of the polypeptide PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) disclosed in WO 2013/126006.
A chemically synthesized PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO: 267) was ordered from BACHEM AG. The stability of the polypeptide was tested according to the same methodology as in Example 2. The results of the stability testing are shown in Table III.
The stability of the PSI0400 was comparable to the polypeptides that were produced in E. coli in Example 2.
The integrity of the fold of PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO: 267) was compared to a recombinant C5 binding polypeptide (PSI0257, SEQ ID NO: 271), produced in accordance with the methods of Example 2, using far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra.
The CD spectra were recorded by a J-720 CD spectropolarimeter (Jasco, Japan). The samples were diluted to 0.17 mg/ml protein concentration using Pi buffer (5 mM Na—K—PO4, pH 7.0). A CD spectrum of Pi buffer was firstly recorded, then spectra were recorded for each of the samples and lastly for the Pi buffer again. As the two buffer spectra coincide, the firstly recorded spectrum was used as the buffer spectrum. The buffer spectrum was smoothened using the Savitzky-Golay procedure with convolution width of 25. The other spectra were smoothened according to the same procedure with a convolution width of 15. The smoothened buffer spectrum was then subtracted from each of the other smoothened spectra. The CDNN program was used to estimate the secondary content of the proteins and the resulting estimations are presented in Table IV. The results showed that neither the two amino acid substitutions at position 52 and 53 nor the polypeptide production by chemical synthesis influence the secondary structure content of the chemically synthesized polypeptide. The integrity of the secondary structure content was compared to the recombinantly produced PSI0257 (SEQ ID NO: 271).
The binding affinity of the C5 binding compounds PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249), PSI0340 (SEQ ID NO: 258), PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO: 261), and PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO: 268) and the C5 binding polypeptide PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO: 267) for human C5 was analyzed using a Biacore T200 instrument (GE Healthcare). Human C5 (A403, Quidel Corporation) was coupled to a CM5 sensor chip (900 RU) using amine coupling chemistry according to the manufacturer's protocol. The coupling was performed by injecting hC5 at a concentration of 7.5 μg/mL in 10 mM Na-acetate buffer pH=5 (GE Healthcare). The reference cell was treated with the same reagents but without injecting human C5. Binding of the C5 binders to immobilized hC5 was studied with the single cycle kinetics method, in which five concentrations of sample, typically 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.56 nM in HBS-EP buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% Surfactant P20, GE Healthcare) were injected one after the other at a flow rate of 30 μL/min at 25° C. in the same cycle without regeneration between injections. Data from the reference cell were subtracted to compensate for bulk refractive index changes. In most cases, an injection of HBS-EP was also included as control so that the sensorgrams were double blanked. The surfaces were regenerated in HBS-EP buffer. Kinetic constants were calculated from the sensorgrams using the Langmuir 1:1 analyte model of the Biacore T200 Evaluation Software version 1.0. The resulting KD values of the interactions are tabulated in the Table V.
The stability enhancing amino acid substitutions are not detrimental for the ability of the molecules to bind to C5 and thus do not influence their biological activities.
For studies of classical complement pathway function and inhibition thereof by the C5 binding compounds PSI0378 (SEQ ID NO: 261) and PSI0410 (SEQ ID NO: 268), and C5 binding polypeptide PSI0400 (SEQ ID NO: 267), sheep erythrocytes were prepared from fresh sheep whole blood in Alsever's solution (Swedish National Veterinary Institute) and thereafter treated with rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum (Sigma) to become antibody sensitized sheep erythrocyte (EA). The whole process was conducted under aseptic conditions. All other reagents were from commercial sources.
The in vitro assay was run in 96-well U-form microtiter plate by consecutive additions of a test protein, a complement serum and EA suspension. The final concentrations of all reagents, in a total reaction volume of 50 μL per well and at pH 7.3-7.4, were: 0.15 mM CaCl 2; 0.5 mM MgCl 2; 3 mM NaN 3; 138 mM NaCl; 0.1% gelatin; 1.8 mM sodium barbital; 3.1 mM barbituric acid; 5 million EA; complement protein C5 serum at suitable dilution, and C5 binding compound or polypeptide at desired concentrations.
The C5 binding compounds and polypeptide were pre-incubated with the above described complement serum for 20 min on ice prior to starting the reaction by the addition of EA suspension. The hemolytic reaction was allowed to proceed at 37° C. during agitation for 45 min and was then optionally ended by addition of 100 μL ice-cold saline containing 0.02% Tween 20. The cells were centrifuged to the bottom and the upper portion, corresponding to 100 μL supernatant, was transferred to a transparent microplate having half-area and flat-bottom wells. The reaction results were analyzed as optical density using a microtiter plate reader at a wavelength of 415 nm.
On all test occasions, a control sample (PSI0242, SEQ ID NO: 249) and vehicle were included in each plate to define values for uninhibited and fully inhibited reactions, respectively. These values were used to calculate the % inhibition of the complement hemolysis at any given sample concentration. The inhibitory potencies (IC 50-values) of tested C5 binding compounds and polypeptide were defined by applying the same assay in the presence of a controlled concentration of human C5 added to C5 depleted serum. For highly potent inhibitors (low nanomolar to sub-nanomolar), a final C5 concentration of the reaction mixture was controlled at 0.1 nM, which was optionally established by using C5 depleted or deficient sera. The results are presented below in Table VI.
The results from the hemolysis assay show that the improved C5 binding compounds SEQ ID NO: 261 and 268 are comparable to the reference compound. The C5 binding polypeptide SEQ ID NO: 267 was functional in the assay but since it does not contain an albumin binding domain the results cannot be directly compared to the reference compound.
For assessment of C5 binding compounds binding affinity for albumin, a human albumin ELISA utilizing recombinant human albumin (coating) and commercially available antibodies (primary and detecting) purchased from Novozymes, Affibody AB and DakoCytomation, respectively, was used. A method standard prepared from PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:249), comprising a C5 binding polypeptide and an albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G, was used for quantification of samples. A 96-well microplate was coated with recombinant human albumin. The plate was then washed with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05 Tween 20 (PBST) and blocked for 1-2 hours with 1% casein in PBS. After a plate wash, the standard, method controls, control sample and test samples are added to the plate. After incubation for 2 hours, unbound material was removed by a wash. A goat Anti-AFFIBODY IgG (Affibody AB, cat no. 20.1000.01.0005) was added to the wells and the plate was incubated for 1.5 hours to allow binding to the bound C5 binding compounds. After a wash, rabbit anti-goat IgG HRP was allowed to bind to the goat antibodies for 1 h. After a final wash, the amount of bound HRP was detected by addition of TMB substrate, which was converted to a blue product by the enzyme. Addition of 1 M hydrochloric acid after 30 minutes stopped the reaction and the color of the well contents changed from blue to yellow. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured photometrically, using the absorbance at 650 nm as a reference wavelength. The color intensity was proportional to the amount of PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO:249) and the sample concentrations were determined from the standard curve.
The C5 binding compounds comprising an albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G proved capable of binding to human albumin and the data is presented in Table VII below.
The results from the assay showed that both of the investigated stability improved C5 binding compounds maintain their ability to bind human albumin.
The C5 binding polypeptides/compounds that showed an improved stability compared to PSI0242 in the 2 weeks stability test at 37° C. (Example 2) were subjected to a longer 3 month stability test at 37° C. The setup of the stability test was as described in Example 2 and the evaluation of the stability was made by measuring the main peak of the chromatogram percentage of the total protein content by Reversed Phase HPLC (RPC), the RPC method was performed as described in example 2. The 2 weeks data from example 2 is included in Table VIII below to make the interpretation easier.
C5 binding compounds with amino acid substitutions in position 52, 53 from ND to SE and a replacement in position 60 from D to E or A (SEQ ID NO: 261, 264, and 262) compared to PSI0242 have a higher proportion of protein in the original form after 3 months at 37° C. than PSI0242 (SEQ ID NO: 249) has after 2 weeks at the same conditions. The other compounds also displayed an increased stability.
Previously known polypeptide variants derived from protein Z (Grönwall et al. J Biotechnol 2007, 128:162-183) with binding affinity for other target molecules than C5 were similarly modified in specific positions of the amino acid sequence in order improve stability. Selection and production of the original polypeptide variants with binding affinity for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGF-Rβ), the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and the carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is disclosed in e.g. WO 2009/080810, WO 2009/077175, PCT/EP2014/055299, and WO 2014/096163. The stability improved polypeptide variants were produced by site-directed mutagenesis at selected positions of the amino acid sequence. The stability improving amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide variants Z02891 (SEQ ID NO: 272), targeting HER2; Z15805 (SEQ ID NO: 275), targeting PDGF-Rβ; Z10103 (SEQ ID NO: 278), targeting FcRn; and Z09782 (SEQ ID NO: 281), targeting CAIX, are specified below in Table IX. These stability improved polypeptide variants differ from the C5 binding polypeptides of the present invention for example in that they have a binding motif [BM] with binding affinity for HER2, PDGF-Rβ, FcRn, and CAIX.
All variants were cloned with an N-terminal 6× Histidine-tag (His6) and the achieved constructs encoded polypeptides in the format MGSSHHHHHHLQ-[Z#####] (SEQ ID NO: 299). Mutations were introduced in the plasmids of the polypeptide variants using overlapping oligonucleotide primer pairs encoding the desired amino acid substitutions and by applying established molecular biology techniques. The correct plasmid sequences were verified by DNA sequencing.
E coli (strain T7E2) cells (GeneBridge) were transformed with plasmids containing the gene fragments encoding the original and the modified polypeptides. The cells were cultivated at 37° C. in TSB-YE medium supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin and protein expression was subsequently induced by addition of IPTG. Pelleted cells were disrupted using a FASTPREP-24 homogenizer (Nordic Biolabs) and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Each supernatant containing the polypeptide variant as a His6-tagged protein was purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) using His GRAVITRAP columns (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturers instructions. Purified polypeptide variants were buffer exchanged to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 1.47 mM KH2PO4, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, 137 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, pH 7.4) using PD-10 desalting columns (GE Healthcare). The correct identity of each polypeptide was verified by SDS-PAGE and HPLC-MS.
Apart from the substitutions of one of (SEQ ID NO: 284-287) or both of (SEQ ID NO: 273-274, 276-277, 279-280, 282-283) N52 and D53, substitutions were also performed in the positions corresponding to the loop [L2]. Thus, in the polypeptide variants of SEQ ID NO: 274, 277, 280, 283, 285, and 287, [L2] is RQPE.
For carrying out the stability testing, the polypeptide variants, formulated in PBS pH 7.4, were diluted to 1 mg/ml and 200 μl aliquotes were incubated at 37° C. for 2 weeks. Samples collected prior to and after the stability test were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using 10% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gels (Invitrogen) and loading 5 μg protein into each well. Resulting Coomassie blue stained gels are shown in
All polypeptide variants with the modifications as outlined in Table IX showed improved stability compared to the respective original polypeptide in the sense that a second band just above the main band observed for samples of the original polypeptide was not visible in samples of the modified polypeptides with the substitution D53E and/or N52S, see
In addition, the binding capability of the modified polypeptide variants was tested. All polypeptide variants retained their binding affinity for their target after being modified (results not shown).
The results presented above for the polypeptide variants having binding affinity for other target molecules than C5 correspond well with the results presented for the C5 binding polypeptides and compounds of the present invention (see e.g. Example 2 and 4). Thus, the specific amino acid modifications as described herein appear to have a stabilizing effect irrespective of the amino acid sequence of the [BM]. The amino acid modifications or substitutions as described herein are thus considered to improve stability of all the C5 binding polypeptides and compounds as described herein and in WO 2013/126006.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1350986 | Aug 2013 | SE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2014/068282 | 8/28/2014 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015/028558 | 3/5/2015 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9187535 | Lindborg et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 20050090448 | Johnson et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20140140366 | Tamatani et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20150011474 | Berghard et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20160200772 | Nording et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 9101743 | Feb 1991 | WO |
| 9529697 | Nov 1995 | WO |
| 0230985 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| 02059148 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO 02059148 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| 03015819 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2004007553 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| 2005023866 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| 2005075507 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2007028968 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| 2007106585 | Sep 2007 | WO |
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| 2011063980 | Jun 2011 | WO |
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| 2014096163 | Jun 2014 | WO |
| Entry |
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| Unknown [online]; [retrieved on Mar. 17, 2017]; retrieved from the internet https://www.ncbi.nlrn.nih.gov/protein/NP_001726.2. NCBI. “Complement C5 isoform 1 Preproprotein [Homo sapiens],” NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_0017262., Oct. 6, 2016. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160311870 A1 | Oct 2016 | US |
