Patent Application
20130237448
The present invention relates to a sugar-yield-related marker whereby a sugarcane line characterized by an increase in sugar yield can be selected, and a method for use thereof.
Sugarcane has been cultivated as a raw material for sugar, liquor, and the like for edible use. In addition, sugarcane has been used as, for example, a raw material for biofuel in a variety of industrial fields. Under such circumstances, there is a need to develop novel sugarcane varieties having desirable characteristics (e.g., sugar content, enhanced vegetative capacity, sprouting capacity, disease resistance, insect resistance, cold resistance, an increase in leaf blade length or leaf area, an increase in stalk length or stalk number, and an increase in sugar yield).
In general, the following three ways may be used for identification of a plant variety/line: “characteristics comparison” for comparison of characteristics data, “comparison during cultivation” for comparison of plants cultivated under the same conditions, and “DNA assay” for DNA analysis. There are many problems in line identification with characteristics comparison or comparison during cultivation, including reduction of precision due to differences in cultivation conditions, lengthy duration of field research that requires a number of steps, and the like. In particular, since sugarcane plants are much larger than other graminaceous crops such as rice and maize, it has been difficult to conduct line identification based on field research. In addition, in order to identify a variety/line having distinct characteristics in terms of leaf blade length, leaf area, stalk length, stalk number, and the like, it is necessary to collect such characteristic data after long-term cultivation of sugarcane. In addition, even after long-term cultivation of sugarcane, it is difficult to identify such line with high accuracy because such characteristics are environmentally susceptible.
Further, for creation of a novel sugarcane variety, first, tens of thousands of seedlings are created by crossing, followed by seedling selection and stepwise selection of excellent lines. Eventually, 2 or 3 types of novel varieties having desired characteristics can be obtained. As described above, for creation of a novel sugarcane variety, it is necessary to cultivate and evaluate an enormous number of lines, and it is also necessary to prepare a large-scale field and make highly time-consuming efforts.
Therefore, it has been required to develop a method for identifying a sugarcane line having desired characteristics with the use of markers present in the sugarcane genome. In particular, upon creation of a novel sugarcane variety, if excellent markers could be used to examine a variety of characteristics, the above problems particular to sugarcane would be resolved, and the markers would be able to serve as very effective tools. However, since sugarcane plants have a large number of chromosomes (approximately 100 to 130) due to higher polyploidy, the development of marker technology has been slow. In the case of sugarcane, although the USDA reported genotyping with the use of SSR markers (Non-Patent Document 1), the precision of genotyping is low because of the small numbers of markers and polymorphisms in each marker. In addition, the above genotyping is available only for American/Australian varieties, and therefore it cannot be used for identification of the major varieties cultivated in Japan, Taiwan, India, and other countries or lines that serve as useful genetic resources.
In addition, Non-Patent Document 2 suggests the possibility that a sugarcane genetic map can be created by increasing the number of markers, comparing individual markers in terms of a characteristic relationship, and verifying the results. However, in Non-Patent Document 2, an insufficient number of markers are disclosed and markers linked to desired characteristics have not been found.
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a marker related to sugar yield, which is a quantitative trait of sugarcane.
In order to achieve the object, the present inventors conducted intensive studies. The present inventors prepared many sugarcane markers and carried out linkage analysis of quantitative traits along with such markers for hybrid progeny lines. Accordingly, the present inventors found markers linked to quantitative traits such as an increase in sugar yield. This has led to the completion of the present invention.
The present invention encompasses the following.
(1) A sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker, which consists of a continuous nucleic acid region existing in a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 24, or a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 25 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 47 of a sugarcane chromosome.
(2) The sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker according to (1), wherein the continuous nucleic acid region comprises any nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 47.
(3) The sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker according to (1), wherein the continuous nucleic acid region is located at a position in a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, or a region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 35 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 of a sugarcane chromosome.
(4) A method for producing a sugarcane line having an increased sugar yield comprising: a step of extracting a chromosome of a progeny plant obtained from parent plants, at least one of which is sugarcane; and a step of determining the presence or absence of the sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker according to any one of (1) to (3) in the obtained sugarcane chromosome.
(5) The method for producing a sugarcane line according to (4), wherein a DNA chip provided with probes each corresponding to the sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker is used in the determination step.
(6) The method for producing a sugarcane line according to (4), wherein the progeny plant is in the form of seeds or a young seedling and the chromosome is extracted from the seeds or the young seedling.
A part or all of the content disclosed in the description and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-270801, which is a priority document of the present application, is herein incorporated by reference.
According to the present invention, a novel sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker linked to a sugarcane quantitative trait such as an increase in sugar yield can be provided. With the use of the sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker of the present invention, the sugar yield of a line obtained by crossing sugarcane lines can be identified. Thus, a sugarcane line characterized by an increase in sugar yield can be identified at a very low cost.
The sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker and the method for using the same according to the present invention are described below. In particular, a method for producing a sugarcane line using a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker is described.
Sugarcane-Sugar-Yield-Related Markers
The sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker of the present invention corresponds to a specific region present on a sugarcane chromosome and is linked to causative genes (i.e., gene group) for a trait that causes an increase in sugarcane sugar yield. Thus, it can be used to identify a trait characterized by an increase in sugarcane sugar yield. Specifically, it is possible to determine that a progeny line obtained using a known sugarcane line is a line having a trait characterized by an increase in sugar yield by confirming the presence of a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker in such progeny line.
Here, the term “sugar yield” refers to the available sugar yield per unit area (e.g., 1 a (are)). The available sugar yield obtained from sugarcane juice extracted from collected millable stalks is calculated by the following equation.
Available sugar yield (kg/a)=Millable stalk weight (kg/a)×Recoverable sugar percent (%)/100
Here, the term “millable stalk weight” refers to the millable stalk weight per unit area (e.g., 1 a (are)). The term “millable stalk” refers to a stalk used as a raw material for production of crude sugar or the like, which is obtained by removing low-sugar-content portions such as a cane top, leaves, and roots from an untreated sugarcane stalk. In general, the length of a millable stalk is 1 m or longer. In addition, “recoverable sugar percent” can be determined using a conventionally known calculation method (e.g., the CCS method (the Australia method)).
The term “sugarcane” used herein refers to a plant belonging to the genus Saccharum of the family Poaceae. In addition, the term “sugarcane” includes both so-called noble cane (scientific name: Saccharum officinarum) and wild cane (scientific name: Saccharum spontaneum). The term “known sugarcane variety/line” is not particularly limited. It includes any variety/line capable of being used in Japan and any variety/line used outside Japan. Examples of sugarcane varieties cultivated in Japan include, but are not limited to, Ni1, NiN2, NiF3, NiF4, NiF5, Ni6, NiN7, NiF8, Ni9, NiTn10, Ni11, Ni12, Ni14, Ni15, Ni16, Ni17, NiTn19, NiTn20, Ni22, and Ni23. Examples of main sugarcane varieties used in Japan described herein include, but are not limited to, NiF8, Ni9, NiTn10, and Ni15. In addition, examples of main sugarcane varieties that have been introduced into Japan include, but are not limited to, F177, NCo310, and F172.
In addition, a progeny line may be a line obtained by crossing a mother plant and a father plant of the same species, each of which is a sugarcane variety/line, or it may be a hybrid line obtained from parent plants when one thereof is a sugarcane variety/line and the other is a closely related variety/line (Erianthus arundinaceus). In addition, a progeny line may be obtained by so-called backcrossing.
The sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker of the present invention has been newly identified by QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) analysis using a genetic linkage map containing 3004 markers originally obtained from chromosomes of the NiF8 sugarcane variety, a genetic linkage map containing 4569 markers originally obtained from chromosomes of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, and sugarcane sugar yield data. In addition, many genes are presumably associated with sugarcane sugar yield, which is a quantitative trait characterized by a continuous distribution of sugar yield values. For QTL analysis, the QTL Cartographer gene analysis software (Wang S., C. J. Basten, and Z.-B. Zeng (2010); Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5. Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.) is used, and the analysis is carried out by the composite interval mapping (CIM) method.
Specifically, peaks with LOD scores equivalent to or exceeding a given threshold (e.g., 3.0) have been found in 3 regions included in the above genetic linkage maps by QTL analysis described above. That is, the following 3 regions having such peaks have been specified: an approximately 12.4-cM (centimorgan) region (the NiF8 sugarcane variety); and an approximately 32.0-cM region and an approximately 31.7-cM region (the Ni9 sugarcane variety). The term “morgan (M)” used herein refers to a unit representing the relative distance between genes on a chromosome, and it is expressed by the percentage of the crossover rate. In a case of a sugarcane chromosome, 1 cM corresponds to approximately 2000 kb. In addition, it is suggested that causative genes (i.e., gene group) for a trait that causes an increase in sugar yield could be present at the peak positions or in the vicinity thereof.
The 12.4-cM region having the above peak of the NiF8 sugarcane variety is a region that comprises 5 types of markers listed in table 1 below in the order shown in table 1.
The 32.0-cM region having the above peak of the Ni9 sugarcane variety is a region that comprises 19 types of markers listed in table 2 below in the order shown in table 2.
The 31.7-cM region having the above peak of the Ni9 sugarcane variety is a region that comprises 23 types of markers listed in table 3 below in the order shown in table 3.
In addition, in tables 1 to 3, “Linkage group” represents the number given to each group among a plurality of linkage groups specified by QTL analysis. In tables 1 to 3, “Marker name” represents the name given to each marker originally obtained in the present invention. In tables 1 to 3, “Signal threshold” represents a threshold used for determination of the presence or absence of a marker.
The peak contained in the 12.4-cM region of the NiF8 sugarcane variety is present in a region sandwiched between a marker (N827148) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and a marker (N820026) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.
In addition, the peak contained in the 32.0-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety is present in a region sandwiched between a marker (N915209) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and a marker (N902342) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9.
Further, the peak contained in the 31.7-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety is present in a region sandwiched between a marker (N919576) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 35 and a marker (N914100) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
A continuous nucleic acid region existing in any of 2 regions containing markers shown in tables 1 to 3 can be used as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker. The term “nucleic acid region” used herein refers to a region having a nucleotide sequence having 95% or less, preferably 90% or less, more preferably 80% or less, and most preferably 70% or less identity to a different region present on a sugarcane chromosome. If the identity of a nucleic acid region serving as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker to a different region falls within the above range, the nucleic acid region can be specifically detected according to a standard method. The identity level described herein can be calculated using default parameters and BLAST or a similar algorithm.
In addition, the base length of a nucleic acid region serving as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker can be at least 8 bases, preferably 15 bases or more, more preferably 20 bases or more, and most preferably 30 bases. If the base length of a nucleic acid region serving as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker falls within the above range, the nucleic acid region can be specifically detected according to a standard method.
In particular, among the 5 types of markers contained in the 12.4-cM region of the NiF8 sugarcane variety, a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker is preferably designated as existing in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. This is because the above peak is present in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. In addition, among the 19 types of markers contained in the 32.0-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker is preferably designated as existing in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9. This is because the above peak is present in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9. Further, among the 23 types of markers contained in the 31.7-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker is preferably designated as existing in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 35 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38. This is because the above peak is present in the region sandwiched between the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 35 and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
In addition, a nucleic acid region containing a single marker selected from among the 47 types of markers shown in tables 1 to 3 can be used as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker. For example, it is preferable to use, as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker, a nucleic acid region containing a marker (N823594) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 located closest to the peak position in the 12.4-cM region of the NiF8 sugarcane variety, a nucleic acid region containing a marker (N916186) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 located closest to the peak position in the 32.0-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, or a nucleic acid region containing a marker (N911604) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 36 located closest to the peak position in the 31.7-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety. In such case, the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid region containing the marker can be specified by inverse PCR using primers designed based on the nucleotide sequence of such marker. Further, as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker, any of the above 47 types of markers can be directly used. Specifically, one or more type(s) of markers selected from among the 47 types of such markers can be directly used as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker. For example, it is preferable to use, as a sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker, a marker (N823594) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 located closest to the peak position in the 12.4-cM region of the NiF8 sugarcane variety, a marker (N916186) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 located closest to the peak position in the 32.0-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, or a marker (N911604) consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 36 closest to the peak position in the 31.7-cM region of the Ni9 sugarcane variety.
As described above, sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers were identified from among 3004 markers originally obtained from chromosomes of the NiF8 sugarcane variety and 4569 markers originally obtained from chromosomes of the Ni9 sugarcane variety in the present invention. These markers are described below. Upon identification of these markers, a DNA microarray can be used according to the method disclosed in JP Patent Application No. 2009-283430.
Specifically, these markers originally obtained from sugarcane chromosomes are used with a DNA microarray having probes designed by the method disclosed in JP Patent Application No. 2009-283430. The method for designing probes as shown in
Next, adapters are bound to a genomic DNA fragment subjected to restriction enzyme treatment (step 1c). The adapter used herein is not particularly limited as long as it can be bound to both ends of a genomic DNA fragment obtained by the above restriction enzyme treatment. For example, it is possible to use, as an adapter, an adapter having a single strand complementary to a protruding end (sticky end) formed at each end of genomic DNA by restriction enzyme treatment and a primer binding sequence to which a primer used upon amplification treatment as described in detail below can hybridize. In addition, it is also possible to use, as an adapter, an adapter having a single strand complementary to the above protruding end (sticky end) and a restriction enzyme recognition site that is incorporated into a vector upon cloning.
In addition, when genomic DNA is digested using a plurality of restriction enzymes, a plurality of adapters corresponding to the relevant restriction enzymes can be prepared and used. Specifically, it is possible to use a plurality of adapters having single strands complementary to different protruding ends formed upon digestion of genomic DNA with a plurality of restriction enzymes. Here, a plurality of adapters corresponding to a plurality of restriction enzymes each may have a common primer binding sequence such that a common primer can hybridize to each such adapter. Alternatively, they may have different primer binding sequences such that different primers can separately hybridize thereto.
Further, when genomic DNA is digested using a plurality of restriction enzymes, it is possible to use, as an adapter, adapter(s) corresponding to one or more restriction enzyme(s) selected from among a plurality of the used restriction enzymes.
Next, a genomic DNA fragment to both ends of which adapters have been added is amplified (step 1d). When an adapter having a primer binding sequence is used, the genomic DNA fragment can be amplified using a primer that can hybridize to the primer binding sequence. Alternatively, a genomic DNA fragment to which an adapter has been added is cloned into a vector using the adapter sequence. The genomic DNA fragment can be amplified using primers that can hybridize to specific regions of the vector. In addition, as an example, PCR can be used for a genomic DNA fragment amplification reaction using primers.
In addition, when genomic DNA is digested using a plurality of restriction enzymes and a plurality of adapters corresponding to the relevant restriction enzymes are ligated to genomic DNA fragments, the adapters are ligated to all genomic DNA fragments obtained by treatment with a plurality of restriction enzymes. In this case, all the obtained genomic DNA fragments can be amplified by carrying out a nucleic acid amplification reaction using primer binding sequences contained in adapters. Alternatively, genomic DNA is digested using a plurality of restriction enzymes, followed by ligation of adapter(s) corresponding to one or more restriction enzyme(s) selected from among a plurality of the used restriction enzymes to genomic DNA fragments. In such case, among the obtained genomic DNA fragments, a genomic DNA fragment to both ends of which the selected restriction enzyme recognition sequences have been ligated can be exclusively amplified.
Next, the nucleotide sequence of the amplified genomic DNA fragment is determined (step 1e). Then, at least one region, which has a base length shorter than the base length of the genomic DNA fragment and corresponds to at least a partial region of the genomic DNA fragment, is specified. Sugarcane probes are designed using at least one of the thus specified regions (step 1e. A method for determining the nucleotide sequence of a genomic DNA fragment is not particularly limited. A conventionally known method using a DNA sequencer applied to the Sanger method or the like can be used. For example, a region to be designed herein has a 20- to 100-base length, preferably a 30- to 90-base length, and more preferably a 50- to 75-base length as described above.
As described above, a DNA microarray can be produced by designing many probes using genomic DNA extracted from sugarcane and synthesizing an oligonucleotide having a desired nucleotide sequence on a support based on the nucleotide sequence of the designed probe. With the use of a DNA microarray prepared as described above, 3004 markers and 4569 markers, including the above 47 types of sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 47, can be identified from the sugarcane varieties NiF8 and Ni9, respectively.
More specifically, the present inventors obtained signal data of known sugarcane varieties (NiF8 and Ni9) and a progeny line (line 191) obtained by crossing the varieties with the use of the DNA microarray described above. Then, genotype data were obtained based on the obtained signal data. Based on the obtained genotype data, chromosomal marker position information was obtained by calculation using the gene distance function (Kosambi) and the AntMap genetic map creation software (Iwata H, Ninomiya S (2006) AntMap: constructing genetic linkage maps using an ant colony optimization algorithm, Breed Sci 56: 371-378). Further, a genetic map datasheet was created based on the obtained marker position information using Mapmaker/EXP ver. 3.0 (A Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Technical Report, Third Edition, January, 1993). As a result, 3004 markers and 4569 markers, including the aforementioned 47 types of sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 47, were identified from the sugarcane varieties NiF8 and Ni9, respectively.
The use of sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers makes it possible to determine whether a sugarcane progeny line or the like, which has a phenotype exhibiting unknown sugar yield, is a line having a phenotype showing an increase in sugar yield. The expression “the use of sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers” used herein indicates the use of a DNA microarray having probes corresponding to sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers in one embodiment. The expression “probes corresponding to sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers” indicates oligonucleotides that can specifically hybridize under stringent conditions to sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers defined as above. For instance, such oligonucleotides can be designed as partial or whole regions with base lengths of at least 10 continuous bases, 15 continuous bases, 20 continuous bases, 25 continuous bases, 30 continuous bases, 35 continuous bases, 40 continuous bases, 45 continuous bases, or 50 or more continuous bases of the nucleotide sequences or complementary strands thereof of sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers defined as above. In addition, a DNA microarray having such probes may be any type of microarray, such as a microarray having a planar substrate comprising glass, silicone, or the like, a bead array comprising microbeads as carriers, or a three-dimensional microarray having an inner wall comprising hollow fibers to which probes are fixed.
The use of a DNA microarray prepared as described above makes it possible to determine whether a sugarcane line such as a progeny line or the like, which has a phenotype exhibiting unknown sugar yield, is a line having a phenotype showing an increase in sugar yield. In addition, in the case of a method other than the above method involving the use of a DNA microarray, it is also possible to determine whether a sugarcane line, which has a phenotype exhibiting unknown sugar yield, is a line having a trait characterized by an increase in sugar yield by detecting the above sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers by a conventionally known method.
The method involving the use of a DNA microarray is described in more detail. As shown in
In this step, among the genomic DNA fragments to which adapters have been added, specific genomic DNA fragments may be selectively amplified. For instance, in a case in which a plurality of adapters corresponding to a plurality of restriction enzymes are used, genomic DNA fragments to which specific adapters have been added can be selectively amplified. In addition, when genomic DNA is digested with a plurality of restriction enzymes, genomic DNA fragments to which adapters have been added can be selectively amplified by adding adapters only to genomic DNA fragments that have protruding ends corresponding to specific restriction enzymes among the obtained genomic DNA fragments. Thus, specific DNA fragment concentration can be increased by selectively amplifying the specific genomic DNA fragments. Thereafter, amplified genomic DNA fragments are labeled. Any conventionally known substance may be used as a labeling substance. Examples of a labeling substance that can be used include fluorescent molecules, dye molecules, and radioactive molecules. In addition, this step can be omitted using a labeled nucleotide in the step of amplifying genomic DNA fragments. This is because when genomic DNA fragments are amplified using a labeled nucleotide in the amplification step, amplified DNA fragments can be labeled.
Next, labeled genomic DNA fragments are allowed to come into contact with the DNA microarray under certain conditions such that probes fixed to the DNA microarray hybridize to the labeled genomic DNA fragments. At such time, preferably, highly stringent conditions are provided for hybridization. Under highly stringent conditions, it becomes possible to determine with high accuracy whether or not sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers are present in a sugarcane sample. In addition, stringent conditions can be adjusted based on reaction temperature and salt concentration. That is, an increase in temperature or a decrease in salt concentration results in more stringent conditions. For example, when a probe having a length of 50 to 75 bases is used, the following more stringent conditions can be provided as hybridization conditions: 40 degrees C. to 44 degrees C.; 0.2 SDS; and 6×SSC.
In addition, hybridization between labeled genomic DNA fragments and probes can be confirmed by detecting a labeling substance. Specifically, after the above hybridization reaction of labeled genomic DNA fragments and probes, unreacted genomic DNA fragments and the like are washed, and the labeling substance bound to each genomic DNA fragment specifically hybridizing to a probe is observed. For instance, in a case in which the labeling substance is a fluorescent material, the fluorescence wavelength is detected. In a case in which the labeling substance is a dye molecule, the dye wavelength is detected. More specifically, apparatuses such as fluorescent detectors and image analyzers used for conventional DNA microarray analysis can be used.
As described above, it is possible to determine whether or not a sugarcane sample has the above sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker(s) with the use of a DNA microarray. In particular, according to the method described above, it is not necessary to cultivate a sugarcane sample to such an extent that determination of the actual sugar yield thereof becomes possible. For instance, seeds of a progeny line or a young seedling obtained as a result of germination of such seeds can be used. Therefore, the area of a field used for cultivation of a sugarcane sample and other factors such as cost of cultivation can be significantly reduced with the use of the sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker(s). In particular, when a novel sugarcane variety is created, it is preferable to produce several tens of thousands of seedlings by crossing and then to identify a novel sugarcane variety using sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers prior to or instead of seedling selection. The use of such sugarcane-sugar-yield-related marker(s) makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of excellent lines that need to be cultivated in an actual field. This allows drastic reduction of time-consuming efforts and the cost required to create a novel sugarcane variety.
Causative genes (i.e., gene group) for a trait that causes an increase in sugarcane sugar yield can be isolated using the above sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers. A conventionally known method can be used as an isolation method (see “Illustrated bio-experiment practice 4 (Bio-Jikken Illustrated 4): Effortless Cloning,” Kazuhiro Makabe (1997), Shujunsha Co., Ltd.). For example, causative genes (i.e., gene group) for a trait that causes an increase in the sugar yield of a non-sugarcane graminaceous plant can be isolated by screening a different graminaceous-plant-derived genomic DNA or cDNA instead of the sugarcane genomic DNA or cDNA using primers or probes corresponding to the sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers.
In addition, a transformed plant characterized by an increase in sugar yield can be produced by transformation of plant cells using a recombinant vector including a causative gene for a trait that causes an increase in sugarcane sugar yield obtained above.
The present invention is hereafter described in greater detail with reference to the following examples, although the technical scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
1. Production of DNA Microarray Probes
(1) Materials
The following varieties were used: sugarcane varieties: NiF8, Ni9, US56-15-8, POJ2878, Q165, R570, Co290 and B3439; closely-related sugarcane wild-type varieties: Glagah Kloet, Chunee, Natal Uba, and Robustum 9; and Erianthus varieties: IJ76-349 and JW630.
(2) Restriction Enzyme Treatment
Genomic DNA was extracted from each of the above sugarcane varieties, closely-related sugarcane wild-type varieties, and Erianthus varieties using DNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen). Genomic DNAs (750 ng each) were treated with a PstI restriction enzyme (NEB; 25 units) at 37 degrees C. for 2 hours. A BstNI restriction enzyme (NEB; 25 units) was added thereto, followed by treatment at 60 degrees C. for 2 hours.
(3) Adapter Ligation
PstI sequence adapters (5′-CACGATGGATCCAGTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48) and 5′-CTGGATCCATCGTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49)) and T4 DNA Ligase (NEB; 800 units) were added to the genomic DNA fragments treated in (2) (120 ng each), and the obtained mixtures were subjected to treatment at 16 degrees C. for 4 hours or longer. Thus, the adapters were selectively added to genomic DNA fragments having PstI recognition sequences at both ends thereof among the genomic DNA fragments treated in (2).
(4) PCR Amplification
A PstI sequence adapter recognition primer (5′-GATGGATCCAGTGCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)) and Taq polymerase (TAKARA; PrimeSTAR; 1.25 units) were added to the genomic DNA fragment (15 ng) having the adaptors obtained in (3). Then, the genomic DNA fragment was amplified by PCR (treatment at 98 degrees C. for 10 seconds, 55 degrees C. for 15 seconds, 72 degrees C. for 1 minute for 30 cycles, and then at 72 degrees C. for 3 minutes, followed by storage at 4 degrees C.).
(5) Genome Sequence Acquisition
The nucleotide sequence of the genomic DNA fragment subjected to PCR amplification in (4) was determined by FLX454 (Roche) or the Sanger method. In addition, information on a nucleotide sequence sandwiched between PstI recognition sequences was obtained based on the total sorghum genome sequence information contained in the genome database (Gramene: http://www.gramene.org/).
(6) Probe Design and DNA Microarray Production
50- to 75-bp probes were designed based on the genome sequence information in (5). Based on the nucleotide sequence information of the designed probes, a DNA microarray having the probes was produced.
2. Acquisition of Signal Data Using a DNA Microarray
Sugarcane varieties/lines (NiF8 and Ni9) and the progeny line (line 191) were used.
Genomic DNAs were extracted from NiF8, Ni9, and the progeny line (line 191) using DNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen). Genomic DNAs (750 ng each) were treated with a PstI restriction enzyme (NEB; 25 units) at 37 degrees C. for 2 hours. Then, a BstNI restriction enzyme (NEB; 25 units) was added thereto, followed by treatment at 60 degrees C. for 2 hours.
PstI sequence adapters (5′-CACGATGGATCCAGTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48) and 5′-CTGGATCCATCGTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49)) and T4 DNA Ligase (NEB; 800 units) were added to the genomic DNA fragments treated in (2) (120 ng each), and the obtained mixtures were treated at 16 degrees C. for 4 hours or longer. Thus, the adaptors were selectively added to a genomic DNA fragment having PstI recognition sequences at both ends thereof among the genomic DNA fragments treated in (2).
A PstI sequence adapter recognition primer (5′-GATGGATCCAGTGCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)) and Taq polymerase (TAKARA; PrimeSTAR; 1.25 units) were added to the genomic DNA fragment (15 ng) having the adapters obtained in (3). Then, the genomic DNA fragment was amplified by PCR (treatment at 98 degrees C. for 10 seconds, 55 degrees C. for 15 seconds, 72 degrees C. for 1 minute for 30 cycles, and then 72 degrees C. for 3 minutes, followed by storage at 4 degrees C.).
The PCR amplification fragment obtained in (4) above was purified with a column (Qiagen). Cy3 9mer wobble (TriLink; 1 O.D.) was added thereto. The resultant was treated at 98 degrees C. for 10 minutes and allowed to stand still on ice for 10 minutes. Then, Klenow (NEB; 100 units) was added thereto, followed by treatment at 37 degrees C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, a labeled sample was prepared by isopropanol precipitation.
The labeled sample obtained in (5) was subjected to hybridization using the DNA microarray prepared in 1 above in accordance with the NimbleGen Array User's Guide. Signals from the label were detected.
3. Identification of QTL for Sugarcane Sugar Yield and Development of Markers
Genotype data of possible NiF8-derived 3004 markers and Ni9-derived 4569 markers were obtained based on the signal data detected in 2 above of the NiF8 and Ni9 sugarcane varieties and the progeny line (line 191). Based on the obtained genotype data, chromosomal marker position information was obtained by calculation using the gene distance function (Kosambi) and the AntMap genetic map creation software (Iwata H, Ninomiya S (2006) AntMap: constructing genetic linkage maps using an ant colony optimization algorithm, Breed Sci 56: 371-378). Further, a genetic map datasheet was created based on the obtained marker position information using Mapmaker/EXP ver. 3.0 (A Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Technical Report, Third Edition, January, 1993).
The tested sugarcane varieties (NiF8 and Ni9) and the progeny line (line 191) were planted (13 individuals in each plot (2.2 m2)) in April 2009. In March 2010, stalks of 5 individuals were harvested from each plot. The harvested stalks were prepared as millable stalks. The juice extracted therefrom was used for calculation of the recoverable sugar percent in the sugarcane by the following calculation method.
CCS Method (Australia Method)
Recoverable sugar percent (%)=(3×P×(95−F)−B(97−F))/200
P: Polarization of sugarcane juice (%); B: Brix of sugarcane juice (%); F: fiber content (%)
Based on the recoverable sugar percent, the available sugar yield was calculated by the following calculation method for each line. The obtained available sugar yields were used as sugar yield data.
Available Sugar Yield Calculation Method
Available sugar yield (kg/a)=Millable stalk weight (kg/a)×Recoverable sugar percent (%)/100
Based on the genetic map datasheet obtained in (1) above and the sugar-yield data obtained in (2) above, QTL analysis was carried out by the composite interval mapping (CIM) method using the QTL Cartographer gene analysis software (Wang S., C. J. Basten, and Z.-B. Zeng (2010). Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5. Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.; http://statgen.ncsu.edu/qticart/cartographer.html). Upon analysis, the LOD threshold was determined to be 3.0. As a result, as shown in
As shown in
Signal levels of 47 types of markers were found to be very high for the progeny lines such as F1—1, F1—3, F1—4, F1—6, F1—8, F1—9, F1—10, and F1—11 with relatively high sugar yields. These results also revealed that 47 types of markers among markers N812648 to N820026 present in the 12th linkage group of the NiF8 sugarcane variety, markers N915070 to N920207 present in the 1st linkage group of the Ni9 sugarcane variety, and markers N902029 to N918557 present in the 25th linkage group of the Ni9 sugarcane variety can be used as sugarcane-sugar-yield-related markers.
All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-270801 | Dec 2010 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/006675 | 11/30/2011 | WO | 00 | 5/17/2013 |
