Synthetic leader peptide sequences

Abstract

The present invention relates to synthetic leader peptide sequences for secreting polypeptides in yeast.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel synthetic leader peptide sequences for secreting polypeptides in yeast.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Yeast organisms produce a number of proteins which are synthesized intracellularly, but which have a function outside the cell. Such extracellular proteins are referred to as secreted proteins. These secreted proteins are expressed initially inside the cell in a precursor or a pre-protein form containing a pre-peptide sequence ensuring effective direction of the expressed product (into the secretory pathway of the cell) across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pre-sequence, normally named a signal peptide, is generally cleaved off from the desired product during translocation. Once entered in the secretory pathway, the protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus. From the Golgi the protein can follow different routes that lead to compartments such as the cell vacuole or the cell membrane, or it can be routed out of the cell to be secreted to the external medium (Pfeffer, S. R. and Rothman, J. E. Ann.Rev.Biochem. 56 (1987) 829-852).

Several approaches have been suggested for the expression and secretion in yeast of proteins heterologous to yeast. European published patent application No. 88 632 describes a process by which proteins heterologous to yeast are expressed, processed and secreted by transforming a yeast organism with an expression vehicle harbouring DNA encoding the desired protein and a signal peptide, preparing a culture of the transformed organism, growing the culture and recovering the protein from the culture medium. The signal peptide may be the signal peptide of the desired protein itself, a heterologous signal peptide or a hybrid of native and heterologous signal peptides.

A problem encountered with the use of signal peptides heterologous to yeast might be that the heterologous signal peptide does not ensure efficient translocation and/or cleavage ot the precursor polypeptide after the signal peptide.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFα1 (α-factor) is synthesized as a pre-pro form of 165 amino acids comprising signal- or pre-peptide of 19 amino acids followed by a “leader” or pro-peptide of 64 amino acids, encompassing three N-linked glycosylation sites followed by (LysArg((Asp/Glu)Ala) 2-3 α-factor) 4 (Kurjan, J. and Herskowitz, I. Cell 30 (1982) 933-943). The signal-leader part of the pre-pro MFα1 has been widely employed to obtain synthesis and secretion of heterologous proteins in S. cerevisiae.

Use of signal/leader peptides homologous to yeast is known from i. a. U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082, European published patent applications Nos. 116 201, 123 294, 123 544, 163 529 and 123 289 and DK patent application No. 3614/83.

In EP 123 289 utilization of the S. cerevisiae α-factor precursor is described whereas WO 84/01153 indicates utilization of the S. cerevisiae invertase signal peptide and DK 3614/83 utilization of the S. cerevisiae PH05 signal peptide for secretion of foreign proteins.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082, EP 16 201, 123 294, 123 544 and 163 529 describe processes by which the α-factor signal-leader from S. cerevisiae (MFa1 or MFα2) is utilized in the secretion process of expressed heterologous proteins in yeast. By fusing a DNA sequence encoding the S. cerevisiae MFα1 signal/leader sequence at the 5′ end of the gene for the desired protein secretion and processing of the desired protein was demonstrated.

EP 206 783 discloses a system for the secretion of polypeptides from S. cerevisiae using an α-factor leader sequence which has been truncated to eliminate the four α-factor units present on the native leader sequence so as to leave the leader peptide itself fused to a heterologous polypeptide via the α-factor processing site LysArgGluAlaGluAla (SEQ ID NO:51). This construction is indicated to lead to an efficient processing of smaller peptides (less than 50 amino acids). For the secretion and processing of larger polypeptides, the native α-factor leader sequence has been truncated to leave one or two of the α-factor units between the leader peptide and the polypeptide.

A number of secreted proteins are routed so as to be exposed to a proteolytic processing system which can cleave the peptide bond at the carboxy end of two consecutive basic amino acids. This enzymatic activity is in S. cerevisiae encoded by the KEX 2 gene (Julius, D. A. et al., Cell 37 (1984b) 1075). Processing of the product by the KEX 2 protease is needed for the secretion of active S. cerevisiae mating factor α1 (MFα1 or α-factor) whereas KEX 2 is not involved in the secretion of active S. cerevisiae mating factor a.

Secretion and correct processing of a polypeptide intended to be secreted is obtained in some cases when culturing a yeast organism which is transformed with a vector constructed as indicated in the references given above. In many cases, however, the level of secretion is very low or there is no secretion, or the proteolytic processing may be incorrect or incomplete resulting in secretion of a considerable amount of leader bound product polypeptide. Prosequences, and especially N-terminally located prosequences, or leader sequences expressed in eucaryotic cells, such as yeast cells, are extensively glycosylated, cf. Fiedler and Simons, Cell, 81, p 309-312; and Moir, D. T., Yeast mutants with increased secretion efficiency, in Yeast Genetic Engineering, Barr, P. J., Brake, A. J., and Valenzuela, P. eds., wherein a general review of glycosylation and secretion of proteins is presented. It is generally recognised that glycosylation, which may be either N-linked, O-linked, or both, is important for efficient transport through the secretory pathway, cf. Caplan et al., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 173, No. 2, p. 627-635; and Jars et al., The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 270, No. 42, p 24810-24817. Moreover, due to the extensive glycosylation the purification of secreted propeptides is difficult and differs considerably from the processing steps that are typically employed for the purification of the mature secreted polypeptide. Clements et al., Gene, 106 (1991) 267-272, have shown that using a eucaryotic consensus signal sequence and two 19-aa pro-sequences comprising fractions of the α-Factor leader and identical except for the presence or absence of a potential Asn linked (N-linked) glycosylation site for secretion of hEGF from yeast had no effect on secretion, and the level of secretion was comparable to the level obtained when using the α-Factor prepro-sequence (about 3 μg/ml).

Expression of heterologous proteins as fusion proteins is a well known concept and has been utilized in various contexts in different organisms. Secretory expression of a heterologous protein in yeast is often performed as a fusion protein with a secretion prepro-leader to confer secretion competence. Prepro-leaders tend to be hyperglycosylated or extensively O-linked glycosylated in the S. cerecisiae secretory pathway. Purification of hyperglycosylated fusion protein is laborious due to its heterogeneous nature. Efficient prepro-leaders lacking hyperglycosylation, with no or limited O-linked glycosylation and replacement of the dibasic Kex2 endoprotease site with a more convenient enzymatic processing site, provide an alternative to conventional yeast expression by purification of the fusion protein and subsequently in vitro maturation with a suitable enzyme as exemplified herein for the insulin precursor. In vitro maturation of a purified fusion protein is more flexible since dependency on the Kex2 endoprotease is eliminated and any proteolytic enzyme can be used for maturation provided that the heterologous protein does not have any internal processing sites. Purification of the fusion protein from the culture supernatant followed by in vitro maturation will avoid N-terminal processing of the heterologous protein by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. Secretion of a fusion protein rather than the heterologous protein has the advantage that the propeptide may increase stability and solubility until purification and maturation. Secretory expression in yeast of heterologous proteins with internal dibasic sites may lead to Kex2 endoprotease processing and a decrease in fermentation yield. This can be avoided by utilizing a secretion prepro-leader lacking N-linked glycosylation to confer secretion competence, introduction of a suitable enzyme processing site between the prepro-leader and the heterologous protein, expression in a Kex2 endoprotease negative S. cerevisiae strain followed by purification and in vitro maturation.

It is an object of the present invention to provide novel synthetic leader peptides or pro-sequences which ensure a higher yield and a more efficient recovery and/or processing of polypeptides, preferably secreted polypeptides, including leader bound polypeptides, and polypeptides being fused N-terminally to peptide sequences including leader sequences and/or spacer sequences each of which optionally being separated from the other constituent sequences by a processing site, expressed in a eucaryotic host cell organism, preferably a fungal cell, such as a yeast cell or a filamentous fungus cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A novel type of synthetic leader peptide has been found which allows secretion in high yield and/or improved recovery of a polypeptide produced in yeast.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a DNA construct encoding a polypeptide and having the structure SP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene*, wherein SP is a DNA sequence (presequence) encoding a signal peptide, LP is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide (propeptide) wherein N-linked glycosylation is lacking, PS is a DNA sequence encoding a protease processing site which is optional, S is a DNA sequence encoding a spacer peptide, and *gene* is a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide. The structure SP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene* comprises the following structures, SP-LP-PS-S-PS-*gene*, SP-LP-PS-*gene*, SP-LP-PS-S-*gene*, SP-LP-S-*gene*, SP-LP-S-PS-*gene*, and SP-LP-*gene*; in structures containing more than one PS these may be the same or different.

Preferably, PS is a DNA sequence encoding a yeast protease processing site, such as an endopeptidase processing site, and LS is preferably a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide or prepro-leader of SEQ ID NOS:38 and 39.

Xaa Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Xaa Phe Ala Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Asp Val Val Xaa Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Xaa Xaa (SEQ ID NO:38) and Xaa Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Xaa Phe Ala Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Asp Val Val Xaa Leu Pro Gly Ala Xaa Xaa (SEQ ID NO:39)

wherein

Xaa at position 1 is Gln or Ser,

Xaa at position 23 is Ala or Arg,

Xaa at position 27 is Gln or Asn,

Xaa at position 29 is any codable amino acid and is preferably selected from the group consisting of Thr, Leu, Ala, Val, Asp, Pro, His, Asn, Ser and Gly,

Xaa at positions 30-33 are any codable amino acid and preferably are selected from the group consisting of Thr, Leu, Ala, Val, Asp, Pro, His, Asn, Ser and Gly, or are absent,

Xaa at position 38 is Asn or Gly; and

the C-terminal Xaa Xaa is an optional dibasic processing site.

More preferably, LS is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide of SEQ ID NO:40:

Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Xaa Met Ala Xaa Xaa (SEQ ID NO:40)

wherein

Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 26 and 28 are independently any codable amino acid, but preferably, are alanine (A), serine (S), or aspartic acid (D); and the C-terminal Xaa Xaa is an optional dibasic processing site,

or LS is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide with the general formula III (SEQ ID NO:41):

Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Xaa Met Ala (SEQ ID NO:41)

wherein Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 26 and 28 are independently any codable amino acid, but preferably, are alanine (A), serine (S), or aspartic acid (D). In formulas I and II above, the C-terminal amino acids Xaa Xaa define a yeast processing site which is optional.

In the present context, the expression “leader peptide” is understood to indicate a pro-peptide sequence whose function is to allow the expressed polypeptide product of *gene* optionally fused at its N-terminal to a spacer peptide and/or a sequence of one or more amino acids defining a processing site, to be directed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and further to a secretory vesicle for secretion into the medium, (i.e. exportation of the expressed polypeptide across the cellular membrane and cell wall, if present, or at least through the cellular membrane into the periplasmic space of a cell having a cell wall). The term “synthetic” used in connection with leader peptides is intended to indicate that the leader peptide is one not found in nature, and, especially, the leader peptide sequences of the present invention do not include the α-factor leader sequence or fragments and constructs thereof such as the sequence Gln Pro Val Ile Ser Thr Thr Val Gly Ser Ala Ala Glu Gly Ser Leu Asp Lys Arg (SEQ ID NO:42), and a leader sequence derived from S. cerevisiae HSP150 protein having extensive O-linked glycosylation, cf. Simonen, M., Vihinen, H., Jamsa, E., Arumae, U., Kalkkinen, N., and Makarow, M. (1996) The hsp150D-carrier confers secretion competence to the rat nerve growth factor receptor ectodomain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Yeast 12, 457-466. Jamsa E; Holkeri H; Vihinen H; Wikstrom M; Simonen M; Walse B; Kalkkinen N; Paakkola J; and Makarow M (1995) Structural features of a polypeptide carrier promoting secretion of a beta-lactamase fusion protein in yeast. YEAST 11,1381-91.

The term “signal peptide” is understood to mean a pre-sequence which is predominantly hydrophobic in nature and present as an N-terminal sequence of the precursor form of an extracellular protein, preferably when expressed in yeast. The function of the signal peptide is to allow the expressed protein to be secreted to enter the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide is normally cleaved off in the course of this process. The signal peptide may be heterologous or homologous to the organism producing the protein.

The expression “polypeptide” is intended to indicate a heterologous polypeptide, i.e. a polypeptide or protein which is not produced by the host organism, preferably yeast, in nature as well as a homologous polypeptide, i.e. a polypeptide which is produced by the host organism, preferably a yeast, in nature and any preform thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA construct of the present invention encodes a heterologous polypeptide.

The expression “a codable amino acid” is intended to indicate an amino acid which can be coded for by a triplet (“codon”) of nucleotides.

When, in the amino acid sequences given in the present specification, the one or three letter codes of two amino acids, separated by a slash, are given in brackets, e.g. (D/E), this is intended to indicate that the sequence has either the one or the other of these amino acids in the pertinent position.

The expression “heterologous protein” is intended to indicate a protein or polypeptide which is not produced by the host organism in nature, preferably the protein or polypeptide is heterologous in yeast.

The expression “spacer peptide” is intended to indicate an oligopeptide sequence of one or more amino acid residues, preferably 1 to 12 amino acid residues, more preferably about 4 to 6 amino acid residues, such as Glu Glu Ala Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:43), Glu Glu Gly Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:44), Glu Glu Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:45), and Glu Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:46), which may include a processing site, preferably situated N-terminally and/or C-terminally.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is further illustrated with reference to the appended drawings wherein

FIG. 1 shows the expression plasmid pAK773 containing genes expressing the N-terminally extended polypeptides of the invention. In FIG. 1 the following symbols are used: TPI-PROMOTER: Denotes the TPI gene promoter sequence from S. cerevisiae. 2: Denotes the region encoding a signal/leader peptide (e.g. from the YAP3 signal peptide and LA19 leader peptide in conjunction with the Glu Glu Gly Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:44) N-terminally extended MI3 insulin precursor). TPI-TERMINATOR: Denotes TPI gene terminator sequence of S. cerevisiae . TPI-POMBE: Denotes TPI gene from S. pombe . Origin: Denotes a sequence from S. cerevisiae 2μ plasmid including its origin of DNA replication in S. cerevisiae . AMP-R: Sequence from pBR322/pUC13 including the ampicillin resistance gene and an origin of DNA replication in E. coli.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a DNA sequence pAK855 (SEQ ID NO:1) encoding the YAP3 signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:36), a leader without potential N-linked glycosylation sites, the TA57 leader, and Glu Glu Gly Glu Pro Lys (SEQ ID NO:44)-MI3 insulin precursor complex.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) encoding the YAP3 signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:37), a leader without potential N-linked glycosylation sites, the leader TA67, and MI3 insulin precursor without N-terminally extension complex.

FIG. 4 shows the expression plasmid pAK855 containing genes expressing the leader sequences of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows in vitro conversion of LA34/IP fusion protein by Achromobacter lyticus lysyl specific protease as a plot of the conversion of LA34/IP fusion protein by Sepharose-bound Achromobacter lyticus lysyl specific protease vs. time. A curve for a first order reaction with (pseudo-)equilibrium is fitted to the data points.

FIG. 6 shows mass spectrometry of in vitro maturation of purified LA34 prepro-leader insulin precursor (MI3) fusion protein by Achromobacter lyticus lysyl specific endoprotease.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Preferred leader sequences of the invention are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
	Leader		SEQ ID
Strain	No.	Leader Sequence	NO:
yAK744	LA23	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	3
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile
		Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
yAK857	TA54	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	4
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile
		Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
yAK858	TA56	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	5
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Asn Thr Asn Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser
		Met Ala Lys Arg
yAK862	TA57	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	6
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu
		Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
yAK861	TA59	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	7
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly
		Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
	LA64	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	8
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro
		Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA65	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	9
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu
		Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA101	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	10
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu
		Ile Ser Met Ala
	TA67	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	11
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly
		Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA68	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	12
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile
		Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
	LA34	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	13
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile
		Ser Met Ala
	TA76	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	14
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA77	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	15
		Thr Glu Ser Arg Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA78	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Phe Ala Thr	16
		Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA79	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr	17
		Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA80	Gln Pro Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr	18
		Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg
	TA89	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	19
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Asn
		Thr Thr Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
	TA90	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp	20
		Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu
		Ile Asn Thr Thr Met Ala Lys Arg

In the sequences of Table 1 the C-terminal KR defines a dibasic protease processing site.

Further preferred leader sequences of the invention are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below.

TABLE 2
		SEQ
Leader		ID
No.	Leader Sequence	NO:
TA75	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala	21
	Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.50	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Asp Glu Gly Phe	22
	Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.15	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe	23
	Ala Asp Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.4	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Gly Arg Leu Lys	24
	Ile Arg Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.51	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Asp Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Asp Glu Asp Gly	25
	Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.58	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe	26
	Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
TA75.64	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe	27
	Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala
	and any of the above where SMA is replaced by X 1 MA, wherein X 1 may be any
	codable amino acid, preferably hydrophilic amino acids

TABLE 3
		SEQ
Leader		ID
No.	Leader Sequence	NO:
TA91	Gln Pro Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser	28
	Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA92	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser	29
	Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA93	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser	30
	Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA94	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala	31
	Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA95	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala	32
	Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA96	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala	33
	Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Met Ala Lys Arg
TA97	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala	34
	Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg
TA98	Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg	35

The heterologous protein or polypeptide produced by the method of the invention may be any protein which may advantageously be produced in yeast. Preferred examples of such proteins are aprotinin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor or other protease inhibitors, and insulin or insulin precursors, insulin analogues, insulin-like growth factors, such as IGF I and IGF II, human or bovine growth hormone, interleukin, tissue plasminogen activator, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP 2), GRPP, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Factor XIII, platelet-derived growth factor, enzymes, such as lipases, or a functional analogue of any one of these proteins. More preferred proteins are precursors of insulin and insulin-like growth factors, and especially the smaller peptides of the proglucagon family, such as glucagon, GLP 1, GLP 2, and GRPP, including truncated forms, such as GLP-1(1-45), GLP-1(1-39), GLP-1(1-38), GLP-1(1-37), GLP-1(1-36), GLP-1(1-35), GLP-1(1-34), GLP-1(7-45), GLP-1(7-39), GLP-1(7-38), GLP-1(7-37), GLP-1(7-36), GLP-1(7-35), and GLP-1(7-34).

In the present context, the term “functional analogue” is meant to indicate a polypeptide with a similar function as the native protein (this is intended to be understood as relating to the nature rather than the level of biological activity of the native protein). The polypeptide may be structurally similar to the native protein and may be derived from the native protein by addition of one or more amino acids to either or both the C- and N-terminal end of the native protein, substitution of one or more amino acids at one or a number of different sites in the native amino acid sequence, deletion of one or more amino acids at either or both ends of the native protein or at one or several sites in the amino acid sequence, or insertion of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native amino acid sequence. Such modifications are well known for several of the proteins mentioned above.

The precursors of insulin, including proinsulin as well as precursors having a truncated and/or modified C-peptide or completely lacking a C-peptide, precursors of insulin analogues, and insulin related peptides, such as insulin-like growth factors, may be of human origin or from other animals and recombinant or semisynthetic sources. The cDNA used for expression of the precursors of insulin, precursors of insulin analogues, or insulin related peptides in the method of the invention include codon optimised forms for expression in yeast.

By “a precursor of insulin” or “a precursor an insulin analogue” is to be understood a single-chain polypeptide which by one or more subsequent chemical and/or enzymatical processes can be converted to a two-chain insulin or insulin analogue molecule having the correct establishment of the three disulphide bridges as found in natural human insulin. Preferred insulin precursors are MI1, B(1-29)-A(1-21); MI3, B(1-29)-Ala-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) (as described in e.g. EP 163 529); X14, B(1-27-Asp-Lys)-Ala-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) (SEQ ID NO:47) (as described in e.g. PCT publication No. 95/00550); B(1-27-Asp-Lys)-A(1-21); B(1-27-Asp-Lys)-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) (SEQ ID NO:48); B(1-29)-Ala-Ala-Arg-A(1-21) (as described in e.g. PCT Publication No. 95/07931); MI5, B(1-29)-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) SEQ ID NO:49); and B(1-29)-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Arg-A(1-21), and more preferably MI1, B(1-29)-A(1-21), MI3, B(1-29)-Ala-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) and MI5, B(1-29)-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Lys-A(1-21) (SEQ ID NO:48).

Examples of insulins or insulin analogues which can be produced in this way are human insulin, preferably des(B30) human insulin, porcine insulin; and insulin analogues wherein at least one Lys or Arg is present, preferably insulin analogues wherein Phe B1 has been deleted, insulin analogues wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have an N-terminal extension and insulin analogues wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have a C-terminal extension. Other preferred insulin analogues are such wherein one or more of the amino acid residues, preferably one, two, or three of them, have been substituted by another codable amino acid residue. Thus, in position A21 a parent insulin may instead of Asn have an amino acid residue selected from the group comprising Ala, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Met, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr or Val, in particular an amino acid residue selected from the group comprising Gly, Ala, Ser, and Thr. The insulin analogues may also be modified by a combination of the changes outlined above. Likewise, in position B28 a parent insulin may instead of Pro have an amino acid residue selected from the group comprising Asp and Lys, preferably Asp, and in position B29 a parent insulin may instead of Lys have the amino acid Pro. The expression “a codable amino acid residue” as used herein designates an amino acid residue which can be coded for by the genetic code, i.e. a triplet (“codon”) of nucleotides.

The signal sequence (SP) may encode any signal peptide which ensures an effective direction of the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of the cell. The signal peptide may be a naturally occurring signal peptide or functional parts thereof or it may be a synthetic peptide. Suitable signal peptides have been found to be the α-factor signal peptide, the signal peptide of mouse salivary amylase, a modified carboxypeptidase signal peptide, the yeast BAR1 signal peptide or the Humicola lanuginosa lipase signal peptide or a derivative thereof. The mouse salivary amylase signal sequence is described by Hagenbüchle, O. et al., Nature 289 (1981) 643-646. The carboxypeptidase signal sequence is described by Valls, L. A. et al., Cell 48 (1987) 887-897. The BAR1 signal peptide is disclosed in WO 87/02670. The yeast aspartic protease 3 signal peptide is described in Danish patent application No. 0828/93.

The yeast processing site encoded by the DNA sequence PS may suitably be any paired combination of Lys and Arg, such as LysArg, ArgLys, ArgArg or LysLys which permits processing of the polypeptide by the KEX2 protease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or the equivalent protease in other yeast species (Julius, D. A. et al., Cell 37 (1984) 1075). If KEX2 processing is not convenient, e.g. if it would lead to cleavage of the polypeptide product, e.g. due to the presence of two consecutive basic amino acids internally in the desired product, a processing site for another protease may be selected comprising an amino acid combination which is not found in the polypeptide product, e.g. the processing site for FX a , IleGluGlyArg (SEQ ID NO:50) (cf. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1989).

Two of the preferred DNA constructs encoding leader sequences are incorporated in SEQ ID NOS:1 and 2 as shown in FIG. 2 codon 1078-1209, and FIG. 3 codon 1028-1206, or suitable modifications thereof. Examples of suitable modifications of the DNA sequence are nucleotide substitutions which do not give rise to another amino acid sequence of the protein, but which may correspond to the codon usage of the organism, preferably a fungal organism, such as a yeast, into which the DNA construct is inserted or nucleotide substitutions which do give rise to a different amino acid sequence and therefore, possibly, a different protein structure. Other examples of possible modifications are insertion of one or more codons into the sequence, addition of one or more codons at either end of the sequence and deletion of one or more codons at either end of or within the sequence.

One aspect of the invention is a recombinant expression vector carrying any one of the expression casettes

5′-P-SP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene*-(T) i -3′

5′-P-SP-LP-PS-*gene*-(T i -3

5′-P-SP-LP-S-PS-*gene*-(T) i -3′

5′-P-SP-LP-PS-S-*gene*-(T) i -3′

5′-P-SP-LP-S-*gene*-(T) i -3′

5′-P-SP-LP-*gene*-(T) i -3′

5′-P-SP-LP-PS-S-PS-*gene*-(T) i -3′

wherein P is a promoter sequence, SP, LP, PS, S, and *gene*, are as defined above, T is a suitable terminator, e.g. the TPI terminator (cf. Alber, T. and Kawasaki, G., J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1 (1982) 419-434), and i is 1 or 0. The vector may be any vector which is capable of replicating in yeast organisms. The promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in yeast and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to yeast. The promoter is preferably derived from a gene encoding a protein homologous to yeast. Examples of suitable promoters for use in yeast host cells are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFα1, TPI, ADH, PGK promoters, or the yeast plasmid 2 m replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene as described by Russell, P. R., Gene 40 (1985) 125-130.

The expression vector of the invention may be any expression vector that is conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.

The methods used to ligate the sequence 5′-P-SP-LS-PS-*gene*-(T) i -3′ and to insert it into suitable yeast vectors containing the information necessary for yeast replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., op. cit.). It will be understood that the vector may be constructed either by first preparing a DNA construct containing the entire sequence 5′-P-SP-LS-PS-*gene*-(T) i -3′ and subsequently inserting this fragment into a suitable expression vector, or by sequentially inserting DNA fragments into a suitable vector containing genetic information for the individual elements (such as the promoter sequence, the signal peptide, the leader sequence, the processing site, the polypeptide, and, if present, the terminator sequence) followed by ligation.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a process for producing a polypeptide (or protein) in yeast, the process comprising culturing a yeast cell, which is capable of expressing said polypeptide and which is transformed with a yeast expression vector as described above including a leader peptide sequence of the invention, in a suitable medium to obtain expression and secretion of the said polypeptide, after which the polypeptide is recovered from the medium. The term “culturing” includes fermenting a yeast under laboratory and industrial conditions to produce the polypeptide of interest.

Yeasts are fungi of the class Ascomycetes, subclass Hemiascomycetidae. The yeast organism used in the method of the invention may be any suitable yeast organism which, on cultivation, produces large amounts of the desired polypeptide. Examples of suitable yeast organisms may be strains of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces uvarum, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sp., Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi , Geotrichum sp., and Geotrichum fermentans . It is considered obvious for the skilled person in the art to select any other fungal cell, such as cells of the genus Aspergillus, as the host organism.

The transformation of the yeast cells may for instance be effected by protoplast formation followed by transformation in a manner known per se. The medium used to cultivate the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing yeast organisms. The secreted polypeptide, a significant proportion of which will be present in the medium in correctly processed form, may be recovered from the medium by conventional procedures including separating the yeast cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulphate, followed by purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g. ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography or the like.

The invention is further described in the following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as claimed.

EXAMPLES

Construction of the yeast strain expressing the insulin precursor mediated by leaders lacking N-linked glycosylation.

Synthetic genes coding for the leaders without amino acid sequences potential subjected to attachment of N-linked glycosylation in context with the insulin precursor with or without N-terminal extension of N-terminally extention was constructed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides for PCR were synthesised using an automatic DNA synthesizer (applied Biosystems model 380A) using phosphoramidite chemistry and commercially available reagents (Beaucage, S. L. and Caruthers, M. H., Tetrahedron letters 22 (1981) 1859-1869). The PCR was performed using the Pwo DNA or EHF Polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Sandhoefer Strasse 116, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacture's instructions and the PCR mix was overlayed with 100 ul mineral oil (sigma Chemical CO, St. Louis Mo., USA)

PCR
5 μl oligonucleotide (50 pmol)
5 μl oligonucleotide (50 pmol)
10 μl 10X PCR buffer
8 μl dNTP mix
0.5 μl Pwo or EHF enzyme
0.5 μl pAK680 plasmid as template (0.2 ug DNA)
71 μl dest. water

A total of 12 cycles were performed, one cycle was 94 C for 45 sec.; 40 C for 1 min; 72 C for 1.5 min. The PCR mixture was then loaded onto an 2.5% agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed using standard techniques (Sambrook J, Fritsch El and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory press, 1989). The resulting DNA fragment was cut out of the agarose gel and isolated by the GENE CLEAN kit (Bio 101 inc., PO BOX 2284, La Jolla, Calif. 92038, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Certain leader DNA sequences were constructed by overlap PCR reaction as described by Horton, R. M, Cai, Z., Ho, S. N. and Pease, L. R.: Gene splicing by overlap extension: talior-made genes using the polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques 8 (1990) 528-535.

The purified PCR DNA fragment was dissolved in Des. water and restriction endonucleases buffer and typically cut with the restriction endonucleases BglII and NcoI according to standard techniques (Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory press, 1989). The NcoI-XbaI DNA fragment on 209 nucleotide basepars was subjected to agarose electrophoresis and purified using The GENE CLEAN Kit as described.

The expression plasmid pAK721 or a similar plasmid of the cPOT type (see FIG. 1 ) was typically cut with the restriction endonucleases BglII and XbaI and the vector fragment of 10849 nucleotide basepairs isolated using The GENE CLEAN Kit as described.

The typically plasmid pAK773 encoding the N-terminally extended EEGEPK (SEQ ID NO:44)-insulin precursor was cut with the restriction endonucleases NcoI and XbaI and the DNA fragment of 209 nucleotide basepars isolated using The GENE CLEAN Kit as described. The three DNA fragments was ligated together using T4 DNA ligase and standard conditions (Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold spring Harbour laboratory press, 1989). The ligation mix was then transformed into a competent E. coli strain (R−, M+) followed by selection with ampicillin resistance. Plasmid from the resulting E. coli was isolated using standard techniques (Sambrook J, Fritsch E L and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold spring Harbour laboratory press, 1989), and checked for insert with appropriate restriction endonucleases i.e. BglII, EcoRI, Nco I and XbaI. The selected plasmid was shown by DNA sequence analysis (SEQUENASE, U.S. Biochemical Corp., USA) to encode the DNA sequence for the leader-MI3 insulin precursor DNA and the DNA encoding the leader to be inserted before the DNA encoding the MI3 insulin precursor DNA.

An example on a DNA sequence pAK855 (SEQ ID NO:1) encoding the YAP3 signal peptide—a leader without potential N-linked glycosylation sites, the TA57 leader, EEGEPK (SEQ ID NO:44)-MI3 insulin precursor complex are shown in FIG. 2 .

An example on a DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) encoding the YAP3 signal peptide-synthetic leader without potential N-linked glycosylation sites, the TA69 leader, MI3 insulin precursor without N-terminally extension complex are shown in FIG. 3 .

The yeast expression plasmids used are of the C-POT type (see FIGS. 1 and 4 ) and are similar to those described in WO EP 171 142, which contain the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene (POT) for plasmid selection and stabilisation in S.cerevisiae . pAK855 also contain the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase promoter and terminator. The promoter and terminator are similar to those described in the plasmid pKFN1003 (described in WO 90/100075) as are all sequences in plasmid except the sequence between the EcoRI-XbaI fragment encoding the YAP3 signal peptide-leader without N-linked glycosylation-MI3 insulin precursor with or without N-terminally extension.

Purified LA34/IP fusion protein was processed by SEPHAROSE-bound Achromobacter lyticus lysyl specific protease (EC 3.4.21.50) to insulin desB30 ( FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 ). From the RP-HPLC analysis results the conversion yield for the removal of the LA34 leader from IP molecule in each collected sample was calculated and then plotted in a graph showing the conversion as a function of the reaction time. A curve for a first-order reaction reaching a (pseudo-)equilibrium can be fitted to the data points as shown in FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 . Electrospray mass spectrometry was performed on the proteinaceous material isolated from the two main peaks eluted by the RP-HPLC fractionation of the final reaction mixture. For the first eluting peak was found Mw of 5706 Da, corresponding to des(B30)-human insulin (calculated Mw: 5706 Da), and for the second peak was found a Mw of 5625 Da, corresponding to the di-mannosylated LA34-EEAEAEAEPK (SEQ ID NO:45)) polypeptide lacking the dipeptide QP (calculated Mw: 5627 Da) the QP dipeptide presumably having been removed by the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase during secretion. This means that within the reaction time an almost complete cleavage of the precursor to an active desB30 insulin molecule has taken place.

57 1 550 DNA S. cerevisiae 1ttcttgctta aatctataac tacaaaaaac acatacagga attccattca agaatagttc 60aaacaagaag attacaaact atcaatttca tacacaatat aaacgattaa aagaatgaaa 120ctgaaaactg taagatctgc ggtcctttcg tcactctttg catctcaggt ccttggccaa 180ccaattgacg acactgaatc tcaaactact tctgtcaact tgatggctga cgacactgaa 240tctgctttcg ctactcaaac taactctggt ggtttggatg ttgttggttt gatctccatg 300gctaagagag aagaaggtga accaaagttc gttaaccaac acttgtgcgg ttcccacttg 360gttgaagctt tgtacttggt ttgcggtgaa agaggtttct tctacactcc taaggctgct 420aagggtattg tcgaacaatg ctgtacctcc atctgctcct tgtaccaatt ggaaaactac 480tgcaactaga cgcagcccgc aggctctaga aactaagatt aatataatta tataaaaata 540ttatcttctt 550 2 500 DNA S. cerevisiae 2ttcttgctta aatctataac tacaaaaaac acatacagga attccattca agaatagttc 60aaacaagaag attacaaact atcaatttca tacacaatat aaacgattaa aagaatgaaa 120ctgaaaactg taagatctgc ggtcctttcg tcactctttg catctcaggt ccttggccaa 180ccaattgacg acactgaatc tcaaactact tctgtcaact tgatggctga cgacactgaa 240tctgctttcg ctactcaaac taactctggt ggtttggatg ttgttggttt gccaggtgct 300aagagattcg ttaaccaaca cttgtgcggt tcccacttgg ttgaagcttt gtacttggtt 360tgcggtgaaa gaggtttctt ctacactcct aaggctgcta agggtattgt cgaacaatgc 420tgtacctcca tctgctcctt gtaccaattg gaaaactact gcaactagac gcagcccgca 480ggctctagaa actaagatta 500 3 43 PRT S. cerevisiae 3Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 4 86 PRT S. cerevisiae 4Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp 35 40 45Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu 50 55 60Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu65 70 75 80Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 85 5 42 PRT S. cerevisiae 5 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Asn Thr Asn Ala Leu Asp 20 25 30 Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 6 44 PRT S. cerevisiae 6 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30 Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 7 45 PRT S. cerevisiae 7 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Gly 20 25 30 Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 45 8 42 PRT S. cerevisiae 8 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30 Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg 35 40 9 43 PRT S. cerevisiae 9 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30 Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg 35 40 10 42 PRT S. cerevisiae 10 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30 Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 11 44 PRT S. cerevisiae 11 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Gly 20 25 30 Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg 35 40 12 43 PRT S. cerevisiae 12 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30 Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 13 41 PRT S. cerevisiae 13 Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30 Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 14 35 PRT S. cerevisiae 14Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Pro Gly 20 25 30Ala Lys Arg 35 15 35 PRT S. cerevisiae 15Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly 20 25 30Ala Lys Arg 35 16 35 PRT S. cerevisiae 16Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly 20 25 30Ala Lys Arg 35 17 35 PRT S. cerevisiae 17Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly 20 25 30Ala Lys Arg 35 18 35 PRT S. cerevisiae 18Gln Pro Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Arg 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Pro Gly 20 25 30Ala Lys Arg 35 19 47 PRT S. cerevisiae 19Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30Leu Asp Val Val Gly Asn Thr Thr Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 45 20 46 PRT S. cerevisiae 20Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Asn Thr Thr Met Ala Lys Arg 35 40 45 21 41 PRT S. cerevisiae PEPTIDE 1-41 Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10-12, 20, 22, 26 and 28 is alanine/aspartic acid 21Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 22 40 PRT S. cerevisiae 22Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Asp Glu Gly Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp 20 25 30Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 23 40 PRT S. cerevisiae 23Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe Ala Asp Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp 20 25 30Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 24 43 PRT S. cerevisiae 24Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Gly Arg Leu Lys Ile Arg Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu 20 25 30Ala Leu Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 25 41 PRT S. cerevisiae 25Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Asp Gln Ala Ala Ala Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Asp Glu Asp Gly Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 26 40 PRT S. cerevisiae 26Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp 20 25 30Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 27 40 PRT S. cerevisiae 27Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Gln Asp Asp Asp Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg Phe Ala Ala Gln Ala Pro Leu Ala Leu Asp 20 25 30Val Val Asn Leu Ile Ser Met Ala 35 40 28 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 28Gln Pro Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile 20 25 30Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 29 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 29Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile 20 25 30Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 30 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 30Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile 20 25 30Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 31 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 31Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile 20 25 30Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 32 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 32Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Leu Ile 20 25 30Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 35 33 37 PRT S. cerevisiae 33Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly 20 25 30Leu Met Ala Lys Arg 35 34 30 PRT S. cerevisiae 34Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 20 25 30 35 23 PRT S. cerevisiae 35Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys Arg 20 36 124 PRT S. cerevisiae 36Met Lys Leu Lys Thr Val Arg Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Ser Leu Phe Ala 1 5 10 15Ser Gln Val Leu Gly Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr 20 25 30Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln 35 40 45Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Lys 50 55 60Arg Glu Glu Gly Glu Pro Lys Phe Val Asn Gln His Leu Cys Gly Ser65 70 75 80His Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Tyr Leu Val Cys Gly Glu Arg Gly Phe Phe 85 90 95Tyr Thr Pro Lys Ala Ala Lys Gly Ile Val Glu Gln Cys Cys Thr Ser 100 105 110Ile Cys Ser Leu Tyr Gln Leu Glu Asn Tyr Cys Asn 115 120 37 117 PRT S. cerevisiae 37Met Lys Leu Lys Thr Val Arg Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Ser Leu Phe Ala 1 5 10 15Ser Gln Val Leu Gly Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr 20 25 30Ser Val Asn Leu Met Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Gln 35 40 45Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Val Gly Leu Pro Gly Ala Lys Arg 50 55 60Phe Val Asn Gln His Leu Cys Gly Ser His Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Val Cys Gly Glu Arg Gly Phe Phe Tyr Thr Pro Lys Ala Ala Lys 85 90 95Gly Ile Val Glu Gln Cys Cys Thr Ser Ile Cys Ser Leu Tyr Gln Leu 100 105 110Glu Asn Tyr Cys Asn 115 38 45 PRT S. cerevisiae Peptide 1-45 Xaa at positions 1 = Q or S, 23 = A or R, 27 = Q or N, 29-33 = codable amino acid,38 = N or G, and 44-45 is a basic amino acid 38Xaa Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Xaa Phe Ala Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30Xaa Leu Asp Val Val Xaa Leu Ile Ser Met Ala Xaa Xaa 35 40 45 39 44 PRT S. cerevisiae Peptide 1-44 Xaa at positions 1 = Q or S, 23 = A or R, 27 = Q or N, 29-33 = codable amino acid, 38 = N or G, 43-44 = is a basic amino acid 39Xaa Pro Ile Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Gln Thr Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Thr Glu Ser Xaa Phe Ala Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30Xaa Leu Asp Val Val Xaa Leu Pro Gly Ala Xaa Xaa 35 40 40 43 PRT S. cerevisiae Peptide 1-43 Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10-12, 20, 22, 26, 28, 39 = any codable amino acid, preferably A, S or D, and 42-43 = is a basic amino acid 40Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Xaa Met Ala Xaa Xaa 35 40 41 41 PRT S. cerevisiae Peptide 1-41 Xaa (at all positions) = any codable amino acid, preferably A, S or D 41Gln Pro Ile Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Gln Xaa Xaa Xaa Val Asn Leu Met 1 5 10 15Ala Asp Asp Xaa Glu Xaa Ala Phe Ala Xaa Gln Xaa Pro Leu Ala Leu 20 25 30Asp Val Val Asn Leu Ile Xaa Met Ala 35 40 42 19 PRT S. cerevisiae 42Gln Pro Val Ile Ser Thr Thr Val Gly Ser Ala Ala Glu Gly Ser Leu 1 5 10 15Asp Lys Arg 43 6 PRT S. cerevisiae 43Glu Glu Ala Glu Pro Lys 1 5 44 6 PRT S. cerevisiae 44Glu Glu Gly Glu Pro Lys 1 5 45 10 PRT S. cerevisiae 45Glu Glu Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Glu Pro Lys 1 5 10 46 4 PRT S. cerevisiae 46Glu Glu Pro Lys 1 47 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 47Asp Lys Ala Ala Lys1 5 48 7 PRT S. Cerevisiae 48Asp Lys Ser Asp Asp Ala Lys1 5 49 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 49Ser Asp Asp Ala Arg1 5 50 4 PRT S. cerevisiae 50le Glu Gly Arg1 51 6 PRT S. Cerevisiae 51ys Arg Glu Ala Glu Ala1 5 52 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 52hr Leu Ala Gly Gly1 5 53 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 53hr Leu Ala Asp Asp1 5 54 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 54hr Leu Ala Gly Asp1 5 55 4 PRT S. Cerevisiae 55sn Ser Gly Gly1 56 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 56hr Asn Ser Gly Gly1 5 57 5 PRT S. Cerevisiae 57hr Ser Val Gly Gly1 5

Claims

1. A DNA construct for use in transforming a yeast cell encoding a heterologous polypeptide and having the structureSP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene*, whereinSP is a DNA sequence (presequence) encoding a signal peptide, LP is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide (propeptide) wherein N-linked glycosylation is lacking and does not comprise the sequence Gln Pro Val Ile Ser Thr Thr Val Gly Ser Ala Ala Glu Gly Ser Lou Asp Lys Arg (SEQ ID NO:42), PS is a DNA sequence encoding a protease processing site which is optional in both positions, S is a DNA sequence encoding a spacer peptide which is optional, and *gene* is a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide.

2. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP is not O-linked glycosylated.

3. A DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP is O-linked glycosylated.

4. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP does not comprise the consensus N-linked glycosylation sites Asn Xaa Thr/Ser, wherein X is any codable amino acid.

5. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein SP is a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of DNA sequences encoding the S. cerevisiae α-factor signal peptide, the signal peptide of mouse salivary amylase, the yeast carboxypeptidase signal peptide, the yeast aspartic protease 3 signal peptide and the yeast Bar1 signal peptide.

6. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LS is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader sequence of SEQ ID NO:40:wherein Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 26 and 28 are independently any codable amino acid or alanine (Ala), serine (Ser), or aspartic acid (Asp) and the C-terminal Xaa Xaa is an optional dibasic processing site.

7. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LS is a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic leader peptide of SEQ ID NO:41wherein Xaa at positions 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 26 and 28 are independently any codable amino acid or alanine (Ala), serine (Ser), or aspartic acid (Asp).

8. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP codes for a leader peptide selected from the group consisting of LA23, TA54, TA56, TA57, TA59, LA64, TA65, TA67, TA68, TA76, TA77, TA78, TA79, TA80, TA89, TA90, and TA101 of Table 1 herein.

9. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP codes for a leader peptide selected from the group consisting of TA75, TA75.50, TA75.15, TA75.4, TA75.51, TA75.58, and TA75.64 of Table 2 herein.

10. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP codes for a leader peptide selected from the group consisting of TA91, TA92, TA93, TA94, TA95, TA96, TA97, and TA98, of Table 3 herein.

11. The DNA construct of claim 1, further comprising a promoter sequence located at the 5′ end of the DNA sequence encoding the SP-LP-PS-*gene*.

12. An expression cassette comprising the DNA construct of claim 1, a 5′ terminally located promoter sequence and a terminator sequence (T)i located at the 3′ terminal of the structure SP-LP-PS-*gene*, where i is 0 or 1.

13. The DNA construct of claim 1 having the structure SP-LP-PS-*gene*.

14. The DNA construct of claim 13, further comprising a sequence encoding a spacer peptide located at the 5′ end of *gene* and optionally comprises a sequence encoding a protease processing site located between the 3′ end of the sequence encoding said spacer peptide and the 5′ end of said *gene*.

15. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein LP is a DNA sequence encoding a leader peptide of SEQ ID NO:38 or 39whereinXaa at position 1 is Gin or Ser, Xaa at position 23 is Ala or Arg, Xaa at position 27 is Gin or Asn, Xaa at position 29 is any codable amino acid or selected from the group consisting of Thr, Leu, Ala, Val, Asp, Pro, His, Asn, Ser and Gly, Xaa at positions 30-33 are any codable amino acid or selected from the group consisting of Thr, Leu, Ala, Val, Asp, Pro, His, Asn, Ser and Gly, or is absent, Xaa at position 38 is Asn or Gly; and the C-terminal Xaa Xaa is a optional dibasic processing site.

16. The DNA construct of claim 15, wherein Xaa at position 27 is Gln and Xaa at positions 29-33 are not Ser or Thr.

17. The DNA construct of claim 16, wherein Xaa at positions 29-33 is selected from the group consisting of Asn Ala, Thr Leu Ala, Asp Leu Ala, Pro Leu Ala, Thr Leu Ala Gly Gly (SEQ ID NO:52), Thr Leu Ala Asp Asp (SEQ ID NO:53), Thr Leu Ala Gly Asp (SEQ ID NO:54), Asn Ser Gly Gly (SEQ ID NO:55), Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly (SEQ ID NO:56), and Thr Ser Val Gly Gly (SEQ ID NO:57).

18. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein PS is a DNA sequence encoding an endoprotease processing site which allows in vivo processing.

19. A DNA construct of claim 18, wherein the processing site is selected from the group of DNA sequences encoding a dibasic processing site consisting of Lys Arg, Arg Lys, Arg Arg, and Lys Lys.

20. A DNA construct of claim 1, wherein PS is a DNA sequence encoding an endoprotease processing site which allows in vitro processing.

21. A DNA construct of claim 20, wherein the processing site is selected from DNA sequences encoding a monobasic or dibasic processing site comprising the amino acid sequences Lys, Arg, or Lys Arg, Arg Lys, Arg Arg, or Lys Lys.

22. The DNA construct of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of aprotinin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, or other protease inhibitors, insulin or insulin precursors, insulin-like polypeptides, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor II, human or bovine growth hormone, interleukin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide II, GRPP, tissue plasminogen activator, transforming growth factor a or b, platelet-derived growth factor, and enzymes.

23. The DNA construct of claim 22, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of insulin or insulin precursors, insulin-like polypeptides, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor II, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide I, glucagon-like peptide II, and GRPP.

24. A DNA construct of claim 1, further comprising a promoter sequence located at the N-terminal end of the structure SP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene*.

25. The DNA construct of claim 24, wherein the promoter sequence is a yeast promoter sequence.

26. The DNA construct of claim 25, wherein the promoter sequence is the TPI promoter.

27. An expression cassette comprising the DNA construct of claim 1, a 5′ terminally located promoter sequence and a terminator sequence (T)i located at the 3′ terminal of the structure SP-LP-(PS)-(S)-(PS)-*gene*, where i is 0 or 1.

28. The expression cassette of claim 27, wherein i is 1 and T is a DNA sequence encoding the TPI terminator.

29. A yeast expression vector comprising the DNA construct of claim 1.

30. A yeast cell which expresses a heterologous polypeptide and which is transformed with the yeast expression vector of claim 29.

31. The yeast cell of claim 30 selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sacchoromyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sp., Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Geotrichum sp., and Geotrichum fermentans.

32. A process for producing a heterologous polypeptide in yeast, the process comprising culturing a yeast cell transformed with the yeast expression vector of claim 29, in a suitable medium to obtain expression and secretion of the polypeptide, after which the polypeptide is recovered from the medium.

33. The process of claim 32, wherein the yeast cell is selected from the group consisting of S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sacchoromyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sp., Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Geotrichum sp., and Geotrichum fermentans, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

34. A DNA sequence encoding a synthetic prepro-leader peptide lacking the consensus N-linked glycosylation sites Asn Xaa Thr/Ser, wherein X designates any codable amino acid which is not Pro.