The present invention relates generally to a system and method for defining magnetic structures. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for defining magnetic structures using combinations of codes.
Alignment characteristics of magnetic fields have been used to achieve precision movement and positioning of objects. A key principle of operation of an alternating-current (AC) motor is that a permanent magnet will rotate so as to maintain its alignment within an external rotating magnetic field. This effect is the basis for the early AC motors including the “Electro Magnetic Motor” for which Nikola Tesla received U.S. Pat. No. 381,968 on May 1, 1888. On Jan. 19, 1938, Marius Lavet received French Patent 823,395 for the stepper motor which he first used in quartz watches. Stepper motors divide a motor's full rotation into a discrete number of steps. By controlling the times during which electromagnets around the motor are activated and deactivated, a motor's position can be controlled precisely. Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems. They are used in industrial high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machines. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. They are used in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems. They are also used in many commercial products including floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, printers, plotters and the like.
Moreover, commercial, consumer, and industrial products and fabrication processes abound with a myriad of fasteners, latches, hinges, pivots, bearings and other devices that are conventionally based on mechanical strength and shape properties of materials rather than magnetic field properties because the magnetic field properties have been inadequate or otherwise unsuitable for the application.
Therefore there is a need for new magnetic field configurations providing new magnetic field properties that can improve and extend the operation of existing magnetic field devices and potentially bring the benefits of magnetic field operation to new devices and applications heretofore served only by purely mechanical devices.
Briefly, the present invention relates to an improved field emission system and method. The invention pertains to field emission structures comprising electric or magnetic field sources having magnitudes, polarities, and positions corresponding to a desired spatial force function where a spatial force is created based upon the relative alignment of the field emission structures and the spatial force function. The spatial force function may be based on one or more codes. In various embodiments, the code may be modified or varied. The code may be combined with another code. One or more aspects of the code, including spacing and amplitude, may be modulated or dithered according to a predefined pattern. Multiple magnet arrays may be combined, each based on a different code or portion of a code, resulting in a combination spatial force function. Magnet structures having differing field patterns may be used to generate a desired spatial force function related to a cross correlation of the two field patterns.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention field strengths may be varied from magnetic source to magnetic source in accordance with a code. Such a code may be periodic or aperiodic and may be contiguous or non-contiguous.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the locations of magnetic sources in a magnetic structure may be dithered in accordance with a dithering code, for example a pseudorandom dithering code.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the period of a code can be varied across multiple portions to achieve a combinatory correlation function, where a code may have a first period in a first portion of a structure and the same code might have a second period in a second portion of the structure. For example, three modulos of a code might be used to define the polarities of magnetic sources in a first portion of a structure and two modulos of the same code might be used to define the polarities of magnetic sources in a second portion of the structure, where the movement range may be the same for both portions, e.g., in a parallel implementation. Alternatively, the portions may be non-parallel.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a code element may map to a group of printed magnetic sources which may or may not overlap. As such, a magnetic source or group of magnetic sources may comprise any shape or region within a portion of a magnetic structure.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a field emission system comprises a first field emission structure and a second field emission structure. The first and second field emission structures each comprise an array of field emission sources each having positions and polarities relating to a desired spatial force function that corresponds to the relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures within a field domain. The positions and polarities of each field emission source of each array of field emission sources can be determined in accordance with at least one correlation function. The at least one correlation function can be in accordance with at least one code. The at least one code can be at least one of a pseudorandom code, a deterministic code, or a designed code. The at least one code can be a one dimensional code, a two dimensional code, a three dimensional code, or a four dimensional code.
Each field emission source of each array of field emission sources has a corresponding field emission amplitude and vector direction determined in accordance with the desired spatial force function, where a separation distance between the first and second field emission structures and the relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures creates a spatial force in accordance with the desired spatial force function. The spatial force comprises at least one of an attractive spatial force or a repellant spatial force. The spatial force corresponds to a peak spatial force of said desired spatial force function when said first and second field emission structures are substantially aligned such that each field emission source of said first field emission structure substantially aligns with a corresponding field emission source of said second field emission structure. The spatial force can be used to produce energy, transfer energy, move an object, affix an object, automate a function, control a tool, make a sound, heat an environment, cool an environment, affect pressure of an environment, control flow of a fluid, control flow of a gas, and control centrifugal forces.
Under one arrangement, the spatial force is typically about an order of magnitude less than the peak spatial force when the first and second field emission structures are not substantially aligned such that field emission source of the first field emission structure substantially aligns with a corresponding field emission source of said second field emission structure.
A field domain corresponds to field emissions from the array of first field emission sources of the first field emission structure interacting with field emissions from the array of second field emission sources of the second field emission structure.
The relative alignment of the first and second field emission structures can result from a respective movement path function of at least one of the first and second field emission structures where the respective movement path function is one of a one-dimensional movement path function, a two-dimensional movement path function or a three-dimensional movement path function. A respective movement path function can be at least one of a linear movement path function, a non-linear movement path function, a rotational movement path function, a cylindrical movement path function, or a spherical movement path function. A respective movement path function defines movement versus time for at least one of the first and second field emission structures, where the movement can be at least one of forward movement, backward movement, upward movement, downward movement, left movement, right movement, yaw, pitch, and or roll. Under one arrangement, a movement path function would define a movement vector having a direction and amplitude that varies over time.
Each array of field emission sources can be one of a one-dimensional array, a two-dimensional array, or a three-dimensional array. The polarities of the field emission sources can be at least one of North-South polarities or positive-negative polarities. At least one of the field emission sources comprises a magnetic field emission source or an electric field emission source. At least one of the field emission sources can be a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, an electret, a magnetized ferromagnetic material, a portion of a magnetized ferromagnetic material, a soft magnetic material, or a superconductive magnetic material. At least one of the first and second field emission structures can be at least one of a back keeper layer, a front saturable layer, an active intermediate element, a passive intermediate element, a lever, a latch, a swivel, a heat source, a heat sink, an inductive loop, a plating nichrome wire, an embedded wire, or a kill mechanism. At least one of the first and second field emission structures can be a planer structure, a conical structure, a cylindrical structure, a curve surface, or a stepped surface.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of controlling field emissions comprises defining a desired spatial force function corresponding to the relative alignment of a first field emission structure and a second field emission structure within a field domain and establishing, in accordance with the desired spatial force function, a position and polarity of each field emission source of a first array of field emission sources corresponding to the first field emission structure and of each field emission source of a second array of field emission sources corresponding to the second field emission structure.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a field emission system comprises a first field emission structure comprising a plurality of first field emission sources having positions and polarities in accordance with a first correlation function and a second field emission structure comprising a plurality of second field emission source having positions and polarities in accordance with a second correlation function, the first and second correlation functions corresponding to a desired spatial force function, the first correlation function complementing the second correlation function such that each field emission source of said plurality of first field emission sources has a corresponding counterpart field emission source of the plurality of second field emission sources and the first and second field emission structures will substantially correlate when each of the field emission source counterparts are substantially aligned.
In a further aspect, field emission sources may be arranged based on a code having a autocorrelation function with a single maximum peak per code modulo. The first magnet structure and complementary magnet structure may have an operational range of relative position; wherein magnetic force between said first magnet structure and said complementary magnet structure as a function of position within the operational range corresponds to the autocorrelation function. Peak to maximum sidelobe autocorrelation levels available from exemplary codes may include (but not limited to) |N/2|, |2|, |1|, +1, or −1, where the operator “|x|” is absolute value. A sidelobe is a response that is at a position that is off of the main response, typically may be a local maximum response (a secondary peak).
In other aspects, field emission sources may be arranged in one or more rings about a center. In one embodiment, the code for the ring sources may be a cyclic code. One or more additional magnetic field sources may be added. The ring structure may include a mechanical constraint, for example, a spindle or alternatively a shell, to limit lateral motion and allow rotational motion.
In a further aspect, a mechanical limit may be provided in conjunction with magnetic mounting of a panel to assist in supporting the panel, while still allowing a release mechanism requiring less force for release than the holding force of the magnetic mounting.
In several aspect of the invention, the magnet structure may comprise magnetic components arranged according to a variable code, the variable code may comprise a polarity code and/or a spacing code. The variable code may comprise a random or pseudorandom code, for example, but not limited to a Barker code, an LFSR code, a Kasami code, a Gold code, Golomb ruler code, and a Costas array. The magnetic field components may be individual magnets or different magnetized portions in a single contiguous piece of magnet material.
Specific variations include two dimensional codes found by the inventors.
These and further benefits and features of the present invention are herein described in detail with reference to exemplary embodiments in accordance with the invention.
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
FIG. 14A1 and FIG. 14A2 depict an exemplary magnetic system of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5;
FIG. 14B1 and FIG. 14B2 depict an exemplary magnetic system of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 1.67;
FIG. 14E1 and FIG. 14E2 depict another exemplary magnetic system of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5;
FIG. 14F1 and FIG. 14F2 depict yet another exemplary magnetic system of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5;
FIG. 14I1 and FIG. 14I2 depict still another exemplary magnetic system of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5;
FIG. 14L1, FIG. 14L2 and FIG. 14L3 depict the correlation of one of the magnetic structures of
The present invention will now be described more fully in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention should not, however, be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
The present invention provides a system and method for defining magnetic structures using combinations of codes. It involves magnetic techniques related to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,800,471, issued Sep. 21, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,868,721, issued Jan. 11, 2011, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/476,952, filed Jun. 2, 2009, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/885,450, filed Sep. 18, 2010, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention may be applicable to systems and methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,681,256, issued Mar. 23, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,750,781, issued Jul. 6, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,755,462, issued Jul. 13, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,698, issued Oct. 12, 2010, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,817,002, 7,817,003, 7,817,004, 7,817,005, and 7,817,006, issued Oct. 19, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,821,367, issued Oct. 26, 2010, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,823,300 and 7,824,083, issued Nov. 2, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,839,247, issued Nov. 23, 2010, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,843,295, 7,843,296, and 7,843,297, issued Nov. 30, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 7,893,803, issued Feb. 22, 2011, U.S. Pat. No. 7,834,729, issued Nov. 16, 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/322,561, filed Feb. 4, 2009, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/479,821, filed Jun. 7, 2009, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/496,463, filed Jul. 1, 2009, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/894,837, 12/895,061, and 12/895,589, filed Sep. 30, 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/896,383, 12/896,424, 12/896,453, and 12/896,723, filed Oct. 1, 2010, which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The invention may also incorporate techniques described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/403,814, filed Sep. 22, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/404,147, filed Sep. 27, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/455,820, filed Oct. 27, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/459,329, filed Dec. 10, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/459,994, filed Dec. 22, 2010, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/461,570, filed Jan. 21, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61,426,715, filed Feb. 7, 2011, which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a magnetic device comprises a first magnetic structure and a second magnetic structure. The first magnetic structure has a first plurality of portions each having a plurality of magnetic sources, where the polarities of the magnetic sources of each of the first plurality of portions are defined in accordance with a corresponding first plurality of codes. The second magnetic structure has a second plurality of portions each having a plurality of magnetic sources, where the polarities of the magnetic sources of each of the second plurality of portions are defined in accordance with a corresponding second plurality of codes. The possible combinations of the magnetic sources of the first plurality of portions of the first magnetic structure and the second plurality of portions of the second magnetic structure produce forces are in accordance with a spatial force function determined by the possible combinations of the first plurality of codes and the second plurality of codes. The movement of the first magnetic structure relative to the second magnetic structure can be constrained either rotationally or translationally. The magnetic sources employed in the invention may be permanent magnetic sources, electromagnets, electro-permanent magnets, or combinations thereof. Magnetic sources may be discrete magnets or may be magnetized into magnetizable material.
Correlated Magnetics Technology
This section is provided to introduce the reader to basic magnets and the new and revolutionary correlated magnetic technology. This section includes subsections relating to basic magnets, correlated magnets, and correlated electromagnetics. It should be understood that this section is provided to assist the reader with understanding the present invention, and should not be used to limit the scope of the present invention.
A. Magnets
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field which is a vector field that has a direction and a magnitude (also called strength). Referring to
B. Correlated Magnets
Correlated magnets can be created in a wide variety of ways depending on the particular application as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,800,471 and 7,868,721 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/476,952 by using a unique combination of magnet arrays (referred to herein as magnetic field emission sources or magnetic sources), correlation theory (commonly associated with probability theory and statistics) and coding theory (commonly associated with communication systems). A brief discussion is provided next to explain how these widely diverse technologies are used in a unique and novel way to create correlated magnets.
Basically, correlated magnets are made from a combination of magnetic (or electric) field emission sources which have been configured in accordance with a pre-selected code having desirable correlation properties. Thus, when a magnetic field emission structure (or magnetic structure) is brought into alignment with a complementary, or mirror image, magnetic field emission structure the various magnetic field emission sources will all align causing a peak spatial attraction force to be produced, while the misalignment of the magnetic field emission structures cause the various magnetic field emission sources to substantially cancel each other out in a manner that is a function of the particular code used to design the two magnetic field emission structures. In contrast, when a magnetic field emission structure is brought into alignment with a duplicate magnetic field emission structure then the various magnetic field emission sources all align causing a peak spatial repelling force to be produced, while the misalignment of the magnetic field emission structures causes the various magnetic field emission sources to substantially cancel each other out in a manner that is a function of the particular code used to design the two magnetic field emission structures.
The aforementioned spatial forces (attraction, repelling) have a magnitude that is a function of the relative alignment of two magnetic field emission structures and their corresponding spatial force (or correlation) function, the spacing (or distance) between the two magnetic field emission structures, and the magnetic field strengths and polarities of the various sources making up the two magnetic field emission structures. The spatial force functions can be used to achieve precision alignment and precision positioning not possible with basic magnets. Moreover, the spatial force functions can enable the precise control of magnetic fields and associated spatial forces thereby enabling new forms of attachment devices for attaching objects with precise alignment and new systems and methods for controlling precision movement of objects. An additional unique characteristic associated with correlated magnets relates to the situation where the various magnetic field sources making-up two magnetic field emission structures can effectively cancel out each other when they are brought out of alignment which is described herein as a release force. This release force is a direct result of the particular correlation coding used to configure the magnetic field emission structures.
There are many different types of codes that have different correlation properties which have been used in communications for channelization purposes, energy spreading, modulation, and other purposes. Many of the basic characteristics of such codes make them applicable for use in producing the magnetic field emission structures described herein. For example, Barker codes are known for their autocorrelation properties and can be used to configure correlated magnets.
The magnets of each array 304 and 305 are fixed in relation to one another within each array, but the arrays are movable in relation to one another. In particular the arrays may be moved laterally along the interface boundary 305 relative to one another.
The polarities of magnets in this disclosure are typically referred to in relation to the face of the magnet exposed to the interface boundary unless the context is clearly otherwise. Thus, the magnets of array 304 are opposite in polarity to the magnets of array 306.
Magnet structures 304 and 306 are referred to as complementary magnet structures. The magnet structures are complementary in that each magnet of 306 has a corresponding magnet of 304 and that the two magnet arrays may be positioned so that all corresponding magnet structures act on one another simultaneously across the interface boundary. The corresponding magnet polarities may be opposite, as shown, producing a strong attracting force, or may be the same (not shown) producing a strong repelling force, when the forces between all of the magnet pairs are summed.
The magnets of each structure 304 or 306 should be equal in strength in accordance with the Barker code, however, the magnet arrays need not have the same strength. For example each magnet of array 306 may be twice the strength of each magnet of 304 and the resulting forces will be scaled accordingly.
Although, a Barker code is used in various examples in this disclosure, other types of codes may also be applicable to correlated magnets because of their autocorrelation, cross-correlation, or other properties. These codes may include, but are not limited to: Gold codes, Kasami sequences, hyperbolic congruential codes, quadratic congruential codes, linear congruential codes, Welch-Costas array codes, Golomb-Costas array codes, pseudorandom codes, maximal length PN codes, chaotic codes, Optimal Golomb Ruler codes, deterministic codes, designed codes, one dimensional codes, two dimensional codes, three dimensional codes, or four dimensional codes, combinations thereof.
In a case where a code of a specific length is required and a high performance code such as a Barker code or maximal length PN code is not available for that length, one may often truncate or pad another known high performing code to achieve the desired length. The resulting altered code will often be degraded only slightly and may be usable. For example if a code of length 12 is desired, one may select a Barker 13 and remove a +1 from the end. Alternatively one may select a Barker 11 and add another +1 to the end to achieve a length of 12.
The Barker code example uses equal magnitude code elements at equal spacing, varying in polarity. Other codes may vary the spacing and/or magnitude and/or polarity. The Barker code example uses a discrete position to define the code. Other codes may use a continuous function to define the code and magnet structure.
The attraction functions of
In the above examples, the correlated magnets 304, 306, 402, 406, 502, 508, 604 and 610 overcome the normal ‘magnet orientation’ behavior with the aid of a holding mechanism such as an adhesive, a screw, a bolt & nut, etc. . . . . In other cases, magnets of the same magnetic field emission structure could be sparsely separated from other magnets (e.g., in a sparse array) such that the magnetic forces of the individual magnets do not substantially interact, in which case the polarity of individual magnets can be varied in accordance with a code without requiring a holding mechanism to prevent magnetic forces from ‘flipping’ a magnet. However, magnets are typically close enough to one another such that their magnetic forces would substantially interact to cause at least one of them to ‘flip’ so that their moment vectors align but these magnets can be made to remain in a desired orientation by use of a holding mechanism such as an adhesive, a screw, a bolt & nut, etc. . . . . As such, correlated magnets often utilize some sort of holding mechanism to form different magnetic field emission structures which can be used in a wide-variety of applications like, for example, a turning mechanism, a tool insertion slot, alignment marks, a latch mechanism, a pivot mechanism, a swivel mechanism, a lever, a drill head assembly, a hole cutting tool assembly, a machine press tool, a gripping apparatus, a slip ring mechanism, and a structural assembly.
C. Correlated Electromagnetics
Correlated magnets can entail the use of electromagnets which is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. The polarity of the magnetic field is determined by the direction of the electric current and the magnetic field disappears when the current ceases. Following are a couple of examples in which arrays of electromagnets are used to produce a first magnetic field emission structure that is moved over time relative to a second magnetic field emission structure which is associated with an object thereby causing the object to move.
Defining Magnetic Structures Using Combinations of Codes
In accordance with the present invention, a plurality of codes is used to define magnetic source characteristics of a plurality of portions of a magnetic structure. Under one arrangement, a first plurality of codes is used to define magnetic source characteristics of a plurality of portions of a first magnetic structure and a second plurality of codes is used to define magnetic source characteristics of a plurality of portions of a second magnetic structure, where the first and second pluralities of codes may be complementary (i.e., mirror images). The possible combinations of the magnetic sources of the portions of the two magnetic structures produce magnetic forces that are in accordance with a spatial force function corresponding to the possible alignment combinations of the first plurality of codes and the second plurality of codes and thus the possible alignment combinations of the magnetic sources having characteristics defined by the first and second plurality of codes. As such, the correlation functions of the codes that define the characteristics of the magnetic sources that make up the magnetic structures combine to produce a combinatory correlation function when the portions of the magnetic structure collaborate over a given translational and/or rotational range of movement. The range of movement may be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional, and movement of either magnetic structure may be constrained or not constrained. For example, the relative movement of two magnetic structures may be constrained to up-down movement, side-to-side movement, full rotation about an axis, partial rotations about an axis, and so on. Portions of magnetic structures can also be constrained yet configured to move independently from one another. By combining different codes, many magnetic force characteristics can be produced whereby tensile force characteristics, shear force characteristics, torque characteristics, and relative movement characteristics can be controlled, and deficiencies in correlation characteristics of the individual codes can even be overcome.
A range of movement of the coded portions of two magnetic structures may typically be determined over some relative distance and/or rotation (i.e., degrees rotation) and the correlation functions of each of the codes used to define the magnetic sources in the portions of the magnetic structures can be mapped to that range of movement. As such, the correlation functions combine (add and subtract forces) over the range of movement to produce a spatial force function that is a composite of the correlation functions of the combination of codes corresponding to the portions of the two magnetic structures. The range of movement may be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional and may, for example, correspond to a straight line, a curved line, an arc, a plane, a three dimensional surface, or a three-dimensional contour across such a surface. The magnetic sources employed in the invention may be permanent magnetic sources but they can also be electromagnets, electro-permanent magnets, or combinations thereof. As such, the correlation functions of one or more codes making up a code combination may vary dynamically in time (i.e., a fourth dimension). Moreover, the range of movement may itself move such as from one location to another across an array of electromagnets or electro-permanent magnets under programmatic control. Permanent magnetic sources may be discrete magnets or may be magnetized into magnetizable material (e.g., magnetically printed).
Additionally, although the exemplary code combinations provided herein involve polarity patterns where the magnetic field strengths can be considered to be the same for each magnetic source, many coding techniques can be employed that vary different attributes of the magnetic sources such as magnetic source size, shape, overlapping, depth, magnetic field strength, spatial frequency, and the like. Generally, any attribute of a magnetic source, such as the magnetization direction of a printed magnetic source (i.e., maxel) (a maxel is a magnetic pixel, or simply a magnetic element) can be varied in accordance with one or more codes. In this disclosure, embodiments described in relation to maxels may be implemented using discrete magnets, magnetized portions of continuous magnet material, or other magnetic field sources and vice versa. Barker codes, which have desirable autocorrelation properties, are used for several of the examples provided herein, but many other coding patterns can also be used in accordance with the invention.
One interesting aspect of combinational coding of complementary magnetic structures is that complementary (i.e., mirror image) polarity patterns can be applied to either of two structures to produce the same combinatory correlation function, but which one of the two complementary polarity patterns is applied to a given portion can be selected to take into account adjoining portion polarity patterns so as to affect code density (i.e., polarity changes per unit area) and therefore increase shunting (i.e., shortest path) effects between magnetic sources so as to affect shear forces and/or force vs. separation distance curves of the two structures.
Furthermore, although autocorrelation characteristics between two complementary magnetic structures are most often described in accordance with the invention, the cross-correlation characteristics of two structures each having multiple portions coded in accordance with multiple codes can be similarly assessed whereby cross-correlation functions can be combined in the same manner as autocorrelation functions.
Two interesting combinations of Barker codes involve nesting of multiple Barker codes having all the possible Barker code lengths (i.e., 13, 11, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2), where either of the two forms of Barker 4 codes can be used (i.e., 4a =++−+ and 4b=+++−) and only the +− form of Barker 2 codes is used. Such codes could be defined as Barker 13(Barker 11(Barker 7(Barker 5(Barker 4a(Barker 3(Barker 2)))))) and Barker 13(Barker 11(Barker 7(Barker 5(Barker 4b(Barker 3(Barker 2)))))). As described previously, complementary codes can be employed at any given nesting level. For example, the Barker 13 level can be either +++++−−++−+−+ or ++−−+−+− and then, for each + or − symbol of either Barker 13 implementation, the Barker 11 level can be either +++−−−+−−+− or −−−+++−++−+ and, so on. As such, many possible nesting combinations can be employed in translational and/or rotational implementations. And, for a given nested code combination of multiple Barker codes as implemented there is a corresponding complementary (i.e., mirror image) nested code combination. Such code nesting can also be implemented using codes other than Barker codes and using combinations of Barker codes and other codes.
Referring to
FIG. 14A1 and 14A2 depict an exemplary magnetic system 1400 of two complementary magnetic structures 1402a 1402b comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5. As the first magnetic structure 1402a moves across the second magnetic structure 1402b the nine relative alignments produce a correlation function of −1 0 1 2 5 2 1 0 −1, where the peak force is 5 and maximum off peak force is 2. The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(5/2) or 2.5.
FIG. 14A2 is a table showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
FIG. 14B1 and FIG. 14B2 depict an exemplary magnetic system 1403 of two complementary magnetic structures 1404a 1404b comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 1.67. As the first magnetic structure 1404a moves across the second magnetic structure 1404b the nine relative alignments produce a correlation function of 1 0 −3 0 5 0 −3 0 1, where the peak force is 5 and maximum off peak force is −3. The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(5/−3) or 1.67.
FIG. 14B2 is a table showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
FIG. 14E1 and FIG. 14E2 depict another exemplary magnetic system 1411 of two complementary magnetic structures 1412a 1412b comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5. As the first magnetic structure 1412a moves across the second magnetic structure 1412b the nine relative alignments produce a correlation function of −1 −2 −1 2 5 2 −1 −2 −1, where the peak force is 5 and maximum off peak force is 2 (or −2). The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(5/2) or ABS(5/−2) or 2.5.
FIG. 14E2 is a table showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
FIG. 14F1 and FIG. 14F2 depict yet another exemplary magnetic system 1413 of two complementary magnetic structures comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5. As the first magnetic structure 1414a moves across the second magnetic structure 1414b the nine relative alignments produce a correlation function of −1 2 −1 −2 5 −2 −1 2 −1, where the peak force is 5 and maximum off peak force is 2 (or −2). The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(5/2) or ABS(5/−2) or 2.5.
FIG. 14F2 is a table showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
FIG. 14I1 and FIG. 14I2 depict still another exemplary magnetic system 1421 of two complementary magnetic structures 1422a 1422b comprising one-dimensional arrays of magnetic sources coded in accordance with a code having a peak force to maximum off peak force ratio of 2.5. As the first magnetic structure 1422a moves across the second magnetic structure 1422b the nine relative alignments produce a correlation function of 1 −2 −1 0 5 0 −1 −2 1, where the peak force is 5 and maximum off peak force is −2. The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(5/−2) or 2.5.
FIG. 14I2 is a table showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
FIG. 14L1, FIG. 14L2, and FIG. 14L3 depict the correlation of one of the magnetic structures 1402a 1404a of
FIG. 14L2 and FIG. 14L3 are tables showing the steps of the calculation of the autocorrelation value. Column “P” is the position number from 1 to 9. Column V is the correlation or force value. Column “Pattern” shows the overlay pattern at that shift value.
By constraining the combined arrays such that the first portion 1402a of the first magnetic structure aligns with the first portion 1412a of the second magnetic structure while in parallel the second portion 1404a of the first magnetic structure aligns with the second portion 1414a of the second magnetic structure, the two correlation functions of the respective portions add to produce a combined correlation function of 2 0 2 6 −2 −4 −2 0 0, where the peak force is 6 and maximum off peak force is −4. The peak force to maximum off peak force ratio equals ABS(6/−4) or 1.5. One may observe that FIG. 14L1 provides an example of cross-correlation as opposed to autocorrelation. As such, the peak force to maximum off peak force, which is useful to compare autocorrelation properties, but is not useful for comparing cross-correlation. Instead, for cross-correlation it is desirable that all alignments have a low value relative to the peak force when either magnetic structure is achieves peak autocorrelation, when both structures would produce a peak force of 10. As such, it would be desirable, for example, that the peak force produced for all cross-correlation alignments is no more than some relatively smaller number, for example, 2. Under one arrangement, desirable cross correlation properties would involve 0 force produced for all alignments. Under another arrangement desirable, cross correlation properties would involve repel forces for all alignments. Under yet another arrangement, desirable cross correlation properties would involve only repel or zero forces for all alignments.
Summary of Coded Magnet Patterns
Magnet patterns have been shown for basic linear and two dimensional arrays. Linear codes may be applied to generate linear magnet arrays arranged in straight lines, curves, circles, or zigzags. The magnetic axes may be axial or radial to the curved lines or surfaces. Two dimensional codes may be applied to generate two dimensional magnet arrays conforming to flat or curved surfaces, such as planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, and other shapes. In addition, compound shapes may be formed, such as stepped flats and more.
Magnet applications typically involve mechanical constraints such as rails, bearings, sleeves, pins, etc that force the assembly to operate along the dimensions of the code. Several known types of codes can be applied to linear, rotational, and two-dimensional configurations. Some configurations with lateral and rotational and vertical and tilt degrees of freedom may be satisfied with known codes tested and selected for the additional degrees of freedom. Computer search can also be used to find special codes.
Thus, the application of codes to generate arrangements of magnets with new interaction force profiles and new magnetic properties enables new devices with new capabilities.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a continuation of non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/481,554, titled: “System and Method for Defining Magnetic Structures”, filed May 25, 2012, by Fullerton et al.; which is a continuation-in-part of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/351,203, titled “A Key System For Enabling Operation Of A Device”, filed Jan. 16, 2012, by Fullerton et al, Ser. Nos. 13/481,554 also claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of provisional application 61/519,664, titled “System and Method for Defining Magnetic Structures”, filed May 25, 2011 by Roberts et al.; Ser. No. 13/351,203 is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13,157,975, titled “Magnetic Attachment System With Low Cross Correlation”, filed Jun. 10, 2011, by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,098,122, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/952,391, titled: “Magnetic Attachment System”, filed Nov. 23, 2010 by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,961,069; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/478,911, titled “Magnetically Attachable and Detachable Panel System” filed Jun. 5, 2009 by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,843,295; Ser. No. 12/952,391 is also a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/478,950, titled “Magnetically Attachable and Detachable Panel Method,” filed Jun. 5, 2009 by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,843,296; Ser. No. 12/952,391 is also a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/478,969, titled “Coded Magnet Structures for Selective Association of Articles,” filed Jun. 5, 2009 by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,843,297; Ser. No. 12/952,391 is also a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/479,013, titled “Magnetic Force Profile System Using Coded Magnet Structures,” filed Jun. 5, 2009 by Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,839,247; the preceding four applications above are each a continuation-in-part of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 12/476,952 filed Jun. 2, 2009, by Fullerton et al., titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, which is a continuation-in-part of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 12/322,561, filed Feb. 4, 2009 by Fullerton et al., titled “System and Method for Producing an Electric Pulse”, U.S. Pat. No. 8,115,581, which is a continuation-in-part application of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 12/358,423, filed Jan. 23, 2009 by Fullerton et al., titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,868,721 which is a continuation-in-part application of Non-provisional application Ser. No. 12/123,718, filed May 20, 2008 by Fullerton et al., titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,800,471, which claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of United States Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/123,019, filed Apr. 4, 2008 by Fullerton, titled “A Field Emission System and Method”. The applications and patents listed above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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