Patent Grant
10546360
The present invention relates generally to the field of digital image processing and, more particularly to protective encoding and authentication of digital images.
This section is intended to provide a background or context to the disclosed embodiments. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
The proliferation of digital cameras and camera-equipped smartphones, along with sophisticated image processing software such as Adobe Photoshop® have made it extremely easy to alter digital photographs, and such doctored photographs are appearing with increasing frequency. Conventional digital forensic techniques use variations of statistical analysis to detect alterations due to cloning, resampling, splicing and the like. While useful in many different contexts, these techniques are not capable of authenticating every individual pixel in a digital image.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to encoding digital images at the time of their creation so that any alteration to even a single pixel can later be detected. In one embodiment, a method for encoding a digital image includes: capturing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixel rows; partitioning the digital image into a first plurality of pixel rows, a second plurality of pixel rows, and a remaining pixel row; generating a first code from the first plurality of pixel rows; overlaying the second plurality of pixel rows with an image representing the first code; generating a second code from the second plurality of pixel rows; generating a third code based on the first code and the second code; and encoding the first code, the second code and the third code into the remaining row of pixels.
In one embodiment, generating the first code includes: extracting first pixel data from the first plurality of pixel rows; and hashing the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first hash code.
In one embodiment, the encoding method further includes: selecting a first character of the first hash code; randomly selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from an ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the first randomly-ordered character set is assigned a position code; matching the first character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in the first randomly ordered character set; and replacing the first character of the first hash code with a character from a reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set.
In one embodiment, the encoding method further includes: selecting a next character of the first hash code; matching the next character of the first hash code to a corresponding character in a next randomly ordered character set; replacing the next character of the first hash code with a character from the reference character set at the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly ordered character set; and repeating the operations until the first hash code is exhausted, wherein the first code is generated.
In one embodiment, overlaying the second plurality of pixel rows with an image representing the first code includes: initializing each pixel in the second plurality of pixel rows; partitioning the second plurality of pixel rows into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows; and mapping an image of the first code to the first subset of pixels.
In one embodiment, the encoding method further includes collecting metadata and encoding the metadata into the second subset of pixel rows, where encoding the metadata includes: selecting a first character of the metadata for encoding; selecting a first randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets, wherein each character in the randomly ordered character set is assigned a position code; matching the first character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set; converting the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set into a three-digit base-n number; and encoding a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.
In one embodiment, encoding the metadata further includes: selecting a next character of the metadata for encoding; selecting a next randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets; matching the next character of the metadata to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set; converting the position code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set into a next three-digit base-n number; encoding a next pixel in the second subset of pixel rows with an RGB color code comprising the next three-digit base-n number; and repeating the operations until the metadata is exhausted. In one embodiment, any remaining pixels in the second plurality of pixel rows with random RGB color codes based on random 3-digit base-n numbers.
In one embodiment, generating the second code includes extracting second pixel data from the second plurality of pixel rows and hashing the second pixel data using a second hashing function to generate the second code.
In one embodiment, encoding the first code, the second code and the third code into the remaining row of pixels includes: encoding each pixel of the remaining row of pixels with RGB color codes based on random 3-digit base-n numbers; reserving a first subset of pixels of the remaining row of pixels for the third code; encoding the first code, the second code and the position codes as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes into predetermined pixel locations in the remaining row of pixels; excluding the first subset of pixels, hashing the pixel data of the remaining line using a third hashing function to generate the third code; and encoding the third code into the first subset of pixels as 3-digit base-n RGB color codes.
In one embodiment, a method for authenticating a digital image includes: receiving a digital image comprising a plurality of pixel rows; partitioning the digital image into a first plurality of pixel rows, a second plurality of pixel rows, and a remaining row of pixels; extracting a first code from a first subset of pixel locations in the remaining row of pixels; excluding the first subset of pixel locations, extracting first pixel data from all other pixels in the remaining row of pixels; hashing the first pixel data using a first hashing function to generate a first comparison code; and comparing the first code to the first comparison code to determine if the remaining row of pixels has been altered.
In one embodiment, the authentication method further includes extracting a second code from a second subset of pixels in the remaining row of pixels; extracting second pixel data from the second plurality of pixel rows; hashing the second pixel data using a second hashing function to generate a second comparison code; and comparing the second code to the second comparison code to determine if the second plurality of pixel rows has been altered.
In one embodiment, the authentication method further includes: extracting a third code from a third subset of pixels in the remaining row of pixels; extracting third pixel data from the first plurality of pixel rows; hashing the third pixel data using a third hashing function to generate a third comparison code; and comparing the third code to the third comparison code to determine if the first plurality of pixel rows has been altered.
In one embodiment, the authentication method further includes: extracting position codes from a fourth subset of pixels in the remaining row of pixels; decoding the position codes to obtain an index to a first randomly-ordered character set in an ordered plurality of randomly-ordered character sets, wherein each character in the randomly ordered character sets is assigned a position code; partitioning the second plurality of pixel rows into a first subset of pixel rows and a second subset of pixel rows; extracting pixel data from the second subset of pixel rows; and decoding metadata from the second subset of pixel rows.
In one embodiment, decoding the metadata may include: decoding a first pixel of the second subset of pixel rows to obtain a first position code; selecting the first randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets based on the index; selecting a character in the first randomly-ordered character set at the first position code; decoding a next pixel of the second subset of pixel rows to obtain a next position code; selecting a next randomly-ordered character set from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets; selecting a character in the next randomly-ordered character set at the next position code; and repeating the operations until the metadata is exhausted.
Other disclosed embodiments include apparatus and computer program products for performing the encoding and authentication methods.
Various disclosed embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not of limitation, by referring to the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, details and descriptions are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various disclosed embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the various embodiments may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these details and descriptions.
As used herein, the terms “component,” “module,” “system” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal).
Various aspects, embodiments or features will be presented in terms of systems that may include a number of devices, components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional devices, components, modules, and so on, and/or may not include all of the devices, components, modules and so on, discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches may also be used.
Additionally, in the subject description, the word “exemplary” is used to mean serving as an example, instance or illustration. Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete manner.
It will be appreciated that for ease of explanation, digital image processing operations are described herein as operating “on” or “in” a digital image (e.g., encoding or decoding pixels, replacing rows of pixels, etc.). It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that such operations may be performed as file operations using data representations of the digital images that may be stored in memory and various data structures, image buffers, registers and the like.
Additionally, terms such as “random,” “random-selected,” “randomly-ordered” and the like are used throughout the following description. It will be appreciated that such terms may refer to random processes or pseudorandom processes, which are random-like but nevertheless deterministic. A process for selecting numbers or values may rely on a truly random physical phenomenon such as sampled electrical noise. Additionally, it is known in the art that a pseudorandom sequence of any arbitrary length, using any arbitrary set of numbers or characters, can be generated using registers, adders and feedback.
In one embodiment, a method for encoding a digital image begins by capturing the image with, for example, a smartphone. The image may have any preset resolution, but for the purpose of the present description, it is assumed that the image is a 600 pixel by 800 pixel RGB encoded image. That is, the image is 600 pixels wide and contains 800 rows of pixels. As is known in the art, each pixel may be encoded using three 8-bit bytes of data, one byte each for RED, GREEN and BLUE luminosity. This system provides for 2563 or 16,777,216 combinations. Conventionally, an RGB color code of (0,0,0) represents pure black (zero luminosity) while an RGB color code of (255,255,255) represents pure white of the highest luminosity. That convention will be used throughout the following description.
As will be described in greater detail below, embodiments of the encoding methodology employed herein uses a limited number of RGB color codes to embed a corresponding limited number of characters into a digital image. In particular, the limited number of characters may be encoded into the “lowest” RGB color codes. For example, if the character set is a standard 128 character ASCII character set, then all 128 characters could be coded with RGB color codes from (0,0,1) through (0,0,128) in base 10. However this coding scheme would produce pixels with no RED or BLUE luminosity and steadily increasing GREEN luminosity (up to 50% of maximum) with higher numbered character codes. Such coding could easily be visually perceived by a human observer, revealing an aspect of the encoding scheme.
Alternatively, the decimal character codes can be expressed in a lower base numbering system. For example, a three-digit base-n numbering system is capable of coding n3 codes. For n=5, it is possible to uniquely code up to 125 characters in base-5 RGB color codes from (0,0,0)5 to (4,4,4)5, or 124 codes from (0,0,1)5 through (4,4,4)5 where the subscript 5 indicates the base. Accordingly, all but 4 of the standard ASCII characters can be encoded into RGB color codes in a base 5 numbering system and, advantageously, will be indistinguishable from black to the naked eye at such low intensities. It will be appreciated that lower or higher base number may be used to accommodate lower or higher numbers of characters.
As will be described in greater detail below, embodiments of the encoding methodology employed herein also use hashing functions operating on image data to generate multiple hash codes. Hash functions are known in the art and accordingly are not described in detail. A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size, with slight differences in input data producing very big differences in output data. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, hash sums, or simply hashes. Hash values are commonly used to differentiate between data.
A cryptographic hash function is a deterministic procedure that takes an arbitrary block of data and returns a fixed-size bit string, the (cryptographic) hash value, such that an accidental or intentional change to the data will change the hash value. The data to be encoded is often called the “message”, and the hash value is sometimes called the message digest or simply digest. The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main properties: (1) it is easy to compute the hash value for any given message, (2) it is infeasible to find a message that has a given hash, (3) it is infeasible to modify a message without changing its hash, and (4) it is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash.
It is also know in the art that any “message” may be “salted” before it is hashed in order to provide additional security. A salt is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes a password or passphrase. The salt may be prepended, appended or interspersed within the message.
The digital image 401 may be accompanied by metadata 402. For example, if the image encoding apparatus 100 includes GPS capability, the metadata 402 may include the GPS coordinates where of the digital image was captured. The metadata 402 may also include a GPS accuracy (e.g., if an enhanced GPS service is available), a date and time from a time server or a local clock, a date and time source name if the date and time data is obtained from a server, a device ID, a device operating system and version, a user ID, an organization ID, an assigned group name, and a reverse geocoded address if such a service is available to the image encoding apparatus via a wireless connection such as a cellular connection or a WiFi connection.
In one embodiment, some or all of the metadata may be used to overwrite portions of the first plurality of pixel rows as illustrated in
Aspects of character encoding include the use of a rotating buffer structure as illustrated in
An exemplary encoding process is illustrated in
Returning now to
It will be appreciated that additional operations may be performed on the first code to provide additional levels of encoding and encryption. For example, the encoded characters in the first code may be translated and/or transposed according to a predetermined algorithm. Such algorithms are known in the art and, accordingly, are not described in detail herein.
Returning now to
In operation 1203, the first character of the metadata is matched to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set. In operation 1204, the position-based code of the corresponding character in the first randomly-ordered character set is converted into a three-digit base-n number (e.g., a 3-digit base-5 number). In operation 1205, a first pixel in the second subset of pixel rows is encoded with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number.
In operation 1206, a next character of the metadata is selected for encoding. In operation 1207, a next randomly-ordered character set is selected from the ordered plurality of randomly ordered-character sets. In operation 1208, the next character of the metadata is matched to a corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set. In operation 1209, the position-based code of the corresponding character in the next randomly-ordered character set is converted into a next three-digit base-n number. In operation 1210, a next pixel in the second subset of pixel rows is encoded with an RGB color code comprising the three-digit base-n number. These operations are iterated until the metadata is exhausted (operation 1211), wherein any remaining unencoded pixels in the second subset of pixels are randomized by encoding the pixels with random 3-digit base-n RGB color codes.
Returning to
Returning now to
In one embodiment, if alteration to the first or second plurality of pixel rows is detected, it is possible to determine if the alteration has tampered with the overlaid metadata in the first plurality of pixel rows or with the encoded metadata in the second plurality of pixel rows.
After the metadata is decoded it may be compared with the printed metadata in the first plurality of pixels to identify any differences in the two data sets.
It will be appreciated that the methods described herein, and their associated apparatus and computer program products may be modified by those of skill in the art while retaining the inventive features. For example, rather than recruiting rows from the original digital image for the second plurality of pixel rows and the remaining row of pixels by partitioning the original digital image, rows could be added to the original digital image to provide for the second plurality of pixel rows and the remaining row. In one embodiment, the second plurality of rows could be omitted entirely, such that the remaining row is encoded with the first code and the third code, but not the second code.
It is to be understood that the embodiments and features that are described herein may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. Various embodiments described herein are described in the general context of methods or processes, which may be implemented in one embodiment by a computer program product, embodied in a computer-readable medium, including computer-executable instructions, such as program code, executed by computers in networked environments. As noted above, a memory and/or a computer-readable medium may include removable and non-removable storage devices including, but not limited to, Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), compact discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVD) and the like. Therefore, the disclosed embodiments can be implemented on non-transitory computer readable media. When implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer-executable instructions, associated data structures and program modules represent examples of program code for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps or processes.
The various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Additionally, at least one processor may comprise one or more modules operable to perform one or more of the steps and/or actions described above.
For a software implementation, the techniques described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor and/or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor through various means as is known in the art. Further, at least one processor may include one or more modules operable to perform the functions described herein.
Moreover, various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier or media. For example, computer-readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips, etc.), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), etc.), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., EPROM, card, stick, key drive, etc.). Additionally, various storage media described herein can represent one or more devices and/or other machine-readable media for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” can include, without being limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing, and/or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. Additionally, a computer program product may include a computer readable medium having one or more instructions or codes operable to cause a computer to perform the functions described herein.
Further, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor, such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Further, in some embodiments, the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Additionally, in some embodiments, the steps and/or actions of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and/or instructions on a machine readable medium and/or computer readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
While the foregoing disclosure discusses illustrative embodiments, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, the described embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the described embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any embodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other embodiments, unless stated otherwise.
To the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, the term “or” as used in either the detailed description or the claims is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from the context, the phrase “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, the phrase “X employs A or B” is satisfied by any of the following instances: X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.
This present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/310,941, filed Jun. 20, 2014, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ENCODING AND AUTHENTICATING A DIGITAL IMAGE,” which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/837,828, filed Jun. 21, 2013, and entitled, “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ENCODING AND AUTHENTICATING A DIGITAL IMAGE,” all of which being incorporated herein by reference.
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| Child | 15170830 | US |
