Patent Application
20160046504
The present invention relates to a system for decontaminating water and generating water vapor. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved method that utilizes a series of sensors and a control system to vaporize water, remove dissolved solids and maximize recovery of potable water from contaminated water via a horizontal water processing vessel.
Desalinization (also desalination or desalinisation) refers to one of many processes for removing excess salt, minerals and other natural or unnatural contaminants from water. Historically, desalinization converted sea water into drinking water onboard ships. Modern desalinization processes are still used on ships and submarines to ensure a constant drinking water supply for the crew. But, desalinization is increasingly being used in arid regions having scarce fresh water resources. In these regions, salt water from the ocean is desalinated to fresh water suitable for consumption (i.e. potable) or for irrigation. The highly concentrated waste product from the desalinization process is commonly referred to as brine, with salt (NaCl) being a typical major by-product. Most modern interest in desalinization focuses on developing cost-effective processes for providing fresh water for use in arid regions where fresh water availability is limited.
Large-scale desalinization is typically costly and generally requires large amounts of energy and an expensive infrastructure. For example, the world's largest desalinization plant primarily uses multi-stage flash distillation and can produce 300 million cubic meters (m3) of water per year. The largest desalinization plant in the United States desalinates 25 million gallons (95,000 m3) of water per day. Worldwide, approximately 13,000 desalinization plants produce more than 12 billion gallons (45 million m3) of water per day. Thus, there is a constant need in the art for improving desalinization methods, namely lowering costs and improving efficiency of the related systems.
Desalinization may be performed by many different processes. For example, several processes use simple evaporation-based desalinization methods such as multiple-effect evaporation (MED or simply ME), vapor-compression evaporation (VC) and evaporation-condensation. In general, evaporation-condensation is a natural desalinization process performed by nature during the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic cycle, water evaporates into the atmosphere from sources such as lakes, oceans and streams. Evaporated water then contacts cooler air and forms dew or rain. The resultant water is generally free from impurities. The hydrologic process can be replicated artificially using a series of evaporation-condensation processes. In basic operation, salt water is heated to evaporation. Salt and other impurities dissolve out from the water and are left behind during the evaporation stage. The evaporated water is later condensed, collected and stored as fresh water. Over the years, the evaporation-condensation system has been greatly improved, especially with the advent of more efficient technology facilitating the process. But, these systems still require significant energy input to evaporate the water. An alternative evaporation-based desalinization method includes multi-stage flash distillation, as briefly described above. Multi-stage flash distillation uses vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation is a process of boiling water at less than atmospheric pressure by creating a vacuum within the evaporation chamber. Hence, vacuum distillation operates at a much lower temperature than MED or VC and therefore requires less energy to evaporate the water to separate the contaminants therefrom. This process is particularly desirable in view of rising energy costs.
Alternative desalinization methods may include membrane-based processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialisys reversal (EDR), nanofiltration (NF), forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD). Of these desalinization processes, reverse osmosis is the most widely used. Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate salt and other impurities from water. Reverse osmosis membranes are considered selective. That is, the membrane is highly permeable to water molecules while highly impermeable to salt and other contaminants dissolved therein. The membranes themselves are stored in expensive and highly pressurized containers. The containers arrange the membranes to maximize surface area and salt water flow rate therethrough. Conventional-osmosis desalinization systems typically use one of two techniques for developing high pressure within the system: (1) high-pressure pumps; or (2) centrifuges. A high-pressure pump helps filter salt water through the membrane. The pressure in the system varies according to the pump settings and osmotic pressure of the salt water. Osmotic pressure depends on the temperature of the solution and the concentration of salt dissolved therein. Alternatively, centrifuges are typically more efficient, but are more difficult to implement. The centrifuge spins the solution at high rates to separate materials of varying densities within the solution. In combination with a membrane, suspended salts and other contaminants are subject to constant radial acceleration along the length of the membrane. One common problem with reverse osmosis in general is the removal of suspended salt and clogging of the membrane over time.
Operating expenses of reverse osmosis water desalinization plants are primarily determined by the energy costs required to drive the high-pressure pump or centrifuge. A hydraulic energy recovery system may be integrated into the reverse osmosis system to combat rising energy costs associated with already energy intensive processes. This involves recovering part of the input energy. For example, turbines are particularly capable of recovering energy in systems that require high operating pressures and large volumes of salt water. The turbine recovers energy during a hydraulic pressure drop. Thus, energy is recovered in a reverse osmosis system based on pressure differentials between opposite sides of the membrane. The pressure on the salt water side is much higher than the pressure on the desalinated water side. The pressure drop produces considerable hydraulic energy recoverable by the turbine. Thus, the energy produced between high pressure and low pressure sections of the reverse osmosis membrane is harnessed and not completely wasted. Recovered energy may be used to drive any of the system components, including the high-pressure pump or centrifuge. Turbines help reduce overall energy expenditures to perform desalinization.
In general, reverse osmosis systems typically consume less energy than thermal distillation and is, therefore, more cost effective. While reverse osmosis works well with somewhat brackish water solutions, reverse osmosis may become overloaded and inefficient when used with heavily salted solutions, such as ocean salt water. Other, less efficient desalinization methods may include ionic exchange, freezing, geothermal desalinization, solar humidification (HDH or MEH), methane hydrate crystallization, high-grade water recycling or RF induced hyperthermia. Regardless of the process, desalinization remains energy intensive. Future costs and economic feasibility continue to depend on both the price of desalinization technology and the costs of the energy needed to operate the system.
In another alternative method of desalinization, U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,140 to Burke, Jr. discloses a method of separating and removing dissolved minerals and organic material from water by destructive distillation. Here, water is heated to a vapor under controlled pressure. Dissolved salt particles and other contaminants fall out of the solution as water evaporates. An integrated hydrocyclone centrifuge speeds up the separation process. The heated, high pressure clean water transfers energy back to the system through heat exchange and a hydraulic motor. Net energy use is therefore relatively lower than the aforementioned processes. In fact, net energy use is essentially equivalent to pump loss and heat loss from equipment operation. One particular advantage of this design is that there are no membranes to replace. This process removes chemicals and other matter that would otherwise damage or destroy membrane-based desalinization devices.
Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,026 to Wallace, discloses a method and apparatus for removing salt and other minerals in the form of dissolved solids from salt and other brackish waters to produce potable water. Water is forced through several desalinization stages at high temperature and at high centrifugal velocities. Preferably, the interior components spin the water at speeds up to Mach 2 to efficiently separate and suspend dissolved salt and other dissolved solids from the vaporized water. The suspended salt and other minerals are centrifugally forced outward to be discharged separately from the water vapor. The separated and purified vapor or steam is then condensed back to potable water. The system requires significantly less operational energy than reverse osmosis and similar filtration systems to efficiently and economically purify water. One drawback of this design is that the rotating shaft is built into a vertical chamber. As a result, the rotating shaft sections are only solidly anchored to the base unit by a bearing and a bearing cap. At high rotational speeds (e.g. over Mach 1), vibrations cause excessive bearing shaft and seal failure. Another drawback is that a series of chambers are bolted together in housing sections. The perforated plates are coupled to these sections by an O-ring seal. The housing and O-ring seals tend to wear over time due to salt penetration because the multiple chambers and housing sections are connected via a plurality of nuts and bolts. In particular, the assembly of the Wallace design is particularly laborious. Maintenance is equally labor intensive as it takes significant time to disassemble each of the housing sections, including the O-rings, nuts and bolts. Of course, the device must be reassembled after the requisite maintenance is performed. Each housing section must be carefully put back together to ensure proper sealing therebetween. The system is also prone to a variety of torque and maintenance problems as the device ages, such as O-ring leakage. Moreover, the rotating shaft is connected to the power source by a gear drive, which contributes to the aforementioned reliability problems associated with the bearings, shafts and seals. The system also fails to disclose a means for regulating the speed of the rotating shaft sections according to the osmotic pressure of the salt water being desalinated. The static operation of the Wallace desalinization machine is therefore not as efficient as other modern desalinization devices.
Thus, there is a need in the art for an improved system that includes sensors for monitoring real-time system information and controls for adjusting the mechanical operation of the system to maximize decontamination of the water, such as desalinization of the water, and minimize energy consumption. Such a system should further incorporate multiple recycling cycles to increase the recovery of potable water from approximately eighty percent to between approximately ninety-six percent to ninety-nine percent, should incorporate a polymer aided recovery system to extract trace elements of residue compounds and should consume less energy than other desalinization systems known in the art. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.
The present invention is directed to a system for processing fluids, such as decontaminating or desalinating water, and generating water vapor, including steam. The system includes an elongated vessel defining an inner chamber. The vessel is oriented generally horizontally. An inlet is formed in the vessel for introducing fluid therein. A plurality of trays is disposed within the inner chamber in spaced relation to one another. The trays include scoops through which fluid—both liquid and vapor—passes. The scoops preferably include an inlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter. A plurality of baffles, typically apertured plates, is disposed between the trays. Each baffle has a plurality of apertures through which fluid—both liquid and vapor—passes. Preferably, the apertures have an inlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter. In one embodiment, at least one of the trays includes a flow director extending from a front face thereof and configured to direct flow of the fluid towards a periphery of the tray.
A rotatable shaft passes through the baffles, and is attached to the tray so as to rotate the trays within the inner chamber, while the baffles remain stationary. A drive rotates the shaft. Typically, a gap or a layer or sleeve of low friction material, or bearings, is disposed between the baffles and the shaft.
A contaminant outlet is formed in the vessel and typically in fluid communication with a contaminant water tank. An internal sleeve is disposed in the inner chamber downstream of the trays and baffles. The internal sleeve is proximate to the contaminate outlet and forms an annular passageway leading from the inner chamber to the contaminate outlet. A water vapor outlet is also formed in the vessel and is in communication with a vapor recovery tank for condensing the vapor to liquid water. In one embodiment, at least one treated contaminated water tank is fluidly coupled to the vessel for reprocessing the contaminated water by passing the treated contaminated water through the system again.
In one embodiment, a controller is used to adjust the speed of rotation of the shaft or the water input into the vessel. At least one sensor is in communication with the controller. At least one sensor is configured to determine at least one of: 1) speed of rotation of the shaft or trays, 2) pressure of the inner chamber, 3) temperature of the fluid, 4) fluid input rate, or 5) level of contaminates in the fluid to be processed.
In one embodiment, a turbine is connected to the vapor outlet of the vessel and operably connected to an electric generator. The fluid is heated to at least a boiling temperature thereof so as to create steam, and the vapor and/or steam is passed through the turbine operably connected to the electric generator. A treated fluid return may be disposed between the turbine and the vessel fluid inlet. Alternatively, the shaft may extend out of the vessel and be directly or indirectly coupled to an electric generator.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the system is attached to a portable framework, which may be transported via semi-trailer truck, ISO container, or the like.
In use, the method for decontaminating fluid and generating the vapor comprises the steps of introducing a fluid having contaminants into the vessel. The fluid is moved through the series of rotating trays alternately separated by the stationary baffles so as to swirl and heat the fluid to effect the vaporization thereof to produce a vapor having at least some of the contaminants separated therefrom. Typically, the fluid is heated to at least one hundred degrees Fahrenheit, but less than two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit, if the system does not include a turbine and electric generator. Preferably, the temperature of the vapor is raised to a pasteurization temperature. This is done by rotating the trays to a speed where vapor temperature reaches the pasteurization temperature.
The vapor is removed from the vessel for condensing apart from the separated contaminants and remaining fluid. The vapor is passed through a recovery tank having spaced apart members in a flow path of the vapor for coalescing or condensing to liquid.
In one embodiment, certain conditions are sensed, including at least one of: 1) fluid input into the vessel, 2) the speed of rotation of the trays, 3) pressure within the vessel, 4) temperature of the fluid, or 5) level of separated contaminants. The speed of rotation of the trays or water input into the vessel may be adjusted in response to the sensed conditions. The level of separated contaminants and fluid in a holding tank or concentration of contaminants in the treated fluid may also be sensed, and the separated contaminants and fluid be reprocessed by recirculating them through the vessel.
A system for processing fluids comprises an elongated vessel having a fluid inlet and a shaft through the vessel. The system includes means for centrifugally and axially compressing a fluid, both liquid and vapor but primarily vapor, through the vessel. The system also includes means for rotating the shaft to drive the means for centrifugally and axially compressing. The vessel also includes a fluid outlet, which preferably comprises separate liquid and vapor outlets.
The means for centrifugally and axially compressing comprises a proximate set of alternately spaced trays and baffles. The trays are attached to the shaft and have a plurality of scoops through which the fluid, both liquid and vapor, passes. The baffles are attached to the vessel and have a plurality of apertures through which the fluid, both liquid and vapor, passes.
The means for rotating the shaft comprises a distal set of alternately spaced trays and baffles that functions as an unlighted gas turbine or an hydraulic/water turbine. As with the means for centrifugally and axially compressing, the trays are attached to the shaft and have a plurality of scoops through which the fluid passes. The baffles are attached to the vessel and have a plurality of apertures through which the fluid passes. In one particular embodiment, the scoops on the trays in the means for centrifugally and axially compressing are oriented at a different angle from the scoops on the trays and the means for rotating the shaft.
The system further comprises a means for axially pumping the fluid through the vessel. The means for axially pumping comprises an intake chamber disposed between the fluid inlet and the means for centrifugally and axially compressing. The intake chamber functions as an axial pump once the system is run to an operating rotation speed.
The means for centrifugally and axially compressing vaporizes at least part of the fluid through cavitation such that the fluid comprises non-vaporized dissolved solids, a liquid and a vapor. The means for centrifugally and axially compressing causes centrifugal compression of the fluid, resulting in the non-vaporized dissolved solids and at least part of the liquid moving toward an outer wall of the vessel. The means for centrifugally and axially compressing causes axial flow compression of the liquid and vapor increasing the pressure of the fluid.
The system further comprises a means for discharging the fluid into separate liquid and vapor outlets. This means for discharging comprises a discharge chamber having an internal sleeve defining an annular passageway in communication with the liquid outlet. The separation of the fluid to the separate liquid and vapor outlets results in a reduction in pressure and a physical separation of non-vaporized dissolved solids and the liquid from the vapor.
A method for processing fluids comprising the steps of pumping a fluid through a fluid inlet on an elongated vessel having a shaft therethrough. The method also comprises the step of centrifugally and axially compressing a fluid through the vessel, and rotating the shaft to drive the centrifugal and axial compression. The method also includes the step of discharging the fluid through a fluid outlet on the vessel.
The step of centrifugally and axially compressing comprises the step of passing the fluid through a proximate set of alternately spaced trays attached to the shaft and baffles fixed to the vessels.
The step of rotating the shaft comprises the step of passing the fluid through a distal set of alternately spaced trays attached to the shaft and baffles fixed to the vessel. The distal set of trays and baffles functions as an unlighted gas turbine or a hydraulic/water turbine. The passing steps comprise passing the fluid through a plurality of scoops on the trays and a plurality of apertures on the baffles.
The pumping step comprises the step of axially pumping the fluid through the vessel. The axially pumping step comprises the step of passing the fluid through an intake chamber before performing the centrifugally and axially compressing step. The intake chamber functions as an axial pump to perform the axially pumping step once the system is run to an operating rotation speed.
The step of centrifugally and axially compressing comprises the step of vaporizing at least part of the fluid through cavitation such that the fluid comprises non-vaporized dissolved solids, a liquid and a vapor. The step of centrifugally and axially compressing further comprises the step of moving the non-vaporized dissolved solids and at least part of the liquid toward an outer wall of the vessel. The step of centrifugally and axially compressing also comprises the step of increasing the pressure of the fluid through axial compression of the liquid and vapor. The discharging step comprises the steps of physically separating the non-vaporized dissolved solids and the liquid from the vapor, discharging the non-vaporized dissolved solids and the liquids through a liquid outlet, and discharging the vapor through a vapor outlet. The method further comprises the step of reducing the pressure of the fluid in a discharge chamber.
The present invention is directed to a system for processing a fluid. The system includes an elongated vessel having an inner chamber with a fluid inlet on a first end, a vapor outlet on a second end, and a concentrate outlet on a second end. A plurality of alternately spaced rotating trays and fixed baffles are disposed through the inner chamber. A rotating shaft is included in the inner chamber passing through central openings in the fixed baffles and fixedly attached to the rotating trays.
In a first preferred embodiment, the system includes a capture vessel disposed in a body of water, with the vessel having open sides facing the sea and land. The open sides preferably include pivoting louvers for opening or closing access to the interior of the vessel. The capture vessel is disposed in the body of water such that the open sides are at least partially above a median water level for the body of water. A funnel is disposed in the capture vessel below the open sides and the median water level for the body of water. The louvers on the seaward and landward sides of the vessel may be opened or closed to control the amount of water and/or sand entering the system. A feed pipe leads from an outlet on a bottom of the funnel to an inlet on a storage vessel at a location distant from the capture vessel. A pump motor is connected to an outlet on the storage vessel such that the pump motor, in fluid communication with the elongated vessel fluid inlet, can deliver water to the elongated vessel from the storage vessel.
The system preferably includes a filtration device between the pump motor and the fluid inlet to remove solid matter from water being delivered by the pump. A filter screen over the open sides, preferably behind the louvers of the capture vessel, prevents large objects from entering the capture vessel and potentially clogging the funnel or other component of the system. The body of water preferably is a source of salt water, such as a sea or ocean, such that the fluid processed by the system is salt water and the processing comprises desalination of the salt water.
A process for desalinating salt water and generating water vapor therefrom begins with providing a system as described above. A quantity of salt water is captured in the capture vessel from the source of salt water. A flow of salt water is then pumped from the captured quantity of salt through the elongated vessel fluid inlet. The flow of salt water is centrifugally and axially compressed through the vessel by rotation of the shaft and affixed plurality of trays using a direct drive motor attached to an end of the shaft. The flow of salt water is passed through scoops on the plurality of trays and apertures on the plurality of baffles to increase fluid velocity and reduce the fluid pressure of the flow of salt water. A portion of the flow of salt water is converted into water vapor as a result of the reduced fluid pressure. The flow of salt water is separated into water vapor and brine. The water vapor is released through the vapor outlet on the elongated vessel. The brine is discharged from the concentrate outlet on the elongated vessel.
In a second preferred embodiment, the system of the elongated vessel with rotating trays and fixed baffles includes a condenser having an inlet in fluid communication with the vapor outlet of the elongated vessel. The condenser is disposed a first distance above the elongated vessel. A processed fluid holding tank is in fluid communication with an outlet of the condenser. The holding tank is configured to hold processed fluid condensed from the water vapor. A hydro-electric generator is disposed a second distance beneath the processed fluid holding tank such that processed fluid released from the holding tank flows under the force of gravity to the hydro-electric generator. The system may further include electrical storage means connected to the hydro-electric generator, such means including a rechargeable chemical battery or capacitor. The second distance between the holding tank and the hydro-electric generator is preferably at least ten feet, but may be as much as twenty feet or more.
A process for generating electricity from a fluid processing system begins with providing a fluid processing system as described above. A flow of water is pumped into the fluid inlet of the elongated vessel. The shaft and affixed plurality of trays are rotated using a direct drive motor attached to one end of the shaft so as to centrifugally and axially compress the flow of water through the vessel. The flow of water is passed through scoops on the plurality of trays and apertures on the plurality of baffles. The fluid pressure of the flow of water is reduced because of the increase in fluid velocity from passing through the scoops and apertures. A portion of the flow of water is converted into water vapor and the flow of water is separated into water vapor processed fluid and a concentrate. The water vapor processed fluid is released through the vapor outlet of the elongated vessel. The water vapor processed fluid is raised the first distance under its own power from the vapor outlet to the condenser. Processed fluid condensed from the water vapor processed fluid is stored in the processed fluid holding tank. The stored processed fluid is released from the holding tank such that it flows from the holding tank to the hydro-electric generator under the force of gravity. Electricity is generated in the hydro-electric generator through the falling action of the released stored processed fluid from the holding tank. The generated electricity is preferably stored in an electrical storage means such as a rechargeable chemical battery or capacitor.
In a third preferred embodiment, the system of the elongated vessel with rotating trays and fixed baffles includes a reprocessing tank having a reprocessing inlet, a reprocessing outlet, and a recirculating outlet. The reprocessing inlet is connected to the concentrate outlet on the elongated vessel. The recirculating outlet is connected to the fluid inlet on the elongated vessel. A concentrate holding tank is connected to the reprocessing outlet on the reprocessing tank. The system may further include a drying system connected to the concentrate holding tank for removing residual liquid from fluid in the concentrate holding tank. A dried concentrate holding tank is connected to the drying system. The drying system preferably includes a heat exchanger with circulating heat pipes. The circulating heat pipes are connected to a vapor diverting pipe from the vapor outlet on the elongated vessel.
A process for producing dried brine from salt water begins with providing a system as described above, wherein the fluid processed by the system comprises salt water, and the processing comprises desalination. A flow of salt water is pumped into the fluid inlet on the first end of the elongated vessel. The shaft and affixed plurality of trays are rotated using a direct drive motor attached to one end of the shaft. The flow of salt water is centrifugally and axially compressed through the vessel as a result of the rotating of the shaft and affixed plurality of trays. The flow of salt water is passed through scoops on the plurality of trays and apertures on the plurality of baffles. The fluid pressure of the flow of salt water is reduced because of an increase in fluid velocity resulting from passing through the scoops and apertures. A portion of the flow of salt water is converted into water vapor as a result of the reduced fluid pressure such that the salt water separates into water vapor and brine. The water vapor is released through the vapor outlet on the second end of the elongated vessel. The brine is discharged from the concentrate outlet on the second end of the elongated vessel into a reprocessing tank. A first portion of the brine is recirculated from the reprocessing tank to the fluid inlet on the elongated vessel through the recirculating outlet.
The process further includes the steps of transferring a second portion of the brine from the reprocessing tank to the concentrate holding tank. The second portion of the brine is passed from the concentrate holding tank to the drying system. A portion of the water vapor released from the vapor outlet is passed through the heat exchanger on the drying system. The second portion of the brine is dried in the drying system using the heat from the portion of the water vapor from the vapor outlet so as to remove residual liquid from the brine. The dried second portion of the brine is stored in the dried concentrate holding tank.
In a fourth preferred embodiment, the system of the elongated vessel with rotating trays and fixed baffles for processing a fluid includes a control system having a graphical display and a plurality of operating sensors associated with the elongated vessel. The operating sensors include temperature and pressure sensors associated with each of a plurality of processing stages in the elongated vessel. The temperature and pressure sensors measure temperature and pressure in each of the plurality of processing stages, wherein each of the plurality of processing stages corresponds to one of an inlet stage, an outlet stage, or a tray/baffle stage. The operating sensors also include rotational sensors associated with the rotating shaft and a drive motor on the rotating shaft. The rotational sensors measure revolutions per minute, torque, horsepower, runtime, and total revolutions. The operating sensors also include bearing sensors associated with bearings on the rotating shaft proximate to both the first end and the second end of the elongated vessel. The bearing sensors measure temperature and flow rate of a lubricant passing through the bearings and vibration of the rotating shaft. The operating sensors also include flow sensors associated with the fluid inlet and concentrate outlet. The flow sensors measure a state of a valve on the fluid inlet, flow rate in the fluid inlet and concentrate outlet, and total fluid flow in the fluid inlet and concentrate outlet.
The graphical display preferably includes a main screen that displays the measurements of the plurality of operating sensors on a schematic depiction of the elongated vessel. The graphical display further includes a graphs screen that displays the measurements of the plurality of temperature and pressure sensors on a bar graph display of the system for processing the fluid. The graphs screen further displays numerical measurements of the plurality of rotational sensors, the plurality of bearing sensors, and the plurality of flow sensors. The graphical display further includes a trends screen that displays the measurements of the plurality of temperature and pressure sensors versus time on a line graph display.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such drawings:
As shown in the drawings, for purposes of illustration, the present invention resides in a system and method for decontaminating water and generating water vapor. The method and system of the present invention is particularly suitable for desalinization of salt water, such as ocean or other brackish waters, as well as, river water or other liquids/slurries. This preferred treatment will be used for exemplary purposes herein, although it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the system and method of the present invention could be used to decontaminate other water sources. The present invention may be used to remove dissolved or suspended solids (decontamination), as well as, heavy metals and other pollutants. Moreover, as will be more fully described herein, the system and method of the present invention can be used in association with relatively clean water to create water vapor, in the form of steam, which has a sufficient pressure and temperature so as to be passed through a turbine which is operably connected to an electric generator for the generation of electricity, or other steam heating applications.
In the following description, multiple embodiments of the inventive method and system for decontaminating water and generating water vapor are described. Throughout these embodiments and with reference to the drawing figures, functionally equivalent components will be referred to using identical reference numerals.
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Although the inventive system 10 with a geared drive transmission may be prepared as fixed installation or a mobile installation, as on a trailer, the elimination of the transmission in a direct drive system facilitates the mobile aspect of the system 10. A smaller, more compact direct drive system 10 fits more easily on a trailer that is more easily mobile and transported from site to site.
As can be seen from the drawings, the water processing vessel 12 is oriented generally horizontally. This is in contrast to the Wallace '026 device wherein the water processing chamber was oriented generally vertically, and the top of the rotating shaft was secured by a bearing and a bearing cap, which supported the chamber itself. As a result, the rotating shaft sections were only solidly anchored to the base of the unit. At high rotational operating speeds, vibrations within the system cause excessive bearing, shaft and seal failure. In contrast, horizontally mounting the water processing vessel 12 to a frame structure 42 distributes the rotational load along the length of the vessel 12 and reduces vibrations, such as harmonic vibrations, that could otherwise cause excessive bearing, shaft and seal failures. Moreover, mounting the vessel 12 to the frame structure 42 enhances the portability of the system 10, as will be more fully described herein. Supporting the very rapidly rotating shaft 36 through each baffle 24 further stabilizes the shaft and system and reduces vibrations and damage caused thereby.
As mentioned above, the shaft 36, and trays 22 are rotated at a very high speed, such as Mach 2, although slower speeds such as Mach 1.7 have proven effective. This moves the water through the scoops 26 of the trays 22, which swirls and heats the water such that a water vapor is formed, and the contaminants, salts, and other dissolved solids are left behind and fall out of the water vapor. Most of the intake water is vaporized by 1) vacuum distillation and 2) cavitation created upon impact with the first rotating tray 22, the centrifugal and axial flow compression causes the temperatures and pressures to increase as there is a direct correlation between shaft RPM and temperature/pressure increases or decreases. The water and water vapor is then passed through the apertures 28 of the baffles 24 before being processed again through the next rotating tray 22 with scoops 26. The configurations of the trays 22 and baffles 24 are designed to minimize or eliminate drag and friction in the rotation of the shaft 36 by providing sufficient clearance at the perimeter of the trays 22 and through the central opening 59 of the baffles 24. At the same time leakage around the perimeter of the trays 22 and through the central opening 59 of the baffles 24 is to be minimized so as to increase efficiency.
As the water and water vapor passes through each subchamber of the vessel 12, the temperature of the water vapor is increased such that additional water vapor is created and leaves the salts, dissolved solids, and other contaminants behind in the remaining water. The centrifugal forces on the water and contaminants force it to the wall of the inner chamber 14 and into a set of channels 44 which direct the contaminants and non-vaporized water to an outlet 46. The water vapor which is generated passes through a water vapor outlet 48 formed in the vessel 12. Thus, the water vapor and the contaminants and remaining water are separated from one another. It is important to note that the system 10 produces water vapor—not steam. The water vapor is created through a combination of decreased pressure and increased temperature. The system 10 maintains the temperature of the water vapor at temperatures equal to or less than that of steam, thus avoiding the latent heat of vaporization and the additional energy necessary to convert liquid water to steam. Because of this, the energy required to return the water vapor to liquid water is correspondingly lower.
As mentioned above, the trays 22 are rotated by the shaft 36. The shaft 36 is supported within the interior of the water processing vessel 12 by a plurality of bearings, as mentioned above. The bearings are typically non-friction bearings lubricated with synthetic oil, steel, or ceramic. Prior art desalinization systems incorporate standard roller bearings which would fail under high rotational speeds and high temperatures. Thus, desalinization systems known in the prior art had high failure rates associated with standard roller bearings. In the present invention, the lubricated non-friction bearings, sealed steel ball bearings, or ceramic bearings 38 and 40 are more durable than standard roller bearings and fail less often under high rotational speeds and temperatures. The bearings 38, 40 may include internal lubrication tubes to allow for lubricant flow therethrough to minimize wear and tear from operation. The bearings 38, 40 also include vibrational sensors (as described below) to monitor and minimize the amount of vibration occurring during operation. Moreover, the shaft 36 may be intermittently supported by the low friction materials, such as Teflon sleeves or bearings 50 disposed between the baffle plate 24 and the shaft 36. This further ensures even distribution of weight and forces on the shaft 36 and improves the operation and longevity of the system.
With particular reference now to
Once again, it will be appreciated that there will be more or less tapered scoops 26 distributed in the entire area of the rotating tray 22, the particular number and size of the scoops 26 will vary depending upon the operating conditions of the system 10 of the present invention. Moreover, the angle of the scoop 26, illustrated as approximately forty-five degrees in
With reference now to
As described above, a plurality of apertures 28 are formed through the baffle plate 24.
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The trays 22 are affixed to the shaft 36 and extend outward toward the wall of the inner chamber 14 as described above. The baffles 24 preferably comprise a single piece extending from the walls of the inner chamber 14 toward the shaft 36 with a central opening 59 forming a gap between the baffles 24 and the shaft 36 as described above. The baffles 24 are preferably fixed to the walls of the inner chamber by screws or dowels 60 also as described above. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vessel 12 includes six trays 22 and five baffles 24 alternatingly dispersed through the inner chamber 14.
In this alternate embodiment, the inner chamber 14 includes an internal sleeve 45 disposed proximate to the brine outlet 46. The internal sleeve 45 has an annular shape with a diameter slightly less than the diameter of the inner chamber 14. The internal sleeve 45 extends from a point downstream of the last tray 22 to another point immediately downstream of the brine outlet 46. An annular passageway 47 is created between the internal sleeve 45 and the outer wall of the inner chamber 14. In a typical construction, the internal sleeve 45 is about six inches long and the annular passageway 47 is about 1-1½ inches wide. This annular passageway or channel 47 captures the brine or contaminate material that is spun out from the rotating trays 22 to the outer wall of the chamber 14 as described above. This annular passageway 47 facilitates movement of the brine or contaminate material to the outlet 46 and minimizes the chances of contamination of the vapor discharge or buildup of material within the chamber 14.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, when the main goal of the system 10 is to remove contaminants from the contaminated water, such as salt water, so as to have potable water, the temperature of the water vapor is heated to between one hundred degrees Fahrenheit and less than two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit. Even more preferably, the water vapor is heated to between one hundred forty degrees Fahrenheit and one hundred seventy degrees Fahrenheit for pasteurization purposes. However, the water vapor temperature is kept to a minimum and almost always less than two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit such that the water does not boil and become steam, which is more difficult to condense and coalesce from water vapor to liquid water. Increased RPMs result in increased temperatures and pressures. The RPMs can be adjusted to achieve the desired temperatures.
The water is boiled and the water vapor temperature is brought to above two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit preferably only in instances where steam generation is desirable for heating, electricity generating, and other purposes as will be more fully described herein. This enables the present invention to both pasteurize the water vapor and condense and coalesce the water vapor into liquid water without complex refrigeration or condensing systems, which often require additional electricity and energy.
In one embodiment, the contaminated water, referred to as brine in desalinization processes, is collected at outlet 46 and moved to a brine disposal tank 88. As shown in
In one embodiment of the present invention, the treated contaminated water is reprocessed by recycling the contaminants and remaining water through the system again. This may be done multiple times such that the amount of potable water extracted from the contaminated water increases, up to as much as ninety-nine percent. This may be done by directing the contaminants and waste water from the outlet 46 to a first brine, or contaminant, reprocessing tank 92. The remaining waste water, in the form of brine or other contaminants, is then reintroduced through inlet 18 of the vessel 12 and reprocessed and recirculated through the vessel 12, as described above. Additional potable water will be extracted in the form of water vapor for condensing and collection in the vapor recovery tank 80. The remaining contaminants and wastewater are then directed to a second brine or contaminant reprocessing tank 94. The concentration of contaminants or brine will be much higher in the reprocessing tank 92. Once a sufficient level of wastewater or brine has been accumulated in the reprocessing tank 92, this contaminated water is then passed through the inlet 18 and circulated and processed through the system 10, as described above. Extracted potable water vapor is removed at outlet 48 and turned into liquid water in the vapor recovery tank 80, as described above. The resulting contaminants and wastewater can then be placed into yet another reprocessing tank, or into the brine disposal tank 88. It is anticipated that an initial pass-through of seawater will yield, for example, eighty percent to ninety percent potable water. The first reprocessing will yield an additional amount of potable water, such that the total extracted potable water is between ninety percent and ninety-five percent. Passing the brine and remaining water through the system again can yield up to ninety-nine percent recovery of potable water, by recycling the brine at little to no increase in unit cost. Moreover, this reduces the volume of the brine or contaminants, which can facilitate trace element recovery and/or reduce the disposal costs thereof.
With reference now to
For example, temperature and/or pressure sensors 96 may be employed to measure the temperature of the water or water vapor within or exiting the vessel 12, as well as the pressure thereof as needed. In response to these sensor readings, the control box 68 will cause the variable frequency drive 30 to maintain the rotational speed of shaft 36, decrease the rotational speed of the shaft 36, or increase the rotational speed of the shaft 36 to either maintain the temperature and pressure, reduce the temperature and pressure, or increase the pressure and temperature, respectively, of the water and water vapor. This may be done, for example, to ensure that the water vapor temperature is at the necessary pasteurization temperature so as to kill all harmful microorganisms and other organisms therein. Alternatively, or in addition to, a sensor may be used to detect the rotational speed (RPMS) of the shaft 36 and/or trays 22 to ensure that the system is operating correctly and that the system is generating the necessary water vapor at a desired temperature and/or pressure. The computerized controller may also adjust the amount of water input through inlet 18 (GPMS) so that the proper amount of water is input as to the amount of water vapor and wastewater which is removed so that the system 10 operates efficiently. The control box 68 may adjust the flow rate of water into the vessel 12, or even adjust the water input.
As indicated above, the contaminated water may come from a feed tank 16, or can be from any other number of tanks, including reprocessing tanks 92 and 94. It is also contemplated that the collected water storage tank could be fluidly coupled to the inlet 18 so as to ensure that the water is purified to a certain level or for other purposes, such as when generating steam which requires a higher purity of water than the contaminated water may provide. As such, one or more sensors 98 may track the data within the tanks to determine water or wastewater/brine levels, concentrations, or flow rates into the tanks or out of the tanks. The controller 68 may be used to switch the input and output of the tanks, such as when the brine is being reprocessed from a first brine reprocessing tank 92 to the second brine reprocessing tank 94, and eventually to the brine disposal tank 88, as described above. Thus, when the first brine reprocessing tank reaches a predetermined level, fluid flow from the feed tank 16 is shut off, and instead fluid is provided from the first brine reprocessing tank 92 into the vessel 12. The treated contaminants and remaining wastewater are then directed into the second brine reprocessing tank 94, until it reaches a predetermined level. Then the water is directed from the second brine reprocessing tank 94 through the system and water processing vessel 12 to, for example, the brine disposal tank 88. Brine water in the first reprocessing tank 92 may be approximately twenty percent of the contaminated water, including most of the total dissolved solids. The residual brine which is finally directed to the brine disposal tank 88 may only comprise one percent of the contaminated water initially introduced into the decontamination system 10 via the feed tank 16. Thus, the temperature and pressure sensors, RPM and flow meters can be used to control the desired water output including water vapor temperature controls that result in pasteurized water.
The controller 68 can be used to direct the variable frequency drive 30 to power the motor 32 such that the shaft 36 is rotated at a sufficiently high velocity that the rotation of the trays boils the input water and creates steam of a desired temperature and pressure, as illustrated in
In the case of a steam turbine, the water vapor can be heated to in excess of six hundred degrees Fahrenheit and pressurized in excess of sixteen hundred pounds per square inch (psi), which is adequate to drive the steam turbine 100. Aside from the increased velocity of the trays, the incorporation of the tapered nature of the scoops 26 of the trays 22, and the tapered nature of the apertures 28 of the aperture plate baffles 24 also facilitate the generation of water vapor and steam. Increasing the angles of the scoops 26, such as from twenty-five degrees at a first tray to forty-five degrees at a last tray, also increases water vapor generation in the form of steam and increases the pressure thereof so as to be able to drive the steam turbine 100.
Of course, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the steam generated by the system 10 can be used for other purposes, such as heating purposes, removal of oil from oil wells and tar and shale pits and the like, etc.
It will also be appreciated that the present invention, by means of the sensors and controller 68 can generate water vapor of a lower temperature and/or pressure for potable water production, which water vapor is directed through outlet 48 directly into a vapor recovery container, and the system sped up to create high temperature water vapor or steam for passage through the steam turbine 100 to generate electricity as needed. For example, during the nighttime hours, the system 10 may be used to generate potable water when very little electricity is needed. However, during the daylight hours, the system 10 can be adjusted to generate steam and electricity.
As described above, many of the components of the present invention, including the variable frequency drive 30, electric motor 32, transmission 34, and water processing vessel 12 and the components therein can be attached to a framework 42 which is portable. The entire system 10 of the present invention can be designed to fit into a forty foot long ISO container. This container can be insulated with a refrigeration (HVAC) unit for controlled operating environment and shipping and storage. The various tanks, including the feed tank, vapor recovery tank, portable water storage tank, and contaminant/brine reprocessing or disposal tanks can either be fit into the transportable container, or transported separately and connected to the inlet and outlet ports as needed. Thus, the entire system 10 of the present invention can be easily transported in an ISO container, or the like, via ship, semi-tractor trailer, or the like. Thus, the system 10 of the present invention can be taken to where needed to address natural disasters, military operations, etc., even at remote locations. Such an arrangement results in a high level of mobility and rapid deployment and startup of the system 10 of the present invention.
By the time the fluid reaches the fourth processing chamber 130 it has been subjected to centrifugal flow and axial flow compression processes such that the nature of the fluid and its flow through the vessel 12 has changed. In the fourth processing chamber the fluid behaves as if it is passing through an unlighted gas turbine or an hydraulic/water turbine by causing rotation of the shaft 36. The fifth processing chamber 132 compounds this unlighted gas turbine or hydraulic/water turbine process. The turbine processes of the fourth and fifth processing chambers 130, 132 supply a measure of force to drive rotation of the shaft 36 such that power on the motor 32 may be throttled back without a loss of functionality in the system 10. After exiting the fifth processing chamber 132 the fluid has been separated to a high degree such that nearly all of the contaminants in the form of brine pass through the annular passageway 47 to the outlet 46 and the purified vapor passes through the central portion of the inner chamber 14 to the vapor outlet 48. The turbine operations of the fourth and fifth processing chambers 130, 132 allow for continued operation of the system 10 with a reduced energy input (by as much as 25%) as compared to a startup phase once an equilibrium in the operation is reached.
After the fifth processing chamber 132, the system includes a discharge chamber. The discharge chamber 134, which is larger than any of the preceding processing chambers, contains the two discharge outlets 46, 48. The large increase in volume results in a dramatic reduction in pressure and a physical separation of the dissolved solids and the remaining water from the vapor.
The dimensions of the vessel 12 are preferably configured such that the combined processing chambers, 124-132 occupy about one-half of the total length. The discharge chamber 134 occupies about one-third of the total length. The remainder of the length of the vessel, about one-sixth of the total length, is occupied by the intake chamber 122. The processing chambers 124-132 are divided into approximately three-fifths compressor functionality and two-fifths turbine functionality. Once the fluid exits the last processing chamber 132, it has achieved about eighty percent vaporization as it enters the discharge chamber 134 and is directed to the respective outlets 46, 48.
Inside the vessel 154 is a capture funnel 160 or similar structure configured to direct most of the water that enters the vessel 154 into a feed pipe 162. The capture funnel 160 is preferably positioned below the median water level for the body of water. Although the vessel 154 and capture funnel 160 are illustrated as generally square shaped, they may be configured in other forms. It has been found that the square shape, with a corner thereof oriented into the a wave or tide that is preferably present in the body of water 150 facilitates the rise of the wave or tide over the vessel 154 such that water enters the open sides 156. The vessel 154 may also be configured whereby the open sides 156 angled other than vertical on a side that faces the incoming waves or tides so as to facilitate entry of water thought the open side 156. The open sides 156 are preferably disposed with most of their surface area above the median water level so that there is less likelihood of sand or other sediment being in the higher portion of the wave or tide when it reaches the open side 156.
The feed pipe 162 preferably passes to the shore and into a storage vessel 164. The system 10 may include multiple storage vessels 164 to accommodate and store a sufficient quantity of captured seawater. The feed pipe 162 may be underground as it passes to shore, but realizing that any changes in elevation to an above ground facility would require appropriate piping and pumps. The storage vessel 164 may be located near the body of water 150 or located some distance from the body of water 150 depending upon the need of the user. Once a sufficient quantity of water is stored in the vessel 164, a pump 166 attached to an outlet 168 on the vessel 164 directs the stored water through an inlet pipe 170 to the inlet 18 on the processing system 10. The inlet pipe 170 preferably includes a filtration system 172 to remove and large sediment or particles that may have made it through the storage vessel 164 and pump 166. The system 10 can then be used to desalinate the water as described elsewhere.
Although
The holding tank 184 is preferably disposed a second distance 186 above a hydro-electric generator 188. Once a sufficient quantity of condensed processed fluid is stored in the holding tank 184, the condensed processed fluid is released from an outlet 190 on the holding tank 184. The condensed processed fluid falls under the force of gravity across the second distance 186 into the hydro-electric generator 188. The hydro-electric generator 188 converts the kinetic energy of the falling condensed processed fluid into electrical energy for storage or immediate use. The electrical energy may be stored in a rechargeable chemical battery, a capacitor, or similar known means of electrical storage 192. The condensed processes fluid that falls into the hydro-electric generator 188 is released through a generator outlet 189 to be used for subsequent processing (not shown), as would typically be done with such treated water.
Although the first distance 176 and the second distance 186 are depicted in
A second portion of the brine in the brine reprocessing tank 194 is passed to the reprocessing outlet 198 for storage in a brine holding tank 204. This reprocessing outlet 198 may include a valve 206 for restricting or completely closing off the flow of the second portion of the brine to the brine holding tank 204. The brine holding tank 204 is connected to a brine drying system 208 which includes a heat exchanger 210 with circulating heat pipes 212. The circulating heat pipes 212 pass back and forth as is typical of heat exchangers 210. Being part of the inventive system 10, the heat exchanger 210 receives its heat source from the water vapor from the vapor outlet 48. Specifically, a vapor diverting pipe 214 extracts a portion of the water vapor from vapor out 48 and communicates to the circulating heat pipes 212 of the heat exchanger 210. The stored brine from the brine holding tank 204 passes over the heat exchanger 210 and any residual water is dried from the heat of the water vapor.
The dried brine is then transported to a dried brine holding tank 216 for subsequent use or processing. Such dried brine could be used to produce salt or other compounds found in salt water. In addition, any useful contaminants, i.e., metals, elements, or other valuable compounds, found in the water processed in the inventive system 10 may be recovered from the dried brine for resale or other subsequent processing.
As shown in
The updated graphical display provides measurement data captured by a plurality of operating sensors 222 connected to the system 10, as well as, an internal clock to measure operating time and determine a rate for any of the data measured by the operating sensors 222.
The operating sensors 222 include temperature and pressure sensors 224 associated with each of a plurality of processing stages 226 within the system 10. The processing stages may include an inlet stage 226a, an outlet stage 226b, and tray/baffle stages 226c associated with each operating pair of a tray 22 followed by a baffle 24. The operating sensors 222 also include rotational sensors 228 associated with the shaft 36 and the motor 32, 32a. The rotational sensors 228 are configured to measure revolutions per minute, torque, horsepower, runtime, and total revolutions. The operating sensors 222 may also include bearing sensors 230 associated with the bearings 38, 40 on either end of the shaft 36. The bearing sensors 230 are configured to measure temperature and flow rate of a lubricant passing through the bearings 38, 40, as well as, vibration of the shaft 36. The operating sensors 222 may also include flow sensors 232 associated with the fluid inlet 18 and contaminant outlet 46. The flow sensors 232 are configured to measure an opened or closed state of a valve on the fluid inlet 18, flow rate in the fluid inlet 18 and concentrate outlet 46, and total fluid flow in the fluid inlet 18 and concentrate outlet 46.
The graphical display 220 has several display modes. The main screen is shown in
Although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited, except as by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/096,334, filed Dec. 4, 2013, which was a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/536,581, filed Jun. 28, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,102,545), and was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/488,750, filed Jun. 22, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,562,791).
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13536581 | Jun 2012 | US |
| Child | 14096334 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14096334 | Dec 2013 | US |
| Child | 14923216 | US | |
| Parent | 12488750 | Jun 2009 | US |
| Child | 13536581 | US |
