Patent Grant
10928842
This disclosure generally relates to habitable environments, for instance homes, hotel or motels, offices and hospitals, and particularly to techniques for enhancing human habitation in such environments.
Most people spend significant amounts of time in habitable environments such as enclosed spaces associated with homes, apartments, condominium units, hotel suites or rooms, motel suites or rooms, spas, hospital, and other public and private facilities. Sometimes these enclosed spaces are controlled, or even owned by, the principal occupants, such as homes, apartments or condominium units. Other times these enclosed spaces are controlled by others, for example a facility owner or operator who may own and/or operate a hotel, motel, spa, hospital.
Significant time in these spaces exposes the occupant to a wide range of environmental factors, any of which may have either adverse or beneficial effects on the occupant's health, well-being or sense of well-being. Minimizing exposure to environmental factors that tend to have an adverse effect is desirable, as is increasing exposure to environmental factors that tend to have a beneficial effect.
New approaches that enhance habitable environments are desirable.
Various approaches described herein employ combinations of passive and active techniques for enhancing environmental characteristics of inhabitable environments, to reduce or ameliorate adverse effects and to increase beneficial effects. These approaches may have specific application in hospitality settings, for instance hotel or motel rooms, spas, resorts, cruise boat cabins, and extended stay suites. These approaches may have application in occupational environments, for instance offices, retail locations, factories or warehouses. These approaches may have application in residential settings, for instance homes, apartments, porches, condominiums or other residences. These approaches may have application in other settings, for instance hospitals or clinics, waiting areas associated with transportation such as airports and train stations, and/or public areas such as theaters, arenas, stadiums, museums and other venues. The various combinations may advantageously produce synergistic results, which may not be otherwise achievable on an individual basis.
A system to control environmental characteristics in an enclosed space may be summarized as including a control subsystem that includes at least one processor and at least one nontransitory processor-readable medium that stores at least one of processor-executable instructions or data; an illumination subsystem operable to control illumination characteristics of illumination provided in at least a portion of the enclosed spaced, the illumination subsystem including: a plurality of illumination sources selectively operable to emit illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths; at least one actuator operable to control an amount of illumination received into the enclosed space via one or more windows from an external source of illumination; and at least one user actuatable input device located in the enclosed space and communicatively coupled to the control subsystem and selectively actuatable by a user to switch between a circadian setting and at least one override setting, wherein: the control subsystem is communicatively coupled to control the plurality of illumination sources and the at least one actuator, and when in the circadian setting the control subsystem provides signals to the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to cause the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to provide illumination according to a defined circadian pattern over a period of time, the circadian pattern at least approximately matching changes in illumination level and color temperature of naturally occurring illumination of at least one defined latitude over the period of time.
At least one actuator may include electrochromatic glass in the at least one window. At least one actuator may include an electric motor physically coupled to a transmission that selectively positions at least one blackout shade across the at least one window. In a night portion of the circadian pattern, the control subsystem may provide signals to at least a subset of the illumination sources which are, for example solid-state illumination sources or small incandescent lights to produce a low level of illumination proximate at least one path to a door of the enclosed space. When in a first override setting of the at least one override setting the control subsystem may provide signals to the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to cause the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to provide illumination that does not follow the defined circadian pattern. When in a second override setting of the at least one override setting the control subsystem may provide signals to the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to cause the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to provide illumination to the enclosed space based at least in part on a geographic location from where an occupant of the enclosed spaced originated to accommodate a change in circadian rhythm due to travel by the occupant. When in a third override setting of the at least one override setting the control subsystem may provide signals to the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to cause the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to provide illumination to the enclosed space based at least in part on a time of year to accommodate a change in circadian rhythm due to seasonal variation at a geographic location of the enclosed space. When in yet another override setting of the at least one override setting the control subsystem may provide signals to the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to cause the illumination sources and the at least one actuator to provide illumination to the enclosed space to produce a therapeutic effect in an occupant of the enclosed space. The system may further include at least one sensor positioned to detect presence of an occupant in the enclosed spaced and communicatively coupled to the control subsystem to provide signals indicative of a current occupancy condition of the enclosed space. The system may further include at least one user actuatable input device located remotely from the enclosed space and communicatively coupled to the control subsystem and selectively actuatable to switch between a plurality of settings for the system. The system may further include an air handling subsystem to control air characteristics of air in the enclosed space, the air handling system including at least one of: an air filter, a heater, an air conditioner, a humidifier, a dehumidifier, a vent, a fan, or a compressor, and the air handling system including at least one of: a temperature sensor or a humidity sensor positioned to detect a temperature or a humidity proximate at least one portion of the enclosed space. The control subsystem may provide signals to at least one portion of the air handling subsystem to control at least one of the temperature or the humidity of air in the enclosed space. The control subsystem may provide signals to adjust at least the temperature of the air in the enclosed space based at least in part on the circadian pattern over the period of time. The at least one air filter may include at least one of: a HEPA mechanical air filter, an electrostatic particle air filter, or an ultraviolet air filter. The air handling subsystem may further include a number of inlets for selectively introducing scents into the air in the enclosed space from a number of reservoirs and the control subsystem may provide signals to at least one portion of the air handling subsystem to control the introduction of the scents into the air in the enclosed space. The control subsystem may provide signals to at least one portion of the air handling subsystem to control the introduction of the scents into the air in the enclosed space based on a defined schedule. The control subsystem may provide signals to at least one portion of the air handling subsystem to control the introduction of the scents into the air in the enclosed space on demand in response to a user input. The system may further include a water supply subsystem including a sediment filter and an activated charcoal filter that filters water that is to be supplied to the enclosed space via a faucet or a showerhead. The water supply subsystem may further include an ultraviolet water sanitizer that illuminates water that is to be supplied to the enclosed space via a faucet or a showerhead with ultraviolet illumination. The water supply subsystem may further include an inlet to supply vitamin C to water that is to be supplied to the enclosed space via a showerhead. The system may further include an ambient sound subsystem, that may include at least one piece of acoustic insulation positioned to acoustically insulate at least some of a number of plumbing components; at least one acoustic damping door that acoustically insulates the enclosed space from an exterior thereof when the at least one acoustic damping door is in a closed position; at least one acoustic damping window that acoustically insulates the enclosed space from the exterior thereof when the at least one acoustic damping window is in a closed position; at least one acoustic damping walling component that acoustically insulates the enclosed space from the exterior thereof; and at least one acoustic damping flooring component that acoustically insulates the enclosed space from the exterior thereof. An ambient sound level in the enclosed space may be less than 45 dB when active source of sound is operating in the enclosed space. The system may further include at least one speaker communicatively coupled to be controlled by the control subsystem to play sound in the enclosed space at a sound level that changes in synchronization with a change in a level of illumination emitted by the illumination sources. The control subsystem may provide signals to gradually increase both the sound and illumination levels in response to an occurrence of a pre-set time. The system may further include a cushioned low volatile organic compound emitting flooring in the enclosed space. The system may further include a textured reflexology flooring path in the enclosed space. The system may further include at least one electromagnetic field shield positioned relative to wiring to reduce a level of electromagnetic field introduced into the enclosed space by the wiring.
A method of controlling environmental characteristics in an enclosed space may be summarized as including receiving at a first time a first input indicative of a selection of a circadian setting; in response to the first input indicative of the selection of the circadian setting, providing signals by a control subsystem to cause a plurality of illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths and to cause at least one actuator to control at least a level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via one or more windows from an external source of illumination such that a combination of the artificial and the natural illumination varies over a first period of time according to a circadian pattern; receiving at a second time a second input indicative of a selection of a first non-circadian setting; and in response to the second input indicative of the selection of the first non-circadian setting, providing signals by the control subsystem to cause a plurality of illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths and to cause at least one actuator to control at least a level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via one or more windows from an external source of illumination such that a combination of the artificial and the natural illumination does not vary over a second period of time according to the circadian pattern.
In response to the second input indicative of the selection of the first non-circadian setting, the control subsystem may provide signals to the plurality of illumination sources and the at least one actuator such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination remains constant over the second period of time. The method may further include receiving at a third time a third input indicative of a selection of a second non-circadian setting that is a sleep time setting; and in response to the third input indicative of the second non-circadian setting that is the sleep time setting, providing signals by the control subsystem to cause a subset of the illumination sources proximate to a floor in the enclosed space to emit artificial illumination at a low illumination level along at least one path and to cause the at least one actuator to prevent natural illumination from being received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows. The method may further include receiving at a fourth time a fourth input indicative of a selection of a travel adjustment setting; in response to the fourth input indicative of the travel adjustment setting: determining a travel adjustment illumination pattern based at least in part on a geographic location from where an occupant of the enclosed spaced originated to accommodate a change in circadian rhythm due to travel by the occupant; and providing signals by the control subsystem to cause the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at the levels and the wavelengths and to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination achieves the determined travel adjustment illumination pattern in the enclosed space. The method may further include receiving at a fourth time a fourth input indicative of a selection of a light therapy setting; and in response to the fourth input indicative of the light setting, providing signals by the control subsystem to cause the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at the levels and the wavelengths and to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination achieves the defined light therapy illumination pattern in the enclosed space over a therapeutic period of time. Providing signals by the control subsystem to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows may include providing signals to vary an amount of illumination passed by at least one pane of electrochromatic material. Providing signals by the control subsystem to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows may include providing signals to control an electrical motor drivingly coupled to move at least one of a shade or a curtain relative to the at least one window. The method may further include detecting by at least one sensor whether the enclosed spaced is occupied; and providing signals to the control subsystem indicative of whether the enclosed space is occupied. The method may further include receiving input by at least one user actuatable input device located remotely from the enclosed space; and providing signals to the control subsystem indicative of the received input. The method may further include providing signals by the control subsystem to at least one component of an air handling subsystem to control air characteristics of air in the enclosed space. Providing signals to at least one component of the air handling subsystem may include providing signals to at least one of an air filter, a heater, an air conditioner, a humidifier, a dehumidifier, a vent, a fan, or a compressor to control at least one of the temperature or the humidity of air in the enclosed space. The method may further include receiving signals by the control subsystem from at least one of: a temperature sensor or a humidity sensor positioned to detect a temperature or a humidity proximate at least one portion of the enclosed space. Providing signals to at least one component of the air handling subsystem may include providing signals to adjust at least a temperature of the air in the enclosed space based at least in part on the circadian pattern over the period of time. The method may further include filtering air for the enclosed space with at least one of: a HEPA mechanical air filter, an electrostatic particle air filter, or an ultraviolet air filter. The method may further include providing signals by the control subsystem to selectively introduce scents into the air in the enclosed space from a number of reservoirs. Providing signals by the control subsystem to selectively introduce scents into the air in the enclosed space may include providing signals based on a defined schedule. Providing signals by the control subsystem to selectively introduce scents into the air in the enclosed space may include providing signals based on demand in response to a user input. The method may further include filtering a supply of water to a faucet or a showerhead of the enclosed space via a water supply subsystem including at least one of a sediment filter or an activated charcoal filter, and exposing the water to ultraviolet illumination to sanitize the water. The method may further include introducing vitamin C into water that is to be supplied to the showerhead of the enclosed space. The method may further include supplying signals by the controller subsystem to at least one speaker to play sound in the enclosed space at a sound level that changes in synchronization with a change in a level of illumination emitted by the illumination sources.
A system to enhance environmental characteristics in a habitable environment may be summarized as including at least one acoustic damping window that acoustically insulates the habitable environment from the exterior thereof when the at least one acoustic damping window is in a closed position; at least one acoustic damping walling component that acoustically insulates the habitable environment from the exterior thereof; at least one acoustic damping flooring component that acoustically insulates the habitable environment from the exterior thereof; and at least one speaker selectively operable to play sound in the habitable environment.
The system may further include a plurality of illumination sources selectively operable to emit artificial illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths in the habitable environment; at least one actuator operable to control an amount of illumination received into the habitable environment via one or more windows from an external source of natural illumination. The system may further include a control subsystem communicatively coupled to control the plurality of illumination sources, the at least one actuator, and the at least one speaker. The system may further include at least one acoustic damping door that acoustically insulates the habitable environment from an exterior thereof when the at least one acoustic damping door is in a closed position. The system may further include a photocatalyst antimicrobial agent on at least one surface in the habitable environment.
A method of controlling environmental characteristics in a habitable environment may be summarized as including distributing an antimicrobial agent in the habitable environment prior to occupancy of the habitable environment by a first occupant; subjecting surfaces in the habitable environment to ultraviolet illumination prior to occupancy of the habitable environment by the first occupant; applying antimicrobial bedding to a bed in the habitable environment prior to occupancy of the habitable environment by the first occupant; and setting an illumination pattern that controls both artificial and natural illumination provided in the habitable environment based on at least one characteristic of the first occupant.
The method may further include setting a sound pattern that controls artificial sound provided in the habitable environment based on at least one characteristic of the first occupant. Setting a sound pattern may include setting a sound pattern that is synchronized at least in part to the illumination pattern that controls both artificial and natural illumination provided in the habitable environment based on at least one characteristic of the first occupant. The method may further include removing the antimicrobial agent from the habitable environment prior to occupancy of the habitable environment by the first occupant. Distributing an antimicrobial agent in the habitable environment may include distributing a photocatalytic antimicrobial agent; and may further include exposing the antimicrobial agent to a defined wavelength of illumination for a defined time prior to occupancy of the habitable environment by the first occupant. The method may further include providing treated water to the habitable environment.
In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with environmental control such as fans, blowers, heaters, coolers such as air conditioners or swamp coolers, compressors, and control systems such as computing systems, as well as networks and other communications channels have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.”
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.
Environment Overview
The habitable environment 100 may take the form of one or more enclosed spaces, such as one or more rooms, for instance in a house, hotel, spa, condominium unit, apartment, office, hospital, or other accommodation which people typically inhabit.
The habitable environment 100 includes a floor system 102, wall system 104, and ceiling system 106, and may include one or more doors 108a, 108b (collectively 108) and/or windows 110a, 110b (collectively 110). The doors 108 may provide ingress and egress to an exterior environment, or may provide ingress and egress to other enclosed spaces within the habitable environment 100. For instance, one door 108a may provide passage between the habitable environment 100 and a hallway (not called out) outside of the habitable environment 100. Another door 108b may provide passage between one portion and another portion of the habitable environment 100, such as between a bedroom or living area 100a and a bathroom 100b.
The door 108a to the exterior may have a handle 112a with associated lock, for instance a cardkey entry lock 112b. Cardkey entry lock 112b reads an identifier either encoded in a magnetic stripe or in a wireless transponder (e.g., radio frequency identification or RFID transponder or smartcard) of a cardkey 114. The identifier may be logically associated with an inhabitant or occupant of the habitable environment 100. For example, a hotel guest may be assigned to a given suite, and issued a cardkey 114 that provides access to the suite. The identity of the guest may be stored in a database or other data structure with a logical relationship (e.g., key, pointer) to the suite. Likewise, various attributes of the guest may be stored in the database or other data structure, logically associated with the identity of the guest. As explained below, this may allow various aspects of the habitable environment 100 to be customized for the particular occupant.
As illustrated, the habitable environment 100 may be a suite, with a combined sleeping and living area 100a, and a separate bathroom 100b. The habitable environment 100 may include various pieces of furniture or fixtures. For example, the habitable environment 100 may include a bed 116, dresser 118, end tables 120a, 120b (collectively 120). Also for example, the habitable environment 100 include a bathtub or shower 122, sinks 124a, 124b (collectively 124), commode 126 and optionally towel racks 128 in the bathroom portion 100b. The bath or shower 122 may have a faucet 130, showerhead 132 and control handle 134. The control handle 134 is operable to control a flow of water via the faucet 130 and/or showerhead 132, from a supply of water (not shown in
The habitable environment 100 may include a number of components (e.g., devices, articles, structures) which contribute to a wellness or sense of wellness of the occupant of the habitable environment 100. Some of these components are active components, driven in response to commands or signals, while other components are passive components. These components are brought together as a system, in order to provide synergistic results, thereby enhancing a health, wellness or sense of wellbeing of an inhabitant or occupant of a habitable environment or enclosed space. The various components are discussed below with reference to
The habitable environment 100 may include a number of active components operable to achieve desired environmental characteristics, for example related to illumination, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), water treatment, and acoustics.
Controlled lighting or illumination is one aspect of achieving the desired environmental characteristics of the habitable environment 100. Thus, the habitable environment 100 may include a number of artificial luminaires 142a-142e (collectively 142), which are controlled to produce desired output, for example by varying intensity and/or composition of wavelengths or color. Luminaires 142 may take a variety of forms, for example lamps (e.g., tabletop, floor standing) 142a, 142b, sconces 142c, 142d, and/or overhead lighting 142e. The luminaires 142 may employ a variety of illumination sources 144, for example incandescent lights, florescent lights, compact florescent lights, and light emitting diode (LED) lighting. The luminaires 142 may optionally include ballasts (e.g., electronic ballasts) and/or other electrical or electronic components required for operation. The luminaires 142 may also include various passive and/or active thermal management components to remove heat, thereby prolonging the operational life of the luminaires 142. Each luminaire 142 may include a plurality of individual illumination or light sources 144, respective ones or sets of the illumination sources 144 operable to emit light in a respective range of wavelengths. Some of the ranges may overlap, while other ranges may or may not overlap. The ones or sets of the illumination sources 144 may be individually operable to achieve any desired distribution of wavelengths at any given time. Each luminaire 142 may include one or more intensity adjustment circuits (e.g., dimmer circuits), which may take a large variety of forms depending on the type of illumination sources 144 employed. For example, an adjustable resistance type dimmer switch may be employed with incandescent sources, while a more sophisticated pulse width modulation technique may be used to control intensity of LED sources.
The habitable environment 100 may additionally or alternatively include a number of components which are controlled to adjust natural light being received in the habitable environment 100 via one or more windows 110 from an exterior thereof for example from a natural source of light (e.g., the Sun). These may include electrochromatic panes 146 in the window 110a and associated actuator, for instance a voltage source 148 coupled to control a transmissivity of the electrochromatic panes 146. Electrochromatic panes 146 may commonly be referred to as electrochromatic glass, but the embodiments herein are not intended to be limited to glass. These may include one or more drapes, shades or curtains or other window coverings (collectively window covering 150) and an actuator such as an electric motor 152 coupled by a transmission 154 to drive the window covering along a track 156 relative to the window(s) 110b.
Various approaches to illumination and components to provide illumination are discussed below, with reference to
HVAC is another aspect by which the desired environmental characteristics of the habitable environment 100 may be achieved. Thus, the habitable environment 100 may include a number of vents 158a-158b (only three shown, collectively 158) that provide air to the habitable environment 100 or portions thereof having desired air temperature, humidity, and/or air quality. At least one of the vents 158 may selectively supply scent(s) to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. Various air treatments and components for treating air are discussed below, with reference to
Likewise, water is yet another aspect by which the desired environmental characteristics of the habitable environment 100 may be achieved. Thus, the habitable environment 100 may include a number of faucets 130, 136 and/or showerheads 132 which supply water which has been treated in a variety of ways to enhance wellness. Various water treatments and components for treating water are discussed below, with reference to
The habitable environment 100 may include a number of passive components to achieve desired environmental characteristics, for example related to flooring system 102, wall system 104, ceiling system 106, acoustics, air quality (e.g., zero or low VOC emitting), and hygiene or sanitation (e.g., anti-pathogen). Many of these are discussed below.
The habitable environment 100 may include flooring system 102, wall system 104 and/or ceiling system 106 designed to achieve a variety of benefits. For example, the flooring system 102, wall system 104 and/or ceiling system 106 designed to reduce exposure to noise.
Loud environments have become a part of modern life. Fans, overhead planes, passing traffic, and loud neighbors all contribute to ambient noise conditions in the home. About half of Americans live in areas where background noise is above 55 decibels (dB)—a level that most consider bothersome. On the logarithmic decibel scale, 0 dB is the point where sounds become discernible to the human ear, and every increase of 10 dB increases the sound pressure level by a factor of 10. Regular exposure to 85 dB for over eight hours at a time can lead to permanent hearing loss. In outdoor urban spaces not immediately adjacent to any sound generators the background noise is often close to 40 db. The World Health Organization recommends an ambient sound level of under 45 dB inside homes and 30 dB for bedrooms.
Thus, the habitable environment 100 may include various passive approaches to achieve the benefit of reduced noise.
Much of the bothersome noise in homes originates from the outside, so acoustic barriers are an important part of overall sound balance. Many of the same technologies that provide effective thermal insulation in walls and windows concurrently block noise. This allows for acoustic protection solutions, while incurring little additional cost. In addition, floor lining reduces sound transmission between apartments and improves perceptions of privacy.
For example, the habitable environment 100 may include a flooring system 102 designed to achieve a variety of benefits. The flooring system 102 may include floor covering 160, subflooring 162, and optionally acoustically damping floor mounts 164 coupling the flooring 160 to the subflooring 162. The flooring system 102 may include one or more additional layers of flooring 166, which provides a resilient member or layer(s) (e.g., cork), as discussed below. The flooring system 102 may include baffle material or insulation (not illustrated), for instance between the additional layer of flooring 166 and the subflooring 162. The flooring system 102 may additionally or alternatively include pads or sheets of material (not shown) that acoustically isolate sources of vibration (e.g., vibrating appliances such as washing machines).
The flooring system 102 uses non-toxic, natural materials that are intended to absorb the sound of footfalls and other vibrations, and provide isolation from exterior or interior sound.
Also for example, the habitable environment 100 may include a wall system 104 designed to achieve acoustic damping. The wall system 104 may include specially constructed walls which incorporate resilient channels 168, double-wallboard or sheetrock 170, double-studs 172, and acoustic insulation designed to decrease sound transmission. The resilient channels 168 resilient couple the double-wallboard or sheetrock 170 to the double-studs 172 to reduce transmission of vibration.
As another example, the habitable environment 100 may employ acoustically damping doors 108. For instance, solid oak doors that tightly seal to a door frame, may achieve sound reduction on par with well-constructed walls.
As a further example, the habitable environment 100 may employ acoustic damping windows 110. For instance triple glazed windows 110 with vacuum or rare earth gases trapped therebetween may minimize sound transmission from the exterior.
As yet a further example, the habitable environment 100 may employ acoustically damping plumbing insulation 174. For instance, non-toxic blankets of acoustically damping material 174 may be wrapped around water pipes (not shown) and air ducts 176 to reduce the sound transmitted by metal conduits.
The health effects of flooring have become the focus of a growing number of studies. Research shows that standing on surfaces without any give or cushioning for extended periods of time forces muscles into a constant state of flexion. This decreases circulation, promotes bad posture, causes lower back pain and can lead to orthopedic ailments. Cushioned mats decrease the impact on joints and promote muscle relaxation.
The habitable environment 100 may employ a cushion-lined flooring system 102 in order to realize a number of benefits, including increased circulation and promotion of healthy posture. The result may be fewer reports of joint pain, discomfort, and low energy. In addition, standing on softer surfaces decreases the risk of developing plantar fasciitis, and can alleviate symptoms for those already suffering from the condition. The flooring system 102 should be soft or resilient enough to allow for underfoot comfort, yet strong enough to improve lumbar support. The flooring system 102 consists of floating construction, for example with cork under layer(s) 166 to reduce forces generated from impacts by increased deflection.
Reflexology is a traditional practice of massage, which aims to reduce the symptoms of various ailments. Practitioners use stimulation of specific areas of the hands and feet to reduce tension and stress. Evidence has shown that the practice of reflexology has powerful anxiety reduction with reduced blood pressure and pulse rates. The habitable environment 100 may employ a custom-designed pathway (e.g., bathroom pathway), with textured floor covering 178, designed to improve blood circulation and general wellbeing by encouraging reflexology therapy.
Due to large surface area, floor finishing can often be a major source of VOCs. The habitable environment 100 uses natural flooring materials chosen to reduce the emissions of harmful indoor air pollutants and volatile organic compounds.
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are created when charged particles are in motion. The movement of electrical charge through wires and appliances creates electromagnetic fields. The strength of the electric field depends on the voltage (e.g. typically 120 V for households) and is present near live wires, whether or not an electrical appliance is in use. Research suggests that long-term and significant occupational exposure to EMF may increase the risk of both Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer.
Thus, EMF shielding is incorporated into the habitable environment 100. The EMF shields are designed to block the spread of the field by creating a barrier composed of conductive or magnetic materials. EMF shields have traditionally been made out of solid metal, though this poses challenges regarding weight, corrosion, and malleability. Treated metal mesh or screens with openings smaller than the electromagnetic wavelength may provide a more practical solution.
Thus, for example the habitable environment 100 may include EMF shielding for wiring. In particular, wiring may be insulated with foil wraps designed to shield EMF from occupied parts of the habitable environment 100. Also for example, low EMF electrical wiring may be employed.
Another passive approach takes advantage of anti-bacterial or anti-pathogen (i.e., “treated”) materials to reduce or eliminate the presence of bacteria or pathogens. The anti-bacterial or anti-pathogen materials may be incorporated into or deposited on bedding (e.g., sheets, bedspreads, throws, pillows, pillow covers) 180, window coverings (e.g., drapes, shades, curtains) 150 and/or surfaces (e.g., counters 181, tubs or shower stalls 122, table tops 120, walls 104). For example, various materials may be impregnated or coated with anti-bacterial or anti-pathogen materials. These materials may have opening or pore sizes on the order of 1 micron, providing an effective barrier against penetration by various undesirable particles. Any seams in the bedding should be sealed. At least in the case of bedding, these materials preferably completely encase or envelope mattress, box springs, pillows, and/or comforters. Such may provide protection against bedbugs, allergens, and/or dust mites.
Examples of suitable materials may contain or include, silver (Ag) in ionic form, which has proven effective against a variety of pathogens.
In order to reduce exposure to pathogens and toxins without excessive use of chemicals or cleaning, the amenities below lower the effort required in maintaining a healthy environment.
As a further example, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have emerged as an effective means of reducing air pollutants through a photocatalyst which creates a self-cleaning surface powered by ambient light exposure. For example, the nanoparticles may catalyze a reaction converting VOCs to harmless carbon dioxide. Such may be incorporated into a photo-catalytic coating which may be used on walls to break down bacteria, virus, and VOCs when exposed to light.
The habitable environment 100 may include anti-bacterial or anti-pathogen materials as structural materials. For example, cedar may be employed in closets and/or used as baseboards. Certain species of cedar act as a natural pest control, repelling many insects. Oils present in cedar wood have been shown to repel fungi (such as mold), bacteria, insects, termites, and ticks.
An ability to control a function or operation of at least the active components may be useful in realizing the amenities and benefits offered in the habitable environment 100. Thus, a number of user operable input/output (I/O) devices, controls, panels or kiosks 182 may be supplied.
For example, an in-room user operable I/O panel 182a may include a display (e.g., LCD) to display information. The in-room user operable I/O panel 182a may include user actuatable controls (e.g., user selectable icons displayed on touch screen, keys, buttons) manipulation of which allows a user, for instance an occupant of the habitable environment 100, to select parameters or programs to execute to control one or more of the environmental characteristics of the habitable environment 100.
Also for example, a mobile or handheld device 182b may serve as an I/O device. The mobile or handheld device 182b may include a display (e.g., LCD) to display information and user actuatable controls (e.g., user selectable icons, keys, buttons) manipulation of which allows a user, for instance an occupant of the habitable environment 100 or facility personnel, to select parameters or programs to execute to control one or more of the environmental characteristics of the habitable environment 100. The mobile or handheld device 182b may be owned by the end user, for example the occupant. The mobile or handheld device 182b may execute a downloaded customized application or “APP” that communicatively interfaces via a wireless protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.11, BLUETOOTH®, WI-FI®).
Alternatively or additionally, a remote user operable I/O controls, panel or kiosk 182c (
Information about the amenities and benefits afforded by the wellness system in the habitable environment 100 may be useful in realizing the benefits of such. Information may be provided via a server and presented via a variety of devices. For instance, information may be presented via a television 184 for instance on a dedicated channel, via in-room or other display, panel or kiosk 182a, via handheld device 182b, etc.
System and Subsystems
The active portion of an environmental control system 200 includes a number of subsystems. For example, the active portion may include a control subsystem 202, illumination subsystem 204, water treatment subsystem 206, air treatment subsystem 208, scent subsystem 210, sound subsystem 212 input/output (I/O) subsystem 214. The active portion may optionally include a sanitizing subsystem 216, which as described below may be either build in or a fixture of the habitable environment 100, or may be portable, being located in the habitable environment 100 only during use. Each of the subsystems 202-216 and/or components are discussed in turn below with reference to
The control subsystem 202 may take the form of a programmed computer or other processor-based system or device. For example, the control subsystem 202 may take the form of a conventional mainframe computer, mini-computer, workstation computer, personal computer (desktop or laptop), or handheld computer.
The control subsystem 202 may include one or more processing units 220 (one illustrated), nontransitory system memories 222a-222b (collectively 222) and a system bus 224 that couples various system components including the system memory 222 to the processing unit(s) 220. The processing unit(s) 220 may be any logic processing unit, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), etc. Non-limiting examples of commercially available computer systems include, but are not limited to, an 80×86, Pentium, or i7 series microprocessor from Intel Corporation, U.S.A., a PowerPC microprocessor from IBM, a Sparc microprocessor from Sun Microsystems, Inc., a PA-RISC series microprocessor from Hewlett-Packard Company, or a 68xxx series microprocessor from Motorola Corporation. The system bus 224 can employ any known bus structures or architectures, including a memory bus with memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus. The system memory 222 includes nontransitory Flash or read-only memory (“ROM”) 222a and nontransitory random access memory (“RAM”) 222b. A basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 226a, which can form part of the ROM 222a or RAM 222b, contains basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the control subsystem 202, such as during start-up.
The control subsystem 202 may include a hard disk drive 228a for reading from and writing to a hard disk 228b, an optical disk drive 230a for reading from and writing to removable optical disks 230b, and/or a magnetic disk drive 232a for reading from and writing to magnetic disks 232b. The optical disk 230b can be a CD/DVD-ROM, while the magnetic disk 232b can be a magnetic floppy disk or diskette. The hard disk drive 228a, optical disk drive 230a and magnetic disk drive 232a may communicate with the processing unit 220 via the system bus 224. The hard disk drive 230a, optical disk drive 230a and magnetic disk drive 232a may include interfaces or controllers (not shown) coupled between such drives and the system bus 224, as is known by those skilled in the relevant art. The drives 228a, 230a and 232a, and their associated computer-readable storage media 228b, 230b, 232b, may provide nonvolatile and non-transitory storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program engines and other data for the environmental control system 200. Although control subsystem 202 is illustrated employing a hard disk 228a, optical disk 230a and magnetic disk 232a, those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that other types of computer- or processor-readable storage media that can store data accessible by a computer may be employed, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory, digital video disks (“DVD”), Bernoulli cartridges, RAMs, ROMs, smart cards, etc. The hard disk 228a may, for example, store instructions and data for controlling the other subsystems, for example based on specific aspects or characteristics of an occupant of the habitable environment 100 (
Program engines can be stored in the system memory 222b, such as an operating system 236, one or more application programs 238, other programs or engines and program data. Application programs 238 may include instructions that cause the processor(s) 220 to automatically generate signals to control various of the other subsystems to achieve various environmental characteristics in the habitable environment 100 (
Other program engines (not specifically shown) may include instructions for handling security such as password or other access protection and communications encryption. The system memory 220 may also include communications programs 240, for example, a server for permitting the control subsystem 202 to provide services and exchange data with other subsystems or computer systems or devices via the Internet, corporate intranets, extranets, or other networks (e.g., LANs, WANs), as well as other server applications on server computing systems such as those discussed further herein. The server in the depicted embodiment may be markup language based, such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Wireless Markup Language (WML), and operates with markup languages that use syntactically delimited characters added to the data of a document to represent the structure of the document. A number of servers are commercially available such as those from Microsoft, Oracle, IBM and Apple.
While shown in
An operator can enter commands and information (e.g., configuration information, data or specifications) into the control subsystem 202 via various user operable input/output (I/O) devices, controls, panels or kiosks 182 or television 184, or through other input devices such as a dedicated touch screen or keyboard (not shown) and/or a pointing device such as a mouse (not shown), and/or via a graphical user interface. Other input devices can include a microphone, joystick, game pad, tablet, scanner, etc. These and other input devices are connected to one or more of the processing units 220 through an interface such as a serial port interface 242 that couples to the system bus 224, although other interfaces such as a parallel port, a game port or a wireless interface or a universal serial bus (“USB”) can be used. A monitor or other display device is coupled to the system bus 224 via a video interface, such as a video adapter (not shown). The control subsystem 202 can include other output devices, such as speakers, printers, etc.
The control subsystem 202 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers and/or devices as described above with reference to
Illumination (e.g., electromagnetic radiation or energy with wavelengths in the visible, near infrared (NIR) and/or near ultraviolet (NUV or UVA) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) can have a significant effect on human health. As used herein and in the claims, the terms illumination or light include energy in the portions of the electromagnetic spectrum which are visible to humans (e.g., approximately 400 nm-approximately 700 nm) and not visible to humans (e.g., NIR or UVA). Light influences the human body in a number of unconscious ways. Metabolism has been deeply linked to the daily solar cycle through melatonin and the endocrine system. This cycle in the human body is called the circadian rhythm. Humans and animals have an internal clock that keeps the body on an approximately 24-hour cycle which matches the Earth's daily solar cycle, even in continuous darkness. Multiple bodily processes, from periods of alertness and sleep to digestion efficiency, are partially regulated by the intensity and color of light received by the eyes. However, light adjusts this internal timing to align the person to the Earth's daily solar cycle. Exposure to light comparable to the intensity of direct sunlight light will aid in resetting the circadian rhythm if it has been upset by shift work or long distance travel.
The intensity and color of light impacts different systems of the body. For example, blue light impedes the body's production of melatonin, a chemical messenger used to induce sleep. High intensities in the evening delay sleep, while light in the morning aids in waking. The appropriate brightness and color also contribute to alertness and concentration throughout the day. Melatonin is a natural anti-oxidant and counteracts the cancer-causing tendencies of free radicals. As a result, melatonin depletion from inappropriate exposure to bright lights leads to an increased risk of cancer. Bright light during midday and dimmer light at dinnertime aid in the digestion of carbohydrates.
Additionally, many individuals suffer from light-related mood irregularities, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Proper exposure to specific types of light at specific times addresses these irregularities. Exposure in the morning to gradual light brightening through dawn simulation has been shown to reduce depression. Daylight aids in the healthy development of eyesight. Myopia in children has been linked with low exposure to daylight and conversely, high reliance on dim artificial light. Age related macular degeneration, or the deterioration of eyesight with age, particularly in seniors with blue eyes can be minimized by reducing the exposure to high color temperature.
The illumination subsystem 204 may also be controlled to deliver light therapy, with or without topical photoactive substances. Such may, for example be used to treat a variety of conditions, for instance Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). People who live in high latitudes often experience depression during the winter as a result of long periods of reduced sunlight, a condition identified as SAD. For those affected by SAD, measures of sleep efficiency in the winter are noticeably different than those in the summer. Light therapy may be especially effective at treating SAD, producing results comparable to treatment with medication.
Another condition or syndrome commonly referred to as “jet lag” results from the relative shift between the circadian rhythm and the daily solar cycle. The effects are a disruption of sleep and a significant deterioration in mood, concentration, and cognitive performance. Controlled light exposure to help match the solar and circadian light cycles can help alleviate these symptoms.
In some individuals, the body's production or interpretation of melatonin slightly varies relative to the solar cycle, resulting in a set of symptoms identified as Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome (DSPS). Approximately one tenth of all adolescents and some adults find themselves falling asleep two to six hours after conventional bedtime. If left undisturbed, these individuals will often sleep soundly for approximately eight hours before waking in the middle of the day. Controlled lighting may help treat DSPS.
Emerging research indicates that different brain activity occurs when the human body is exposed to different parts of the light spectrum. Color can subconsciously affect people's abilities to do different types of tasks. For example, in one study, participants performed analytical tasks better in red light, and were more creative in blue-colored environments.
Research into workplace environments has found that people in brightly colored offices had higher measured emotional status than those in subdued or neutral surroundings. On the other hand, studies have shown that intense colors may be irritating to certain individuals. Chromotherapy employs illumination of certain wavelengths or combinations of wavelengths as an effective manipulator of mood given individual preferences. Practitioners use this therapy to address issues such as meditation, intuition, speech, nervousness and anxiety.
The illumination subsystem 204 may be operated to provide dynamic custom coloring throughout the habitable environment 100 (
The illumination subsystem 204 discussed below is used to preserve and remediate the disruption of circadian rhythm, enhancing health, including the natural sleep cycle, the healthy development of the eyes among some attributes, and treating or alleviating the symptoms of various disorders, syndromes and/or afflictions. The illumination subsystem 204 may, for example, expose occupants or residents of a habitable environment 100 (
The illumination subsystem 204 includes an artificial illumination subsystem 204a and a natural illumination subsystem 204b, which are operated in tandem to provide desired illumination in the habitable environment 100 (
Also as discussed below, the illumination subsystem 204 may implement nightlights, employing dim (e.g., low-wattage) long wavelength LED or incandescent luminaires that engage in response to motion or ambient light levels, and are designed to sufficiently illuminate rooms for safe navigation without disturbing melatonin levels.
The artificial illumination subsystem 204a includes a plurality of illumination sources 252, and optionally one or more power supplies 254. As previously noted, the illumination sources 252 may take a wide variety of forms, for instance incandescent, florescent, compact florescent, or LED lights. LED lighting may be preferable since such is extremely energy efficient and may have a long operating life. The illumination sources 252, either alone or in combination, should be capable of selectively providing a broad range of intensities and a broad range of wavelengths. Such allows the illumination sources 252 to be selectively controlled to produce a wide variety of artificial illumination conditions, for instance conditions that mimic natural light, diurnal light patterns, circadian light patterns, light therapy patterns, and/or light patterns to accommodate for changes in location (e.g., latitude and/or longitude) or changes in season (e.g., spring, summer, autumn, winter). A circadian light pattern may be a pattern of light during a defined period of time (e.g., solar day, approximately 24 hours) which mimics the intensity and/or color of naturally occurring light (e.g., sunlight and darkness) for a given location (e.g., latitude and/or longitude) and/or at a given time of year (e.g., season, month). A produced or generated or provided circadian light pattern may be produced by a combination of artificial and naturally occurring light, which may be controlled to produce a defined or desired circadian light pattern. The defined or desired circadian light pattern may itself be different from a naturally occurring circadian light pattern at a particular location and/or time of year, or may simply be shifted relative to the naturally occurring circadian light pattern at a particular location and/or time of year. The illumination sources 252 may take the form of arrays of LEDs, each LED capable of producing one or more ranges of wavelengths. Wavelength of emitted light may be adjusted by varying a drive current supplied to LEDs. Thus, desired wavelengths may be achieved by selectively operating certain sets of LEDs (e.g., LEDS that emit in a given range of wavelengths), and/or by varying a current level supplied to any given LEDs. Intensity may be adjusted by selectively operating more or less LEDS, or by controlling power supplied to one or more LEDs via the power supply or supplies 254. For example, a duty cycle of a pulse width modulated (PWM) drive signal may be varied to adjust intensity out the output.
The power supply or supplies 254 may take a wide variety of forms, mostly dependent on the source of power (e.g., AC line current, DC), and the illumination sources (e.g., LEDs). The power supply or supplies 254 may include a transformer to electrically isolate the rest of the circuit from the source of power, and/or step down or step up a voltage. The power supply or supplies 254 may include a switch mode converter, operable to step down and/or step up a voltage. The power supply or supplies 254 may include one or more rectifiers (e.g., passive diode bridge, active transistor bridge of MOSFETs or IGBTs) to rectify AC power to DC power. Less likely, the power supply or supplies 254 may include one or more inverters, to invert DC power to AC power. The power supply or supplies 254 may include one or more dedicated power supply controllers, for instance a microcontroller such as a microprocessor, DSP, ASIC, PGA, or PLC and/or associated nontransitory computer- or processor-readable media. The power supply or supplies 254 is or are communicatively coupled to control a supply of electrical power to the illumination sources.
The natural light subsystem 204b may include one or more actuators, which are drivingly coupled to control an amount of natural light received in the habitable environment 100 (
Controlling ingress of ambient light (e.g., sunlight, light from street lamps, buildings or signage, security lighting) from an exterior environment aids in management of exposure to levels of light in order to help maintain healthy circadian rhythms. This is particularly important during early summer mornings and long summer evenings, particularly at high latitudes (e.g., above or greater than approximately 40 degrees North or South) and/or urban environments.
Municipal water systems use many methods to control the purity of water. Although these methods generally succeed in bringing contaminant levels within national and state limits, water quality occasionally becomes an issue. For example, the Las Vegas sodium and sulfate levels in water would fail NYC city standards. In New York, byproducts formed by chlorination are near the federal limit. In response to these concerns, habitable environments 100 may use supplemental treatment technologies to bring contaminant concentrations well within the safety limits set by American regulatory agencies, as well as international safety standards.
New York City water is currently unfiltered, but a filtration plant is under construction for water drawn from the Croton Reservoir. Additionally, a UV sanitization facility is under construction for germicidal irradiation for the remaining water sources (Catskill/Delaware system).
Sediments-Solids of sulfates and chlorides can be suspended in water and produce a cloudy opacity, or turbidity. Water with high turbidity is not inherently unhealthy but elevated levels may be indicative of problems in the filtration process, which may imply that other contaminants have not been adequately removed. The coarse filters 259 reduce suspended solids in water. This is often the first stage of treatment, which optimizes performance of subsequent filters in the system.
Municipal water systems often add chlorine-based disinfectants to the water supply to remove bacteria. This affects water odor and taste, and causes potential irritation of the eyes. The human body contains beneficial symbiotic bacteria, which are necessary for the proper function of the skin and digestive tract. These microbes on the skin are harmed by chlorine. When chlorinated water comes into extended contact with organic matter, byproducts such as tri-halomethanes and halo-acetic acids can form, which are carcinogenic.
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP) comprise a myriad of different chemicals used as active ingredients in medications, cleaning products, and health supplies. PPCP enter the water system through multiple pathways, such as incomplete metabolism of drugs in the body, improper disposal of pills or personal care and cleaning products. Potentially unsafe levels of PPCP have accumulated in lakes and rivers, where they can enter municipal water systems. PPCPs are the likely cause of hermaphroditism in fish and lake amphibians, as well as other reproductive harm. Further contamination of water supplies is expected and increases in the quantity of PPCPs in the water are the subject of numerous research programs. The activated carbon water filters 260 that reduce disinfectant byproducts, pesticides, dissolved gases, chlorine, chloramine, and some pharmaceutical and personal care products, resulting in cleaner and better-tasting water. “Activated” charcoal filters contain a maze of passageways and openings, giving activated carbon some 1000 square meters of surface per gram.
Numerous forms of micro-organisms may be damaging to health or an indicator of poor water quality.
For example, coliforms are common, rod-shaped bacteria that are harmless in and of themselves. Like turbidity and suspended solids, coliforms act as indicators: their presence suggests that other, more dangerous microorganisms could survive water treatment and may be present in the supply. The EPA goal for coliforms is zero trace, but the enforceable limit allows 5% of all samples within a single month to test positive. New York City tested positive for 46 of 9958 samples taken in 2010 (or 1.3% of samples in the highest month).
Also for example, Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are also rod-shaped bacteria, and the majority of strains are harmless. Some strains, such as O157:H7, cause food poisoning by excreting toxic chemicals that can be life threatening for vulnerable individuals. E. coli is transmitted as a result of eating unwashed or undercooked food. Infectious E. coli can also be found in water contaminated with fecal matter, such as agricultural runoff.
As further examples, Cryptosporidium and Giardia are single-celled microbes often found in water systems contaminated by sewage. Much larger than bacteria, these protozoa cause digestive problems, especially in vulnerable populations.
The water treatment subsystem 206 ensures that a supply of clean, healthy water is supplied to the habitable environment 100 (Figure) for example via taps such as the faucets 130, 136 (
The water treatment subsystem 206 may include one or more mechanical filters 259. The mechanical filters 259 may include one or more sediment or coarse filters to filter sediment or larger particulate matter from the water. The mechanical filters 259 may include one or more fine filters to filter fine particulate from the water. Various types of coarse filter and/or fine filter media may be employed, including wire mesh screens, diatomaceous earth, ceramic water filter elements.
The water treatment subsystem 206 may include one or more activated charcoal filters 260. The activated charcoal filters may remove particulate in the size range of approximately 0.5 micrometers to 50.0 micrometers.
As an alternative to adding chemical disinfectants, water can be disinfected by irradiation with UV light. The high-energy light damages the DNA of microorganisms, making it less possible for them to reproduce. UV treatment is highly effective in clear, sediment-free water. Thus, the water treatment subsystem 206 may employ Ultra-Violet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI), in an attempt to eliminate microorganisms without using chemical-based filtering. In particular, the water treatment subsystem 206 may include one or more ultraviolet (UV) illumination sources 261 operable to expose the water to UV illumination of sufficient intensity and for sufficient time as to render pathogens in the water non-harmful. The UV illumination sources 261 may be supplied electrical power from one or more dedicated electrical power supplies 262.
As an alternative, a reverse osmosis system (not shown) preceded by a carbon filter may replace the sediment filter and ultraviolet irradiation for the removal of chlorine, PPCPS, disinfectant byproducts, heavy metals, microbes, and water hardeners.
The water treatment subsystem 206 may include one or more reservoirs of vitamin C 263 and one or more ports, valves, or manifolds 264 operable to release vitamin C into the water. The ports, valves, or manifolds 264 may be fluidly coupled to release vitamin C only in certain plumbing runs, for example supplying vitamin C only to water going to the showerhead 132 (
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include a variety of components to ensure that air supplied to the habitable environment 100 (
Good air quality is one of the most important features of a healthy environment. Stationary adults typically inhale 6 to 10 liters of air each minute. This amount doubles with moderate activity and doubles again with rigorous exercise. Approximately 15 cubic meters of air pass through the lungs of a moderately active adult each day.
Minute quantities of gaseous pollutants and particulates are present in the air from both natural and anthropogenic sources, which can cause serious health problems. Reducing the sources of gases and particulates in the home will decrease their negative effects. Airborne contaminants generated by materials, and the presence of individuals in the home, require expulsion through ventilation to the outdoors, and filtration to ensure that they do not return to the indoor air supply.
The major health effects of poor air quality are lung cancer and cardio-pulmonary disease. A significantly greater number of deaths from these ailments are attributable to periods of higher levels of particulate matter. Other effects of air quality are asthma attacks, emphysema, and interference with the immune system.
At the microscopic scale, natural laws concerning fluid dynamics and gravity work differently, allowing solids and liquids to float in the air almost indefinitely. Put broadly, this microscopic particulate matter is divided into two categories: fine particles, smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5); and coarse particles larger than 2.5 μm and smaller than 10 μm (PM10-2.5). Fine particles are inhalable particles that can lead to a number of health issues. Due to physical processes that govern their formation, fine particles are inherently more acidic and mutagenic than their larger counterparts. Fine particles are drawn deep into the lungs, maximizing damage. Most cases of mortality from inhalation of coarse particulate matter and larger contaminants arise from toxic chemicals they contain rather than the particles themselves.
Coarse particles do not penetrate as deeply into the lungs as fine particles, and therefore are the less dangerous of the two. However, many coarse particles are allergens. For example, dust mites are microscopic arachnids that feed on pet dander, dead human skin cells, and other biological matter. They thrive in carpets, mattresses, and curtains, and tend to dwell in synthetic fibers rather than natural materials. Mites are not inherently dangerous, but their droppings contain chemicals that trigger an immune response in some individuals. The resulting symptoms often include itchy eyes, runny nose, and wheezing, a reaction that can be particularly debilitating for asthmatics. Nearly one quarter of American homes have dust mite levels associated with symptomatic asthma, and almost half contain enough dust mites to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more mechanical air filters (e.g., mesh, screen, woven, or piled material) 265, through which air passes to remove larger particulate. Suitable mechanical air filters may include an activated carbon air filter, high efficiency particulate (HEPA) air filter (i.e., MERV equivalent 17+), MERV 13-16 air filter, a quantity of Zeolite, or a porous material.
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more electrostatic filters or precipitators 266 to remove fine particulate. In particular, electrostatic filter(s) 266 trap particles that could contain allergens, toxins, and pathogens. In addition, the electrostatic filter(s) 266 are installed to reduce dust mites, pollen, carpet fibers, mold spores, bacteria, smoke, and diesel particulate matter from the air. The electrostatic filter(s) 266 attracts particles using an electrostatic charge and extracts them from the air into a wire mesh.
The electrostatic filters 266 may take a variety of forms, for instance ones which place a charge on particles and an opposite charge on a screen or other electrode element to attract the charged particles. An example of such is a corona discharge type of electrostatic filter. The electrostatic filter 266 may be supplied charge via an electrical power supply 267.
Various airborne pathogens may present problems, particularly in enclosed spaces or habitable environments. This may be of particular concern with newer construction techniques which are employed to reduce the exchange of air with the exterior environment, for instance to reduce heat loss and thereby increase thermal efficiency. Although most airborne microbes are pervasive and generally harmless, some can be dangerous pathogens easily spread throughout a home's ventilation system.
Mold spores can induce skin, nose, throat, and eye irritation, and trigger asthma attacks. These fungi release volatile organic compounds that produce the characteristic “moldy” odor and have been linked to dizziness and nausea. Humidity control has been proven effective in reducing mold, and insulated windows reduce condensation so as to prevent mold from growing in nearby joints.
Individual microbes are very small and can evade some filters if not attached to other particles. In order to reduce the probability of airborne pathogens from traveling through the enclosed space or habitable environment 100 (
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include a UV air sanitizer designed to disinfect air via UV light within one or more components (e.g., ducts) of a ventilation system. The aim is to sterilize airborne bacteria, viruses, dust mites, and mold spores that may have escaped filtration.
Thus, the air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more UV illumination sources 268. The UV illumination source(s) 268 is positioned to illuminate air with UV illumination of a sufficient intensity for a sufficient time as to render pathogens non-harmful.
Various gaseous pollutants may produce harmful effects in humans, particularly where allowed to accumulate in habitable enclosed spaces. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based chemicals that evaporate into gases at room temperature. Many paints, cleaning products, and pest control chemicals emit VOCs, whose presence in buildings is 2 to 5 times as high as outside levels. Some furniture and building materials also slowly release some kinds of VOC, such as formaldehyde. In the short term, exposure can cause dizziness, nausea, headaches, throat irritation, and fatigue, while chronic effects include damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system.
Nitrogen dioxide is a product of combustion and mainly found near burning sources. Indoor areas that contain gas stoves, fireplaces, and cigarette smoke often have a much higher concentration of nitrogen dioxide. Epidemiological studies suggest that excessive nitrogen dioxide inhalation may decrease lung function, particularly in children. In the short term, it can also trigger allergic responses from the immune system, resulting in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
Ozone is created by reactions between molecular oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and sunlight. It is the major catalyst in the formation of smog. Ozone impedes cellular respiration, resulting in reduced cell activity. High concentrations of inhaled ozone can result in an itchy throat and chest tightness; chronic exposure scars the lung tissue, which can lead to emphysema. In addition, ozone interferes with the body's immune system, which compounds the danger from air or water-borne pathogens. Under current standards, the E.P.A. expects ozone to cause more than 110,000 lost work days and 1,100,000 lost school days between 2008 and 2020.
The design of the habitable environment 100 (
Nevertheless, some VOCs and other gaseous pollutants may appear in the habitable environment. Thus, the air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more activated carbon air filters 249 in the flow path to reduce VOC, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone that pass through activated carbon media filters designed to intercept gas molecules. Activated carbon air filters 249 are most useful in areas with sources of fumes or odors.
Additionally or alternatively, the electrostatic filter 266 or some other element may optionally include one or more catalysts selected to catalyze certain impurities in the air. For instance, the electrostatic filter 266 may include one or more catalysts (e.g., non-metal catalysts for instance: titanium dioxide, chromium oxide or aluminum oxide, or metal catalysts for instance: Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt and Au, as well as combinations or alloys thereof, such as an alloy of Pt and Rh) to catalyze species of VOCs into more acceptable or less harmful forms.
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more heaters 269 to heat air. The heaters 269 may take any of a large variety of forms. Heaters 269 may take the form of various electric heaters, which employ a resistive radiant element to heat air. Heaters 269 may take the form of forced air heaters which typically include burners that burn a fuel such as natural gas or propane. Heaters 269 may alternatively take the form of oil furnaces, or the like.
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more compressors 270 which may form part of an air conditioner cooling unit. The compressors 270 may be fluidly coupled to control pressure of a fluid, coupled with one or more coils or other heat exchangers, and may operate in a similar fashion to standard air conditioner units to remove heat from the air.
Relative humidity is the measure of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount that can be held at a given temperature. In the spring and summer months, humidity levels can be high enough to cause discomfort. When cool air flows through central air systems, humidity in the air is reduced, since cooler air holds less water vapor. However, as dry air is drawn in and heated within a building in the winter, relative humidity falls, so the air feels dry.
To maintain comfort, and prevent the establishment and growth of mold, dust mites, and bacteria, relative humidity in the habitable environment 100 should be kept between 30% and 50%. Using high-temperature water within the ventilation system of the home suppresses bacteria growth. Humidity towards the bottom of this range is better in terms of air quality, but extremely low moisture levels may lead to dry skin and respiratory irritation.
Thus, the air treatment subsystem 208 may include a humidifier and/or dehumidifier 271 which controls humidity throughout the enclosed habitable environment 100 (
To control relative humidity, the air treatment subsystem 208 may additionally employ exhaust vents 158a (
The air treatment subsystem 208 may include one or more fans and/or blowers 272 coupled to one or more ducts (
As an alternative for humidity control, a waterfall (not shown) in the enclosed space can both increase and decrease the relative humidity. When chilled water is circulated in the waterfall, the system absorbs water vapor from the air. When room temperature or warm water is circulated in the waterfall, the system releases water vapor into the air. The waterfall may also provide a soothing background sound in the habitable environment 100.
The practice of aromatherapy employs a wide variety of oils and extracts, with differing effects on mood and emotion. Supporters of contemporary aromatherapy practices suggest that various fruit and plant-based aromas have the ability to positively affect mood, behavior, and perceptions of wellness. Examples of plant-based scents and their corresponding benefits include:
Lavender effects include restful sleep during exposure at night, increased vigor the morning after nighttime exposure enhanced mood, decreased heart rate and increased positive mood. Jasmine effects include relaxation, decreased heart rate and increased positive mood. Orange scent has been used to reduce anxiety and help maintain better mood in stressful circumstances. Rosemary has been shown to enhance memory and increases reaction times.
The scent subsystem 210 is operable to selectively dispense or disperse one or more scents into the air in the habitable environment 100 (
Additionally or alternatively, one or more passive components may be employed to diffuse scents into the habitable environment 100. For example, various items or objects may be impregnated with specific scents. Such items or objects may include various fabrics, such as curtains, linens or bedding (e.g., pillow cases, pillows, sheets, blankets, comforters, duvets), carpets, towels, etc. Such items may include a pouch, sack or other breathable encasement or enclosure, which may be positioned at various locations about the habitable environment 100, for instance in a flow path of a vent or within a pillow case. The pouch or sack may be distributed in an air-tight packet, container or envelope which is opened immediately prior to use. Such may advantageously maintain the scent emitting materials fresh between manufacture and use, and may prevent undesired scents from being emitted into the habitable environment. Thus, certain packets may be opened to customize the scent to a specific occupant or occupants of the habitable environment 100, and the scent(s) allowed to disburse or disperse through the habitable environment 100.
Thus, active or passive components of a scent subsystem 210 deliver room-specific aromatherapy based on the room's function and aroma benefit. A wide variety of essential oils and crafted aromas are available for use in the dispenser with the option to tailor to individual specifications.
The sound subsystem 212 provides sound into the habitable environment 100 (
The input/output (I/O) subsystem 214 is communicatively coupled to the control subsystem 202 to supply input thereto and/or to provide output therefrom. The input/output (I/O) subsystem 214 may include various sensors 280-282, user operable input/output (I/O) devices, controls, panels or kiosks 283, 284, and other devices or components such as televisions 285.
For example, one or more occupant sensors or detectors 280 may be positioned in, or proximate the habitable environment 100 (
Also for example, one or more temperature sensors or detectors 281 may be positioned in, or proximate the habitable environment 100 (
Also for example, one or more humidity sensors or detectors 282 may be positioned in, or proximate the habitable environment 100 (
One or more in-room user operable input/output (I/O) controls, panels or kiosks 283 may allow an occupant or facility personnel (e.g., cleaner, maintenance) to interact with the environmental control system 200. The in-room I/O control(s), panel(s) or kiosk(s) 283 may include a touch-sensitive or touch-responsive display, which allows presentation of information and a graphical user interface (GUI). The information may include information about the current settings of the environmental control system 200 and different settings which may be selected by the user. The GUI will include one or more user selectable icons (e.g., scroll bars, tool bars, pull down menus, dialog boxes, keys, text) displayed for selection by the user. Selection may allow the user to adjust illumination, temperature, humidity, sound, or other aspects of the environment. The GUI may present the user with a set of defined programs to select from, the programs. The programs may be presented in a simple fashion with simple labels or names, yet may have fairly complicated sets of settings for various combinations of the subsystems 202-214.
The in-room user operable I/O control(s), panel(s) or kiosk(s) 283 may also allow collection of information from an occupant which is indicative of the occupant's impressions and overall satisfaction with the habitable environment 100, and particularly the health and wellness amenities. Such may be captured with an automated survey, which includes various questions and possible ratings, presented for instance via a graphical user interface (GUI).
One or more facility user operable I/O controls, panels or kiosks 284 may allow facility personnel (e.g., clerk, concierge, cleaner, maintenance personnel) to interact with the environmental control system 200. The facility I/O control(s), panel(s) or kiosk(s) 284 may include a touch-sensitive or touch-responsive display, which allows presentation of information and a GUI. The information may include information about the current settings of the environmental control system 200 and different settings which may be selected by the user. The GUI will include one or more user selectable icons (e.g., scroll bars, tool bars, pull down menus, dialog boxes, keys, text) displayed for selection by the user. Selection may allow the user to adjust illumination, temperature, humidity, sound, or other aspects of the environment. The GUI may present the user with a set of defined programs to select from, the programs. The programs may be presented in a simple fashion with simple labels or names, yet may have fairly complicated sets of settings for various combinations of the subsystems 202-214. The GUI may optionally allow facility personnel to define new programs, delete old programs, and/or modify existing programs.
The GUI may, for example, allow facility personnel to enter information about a specific guest or other occupant that will occupy a respective habitable environment. Information may, for example, include a location from which the occupant originated. The location may be specified in a variety of forms including name (e.g., city, state, country), geographic coordinates (e.g., latitude and/or longitude). Such may allow the environmental control system 200 to determine a control program that accommodates for changes experienced by the occupant due to travel to a new location. Thus, the environmental control system 200 may adjust for changes in the diurnal cycle and/or circadian cycle. Information may include an age or approximate age of the occupant, which may affect or be related to circadian cycle and the ability to adjust for travel (e.g., “jet lag”). Such may allow accommodation or treatment for other issues, for instance seasonal affective disorder, or providing light therapy to treat certain aliments or symptoms.
As noted previously, one or more televisions 285 may be used to at least present information to an occupant. In some implementations, a control such as a remote control, may be used by the occupant to interact with the television 285 to make selection of various user selectable options for controlling one or more components of the environmental control system 200. As also previously noted, an occupant may use a handheld or mobile device 182c (
The server 244 and nontransitory computer- or processor-readable medium 246 may store and provide information to other components of the environmental control system 200. Such may, for instance, include a schedule that specifies which occupants will occupy which habitable environments 100 (
A sanitizing subsystem 216 may be an integral part of the habitable environment 100, or may be selectively provided thereto or therein, for example when preparing for another occupant or guest. For instance, the sanitizing subsystem 216 may be provided as a cart with wheels, as illustrated in
The sanitizing subsystem 216 may provide a sanitizing agent into the habitable environment 100 to destroy or render non-harmful various pests or pathogens. The sanitizing subsystem 216 may optionally evacuate the sanitizing agent from the habitable environment 100 (
The sanitizing agent may take a variety of forms. The sanitizing agent may be in a gaseous form, or may be a vapor or “dry vapor” (i.e., non-wetting) form. Suitable sanitizing agents may, for example, include forms of chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and electrochemically activated solutions (e.g., electrolyzed water). Suitable sanitizing agents may, for example, include photocatalytic antimicrobial materials (e.g., composite photocatalyst, nanoparticle sized zinc metal in a matrix of nano-crystalline titanium dioxide available under the trademark OXITITAN™ from EcoActive Surfaces, Inc. of Pompano Beach, Fla.). Such may provide an antimicrobial surface, reduce odor and VOCs, provide for hydrophilic or hydrophobic self-cleaning, and/or UV or corrosion protection. The UV protection may be particularly advantageous where UV illumination is also utilized in sanitizing the habitable environment 100.
Alternatively, or additionally, the sanitizing agent may be in the form of electromagnetic energy or radiation, for example specific ranges of wavelengths such as UV of electromagnetic energy.
A sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more reservoirs of sanitizing agent(s) or materials 286 which when combined produce a sanitizing agent. The sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more fans or blowers 287 to assist in dispersing the sanitizing agent into the habitable environment 100 (
The sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more ports or vents 289 for dispersing the sanitizing agent. Ports or vents 289 may be built into a housing 290 of the sanitizing subsystem 216. Additionally, or alternatively, the sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more hoses 291 with nozzles 292 or other openings for dispersing the sanitizing agent.
The sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more wands selectively operable to emit electromagnetic energy or radiation, for example specific ranges of wavelengths such as UV of electromagnetic energy. The wand(s) may include one or more illumination sources, for instance UV illumination sources and may be electrically coupled to a power source 297 carried by the cart via one or more cables 298. Alternatively, illumination sources may be located in the cart, and the wand(s) optically coupled thereto via one or more cables 298.
The sanitizing subsystem 216 may include one or more illumination sources positioned so as to be exposed to the ambient environment in order to provide illumination into the habitable environment 100 directly from a housing of the sanitizing subsystem 216. The illumination sources positioned on an exterior of the cart or within the exterior of the cart and optically communicatively coupled to the exterior via one or more optical ports (not shown). This may allow the general habitable environment 100 to be optically treated, for instance with UV illumination. The wand(s) may, for instance, be used to treat areas or spaces that would not otherwise be treated via direct illumination from the illumination sources, for instance areas or spaces that are not in a direct line of sight of the illumination sources. In some implementations, the illumination sources may provide the illumination which is optically coupled to the wand(s) via the cable 298.
Sanitizing may require as little as three hours of exposure to UV illumination, dependent of a variety of factors such as type of pathogens, distance, and intensity (e.g., incident energies). Targeted pathogens may take a variety of forms, for example mold spores, and organisms such as various bacillus, protozoa, virus, yeast. Mold spores may include, for instance: Aspergillius flavis, Aspergillius glaucus, Aspergillius niger, Mucor racemosus A, Mucor racemosus B, Oospora lactis, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium digitatum, Rhisopus nigricans. Illumination may occur before, after, during, or before and after application of a photocatalytic antimicrobial agent or coating. Operation may require that the habitable space be vacant during the entire period of treatment. Thus a remote control (e.g., wireless handheld transmitter and wireless receiver in the cart 203) or a delay start timer may be advantageously employed.
Data, Data Structures, and Nontransitory Storage Media
Various nontransitory media discussed above may store information such as data including configuration information in one or more data structures. Data structures may take a variety of forms, for example records associated with relational databases, a database itself, lookup tables, etc. The data structures may store a variety of different information or data.
Operation
The method 300 starts at 302. The method 300 may, for example start on a periodic basis, for instance daily, weekly, or monthly. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 300 may start on demand, for instance in response to a checking in of a guest, or expected check in of a guest, or an entry of a guest or occupant into the habitable environment 100 (
At 304, cleaning personnel clean the habitable environment 100. Such may include emptying waste receptacles, dusting, washing, vacuuming, cleaning and/or treating surfaces with disinfectants, and/or collecting soiled or used laundry (e.g., towels).
At 306, cleaning personnel use or install anti-bacterial bedding, towels, other coverings (e.g., drapes) in the habitable environment 100. The anti-bacterial bedding, towels, other coverings may for example be impregnated or coated with one or more anti-bacterial or anti-pathogen agents.
At 308, cleaning personnel optionally sanitize the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof, for instance with a sanitizing subsystem 216. As previously explained, the sanitizing subsystem 216 may take a variety of forms, at least one of which is a fogger or “dry fogger” which disperses a fog or “dry fog” of a sanitizing agent into the habitable environment 100 (
Optionally at 310, the environmental control system 200 or a portion thereof identifies one or more occupants or guests that will inhabit the habitable environment 100 (
The specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may likewise be stored in a secured database or other secure data structure, or less preferably could be stored in the smartcard or cardkey. The specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may specify information that allows customization of the habitable environment to the needs or desires of the occupant. For example, the specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may identify one or more air temperatures, for example air or room temperatures for different times throughout a daily cycle. Also for example, the specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may identify one or more air relative humidities, for example relative humidity for different times throughout a daily cycle. As another example, the specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may identify one or more locations from which the occupant has traveled. Such may permit adjustment of, for example lighting, to accommodate for jet lag, SAD, etc. As a further example, the specific attributes, traits or characteristics of the occupant(s) may identify one or more syndromes, ailments or conditions for which environmental characteristics may be adjusted to alleviate or treat. These may include syndromes, ailments or conditions which may be addressed by delivery of illumination (e.g., timed delivery of different intensities and/or wavelengths). This may also include syndromes, ailments or conditions which may be addressed by delivery of humidity, for instance various skin disorders or problems. These syndromes, ailments or conditions may be specified by name or an assigned identifier. Alternatively or additionally, specific instructions or patterns may be stored for providing the desired environmental characteristics. Such may help maintain privacy for individuals, and may address regulatory issues (e.g., HIPAA) related to the care, handling and management of health-related information such as electronic medical records. Thus, for example, a pattern of illumination which specifies wavelengths and intensities at various times throughout the solar day may be stored. Patterns specifying air temperature, relative humidity, sound, scents, and other ambient environmental characteristics may likewise be stored for various times throughout the solar day. These patterns may be synchronized with one another. Thus, for example, illumination and sound may be synchronized to produce a gradual wakeup period in which light gradually increases in intensity as does soothing sounds. The wavelengths of light may likewise gradually change during this wake up period. Also for example, illumination and sound may be synchronized to produce a gradual relaxation period prior to a sleep time in which light gradually decreases in intensity as does soothing sounds. The wavelengths of light may likewise gradually change during this relaxation up period.
Optionally at 312, facility personnel, the occupant, or the environmental control system 200 or a portion thereof selects a program to execute to provide the environmental characteristics, attributes or amenities. Such may be done, for example, where no program has previously been specified or identified. Alternatively, such may be done where multiple programs are specified for a given occupant. As previously noted, the one or more programs may be stored for each perspective occupant, for example stored in a smartcard or keycard 114 or stored in a database in a nontransitory computer- or processor-readable media 246. These programs or identifiers representing these programs may be presented to the facility personnel or occupant to select from, for instance via one or more of an input device, panel or kiosk 283, 284. Alternatively, or additionally, the control subsystem 202 (
A set of patterns may be defined which accommodate changes in total amount of natural light and/or the spectral components (e.g., wavelengths) of the natural light for a large number of pairs of origination and arrival locations, where the origination location is a location from which the occupant departs (e.g., typically the occupant's home) and the arrival location is a location to which the occupant has traveled (e.g., a hotel, motel, spa). These patterns may, for example, relate each of 24 time zones (e.g., zones of longitudes) to the other 23 time zones throughout the World. These patterns may relate to various latitudes or zones of latitudes throughout the World. For instance, patterns may be established for each pair of latitude zones (e.g., 5 degree increments of latitude) north and south of the equator. Thus, each latitude zone may be related to each other latitude zone by a respective pattern. Patterns may likewise be defined for various pairs of geographical locations (e.g., longitude or time zone, and latitude) to simultaneously accommodate for both time zone changes and changes in length of solar day. Patterns do not have to be established for all possible pairs of geographic locations since most occupants will arrive from a relatively small number of geographic locations, and since the geographic location of the arrival location is presumably known for any given inhabitable environment 100 (
Optionally at 314, facility personnel may check in or register one or more occupants, for use of the habitable environment 100 (
At 316, the control subsystem 202 (
Optionally at 318, the control subsystem 202 or a portion of the environmental control system 200 present explanatory materials which explain the operation and benefits of the habitable space including the various active and passive components. Such may include presentation of a tutorial, for instance in a video form, explaining how a user may operate or otherwise interact with the environmental control system 200.
At 320, from time-to-time the control subsystem 202 or a portion of the environmental control system 200 determines whether a change has been made to any of the operational parameters. Changes may, for example, be made by occupant(s) and/or facility personnel, or via sensed or detected conditions in the habitable environment 100 (
If a change has been made, at 322 the control subsystem 202 or a portion of the environmental control system 200 runs the new program or program with new parameters to provide environmental characteristics. Execution of the new program causes the various subsystems 202-214 to provide the environmental characteristics or amenities in the habitable environment 100 (
Optionally at 324, the control subsystem 202 or a portion of the environmental control system 200 collects responses from the occupant(s) with respect to the habitable environment 100 (
Optionally at 326, facility personnel check out the occupant or guest. The facility personnel preferably actively inquire about the occupant's or guest's sense of wellbeing and experience with the amenities of the habitable environment 100 (
The high level method 300 may terminate at 328 until started again, or may continually repeat. Alternatively, the high level method 300 may run concurrently with other methods or processes.
The low level method 400 starts at 402. The method 400 may, for example run continuously, or may start on a periodic basis, for instance every few minutes, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 400, or portions thereof, may start on demand, for instance in response to detection of an occupant of the habitable environment 100, or in response to a request by a guest or operator of a facility (e.g., hotel, spa, resort, hospital).
Optionally at 404, a sensor or detector senses or detects whether the enclosed spaced is occupied. The sensor(s) may, for example, provide signals to the control subsystem indicative of whether the enclosed space is occupied. One or more of the following acts may be selectively performed based on the signals. For example, it may be more energy efficient to avoid providing active illumination when the habitable environment is not occupied.
At 406, a control subsystem receives an input, for example at a first time. The input may be indicative of any of a number of settings, for instance settings related to illumination to be provided in an enclosed space. The input may be received via at least one user actuatable input device located within the enclosed space or at an entrance to the enclosed space. Additionally or alternatively, input may be received via at least one user actuatable input device located remotely from the enclosed space. For example, located at a reception, concierge, building maintenance or other centralized location associated with the building.
At 408, the control subsystem determines whether the received input is indicative of a selection of a first setting. The first setting may, for example, be a circadian setting, that is a setting or pattern of illumination that is consistent with and establishes a natural circadian rhythm or cycle in a human. Such may, for example, mimic the intensity and chromatic makeup of natural sunlight and darkness over a solar day at some given location on the Earth.
At 410, in response to determining the first input indicates a first setting, the control subsystem provide signals to cause at least some of the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths and to cause at least one actuator to control at least a level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via one or more windows from an external source of illumination such that a combination of the artificial and the natural illumination varies over a first period of time according to a first pattern. The first pattern may, for example be a circadian pattern (e.g., pattern consistent with and which establishes a natural circadian rhythm or cycle in a human).
At 412, the control subsystem determines whether the received input is indicative of a selection of a second setting. The second setting may be a first non-circadian setting, that is any setting or pattern of illumination other than a setting or pattern of illumination that is consistent with and establishes a natural circadian rhythm or cycle in a human.
At 414, in response to the second input the control subsystem provides signals to cause the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at a number of levels and a number of wavelengths and to cause at least one actuator to control at least a level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via one or more windows from an external source of illumination such that a combination of the artificial and the natural illumination does not vary over a second period of time according to a non-circadian pattern (e.g., any pattern other than a pattern consistent with and which establishes a natural circadian rhythm or cycle in a human). For example, in response to the second input, the control subsystem may provide signals to the illumination sources and the actuator(s) such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination remains constant over the second period of time.
At 416, the control subsystem determines whether the received input is indicative of a selection of a second non-circadian setting that is a sleep time setting at a third time.
At 418, in response to the third input the control subsystem provides signals to cause a subset of the illumination sources proximate to a floor in the enclosed space to emit artificial illumination at a low illumination level along at least one path. The signals may further cause the at least one actuator to prevent natural illumination from being received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows.
At 420, the control subsystem determines whether the received input is indicative of a selection of a travel adjustment setting.
At 422, in response to the fourth input the control subsystem determines a travel adjustment illumination pattern based at least in part on a geographic location from where an occupant of the enclosed space originated to accommodate a change in circadian rhythm due to travel by the occupant. At 424, also in response to the fourth input, the control subsystem provides signals to cause the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at the levels and the wavelengths and to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination achieves the determined travel adjustment illumination pattern in the enclosed space.
At 426, the control subsystem determines whether the received input is indicative of a selection of a light therapy setting at a fourth time.
At 428, in response to the fourth input indicative of the light setting, providing signals by the control subsystem to cause the illumination sources to emit artificial illumination at the levels and the wavelengths and to cause the at least one actuator to control at least the level of natural illumination received into the enclosed space via the one or more windows such that the combination of the artificial and the natural illumination achieves the defined light therapy illumination pattern in the enclosed space over a therapeutic period of time.
The method 400 may repeat as indicated by arrow 430. Alternatively, the method 400 may terminate until called again or otherwise restarted.
At 502, a control subsystem provides signals to control an actuator (e.g., voltage or current supply) drivingly coupled to the electrochromatic panes to adjust illumination passed thereby. For example, the signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) (collectively window coverings) to move to a fully closed position which completely or substantially blocks natural light from entering the habitable environment 100 or portion thereof via the window(s). Alternatively, the signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) to move to a fully open position which allows a maximum amount of natural light to enter the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof via the window(s). The signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) to move to a variety of intermediate positions between the fully closed and fully open positions, which intermediate positions allow respective amounts of natural light to enter the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof via the window(s).
Since the intensity of natural light in the ambient environment varies throughout the day, and from day to day, control may be based at least in part to one information from one or more light sensors or detectors. The light sensors or detectors may sensor or detect natural light in the exterior ambient environment and provide the control subsystem with signals indicative of an intensity or spectral power distribution thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the light sensors or detectors may sensor or detect light in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof and provide the control subsystem with signals indicative of an intensity thereof.
At 602, a control subsystem provides signals to control an actuator (e.g., electrical motor, solenoid) drivingly coupled via a transmission to move drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) relative to a window. For example, the signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) to move to a fully closed position which completely or substantially blocks natural light from entering the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof via the window(s). Alternatively, the signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) to move to a fully open position which allows a maximum amount of natural light to enter the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof via the window(s). The signals may cause the drape(s)/shade(s)/curtain(s) to move to a variety of intermediate positions between the fully closed and fully open positions, which intermediate positions allow respective amounts of natural light to enter the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof via the window(s).
Since the intensity of natural light in the ambient environment varies throughout the day, and from day to day, control may be based at least in part on one information from one or more light sensors or detectors. The light sensors or detectors may sensor or detect natural light in the exterior ambient environment and provide the control subsystem with signals indicative of an intensity thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the light sensors or detectors may sensor or detect light in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof and provide the control subsystem with signals indicative of an intensity thereof.
The low level method 700 starts at 702. The method 700 may, for example run continuously, or may start on a periodic basis, for instance every few minutes, hourly, or daily. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 700 may start on demand, for instance in response to an adjustment of a thermostat, entry into a user input device, or sensed or detected presence of an occupant in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
At 704, the control subsystem receives signals from at least one of a temperature or humidity sensor or detector which signals are indicative of a sensed or detected temperature and/or humidity in habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. The signals may be used in order to adjust at least one of a temperature and/or humidity of the air in the habitable environment 100, for example based at least in part on a circadian pattern over a period of time.
At 706, the control subsystem provides signals that cause air to be treated. The signals may, for example, turn ON, turn OFF, and/or adjust a speed of one or more fans or blowers. The signals may additionally or alternatively, adjust a position of a vent, damper, valve or manifold. Such may circulate or otherwise cause air to be treated by filtering via one or more mechanical (HEPA) air filters. Such may circulate or otherwise cause air to be treated by filtering via one or more electrostatic particle air filters, a voltage being supplied according to the signals. Such may circulate or otherwise cause air to be treated by exposure to ultraviolet illumination via an air ultraviolet sanitizer.
At 708, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be heated. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to a heater (e.g., forced air furnace, steam radiator) to heat air. Also for example, the control subsystem may provide signals to open, close or adjust an opening of a vent, damper, valve or manifold which routes warm air to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
At 710, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be cooled. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to a cooler (e.g., air condition, swamp cooler) to cool (i.e., remove heat from) the air. Also for example, the control subsystem may provide signals to open, close or adjust an opening of a vent, damper, valve or manifold which routes cool air to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
At 712, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be humidified. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to a humidifier to humidify (i.e., add moisture) to the air. Also for example, the control subsystem may provide signals to open, close or adjust an opening of a vent, damper, valve or manifold which routes humidified air to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
At 714, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be dehumidified. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to a dehumidifier to dehumidify (i.e., remove moisture) from the air. Also for example, the control subsystem may provide signals to open, close or adjust an opening of a vent, damper, valve or manifold which routes dehumidified air to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
At 716, the control subsystem opens, closes, or otherwise adjusts one or more vents or dampers or valves or manifolds. Operation of various vents, dampers, valves or manifolds may provide fresh air, conditioned air, and/or scents or aromas to the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. The vents or dampers or valves or manifolds may be operated via one or more actuators, for example electric motors or solenoids, or shape memory alloy actuators, spring loaded actuators and/or magnetic actuators.
At 718, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be moved or circulated. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to one or more fans or blowers to move or circulate the air. The signals may turn ON, turn OFF and/or adjust a speed of a fan or blower.
At 720, the control subsystem provides control signals which cause air to be compressed. For example, the control subsystem may provide signals to one or more compressors to compress air, for instance to remove moisture or as part of removing heat. The signals may turn ON, turn OFF, or otherwise adjust a speed of a compressor.
The low level method 700 may terminate at 722 until called again, or may continually repeat. Alternatively, the low level method 700 may run concurrently with other methods or processes, for example, as one of multiple threads on a multi-threaded processor system.
The low level method 800 starts at 802. The method 800 may, for example start on a periodic basis, for instance every few minutes, hourly, or daily. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 800 may start on demand, for instance in response to a request by a guest or operator of a facility (e.g., hotel, spa).
At 804, the control subsystem receives input indicative of a scent to be dispersed in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. The input may come from an in room control panel, a remote control panel, a handheld device (e.g., smart phone, tablet computer, or personal digital assistant), or may be generated as part of execution of a program by a control subsystem.
At 806, the control subsystem provides signals which cause one or more scents to be introduced into air in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. The scent(s) may be delivered from one or more reservoirs. The signals may cause a vent, damper, valve, or manifold to open, or alternatively close, allow scent to enter the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof. The signals may additionally or alternatively cause one or more fans or blowers to cause the scent(s) to be delivered in the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof or dispersed or circulated therein. Additionally or alternatively, the signals may cause a heater to heat scented material, for instance to vaporize the material to cause the scent to be dispersed into air which is circulated into the habitable environment 100 or a portion thereof.
The control subsystem may provide the signals to cause the scent(s) to be introduced according to or based on a defined schedule. Alternatively or additionally, the control subsystem may provide the signals to cause the scent(s) to be introduced on demand, for example in response to a user input.
The low level method 800 may terminate at 808 until called again, or may continually repeat. Alternatively, the low level method 800 may run concurrently with other methods or processes, for example, as one of multiple threads on a multi-threaded processor system.
The low level method 900 starts at 902. The method 900 may, for example run continuously, or may start on a periodic basis, for instance every few minutes, hourly, or daily. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 900 may start on demand, for instance in response to use of water by an occupant of the habitable environment 100.
At 904, one or more water treatment components of a water supply subsystem treat a supply of water to a faucet or a showerhead of the habitable environment 100. Treating water may, for example include filtering water using one or more sediment or coarse particle filters. Treating water may additionally or alternatively include fine filtering of water, for example, using one or more activated charcoal filters. Treating water may additionally or alternatively include exposing the water to ultraviolet illumination of sufficient intensity and duration as to sanitize the water.
At 906, one or more water treatment components of the water supply subsystem introduce vitamin C into at least some of the water. For example, one or more valves or manifold may release vitamin C from a reservoir of vitamin C into water that is to be supplied to the showerhead of the habitable environment 100.
The low level method 900 may terminate at 908 until called again, or may continually repeat. Alternatively, the low level method 900 may run concurrently with other methods or processes, for example, as one of multiple threads on a multi-threaded processor system.
The method 1000 may, for example start on a periodic basis, for instance every few minutes, hourly, or daily. Alternatively, or additionally, the method 1000 may start on demand, for instance in response to a request by a guest or operator of a facility (e.g., hotel, spa). Alternatively or additionally, the method 1000 may start in response to a call or signal from a program executed by the control subsystem, for instance in synchronization with some other aspect of the environment. For instance, sound may be triggered by an alarm clock setting, which is synchronized with light levels and/or spectrum.
In particular, the control subsystem provides signals which cause at least one speaker to play sound in the enclosed space at a sound level that changes in synchronization with a change in a level of illumination emitted by the illumination sources at 1004.
The low level method 1000 may terminate until called again, or may continually repeat. Alternatively, the method 1000 may run concurrently with other methods or processes, for example, as one of multiple threads on a multi-threaded processor system.
Modifications
The above description of illustrated embodiments, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specific embodiments of and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. The teachings provided herein of the various embodiments can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the exemplary system generally described above.
The control subsystem or some other processor-based system such as a personal computer, may be programmed to evaluate a “wellness” of a given space. The system may assess various amenities provided in the environmental space, including type and effectiveness of the amenities. For instance, the system may assign points for particular types of amenities and/or effectiveness. For example, points may be assigned for having an active lighting subsystem, which additional points for active lighting can positively influence circadian patterns. Also for example, points may be assigned for air treatment, with a total number of points based on effectiveness of the air treatment. Also for example, points may be assigned for water treatment, with a total number of points based on effectiveness of the water treatment. Points may be required in each possible category (e.g., lighting, air, water, sound, reduced use of VOC leaching materials, use of sound absorbent or damping materials, use of materials that cushion or absorb shocks to protect the occupant). Alternatively, points may be required for a subset of categories. Additionally, or alternatively, a minimum number of points may be required in each of a number of categories, or a minimum cumulative score required to obtain a given rank or wellness rating. Ranks or wellness ratings may be certified and used in advertising. Wellness may be reassessed from time to time.
Wellness may be assessed based on self-reported scores or scores assigned by a reviewer or examiner. The scores may be reported via various user input devices, for instance a keyboard, keypad, touch panel associated with a GUI. The scores may, for instance, be entered via a Webpage user interface, and communicated to the system for evaluation. The system may perform comparisons of a given facility from year to year, or between different facilities. The evaluation may be compared or scored against a defined set of wellness standards in each of a number of categories or pathways.
Wellness scores need not be dependent on self-reports, but may be inferred from environmental sensors and occupant-based biometrics. For example, data gathered passively or actively from devices in the built environment, furniture or other biometric-reading devices, can contribute to a personal wellness score, that can be used to directly or indirectly control elements in the built environment including lighting, sound, HVAC or other categories previously discussed. Relevant biometrics may include any health or wellness-related measurements, including but not limited to heart rate, heart-rate variability, sleep phase, sleep length, or respiration rate, walking steps per day, body weight, or BMI.
The control system may cause a display of a dashboard which provides a concise representation of environmental information to occupants of the habitable environment 100 and/or to personnel of the facility (e.g., hotel) which houses the habitable environment 100 (e.g., room or suite). The dashboard may additionally present tips, suggestions, questionnaires, suggested settings, interventions, activities, health/wellness educational information, etc. The dashboard may be presented via a Website or Webpage and/or may be stored “in the cloud”. The dashboard may be accessible via any type of processor-based device including mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, tablet computers) as a Webpage or a dedicated application. Such devices may include transducers that act based on the information and/or to control various environmental aspects of the habitable environment via the control subsystem. For example, the Webpage or application may communicatively integrate the mobile device with the lighting subsystem and/or other environmental systems and controls.
For instance, a habitable environment may include any combination of one or more of the passive or active components. Some components may reside in or be controlled as part of a different subsystem than illustrated.
Also for instance, while various methods and/or algorithms have been described, some or all of those methods and/or algorithms may omit some of the described acts or steps, include additional acts or steps, combine acts or steps, and/or may perform some acts or steps in a different order than described. Some of the method or algorithms may be implemented in software routines. Some of the software routines may be called from other software routines. Software routines may execute sequentially or concurrently, and may employ a multi-threaded approach.
The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or programmable gate arrays or programmable logic circuits (PLCs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of nontransitory signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as portable disks and memory, hard disk drives, CD/DVD ROMs, digital tape, computer memory, and other non-transitory computer-readable storage media.
U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/694,125, filed Aug. 28, 2012 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/012,444, filed Aug. 28, 2013 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary or desirable to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/421,022, filed Jan. 31, 2017, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,845,529 on Nov. 24, 2020, and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/409,233, filed Jan. 18, 2017, which is issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,691,148 on Jun. 23, 2020, both of which are continuations of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/012,444, filed Aug. 28, 2013, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,715,242 on Jul. 15, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/694,125, filed Aug. 28, 2012, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 628351 | O'Neill | Jul 1899 | A |
| 828733 | Fuller | Aug 1906 | A |
| 853033 | Roberts | May 1907 | A |
| 1648277 | Korb | Nov 1927 | A |
| 2184644 | Homberger | Dec 1939 | A |
| RE27027 | Cristofv | Jan 1971 | E |
| 3621838 | Harding | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3678337 | Grauvogel | Jul 1972 | A |
| 4074124 | Maute | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4273999 | Pierpoint | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4308911 | Mandl | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4638853 | Papak | Jan 1987 | A |
| D295934 | Dyrhood | May 1988 | S |
| 4803625 | Fu | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4828609 | Anderson | May 1989 | A |
| 4858609 | Cole | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4882166 | Graham | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4893291 | Bick | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4911166 | Leighton | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4911737 | Yehl | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4916642 | Kaiser | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4930505 | Hatje | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4938582 | Leslie | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4947928 | Parker | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4953784 | Yasufuku | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4962687 | Belliveau | Oct 1990 | A |
| D312018 | Giesy | Nov 1990 | S |
| 5006985 | Ehret | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5010777 | Yehl | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5043840 | Yehl | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5079682 | Roberts | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5082173 | Poehlman | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5086385 | Launey | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5092669 | Anderson | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5103391 | Barrett | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5121030 | Schott | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5176133 | Czeisler | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5193900 | Yano | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5197941 | Whitaker | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5214736 | Uemiya | May 1993 | A |
| D335978 | Grahn | Jun 1993 | S |
| 5250799 | Werner | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5259553 | Shyu | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5285356 | Skene | Feb 1994 | A |
| D345071 | Gould | Mar 1994 | S |
| 5292345 | Gerardo | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5304212 | Czeisler | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5343121 | Terman | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5344068 | Haessig | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5350977 | Hamamoto | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5357170 | Luchaco | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5395042 | Riley | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5433923 | Wolverton | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5462485 | Kinkead | Oct 1995 | A |
| D364762 | Compton | Dec 1995 | S |
| D365484 | Trattner, Jr. | Dec 1995 | S |
| 5473537 | Glazer | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5503637 | Kyricos | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5545192 | Czeisler | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5589741 | Terman | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5692501 | Minturn | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5721471 | Begemann | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5742516 | Olcerst | Apr 1998 | A |
| D396581 | Schubert | Aug 1998 | S |
| 5791982 | Curry | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5805267 | Goldman | Sep 1998 | A |
| D401085 | Grant | Nov 1998 | S |
| 5861717 | Begemann | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5892690 | Boatman | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5919217 | Hughes | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5937387 | Summerell | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5963294 | Schiffer | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6053936 | Koyama | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6055480 | Nevo | Apr 2000 | A |
| D424356 | Hahn | May 2000 | S |
| 6118230 | Fleischmann | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6135970 | Kadhiresan | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6166496 | Lys | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6170318 | Lewis | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6197094 | Thofelt | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208905 | Giddings | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6235046 | Gerdt | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238337 | Kambhatla | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6269339 | Silver | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6290140 | Pesko | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6331160 | Bardy | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6340868 | Lys | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6344641 | Blalock | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6348867 | Myllymaeki | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6350275 | Vreman | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6369716 | Abbas | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6387844 | Fujishima | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6441558 | Muthu | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6448550 | Nishimura | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459919 | Lys | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6498440 | Stam | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6503462 | Michalakos | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6507159 | Muthu | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6507709 | Hirai | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6525658 | Streetman | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6535190 | Evanicky | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6554439 | Teicher | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6567009 | Ohishi | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6583720 | Quigley | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| D477158 | Calcerano | Jul 2003 | S |
| 6589912 | Kawai | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6607484 | Suzuki | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6610127 | Lu | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6623512 | Heller | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6661798 | Sano | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6683419 | Kriparos | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6691070 | Williams | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6711470 | Hartenstein | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6720745 | Lys | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6727091 | Darlington | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6738551 | Noda | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6755783 | Cosentino | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6756998 | Bilger | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6772016 | Oern | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6774802 | Bachinski | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6782351 | Reichel | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6806659 | Mueller | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6834208 | Gonzales | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6862529 | Brown | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6865428 | Gonzales | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6878191 | Escaffre | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6879451 | Hewlett | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6888453 | Lutz | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6888779 | Mollicone | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6912429 | Bilger | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6933486 | Pitigoi-Aron | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6967565 | Lingemann | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6991029 | Orfield | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6992803 | Chang | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7014336 | Ducharme | Mar 2006 | B1 |
| 7038399 | Lys | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7065280 | Ogawa | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7067995 | Gunter | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| D526512 | Hahn | Aug 2006 | S |
| 7092101 | Brady | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7097111 | Riley | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7099723 | Gonzales | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7113086 | Shorrock | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| D530940 | Raile | Oct 2006 | S |
| 7145295 | Lee | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7145614 | Lee | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7173384 | Plotz | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7190126 | Paton | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7202613 | Morgan | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7213940 | Van De Ven | May 2007 | B1 |
| 7215086 | Maxik | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7224282 | Terauchi | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7256554 | Lys | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7260950 | Choi | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7274160 | Mueller | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7288902 | Melanson | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7298871 | Lee | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7302313 | Sharp | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7308296 | Lys | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7319298 | Jungwirth | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7324874 | Jung | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7327337 | Callahan | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7348949 | Lee | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| D566428 | Kester | Apr 2008 | S |
| 7354172 | Chemel | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7358679 | Lys | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7364583 | Rose | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7387405 | Ducharme | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7415310 | Bovee | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7446303 | Maniam | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7453217 | Lys | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7457834 | Jung | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7520634 | Ducharme | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7524279 | Auphan | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7536388 | Jung | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7545267 | Stortoni | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7553039 | Harris | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7557521 | Lys | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7572028 | Mueller | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7573210 | Ashdown | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7574320 | Corwin | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7577915 | Hunter | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7647285 | Heckerman | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7652582 | Littell | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7659673 | Lys | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7676280 | Bash | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7679281 | Kim | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7680745 | Hunter | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7689437 | Teller | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7759854 | Miller | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7767280 | Klasen-Memmer | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7772965 | Farhan | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7827039 | Butcher | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7828205 | Cronin | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7839275 | Spalink | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7840310 | Orfield | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7843353 | Pan | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7848945 | Rozell | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| D632102 | Sato | Feb 2011 | S |
| D634952 | Gile | Mar 2011 | S |
| 7901071 | Kulas | Mar 2011 | B1 |
| 7906789 | Jung | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7918406 | Rosen | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7918407 | Patch | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7953678 | Hunter | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7967731 | Kil | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7973759 | Huang | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7977904 | Berman | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8028706 | Skene | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8038615 | Gobeyn | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8064295 | Palmer | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8066405 | Simon | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8086407 | Chan | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8100552 | Spero | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8100746 | Heidel | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8143792 | Joo | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8147302 | Desrochers | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8154398 | Rolf | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8159150 | Ashdown | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8188873 | Barth | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8200744 | Jung | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| D666123 | Sichello | Aug 2012 | S |
| 8253349 | Shteynberg | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8271575 | Hunter | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8308784 | Streeter | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8321192 | Boyce | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8344665 | Verfuerth | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8352408 | Guillama | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8358214 | Amigo | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8359208 | Slutzky | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8380359 | Duchene | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8392025 | Orfield | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8429223 | Gilley | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8436556 | Eisele | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8446275 | Utter, II | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8454729 | Mittelmark | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8484153 | Mott | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8490006 | Reeser | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8497871 | Zulch | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8506612 | Ashdown | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8508169 | Zaharchuk | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8515785 | Clark | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8527213 | Kailas | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8543244 | Keeling | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8558466 | Curasi | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8558687 | Haupt | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8609121 | Averett | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8640038 | Reeser | Jan 2014 | B1 |
| 8660861 | Chun | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8666666 | Bassa | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8674842 | Zishaan | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8690771 | Wekell | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8707619 | Edwards | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8716952 | Van De Ven | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8755942 | Bonilla | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8760370 | Maxik | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8795169 | Cosentino | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8801636 | Lewicke | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8836243 | Eisele | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8852254 | Moscovici | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8855757 | Kapoor | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8862532 | Beaulieu | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8870740 | Clegg | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8896427 | Ramirez | Nov 2014 | B1 |
| 8907803 | Martin | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8924026 | Federspiel | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8961414 | Teller | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8979913 | D Ambrosio | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8986427 | Hauville | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9007877 | Godlieb | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9010019 | Mittelmark | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9015610 | Hunter | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9020647 | Johnson | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9044567 | Poirrier | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9066405 | Van De Ven | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| D734958 | Gosling | Jul 2015 | S |
| 9095029 | Lu | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| D737078 | McKinney | Aug 2015 | S |
| 9098114 | Potter | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9104183 | Zheng | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9118499 | Hunter | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9125257 | Eisele | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9125274 | Brunault | Sep 2015 | B1 |
| 9147296 | Ricci | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9154559 | Bovee | Oct 2015 | B1 |
| 9155165 | Chobot | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9204518 | Jung | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9220202 | Maxik | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9226371 | Mohan | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9230064 | Yanev | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9230560 | Ehsani | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9236026 | Jia | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9248309 | Pugh | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9297748 | Risk | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9306763 | Tatzel | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9326363 | Godlieb | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9345091 | Pickard | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9360731 | Berman | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9370689 | Guillama | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| D761598 | Goodman | Jul 2016 | S |
| 9392665 | Eisele | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9410664 | Krames | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9420667 | Mohan | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9429009 | Paulk | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9430617 | Brust | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9430927 | Yu | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9456482 | Pope | Sep 2016 | B1 |
| 9465392 | Bradley | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9493112 | Thomas | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9501049 | Balakrishnan | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9510426 | Chemel | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9526455 | Horseman | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9576939 | Roth | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9593861 | Burnett | Mar 2017 | B1 |
| 9595118 | Maxik | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9609724 | Bulut | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9615429 | Roosli | Apr 2017 | B2 |
| 9636520 | Pedersen | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9642209 | Eisele | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9655195 | Tseng | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9696052 | Malchiondo | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9699874 | Phillips | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9715242 | Pillai | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9730298 | Vangeel | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9788373 | Chowdhury | Oct 2017 | B1 |
| 9827439 | Maxik | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9839083 | Van De Ven | Dec 2017 | B2 |
| 9887854 | Park | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9890969 | Martin | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9907149 | Dolan | Feb 2018 | B1 |
| 9909772 | Bazar | Mar 2018 | B2 |
| 9915438 | Cheatham, III | Mar 2018 | B2 |
| 9924243 | Lupien | Mar 2018 | B2 |
| 9933182 | Alfakhrany | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9939823 | Ovadia | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9952614 | Hunter | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9955423 | Kates | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9955550 | Baek | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9958180 | Mahar | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9959997 | Bailey | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9984590 | Stevens | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9986313 | Schwarzkopf | May 2018 | B2 |
| 10001789 | Hunka | Jun 2018 | B2 |
| 10022556 | Holbert | Jul 2018 | B1 |
| 10024699 | Rapetti | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10030833 | Adler | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10031973 | Dey | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10039169 | Chen | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10042336 | Cipollo | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10047971 | Nyamjav | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10051707 | Deixler | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10052061 | Raymann | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10054534 | Nourbakhsh | Aug 2018 | B1 |
| 10057963 | Mead | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10068297 | Hull Roskos | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10072866 | Bazar | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10075757 | Ugan | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10078865 | Joshi | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10088577 | Klein | Oct 2018 | B2 |
| 10091017 | Landow | Oct 2018 | B2 |
| 10091303 | Ledvina | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10178972 | Raymann | Jan 2019 | B2 |
| 20020072322 | Sharp | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020096121 | Ingman | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020119281 | Higgins | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128864 | Maus | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020163529 | Evanicky | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020187082 | Wu | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030100837 | Lys | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030133292 | Mueller | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199244 | Siddaramanna | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030209140 | Kutt | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030209501 | Leung | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040002792 | Hoffknecht | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040060677 | Huang | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040065098 | Choi | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040105264 | Spero | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040160199 | Morgan | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176666 | Chait | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040178751 | Mueller | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040212321 | Lys | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040245351 | Orfield | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040264193 | Okumura | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040267385 | Lingemann | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050110416 | Veskovic | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050151489 | Lys | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177957 | Long | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050191505 | Akarsu | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050200578 | Lee | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050213353 | Lys | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050214533 | Shimosaki | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050218870 | Lys | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050225976 | Zampini | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050231133 | Lys | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050236998 | Mueller | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050253533 | Lys | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060000257 | Samadpour | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060002110 | Dowling | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060017928 | Crowther | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060018118 | Lee | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060018428 | Li | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060103728 | Ishigami | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060106437 | Czeisler | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060111944 | Sirmans, Jr. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060154596 | Meneely, Jr. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060162552 | Yost | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060172579 | Murphy | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173580 | Desrochers | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184283 | Lee | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060207730 | Berman | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060246149 | Buchholz | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070001617 | Pogodayev | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070024210 | Zwanenburg | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070115665 | Mueller | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070162858 | Hurley | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070198226 | Lee | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070240437 | Yonezawa | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20080031832 | Wakefield | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080103561 | Moscovici | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080146892 | Leboeuf | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080182506 | Jackson | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080224121 | Bose | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080225021 | Hekstra | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080246629 | Tsui | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080294012 | Kurtz | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080297027 | Miller | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090015403 | Kuris | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090065596 | Seem | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090068089 | Hussain | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090104086 | Zax | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090126382 | Rubino | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090128044 | Nevins | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090169425 | Park | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090177613 | Martinez | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090223126 | Garner | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090241496 | Pintault | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090242485 | Cabados | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090243517 | Verfuerth | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090273470 | Sinkevicius | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090292180 | Mirow | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100021710 | Hunt | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100084996 | Van De Sluis | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100119461 | Bicard-Benhamou | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100146855 | Ma | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100169108 | Karkanias | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100185064 | Bandic | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100197495 | Filippini | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217099 | Leboeuf | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100265803 | Lee | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100277106 | Baaijens | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100289643 | Trundle | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298981 | Chamorro | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110010014 | Oexman | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110066465 | Orfield | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110084614 | Eisele | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110190913 | Van De Sluis | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20120011033 | Salgia | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120019386 | Doraiswami | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120031984 | Feldmeier | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120064818 | Kurelowech | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120072032 | Powell | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120158203 | Feldstein | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120176041 | Birru | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120206726 | Pervez | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120279120 | Prescott | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120298599 | Sichello | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20130027637 | Hosoki | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130035208 | Dalebout | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130065098 | Ohkawa | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130081541 | Hasenoehrl | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130102852 | Kozloski | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130119891 | Herremans | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130134962 | Kamel | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130141235 | Utter, II | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130208576 | Loree, IV | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130229114 | Eisele | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130276371 | Birru | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130342111 | Mohan | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140058566 | Rains, Jr. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140067130 | Pillai | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140093551 | Averett | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140099348 | Averett | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140243935 | Brainard | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140283450 | Darlington | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140298719 | MacKin | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140318011 | Järvinen | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20150015152 | Aboulnaga | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150052975 | Martin | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150066578 | Manocchia | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088786 | Anandhakrishnan | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150102730 | Eisele | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150126806 | Barroso | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150212057 | Darveau | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150234369 | Wen | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150309484 | Lyman | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150382427 | Eisele | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160019813 | Mullen | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160203700 | Bruhn | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160206898 | Brainard | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160213946 | Brainard | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160231014 | Ro | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160253802 | Venetianer | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160313245 | Sato | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160339203 | Krames | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20170023225 | Chen | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170053068 | Pillai | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170065792 | Bonvallet | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170068782 | Pillai | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170136206 | Pillai | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170139386 | Pillai | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170162548 | Roth | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170189640 | Sadwick | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170191695 | Bruhn | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170196510 | Ouwerkerk | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170238401 | Sadwick | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170259079 | Grajcar | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170299210 | Nyamjav | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170319816 | Sokol | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170325310 | Chen | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170326380 | Moore-Ede | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170348506 | Berman | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170356670 | Zhang | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170359879 | Eisele | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180042077 | Riley | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180043130 | Moore Ede | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180077767 | Soler | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180149802 | Krames | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180160944 | Aubert | Jun 2018 | A1 |
| 20180206783 | Yoon | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180207445 | Maxik | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180285934 | Baughman | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180295696 | Li | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180295704 | Haverlag | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180311464 | Krames | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180318602 | Ciccarelli | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180320919 | Tang | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180322240 | Goyal | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180322253 | Goyal | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180331845 | Warren | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180339127 | Van Reen | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180349689 | Lee | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180349945 | Jayaraman | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180351758 | Becker | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180351761 | Li | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180353108 | Prate | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190014643 | Gharabegian | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190028549 | Ledvina | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190046109 | Lewis | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2307458 | Nov 2001 | CA |
| 2740939 | Mar 2010 | CA |
| 1150882 | May 1997 | CN |
| 1544222 | Nov 2004 | CN |
| 101421558 | Apr 2009 | CN |
| 201414191 | Feb 2010 | CN |
| 202551821 | Nov 2012 | CN |
| 103040443 | Apr 2013 | CN |
| 103197659 | Jul 2013 | CN |
| 103277870 | Sep 2013 | CN |
| 203175090 | Sep 2013 | CN |
| 103531174 | Jan 2014 | CN |
| 103604198 | Feb 2014 | CN |
| 203454309 | Feb 2014 | CN |
| 204759076 | Nov 2015 | CN |
| 1067825 | Jan 2001 | EP |
| 1821582 | Aug 2007 | EP |
| 2132960 | Dec 2009 | EP |
| 2431541 | Mar 2012 | EP |
| 2488912 | Aug 2012 | EP |
| S60110520 | Jun 1985 | JP |
| H0552361 | Mar 1993 | JP |
| H0658593 | Mar 1994 | JP |
| H06159763 | Jun 1994 | JP |
| H06225858 | Aug 1994 | JP |
| H09303842 | Nov 1997 | JP |
| H10238089 | Sep 1998 | JP |
| 2000130828 | May 2000 | JP |
| 2000294388 | Oct 2000 | JP |
| 2001224078 | Aug 2001 | JP |
| 2001286226 | Oct 2001 | JP |
| 2001314882 | Nov 2001 | JP |
| 2002042546 | Feb 2002 | JP |
| 2002059152 | Feb 2002 | JP |
| 2003042507 | Feb 2003 | JP |
| 2003042509 | Feb 2003 | JP |
| 2003083590 | Mar 2003 | JP |
| 2003232559 | Aug 2003 | JP |
| 2004005313 | Jan 2004 | JP |
| 2004053130 | Feb 2004 | JP |
| 2005040769 | Feb 2005 | JP |
| 2005177726 | Jul 2005 | JP |
| 2005211319 | Aug 2005 | JP |
| 2005235634 | Sep 2005 | JP |
| 2006210045 | Aug 2006 | JP |
| 2006522699 | Oct 2006 | JP |
| 2006321721 | Nov 2006 | JP |
| 2007170761 | Jul 2007 | JP |
| 2007184436 | Jul 2007 | JP |
| 2008125541 | Jun 2008 | JP |
| 2008157548 | Jul 2008 | JP |
| 2008204640 | Sep 2008 | JP |
| 2010182661 | Aug 2010 | JP |
| 2010239878 | Oct 2010 | JP |
| 2011146137 | Jul 2011 | JP |
| 2012001931 | Jan 2012 | JP |
| 2012149839 | Aug 2012 | JP |
| 2013140523 | Jul 2013 | JP |
| 6159763 | Dec 2015 | JP |
| 6225858 | Apr 2016 | JP |
| 20000009824 | Feb 2000 | KR |
| 20010048235 | Jun 2001 | KR |
| 20030074107 | Sep 2003 | KR |
| 20050003899 | Jan 2005 | KR |
| 100771486 | Oct 2007 | KR |
| 100804892 | Feb 2008 | KR |
| 101102733 | May 2011 | KR |
| 20120004243 | Jan 2012 | KR |
| 101135926 | Apr 2012 | KR |
| 20120039359 | Apr 2012 | KR |
| 20130108709 | Oct 2013 | KR |
| 20130124184 | Nov 2013 | KR |
| 0039964 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| 2004037301 | May 2004 | WO |
| 2007026387 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| 2008043396 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| 2008102308 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2008120127 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| 2008135093 | Nov 2008 | WO |
| 2009030641 | Mar 2009 | WO |
| 2009044330 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2010046875 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010087386 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| 2010115720 | Oct 2010 | WO |
| 2011033377 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| 2011046875 | Apr 2011 | WO |
| 2012104773 | Aug 2012 | WO |
| 2012151407 | Nov 2012 | WO |
| 2013014337 | Jan 2013 | WO |
| 2013049297 | Apr 2013 | WO |
| 2013175348 | Nov 2013 | WO |
| 2015130786 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| 2015200730 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| 2016019005 | Feb 2016 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Extended European Search Report issued in EP Application No. 20191237.5 dated Sep. 21, 2020. |
| Wikipedia, “Home automation,” Jan. 17, 2014, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&oldid=591169195, retreived on Sep. 2, 2020 (11 pages). |
| Extended European Search Report issued in EP Application No. 17844397.4 dated Jun. 17, 2020 (8 pages). |
| Extended European Search report issued in EP Application No. 20152815.5 dated Aug. 4, 2020. |
| Klein, Laura et al., “Coordinating occupant behavior for building energy and comfort management using multi-agent systems,” Automatoin in Construction, vol. 22, Mar. 2012, pp. 525-536. |
| First Examination Report issued in IN Application No. 201617032677 dated Jul. 30, 2020. |
| “Active Design Guidelines: Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Design,” New York City Departments of Design and Construction, 2010. |
| “Assembly: Civic Design Guidelines,” Center for Active Design, 2018. |
| Allergy Buyers Club, “Philips Wake Up Light Dawn Simulators Alarm Clocks,” retrieved from http://www.allergybuyersclub.com/philips-wake-up-light-dawn-simulator-alarm-cloc ks.html, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2012, 2 pages. |
| Amendment, filed Jan. 25, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/421,046, Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” 6 pages. |
| American Ultraviolet, “Handheld Germicidal Fixtures,” retrieved from http://americanultraviolet.com/germicidal_solutions/commercial_products/handheld..., retrieved on Aug. 13, 2012, 1 page. |
| American Ultraviolet, “In Room Germicidal Solutions,” HVAC MRS (0810/2.5M), retrieved from http://www.americanultraviolet.com, 2 pages. |
| Australian Examination report No. 1, dated Dec. 13, 2017, for Australian Application No. 2017200995, 6 pages. |
| Australian Patent Examination Report, dated Sep. 14, 2016, for Australian Application No. 2013308871, 5 pages. |
| Averett et al., “Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Compositions and Uses Thereof,” U.S. Appl. No. 61/482,393, filed May 4, 2011, 25 pages. |
| Brookstone, “Tranquil Moments® Advanced Sleep Sounds,” 2012, retrieved from http://www.brookstone.com/tranquil-moments-advanced-sleep-sound..., retrieved on Apr. 28, 2014, 3 pages. |
| Canadian Office Action, dated Jul. 18, 2017, for Canadian Application No. 2,946,367, 3 pages. |
| Canadian Office Action, dated Jul. 25, 2017, for Canadian Application No. 2,940,766, 6 pages. |
| Chinese Office Action, dated May 5, 2016, for Chinese Application No. 201380051774.0, 10 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated Mar. 15, 2018, for European Application No. 15 754 628.4-1222, 9 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated Nov. 23, 2016, for European Application No. 13833105.3, 8 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Rule 164(1) EPC, dated Mar. 30, 2016, for European Application No. 13833105.3-1853 / 2891019, 9 pages. |
| Corrected Notice of Allowance, dated Jun. 26, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,444, Pillai et al, “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” 2 pages. |
| Corrected Notice of Allowance, dated Jun. 6, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,444, Pillai et al, “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” 2 pages. |
| Delos, “Delos and MGM Grand Las Vegas Introduce First-Ever Stay Well Rooms,” Sep. 20, 2012, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/staywell/delos-mgm-grand-las-vegas-introduce-first-ever-stay-well-..., retrieved on May 14, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Delos, “Delos Announces First-Ever WELL™ Certified Office At CBRE Headquarters in Los Angeles,” Nov. 19, 2013, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/press-release/delos-the-pioneer-of-wellness-real-estate-a nnounces-fi..., retrieved on May 14, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Delos, “MGM Grand and Delos Complete Expansion of Stay Well Experience and Introduce New Stay Well Lounge,” Feb. 26, 2014, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/press-release/mgm-grand-and-delos-complete-expansion-of-s tay-we..., retrieved on May 14, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Delos, “World's First WELL® Certified Restaurants Introduced by Delos and LYFE Kitchen,” Dec. 4, 2013, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/press-release/worlds-first-well-certified-restaurants-int roduced-by-d... retrieved on May 14, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Delos, “World's First Wellness-Infused Student Housing Model in Philadelphia for St. Joseph's University Introduced by Delos and Cross Properties,” Nov. 25, 2013, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/press-release/delos-the-pioneer-of-wellness-real-estate-a nd-cross-pr..., retrieved on May 14, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Delos, “Introducing Wellness Real Estate—Can Your Home Actually Improve Your Health?,” May 1, 2012, retrieved from http://delosliving.com/press-release/can-your-home-actually-improve-your-health/ , retrieved on May 14, 2014, 3 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Notice of Allowance, dated Apr. 21, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/486,753, 9 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Notice of Allowance, dated Mar. 14, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/805,243, 6 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Notice of Allowance, dated May 13, 2014, for U.S. Appl. No. 13/863,589, 6 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Office Action, dated Feb. 4, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/486,753, 7 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Office Action, dated Jul. 26, 2012, for U.S. Appl. No. 12/900,158, 13 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Office Action, dated Jun. 5, 2013, for U.S. Appl. No. 13/863,589, 6 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Office Action, dated Nov. 1, 2013, for U.S. Appl. No. 13/863,589, 7 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Office Action, dated Oct. 22, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/805,243, 18 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Preliminary Amendment, filed Dec. 30, 2014, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/486,753. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 15, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/805,243, 9 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 8, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/187,317, 9 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Response, filed Jan. 27, 2014, for U.S. Appl. No. 13/863,589, 3 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Response, filed Jan. 5, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/805,243, 3 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Response, filed Mar. 6, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/486,753, 3 pages. |
| Eisele et al, “LED Lighting System,” Response, filed Sep. 4, 2013, for U.S. Appl. No. 13/863,589, 3 pages. |
| Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” Amendment, filed Oct. 24, 2012, for U.S. Appl. No. 12/900,158, 12 pages. |
| Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” U.S. Appl. No. 61/249,858, filed Oct. 8, 2009, 58 pages. |
| Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 9, 2013, for U.S. Appl. No. 12/900,158, 9 pages. |
| European Search Report for EP Application No. 15160578.9, dated Aug. 11, 2015, 8 pages. |
| Examiner's Report issued in CA Application No. 2,940,766 dated Jan. 11, 2019. |
| Extended European Search Report and Lack of Unity of Invention Sheet B, dated Jul. 28, 2016, for European Application No. 13833105.3, 17 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, dated Feb. 1, 2018, for European Application No. 17167920.2-1213, 10 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, dated Jul. 12, 2017, for European Application No. 15754628.4-1958, 11 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, dated May 28, 2018, for European Application No. 16737803.3-1222/3245631, 7 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report, dated Nov. 5, 2014, for European Application No. 12779504.5-1352, 6 pages. |
| Fabrictech International, “PureCare™ Antibacterial Silver,” retrieved from http://www.fabrictech.com/shop/purecaresilver.html, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2012, 1 page. |
| Fabrictech International, “Total Health & Wellness Protection Package—Save 25%,” retrieved from http://www.fabrictech.com/shop/custom-package/total-healthawellness-protection.h tml, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2012, 3 pages. |
| Goodman, “Green Wall Frame,” Amendment After Allowance, filed May 11, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 29/528,147, 8 pages. |
| Goodman, “Green Wall Frame,” Notice of Allowance, dated Feb. 11, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 29/528,147, 11 pges. |
| GSky Plant Systems, Inc., “Smart Wall Cabinet,” 2012, retrieved from http://gsky.com/green-walls/smartwall/, retrieved on Apr. 29, 2015, 3 pages. |
| International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, dated Jun. 8, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US2015/017528, 20 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, dated Aug. 29, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/034416, 22 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/US2017/048382 dated Jan. 4, 2018 (4 pages). |
| International Search Report, dated Apr. 28, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/013215, 5 pages. |
| International Search Report, dated Dec. 26, 2013, for International Application No. PCT/US2013/057070, 4 pages. |
| International Search Report, dated Feb. 4, 2011, for International Application No. PCT/US2010/051791, 2 pages. |
| Japanese Office Action dated Apr. 25, 2017 for JP Application No. 2015-529995, with English summary, 14 pages. |
| Jernigan, “Light studies focus on circadian rhythms,” BioPhotonics, Jul. 2009, retrieved from http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?PID=I&VID=43&IID=396&AID=38995, retrieved on Nov. 3, 2014, 2 pages. |
| Jernigan, R., “Light Studies Focus on Circadian Rhythms,” Photonics Showcase, Nov. 2009, p. 12. |
| Jones, “Chapter 4—Acoustical Treatment for Indoor Areas,” in Handbook for Sound Engineers, Ballou (ed.), Burlington, MA, Focal Press, 2008, 65-94. |
| Land, “Using Vitamin C to Neutralize Chlorine in Water Systems,” Recreation Management Tech Tips, Apr. 2005, retrieved from http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htm1/05231301/05231301.html, retrieved on Mar. 1, 2016, 6 pages. |
| Macary et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Monitoring and Enhancing Human Wellness,” U.S. Appl. No. 15/543,114, filed Jul. 12, 2017, 113 pages. |
| Mold Inspection California, “Killing Mold With Ozone & Thermal Heat,” retrieved from http://moldinspectioncalifornia.com/kill_mold_with_ozone.html, 3 pages. |
| NaturVention, “Science,” URL=https://www.naturvention.com/technology-and-science/science/, download date Apr. 5, 2016, 4 pages. |
| NaturVention, “Technology,” URL=https://www.naturvention.com/technology-and-science/, download date Apr. 5, 2016, 6 pages. |
| Office Action issued in CN Application No. 201580021358.5 dated Feb. 2, 2019. |
| Office Action, dated May 21, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/121,953, Pillai et al., “Systems and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” 38 pages. |
| Office Action, dated May 31, 2018, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/421,046, Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” 9 pages. |
| Office Action, dated Oct. 27, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/421,046, Eisele et al., “LED Lighting System,” 8 pages. |
| OxiTitan, “Light Powered Protection,” retrieved from http://www.oxititan.com, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2012, 2 pages. |
| Pervez et al., “Photonic Crystal Spectrometer,” U.S. Appl. No. 61/278,773, filed Oct. 12, 2009, 78 pages. |
| Pervez et al., “Photonic Crystal Spectrometer,” U.S. Appl. No. 61/349,570, filed May 28, 2010, 52 pages. |
| Pillai et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” Amendment, filed Jul. 21, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,444, 25 pages. |
| Pillai et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” Office Action, dated Mar. 22, 2016, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,444, 29 pages. |
| Pillai et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” Preliminary Amendment, filed Mar. 25, 2015, for U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,444, 149 pages. |
| Pillai et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” U.S. Appl. No. 15/409,233, filed Jan. 18, 2017, 84 pages. |
| Pillai et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Enhancing Wellness Associated With Habitable Environments,” U.S. Appl. No. 15/421,022, filed Jan. 31, 2017, 84 pages. |
| Preliminary Amendment, filed Jul. 12, 2017, for U.S. Appl. No. 15/543,114, Macary et al., “Systems, Methods and Articles for Monitoring and Enhancing Human Wellness,” 10 pages. |
| Summons to attend oral proceedings issued in EP Application No. 15754628.4 dated Sep. 10, 2018. |
| Suryadevara, N.K. et al., “Sensor data fusion to determine wellness of an elderly in intelligent home monitoring environment”, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Graz: IEEE, (20120513), ISSN 1091-5281, pp. 947-952, XP032451677. |
| Vitashower Corp., “Products,” retrieved from http://www.vitashowercorp.com/products.html, retrieved on May 13, 2014, 8 pages. |
| Vitashower Corporation, “Ascorbic Acid Reduction of Residual Active Chlorine in Potable Water Prior to Halocarboxylate Determination,” from Urbansky et al., Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2(3):253-256, 2000, retrieved from http://www.vitashowercorp.com/research.html, retrieved on May 13, 2014, 2 pages. |
| Vitashower Corporation, “Frequently Asked Questions,” 2003, retrieved from http://www.vitashowercorp.com/FAQs.html, retrieved on May 13, 2014, 3 pages. |
| Vitashower Corporation, “Vitamin C Shower Filter SF-2000,” 2003, retrieved from http://www.vitashowercorp.com/products.html, retrieved on May 13, 2014, 8 pages. |
| Vitashower Corporation, “Welcome to Vitashower Corporation,” 2003, retrieved from http://www.vitashowercorp.com/index.html, retrieved on May 13, 2014, 4 pages. |
| Wikipedia, “Thermostat,” as archived on Jan. 24, 2014, URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&oldid=592239648, download date Jun. 30, 2017, 10 pages. |
| Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, dated Apr. 28, 2016, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/013215, 16 pages. |
| Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, dated Dec. 26, 2013, for International Application No. PCT/US2013/057070, 5 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190310670 A1 | Oct 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61694125 | Aug 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15421022 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Child | 16444877 | US | |
| Parent | 15409233 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Child | 15421022 | US | |
| Parent | 14012444 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Child | 15409233 | US | |
| Parent | 14012444 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Child | 14012444 | US |
