Systems and methods for making encapsulated hourglass shaped stents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This application relates to systems and methods for the manufacture of hourglass or “diabolo” shaped encapsulated stents for treating congestive heart failure and other disorders treated with encapsulated hourglass shaped stents.

BACKGROUND

Heart failure is the physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and the lungs. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) occurs when cardiac output is relatively low due to reduced contractility or heart muscle thickening or stiffness. There are many possible underlying causes of CHF, including myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, valvular disease, and myocarditis.

CHF is associated with neurohormonal activation and alterations in autonomic control. Although these compensatory neurohormonal mechanisms provide valuable support for the heart under normal physiological circumstances, they also have a fundamental role in the development and subsequent progression of CHF. For example, one of the body's main compensatory mechanisms for reduced blood flow in CHF is to increase the amount of salt and water retained by the kidneys. Retaining salt and water, instead of excreting it into the urine, increases the volume of blood in the bloodstream and helps to maintain blood pressure. However, the larger volume of blood also stretches the heart muscle, enlarging the heart chambers, particularly the ventricles. At a certain amount of stretching, the hearts contractions become weakened, and the heart failure worsens. Another compensatory mechanism is vasoconstriction of the arterial system. This mechanism, like salt and water retention, raises the blood pressure to help maintain adequate perfusion.

In low ejection fraction (EF) heart failure, high pressures in the heart result from the body's attempt to maintain the high pressures needed for adequate peripheral perfusion. However, the heart weakens as a result of the high pressures, aggravating the disorder. Pressure in the left atrium may exceed 25 mmHg, at which stage, fluids from the blood flowing through the pulmonary circulatory system flow out of the interstitial spaces and into the alveoli, causing pulmonary edema and lung congestion.

CHF is generally classified as either Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) or Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). In HFrEF, the pumping action of the heart is reduced or weakened. A common clinical measurement is the ejection fraction, which is a function of the blood ejected out of the left ventricle (stroke volume), divided by the maximum volume remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole or relaxation phase (End Diastolic Volume). A normal ejection fraction is greater than 50%. HFrEF has a decreased ejection fraction of less than 40%. A patient with HFrEF may usually have a larger left ventricle because of a phenomenon called cardiac remodeling that occurs secondarily to the higher ventricular pressures.

In HFpEF, the heart generally contracts normally, with a normal ejection fraction, but is stiffer, or less compliant, than a healthy heart would be when relaxing and filling with blood. This stiffness may impede blood from filling the heart, and produce backup into the lungs, which may result in pulmonary venous hypertension and lung edema. HFpEF is more common in patients older than 75 years, especially in women with high blood pressure.

Both variants of CHF have been treated using pharmacological approaches, which typically involve the use of vasodilators for reducing the workload of the heart by reducing systemic vascular resistance, as well as diuretics, which inhibit fluid accumulation and edema formation, and reduce cardiac filling pressure. However, pharmacological approaches are not always successful, as some people may be resistant or experience significant side effects

In more severe cases of CHF, assist devices such as mechanical pumps have been used to reduce the load on the heart by performing all or part of the pumping function normally done by the heart. Chronic left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), and cardiac transplantation, often are used as measures of last resort. However, such assist devices are typically intended to improve the pumping capacity of the heart, to increase cardiac output to levels compatible with normal life, and to sustain the patient until a donor heart for transplantation becomes available. Such mechanical devices enable propulsion of significant volumes of blood (liters/min), but are limited by a need for a power supply, relatively large pumps, and the risk of hemolysis, thrombus formation, and infection. In addition to assist devices, surgical approaches such as dynamic cardiomyoplasty or the Batista partial left ventriculectomy may also be used in severe cases. However these approaches are highly invasive and have the general risks associated with highly invasive surgical procedures.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,303 to Amplatz et al. describes a collapsible medical device and associated method for shunting selected organs and vessels. Amplatz describes that the device may be suitable to shunt a septal defect of a patient's heart, for example, by creating a shunt in the atrial septum of a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Amplatz describes that increasing mixing of pulmonary and systemic venous blood improves oxygen saturation. Amplatz describes that depending on the hemodynamics, the shunting passage can later be closed by an occluding device. However, Amplatz is silent on the treatment of CHF or the reduction of left atrial pressure, and is also silent on means for regulating the rate of blood flow through the device.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,070,708 to Rottenberg describes a method and device for controlling in-vivo pressure in the body, and in particular, the heart. The device described in Rottenberg involves a shunt to be positioned between two or more lumens in the body to permit fluid to flow between the two lumens. The Rottenberg patent further describes that an adjustable regulation mechanism may be configured to cover an opening of the shunt to regulate flow between the two lumens. The shunt is configured such that the flow permitted is related to a pressure difference between the two lumens. The adjustable regulation mechanism may be remotely activated. The Rottenberg patent describes that the device described may be used to treat CHF by controlling pressure difference between the left atrium and the right atrium. While Rottenberg describes a mechanism for treating CHF by controlling the flow between the left atrium and the right atrium, it does not describe the encapsulation of an hourglass shaped stent.

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0165344 to Dobak, III describes an apparatus for treating heart failure that includes a conduit positioned in a hole in the atrial septum of the heart, to allow flow from the left atrium into the right atrium. Dobak describes that the shunting of blood will reduce left atrial pressures, thereby preventing pulmonary edema and progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and reducing LVEDP. Dobak describes that the conduit may include a self-expandable tube with retention struts, such as metallic arms that exert a slight force on the atrial septum on both sides and pinch or clamp the valve to the septum, and a one-way valve member, such as a tilting disk, bileaflet design, or a flap valve formed of fixed animal pericardial tissue. However, Dobak states that a valved design may not be optimal due to a risk of blood stasis and thrombus formation on the valve, and that valves can also damage blood components due to turbulent flow effects. Dobak does not provide any specific guidance on how to avoid such problems.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,034,034 to Nitzan, incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for regulating blood pressure between a patient's left atrium and right atrium which comprises an hourglass-shaped stent having a neck region and first and second flared end regions, the neck region disposed between the first and second end regions and configured to engage the fossa ovalis of the patient's atrial septum. Nitzan describes that the hourglass shaped stent is also encapsulated with a biocompatible material. While Nitzan describes a method for the manufacture of an hourglass shaped stent for the treatment of CHF, Nitzan is silent on the method of encapsulating the stent.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,039 to Banas, incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for covering a radially endoluminal stent. In the method described by Banas, the encapsulated stent is assembled by joining a dilation mandrel and a stent mandrel, placing the graft on the dilation mandrel where it is radially expanded, and passing the expanded graft over the stent that is positioned on the stent mandrel. While Banas describes a method for encapsulating a cylindrical stent, the method in Banas does not describe encapsulation of an hourglass shaped stent intended for treatment of CHF. The method for assembling the covered stent and mandrel assembly described in Banas would be inappropriate for assembly of an hourglass stent described in Nitzan.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,217 to McCrea, incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for encapsulating stent grafts. McCrea describes methods for encapsulating an endoluminal stent fabricated from a shape memory alloy. The Method described by McCrea involves an endoluminal stent encapsulated in an ePTFE covering which circumferentially covers both the luminal and abluminal walls along at least a portion of the longitudinal extent of the endoluminal stent. McCrea further describes applying pressure to the stent-graft assembly and heating the assembly to complete the encapsulation. While McCrea describes an encapsulated endoluminal stent, it does not describe the encapsulation of an hourglass shaped stent for the treatment of CHF.

In view of the above-noted drawbacks of previously known systems, it would be desirable to provide systems and methods of manufacture of encapsulated hourglass shaped stents for treating congestive heart failure and other disorders treated with hourglass shaped stent-graft assemblies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the drawbacks of previously-known systems and methods by providing systems and methods for making encapsulated hourglass shaped stents for treating CHF and other conditions benefited by encapsulated hourglass shaped stents such as pulmonary hypertension. The hourglass or “diabolo” shaped stents are configured to be encapsulated using a mandrel assembly.

In accordance with one aspect, a method for making an encapsulated stent-graft may involve, providing a mandrel having a first conical region with a first apex and a second conical region with a second apex, placing an expandable stent having an hourglass shape in an expanded form on the mandrel so that a first flared end region of the expandable stent conforms to the first conical region and a second flared end region of the expandable stent conforms to the second conical region, associating a biocompatible material with the expandable stent to form a stent-graft assembly, and compressing the stent-graft assembly against the mandrel to form the encapsulated stent-graft. The first conical region and the second conical region may be aligned so that the first and second apexes contact one another.

The biocompatible material may have first and second ends and associating the biocompatible material with the expandable stent involves placing the biocompatible material within a lumen of the expandable stent. The method may further include placing a second biocompatible material over the expandable stent. Compressing the stent-graft assembly may involve winding a layer of tape over the biocompatible material to compress the stent-graft assembly against the mandrel. The expandable stent may include through-wall openings, and the method may further involve heating the stent-graft assembly to cause the biocompatible material and the second biocompatible material to bond to one another through the through-wall openings. Heating the stent-graft assembly may cause the biocompatible material and the second biocompatible material to become sintered together to form a monolithic layer of biocompatible material. The method may further involve applying a layer of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) to biocompatible material or second biocompatible material. The biocompatible material may be pre-formed. The method may further involve manipulating the encapsulated stent-graft to a compressed shape and loading the encapsulated stent-graft into a delivery sheath. A first end diameter of the expandable stent may be different in size from a second end diameter. The mandrel may have a neck region disposed between a first conical region and a second conical region and the mandrel may be configured to be removably uncoupled at the neck region into a first half having at least the first conical region and a second half having at least the second conical region.

In accordance with another aspect, a method for making an encapsulated stent-graft may involve providing a mandrel assembly having an asymmetric shape, providing an expandable stent in an expanded form, coupling a biocompatible material to the expandable stent to form a stent-graft assembly, and compressing the stent-graft assembly on the mandrel assembly to form the encapsulated stent-graft. The expandable stent may be configured to conform to the asymmetric shape formed by the mandrel assembly.

The expandable stent and the biocompatible material may be coupled on the mandrel assembly or before placement on the mandrel assembly. The method may further involve coupling a second biocompatible material to an opposing surface of the expandable stent to form the stent-graft assembly. The second biocompatible material may be formed of a same or different material as the biocompatible material. The mandrel assembly may include a first mandrel and a second mandrel, and the method may further involve, positioning the first mandrel within the first end of the expandable stent such that a portion of the second biocompatible material is positioned between the first mandrel and the expandable stent, and positioning the second mandrel within the second end of the expandable stent such that a portion of the second biocompatible material is positioned between the second mandrel and the expandable stent. The biocompatible material may be a pre-formed biocompatible graft layer having the expandable stent. The pre-formed biocompatible graft layer may engage the expandable stent on the mandrel assembly.

In accordance with yet another aspect, a method for making an encapsulated stent-graft may involve providing an asymmetrical stent, placing a first biocompatible material over the asymmetrical stent, providing a second biocompatible material for placement within the asymmetrical stent, inserting a balloon catheter having an inflatable balloon within the asymmetrical stent in a deflated state such that the second biocompatible material is between the asymmetrical stent and the inflatable balloon, and inflating the inflatable balloon to an inflated state conforming to the shape of the asymmetrical stent, thereby causing the second biocompatible material to engage with the asymmetrical stent to form the encapsulated stent-graft.

The method may further involve controlling the pressure within the balloon to achieve a desired adhesion between the first biocompatible material and the second biocompatible material. The method may further involve controlling the pressure within the balloon to achieve a desired inter-nodal-distance of the graft material. The second biocompatible material may be placed within the asymmetrical stent prior to inserting the balloon catheter within the asymmetrical stent. The second biocompatible material may be disposed on the inflatable balloon, and inflating the inflatable balloon may cause the second biocompatible material disposed on the inflatable balloon to contact and inner surface of the asymmetrical stent thereby engaging the second biocompatible material with the asymmetrical stent.

In accordance with yet another aspect, a method for making an encapsulated stent-graft may involve providing a funnel having a large end and a small end, placing an asymmetric stent with a first end, a second end, an exterior surface and an interior surface within the large end of the funnel, placing a biocompatible tube over the small end of the funnel, the biocompatible tube having a stent receiving portion and a remaining portion, advancing the asymmetric stent through the funnel and out the small end of the funnel, thereby depositing the asymmetric stent into the biocompatible tube such that the stent is positioned within the stent receiving portion of the biocompatible tube, thereby engaging an exterior surface of the asymmetric stent with the biocompatible tube, pulling the remaining portion of the biocompatible tube through the first end of the asymmetric stent and out the second end, introducing a first mandrel having a shape similar to the first side of the asymmetric stent into the first side of asymmetric stent thereby engaging the interior surface of the first side of the asymmetric stent with a portion of the remaining portion of the biocompatible tube, and introducing a second mandrel having a shape similar to the second side of the asymmetric stent into the second side of the asymmetric stent thereby engaging the interior surface of the second side of the asymmetric stent with a portion of the remaining portion of the biocompatible tube.

In accordance with yet another aspect, an hourglass shaped mandrel assembly for making an encapsulated stent-graft may involve a first portion having at least a first conical region having a flared end with a first diameter and an apex end with a second diameter, a second portion having at least a second conical region having a flared end with third diameter and an apex end with a fourth diameter, and a tapered region coupled to the flared end of the first portion and extending away from the flared end of the first portion. The tapered region may have a flared end with a fifth diameter and a tapered end with a sixth diameter such that the fifth diameter is equal to the first diameter and the sixth diameter is smaller than the fifth diameter. The first conical region of the first portion and the second conical region of the second portion may be aligned so that apexes of the first portion and second portion are contacting one another. The hourglass shaped mandrel assembly may further include a neck region positioned between the apex end of the first portion and the apex end of the second portion such that the neck region is affixed to at least the first portion or the second portion. The first portion and the second portion may be removably coupled at the apex end of the first portion and the apex end of the second portion. The hourglass shaped mandrel may be configured to expand radially.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is side view of hourglass shaped stent constructed in accordance with the methods of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of hourglass shaped stent encapsulated with first and second graft layers.

FIG. 3 is a partially exploded side view of assembly apparatus for manufacturing hourglass stent-graft assembly in accordance with the methods of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a side view of hourglass shaped mandrel assembly section of assembly apparatus for manufacturing hourglass shaped stent-graft assembly in accordance with the methods of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a side view of assembly apparatus engaged with first graft tube at the tapered region.

FIG. 6 is a side view of assembly apparatus engaged with first graft tube over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly section.

FIG. 7 is a side view of first graft layer disposed over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly section of assembly apparatus.

FIGS. 8A-8C are side views of assembly apparatus engaged with first graft layer and hourglass shaped stent.

FIG. 9 is a side view of assembly apparatus engaged with second graft tube at the tapered region.

FIG. 10 is a side view of assembly apparatus engaged with second graft tube over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly section of assembly apparatus.

FIG. 11 is a side view of stent-graft disposed over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly section.

FIGS. 12A-12D are side views sequentially illustrating an encapsulation technique involving a male and female mandrel.

FIGS. 13A-13E are side views sequentially illustrating an encapsulation technique involving pre-shaped grafts and a male and female mandrel.

FIGS. 14A-14D are side views sequentially illustrating an encapsulation technique involving an inflatable balloon.

FIGS. 15A-15F are side views sequentially illustrating an encapsulation technique involving a funnel and a male and female mandrel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to systems and methods for the manufacture of hourglass or “diabolo” shaped stents encapsulated with biocompatible material for treating subjects suffering from congestive heart failure (CHF) or alternatively pulmonary hypertension. The hourglass or “diabolo” shaped stents are configured to be encapsulated using an hourglass shaped mandrel assembly having a dilation portion and two conical regions that may be removably coupled. The hourglass shaped stents may be specifically configured to be lodged securely in the atrial septum, preferably the fossa ovalis, to allow blood flow from the left atrium to the right when blood pressure in the left atrium exceeds that on the right atrium. The resulting encapsulated stents are particularly useful for the purpose of inter-atrial shunting as they provide long-term patency and prevent tissue ingrowth within the lumen of the encapsulated stent. However, it is understood that the systems and methods described herein may also be applicable to other conditions benefited from an encapsulated hourglass shaped stent such as pulmonary hypertension wherein the encapsulated hourglass shaped stent is used as a right-to-left shunt.

Referring now to FIG. 1, stent 110 is illustrated. Stent 110 is hourglass or “diabolo” shaped and may be radially self-expandable. Alternatively, stent 110 may be expandable but not self-expandable. For example, stent 110 may be balloon expandable. Stent 110 has three general regions: first flared end region 102, second end flared region 106, and neck region 104 disposed between the first and second flared end regions. First flared end region 102 has first end region diameter D1, second flared end region 106 has second end region diameter D2, and neck region 104 has neck diameter D3. As shown in FIG. 1, neck region 104 of stent 110 is significantly narrower than flared end regions 102 and 106. Also shown in FIG. 1, stent 110 may be asymmetric. For example, stent 110 may be asymmetric to take advantage of the natural features of the atrial septum of the heart as well as the left and right atrium cavities. Alternatively, hourglass shaped stent 110 may be symmetric with the first end region diameter D1 being equal to the second end region diameter D2. First flared end region 102 and second flared end region 106 also may have either straight or curved profiles or both. For example, strut 111 has a straight profile and strut 108 has a curved profile. Additionally, first flared end region 102 and second flared end region 106 may assume any angular position consistent with the hour-glass configuration.

Stent 110 is preferably comprised of a self-expanding material having superelastic properties. For example, a shape-memory metal such as nickel titanium (NiTi), also known as NITINOL may be used. Other suitable materials known in the art of deformable stents for percutaneous implantation may alternatively be used such as other shape memory alloys, self-expanding materials, superelastic materials, polymers, and the like. The tube may be laser-cut to define a plurality of struts and connecting members. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the tube may be laser-cut to define a plurality of sinusoidal rings connected by longitudinally extending struts. Struts 108 and 111 and sinusoidal rings 112-116 illustrated in FIG. 1 may be laser cut to form an integral piece of unitary construction. Alternatively, struts 111 and sinusoidal rings 112-116 may be separately defined to form different pieces of shape-memory metal and subsequently coupled together to form stent 110. The stent may also be electropolished to reduce thrombogenicity.

Stent 110 may be expanded on a mandrel to define first end region 102, second end region 106, and neck region 104. The expanded stent then may be heated to set the shape of stent 110. The stent may be expanded on a mandrel in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 9,034,034 to Nitzan, incorporated herein. In one example, stent 110 is formed from a tube of NITINOL, shaped using a shape mandrel, and placed into an oven for 11 minutes at 530° C. to set the shape. The mandrel disclosed in FIGS. 3-4 may be configured as a shaping mandrel to set the shape of stent 110 or, alternatively, a different mandrel may be used as the shaping mandrel.

Referring now to FIG. 2, stent 110 is at least partially covered with biocompatible material, as shown in FIG. 2, to create stent-graft assembly 120. Biocompatible material may be expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), silicone, polycarbonate urethane, DACRON (polyethylene terephthalate), Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), or polyurethane, or of a natural material such as pericardial tissue, e.g., from an equine, bovine, or porcine source or human tissue such as human placenta or other human tissues. The biocompatible material is preferably smooth so as to inhibit thrombus formation, and optionally may be impregnated with carbon so as to promote tissue ingrowth. Alternatively, to promote tissue ingrowth and endothelization, the biocompatible material may form a mesh-like structure. The biocompatible material may be pre-shaped using a dedicated pre-shaping mandrel and heat treatment to simplify the mounting of the biocompatible material on an encapsulation mandrel, as discussed in detail below. Pre-shaping the biocompatible material has been shown to simplify the handling and mounting of the biocompatible material on the mandrel, thereby reducing stretching and the risk for tears in the biocompatible material and may be especially beneficial for encapsulating asymmetrical stents. Portions of stent 110 such as first flared end region 102 may not be covered with the biocompatible material.

Generally, the stent is positioned between a first and second layer of graft material by covering an inner surface of stent 121 with first graft layer 170, and covering the outer surface of stent 123 with second graft layer 190. First graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190 each may have a first end and a second end and may have lengths that are about equal. Alternatively, first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190 may have different lengths. Stent 110 may have a length that is shorter than the length of first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190. In other embodiments, stent 110 may have a length that is longer than the length of first graft layer 170 and/or second graft layer 190. As discussed in detail below, the graft layers may be securely bonded together to form a monolithic layer of biocompatible material. For example, first and second graft tubes may be sintered together to form a strong, smooth, substantially continuous coating that covers the inner and outer surfaces of the stent. Portions of the coating then may be removed as desired from selected portions of the stent using laser-cutting or mechanical cutting, for example.

In a preferred embodiment, stent 110 is encapsulated with ePTFE. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that ePTFE materials have a characteristic microstructure consisting of nodes and fibrils, with the fibrils orientation being substantially parallel to the axis of longitudinal expansion. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene materials are made by ram extruding a compressed billet of particulate polytetrafluoroethylene and extrusion lubricant through an extrusion die to form sheet or tubular extrudates. The extrudate is then longitudinally expanded to form the node-fibril microstructure and heated to a temperature at or above the crystalline melt point of polytetrafluoroethylene, i.e., 327° C., for a period of time sufficient to sinter the ePTFE material. Heating may take place in a vacuum chamber to prevent oxidation of the stent. Alternatively, heating may take place in a nitrogen rich environment. A furnace may be used to heat the stent-graft assembly. Alternatively, or in addition to, the mandrel upon which the stent-graft assembly rests may be a heat source used to heat the stent-graft assembly.

FIGS. 3-11 generally illustrate one method of making stent-graft assembly 120, as depicted in FIGS. 1-2. FIG. 3 is a partially exploded view of assembly apparatus 130. Assembly apparatus 130 may comprise tapered dilation mandrel 131, stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138. Tapered dilation mandrel 131 comprises first end 132 having a taper diameter and second end 133 wherein the diameter of second end 133 is greater than the taper diameter. Where other techniques are used to dilate stent 110 and biocompatible graft material, tapered dilation mandrel 131 may not be necessary and thus assembly apparatus 130 may comprise stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138.

Stent retaining mandrel 134 may be permanently affixed to second end 133 of tapered dilation mandrel 131 or alternatively may be removably coupled to tapered dilation mandrel. For example, stent retaining mandrel 134 may be screwed into tapered dilation mandrel 131 using a screw extending from stent retaining mandrel 134 and a threaded insert embedded into tapered dilation mandrel 131. However, it will be understood by those in the art that couplings are interchangeable and may be any of a wide variety of suitable couplings.

Stent retaining mandrel 134 may comprise a conical region defined by large diameter end 135 and an apex end 136. Large diameter end 135 may be equal in diameter with second end 133 of tapered dilation mandrel 131, and larger in diameter than apex end 136. It is understood that stent retaining mandrel 134 may alternatively be other shapes including non-conical shapes. Stent retaining mandrel 134 may optionally incorporate neck region 137. Neck region 137 may extend from apex end 136, as shown in FIG. 3, and may have the same diameter as apex end 136. Alternatively, neck region 137 may extend from stent enclosing mandrel 138.

Stent enclosing mandrel 138 is removably coupled to stent retaining mandrel 134. For example, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be screwed into stent retaining mandrel 134 using screw 139 extending from stent enclosing mandrel 138 and threaded insert 140 embedded into stent retaining mandrel 134. Alternatively, screw 139 may extend from stent retaining mandrel 134 and threaded insert may be embedded into stent enclosing mandrel 138. While the figures depict threaded coupling, it will be understood by those in the art that the couplings are interchangeable and may be any of a wide variety of suitable couplings. In another example, stent retaining mandrel 134 may be a female mandrel having a receiving portion and stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be a male mandrel having a protruding portion. However, it is understood that stent retaining mandrel 134 may be a male mandrel having a protruding portion and stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be a female mandrel having a receiving portion.

Stent enclosing mandrel 138 may comprise a conical region defined by large diameter end 142 and an apex end 141, wherein large diameter end 142 is larger in diameter than apex end 141. It is understood that stent enclosing mandrel 138 alternatively take other shapes including non-conical shapes. Stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be permanently affixed to handle segment 144 at large diameter end 142. Alternatively, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be removably coupled to handle segment 144. Where stent enclosing mandrel 138 is removably coupled to handle segment 144, handle segment 144 may be removed and replaced with a taper mandrel segment similar to taper dilation mandrel 131, as shown in FIG. 8C.

Referring to FIG. 4, when coupled together, stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138 form hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. Hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 is configured such that the conical region of stent retaining mandrel 134 is oriented toward the conical region of stent enclosing mandrel 138, wherein apex end 136 of stent retaining mandrel 138 having extending neck region 137 is in contact with apex end 141 of stent enclosing mandrel 138. Neck region 137 is configured to conform to the diameter of apex end 136 of stent retaining mandrel 138 and apex end 141 of stent enclosing mandrel 138, whether or not apex end 141 and apex end 136 are equal in diameter. Neck region 137 may vary in diameter or may be eliminated entirely.

The size and shape of hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 and specifically the size of the conical regions of stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138 preferably correspond to the size and shape of flared end region 102, neck region 104 and second flared end region 106 of stent 110. Hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 may be asymmetrical such that diameter D4 of large diameter end 135 is different than diameter D5 of large diameter end 142. Alternatively, diameter D4 and diameter D5 may be the same. Similarly, angle θ1 and angle θ2 may be different, resulting in an asymmetrical mandrel, or may be the same. Angle θ1 and angle θ2 also may vary along the length of hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 to better conform to stent 110. While neck diameter D6 may vary at different points along neck region 137, diameter at neck region 137 is at all times smaller than diameter D4 and D5.

FIGS. 5-7, represents sequential views of first graft tube 122 being loaded onto the tapered dilation mandrel 131 and being concentrically engaged about hourglass shaped assembly 143 in an exemplary sequence. Engagement of first graft tube 122 over tapered dilation mandrel 131 may be facilitated by forming tabs on first end 153 of first graft tube 122 by cutting longitudinal slits (not shown) along diametrically opposing sides of the graft tube. The tabs can then be used to retain first graft tube 122 while axial force 150 is applied to assembly apparatus 130. Alternatively, the tabs may be used to manually pull first graft tube 122 over tapered dilation mandrel 131 and hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. To prevent formation of seams or wrinkles, it is important to avoid applying torsional forces to graft tubes by twisting the graft during engagement of the graft member onto the assembly apparatus. Cutting crevice 151 and 152 may be incorporated into stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138 to provide a guiding indentation for a cutting element to cut first graft tube 122 and second graft tube 124.

Referring now to FIG. 5, first graft tube 122 may be engaged with tapered dilatation mandrel 131 by applying an axial force 150 to assembly apparatus 130 which causes the tapered dilatation mandrel to pass into and through lumen 154 of first graft tube 122. As first graft tube 122 passes over second end 133 of tapered dilatation mandrel 131, the inner diameter of first graft first 122 is expanded radially to that of the outer diameter of second end 133 of tapered dilation mandrel 131. As first graft tube 122 is moved axially over large diameter end 135 of stent retaining mandrel 134 the inner diameter of first graft tube 122 is greater than the outside diameter of hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. Axial force 150 is applied until first end 153 of first graft tube 122 is near large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138. As first graft tube moves axially over second end 133 of tapered dilatation mandrel 131 and is positioned over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143, first graft tube 122 undergoes radial recoil so that the inner diameter of first graft tube 122 reduces until it's met with resistance from hourglass shaped mandrel 143. As illustrated in FIG. 6, first graft tube 122 has radially recoiled onto hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 as well as into cutting crevices 151 and 152.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate the steps for separating first graft tube 122 and depositing graft layer 170 upon hourglass shaped mandrel 143. Cutting blades 160 and 161 may be used to make circumferential cuts in first graft tube 122 near the large diameter ends of stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138. For example, cutting blades may make circumferential cuts at the position of cutting crevices 151 and 152. Cutting crevices 151 and 152 are positioned at a length longer than the length of stent 110 to account for recoil of graft material after being cut. Alternatively, where the stent is only partially encapsulated, cutting crevices 151 and 152 may be positioned at a length shorter than the length of stent 110. After cutting first graft tube 122 with cutting blades 160 and 161, first graft layer 170 is deposited onto stent 110. Alternatively, only cutting crevice 151 and cutting blade 160 may be used to create a circumferential cut near the large diameter end of stent retaining mandrel 134. In this manner first end 153 of first graft tube 122 having tabs at the end, may serve as one end of first graft layer 170. First graft layer 170 has a length longer than stent 110. As such, a section of first graft layer 170 extends beyond opposing ends of stent 110. After removing excess grafting material, first graft layer 170 remains on the assembly apparatus and covers hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. Tape may be applied to first graft layer 170 to secure graft layer 170 to stent retaining mandrel 134. Upon depositing first graft layer 170 on hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143, an optional step involves applying a layer of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP), or any other adhesive material, to first graft layer 170 for improving adhesion during encapsulation process.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8C, after depositing first graft layer 170 on hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143, stent 110 may be loaded onto hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. One method for loading stent 110 onto hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 is to uncouple stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138. When stent retaining mandrel 134 is uncoupled from stent enclosing mandrel 138, the portion of first graft layer 170 in contact with stent retaining mandrel 134 and neck region 137 will remain supported by the stent retaining mandrel 134 but the portion that was in contact with stent enclosing mandrel 138 will become unsupported beyond neck region 137. As shown in FIG. 8A, by uncoupling stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138, stent 110 may be loaded onto stent retaining mandrel 134 over first graft layer. During this step, the unsupported region of first graft layer 170 may be manipulated in shape and guided through an interior opening of neck region 104 and through an interior of second flared end region 106. Where first end 153 of first graft tube 122 is used as the end of first graft layer 170, the tabs on first end 153 of first graft tube 122 described above, may be used to help guide first graft layer 170 through stent 110.

Stent 110 is engaged about the stent retaining mandrel 134 by concentrically positioning the stent 110 over first graft layer 170 and stent retaining mandrel 134. When loaded onto stent retaining mandrel 134, first flared end region 102, and neck region 104 of stent 110 engage with stent retaining mandrel 134 while second flared end region 106 does not. Stent retaining mandrel 134 and first graft layer 170 are configured to have a combined diameter which is less than the inner diameters of first flared end region 102 and neck region 104 of stent 110, allowing stent to slide onto stent retaining mandrel 134.

Referring now to FIG. 8B, upon loading stent 110 on stent retaining mandrel 134 and first graft layer 170, stent enclosing mandrel 138 is coupled to stent retaining mandrel 134, completing the hourglass shaped mandrel assembly. First graft layer 170 may be manually manipulated to avoid being damaged and prevent the occurrence of any wrinkles during recoupling of stent enclosing mandrel 138. For example, first graft layer 170 may be held by the tabs described above while the stent enclosing mandrel is recoupled to the stent retaining mandrel. If first graft layer was taped to stent retaining mandrel 134, the tape may be removed after recoupling. When stent enclosing mandrel 138 is coupled to stent retaining mandrel 134, stent enclosing mandrel 138 engages both first graft layer 170 and second flared end region 106 of stent 110, locking stent 110 into position between large diameter end 135 and large diameter end 142. Stent enclosing mandrel 138 and first graft layer 170 are configured to have a combined outside diameter which is less than the inner diameter of second flared end region 106 of stent 110, allowing stent 110 to slide into position on stent enclosing mandrel 138. Upon placing stent 110 on first great layer 170, an optional step involves applying a layer of FEP, or any other adhesive material, to first graft layer 170 and stent 110 for improving adhesion during encapsulation process.

While FIGS. 5-7 illustrate one sequence for generating first graft layer 170, it is appreciated that first graft layer 170 may be deposited onto assembly apparatus 130 in different ways. For example, first graft layer 170 may not be separated from first graft tube 122 until after stent 110 has been loaded onto assembly apparatus 130. In this approach, after first end 153 of first graft tube 122 is positioned near large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138 and first graft tube 122 undergoes radial recoil so that the inner diameter of first graft tube 122 reduces until it is met with resistance from hourglass shaped mandrel 143, as shown in FIG. 6, stent retaining mandrel 138 may be uncoupled from stent enclosing mandrel 134 Like in the sequence described above, the portion of the first graft tube extending beyond neck region 137 will become unsupported after stent enclosing mandrel 138 has been uncoupled. The unsupported region of first graft tube 122 may then be manipulated in shape and guided through an interior opening of neck region 104 and through an interior of second flared end region 106 as described above. After the stent enclosing mandrel has been recoupled as shown in FIGS. 8A-8B and discussed above, cuts may be made using cutting blades 160 and 161 to separate first graft tube 122 from first graft layer 170.

In yet another example, first graft layer 170 may be deposited onto hourglass shaped mandrel 143 using an electrospinning process. Electrospinning is a process in which polymers are electrospun into ultrafine fibers which are deposited upon a target surface. The electrospinning process involves applying an electric force to draw fibers out of polymer solutions or polymer melts. Using electrospinning, ultrafine fibers, such as ePTFE fibers may be deposited onto hourglass shaped mandrel 143 to form first graft layer 170. Assembly apparatus may be continuously rotated about its longitudinal axis to evenly apply the ePTFE fibers. In one example, stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be coupled together during the eletrospinning process. In another example, stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be uncoupled and the conical region of stent retaining mandrel 134 including neck region 137 may be subjected to the electrospinning process separate from the conical region of stent enclosing mandrel 138. Subsequently, when stent enclosing mandrel 138 and stent retaining mandrel 134 are coupled together, the ePTFE fibers on stent retaining mandrel 134 may be sintered together to form a continuous first graft layer 170. Second graft layer 190 may similarly be deposited using electrospinning.

Referring now to FIG. 8C, assembly apparatus 130 may be configured such that first graft tube 122 and second graft tube 124 may be loaded onto assembly apparatus 130 from the side closest to stent enclosing mandrel 138. As discussed above, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be removably coupled to handle segment 144. In the alternative configuration shown in FIG. 8C, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be uncoupled from handle segment 144 and tapered dilation mandrel 131′ may be coupled to stent enclosing mandrel 138 instead. It will be understood by those in the art that the couplings are interchangeable and may be any of a wide variety of suitable couplings. Tapered dilation mandrel 131′ has first end 132′ and second end 133′ wherein the diameter of second end 133′ is greater than the diameter of first end 132′ and the diameter of second end 133′ is equal to the diameter of large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138. In the configuration shown in FIG. 8C, large diameter end 135 may also perform as handle segment 144′ for pushing.

Using the configuration shown in FIG. 8C, an axial force 165 may be applied to assembly apparatus 130 to cause tapered dilatation mandrel 131′ having first end 132′ to pass into and through the lumen of the first graft tube 122. Similarly, axial force 165 may be applied to assembly apparatus 130 to guide assembly apparatus 130, and specifically first end 132′, into stent 110 which is configured to expand as tapered dilatation mandrel 131′ is pushed into stent 110. Axial force 165 may be applied by using handle segment 144′ to push assembly apparatus 130. By engaging first end 132′ with expandable stent 110 exhibiting spring tension, stent 110 may be dilated as it moves along tapered dilatation mandrel 131′. In this manner, first end region diameter D1, second end region diameter D2, and neck diameter D3 of stent 110, as shown in FIG. 1, may be expanded to a diameter equal to or larger than large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138, thus permitting stent 110 to traverse large diameter end 142. As stent 110 exhibiting spring tension is passed over hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143, it encounters no resistance to radial recoil and thus radially recoils into position over first graft layer 170 and between large diameter end 135 and large diameter end 142. Alternatively, stent 110 may be expanded to a slightly larger diameter than second diameter end 142 by applying a radially expansive force on stent 110 using an external expansion tool. In this example, after expanding stent 110 to the appropriate diameter, stent 110 may be concentrically placed over stent enclosing mandrel 138 and allowed to radially recoil into position over hourglass shaped mandrel 143 having first graft layer 170 deposited on top.

In yet another alternative arrangement, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may alternatively be comprised of a cylindrical region instead of a conical region. The cylindrical region may have the same diameter as neck region 137 such that the cylindrical region of stent enclosing mandrel 138 may appear as an extension of neck region 137 when stent enclosing mandrel 138 is coupled to stent retaining mandrel 134. In this alternative embodiment, stent enclosing mandrel 138 also may be coupled to tapered dilation mandrel 131′ which may have second end 133′ that is equal in diameter to neck region 137 and smaller in diameter than first end 131′. Stent enclosing mandrel 138 having the cylindrical region instead of a conical region, may be used to encapsulate a stent having a conical region and a neck region that forms a conduit. Any of the methods and techniques described herein to encapsulate the hourglass shaped stent may be used to encapsulate the stent having the cylindrical region instead of the conical region. Upon completion of encapsulation, the encapsulated stent may be gently removed from assembly apparatus 130 by sliding the encapsulated stent over the tapered dilation mandrel 132′. Alternatively, stent enclosing mandrel 138 may be uncoupled from stent retaining mandrel 134.

FIGS. 9-11 represent sequential views of the second graft tube 124 being loaded onto the tapered dilation mandrel 131 and being concentrically engaged about the stent member 110. Engagement of second graft tube 124 over tapered dilation mandrel may be facilitated by forming tabs on first end 171 of second graft tube 124 similar to the method described above, involving cutting longitudinal slits (not shown) along diametrically opposed sides of the graft member. The tabs can then be used to retain the second graft tube 124 while axial force 170 is applied to assembly apparatus 130. Alternatively, the tabs may be used to manually pull second graft tube 124 over tapered dilation mandrel 131 and hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143.

Referring now to FIG. 9, second graft tube 124 may be engaged with tapered dilatation mandrel 131 in much the same way as first graft tube 122—by applying axial force 180 to assembly apparatus 130 which causes the tapered dilatation mandrel to pass into and through lumen 173 of second graft tube 124. As second graft tube 124 passes over second end 133 of tapered dilatation mandrel 131, the inner diameter of second graft tube 124 is radially expanded to that of the outer diameter of second end 133 of tapered dilation mandrel 131. The assembly apparatus 130 is passed into and through lumen 173 of second graft tube 124 until first end 171 of second graft tube 124 is close to large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138. As second graft tube moves axially over stent 110 and to a position over large diameter end 142 of stent enclosing mandrel 138, second graft tube 124 undergoes radial recoil so that the inner diameter of second graft tube 124 reduces until it is met with resistance. As illustrated in FIG. 10, second graft tube 124 is radially recoiled onto stent 110. Second graft tube 124 also may be radially recoiled into cutting crevices 151 and 152.

Alternatively, second graft tube 124 may be positioned onto stent 110 via an assembly apparatus 130 that is configured to expand and/or contract radially. Assembly apparatus may be comprised of material having expansion properties or contraction properties which may be responsive to exterior conditions. For example, hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 may be compressible by applying a force normal to the surface of hourglass shaped mandrel 143. Instead, assembly apparatus 130 may be comprised of material having a high coefficient of thermal expansion permitting the hourglass shaped assembly to contract when placed in a low temperature environment and expand when placed in a high temperature. Alternatively, assembly apparatus may have a rigid core and multiple surfaces that move independently from one another, the surfaces being connected to the core by a number of springs that are configured to permit movement of the surfaces relative to the core when a normal force is applied to the surfaces. For example, a surface may compress towards the core when a normal force is applied and the same surface may expand radially out from the rigid core when the normal force is released. In addition, or alternatively, the core of the assembly apparatus 130 may have a screw assembly embedded within the core and configured to translate a rotational force applied to the screw assembly into a radial force which is applied to the surfaces to push the surfaces radially outward, or pull the surfaces radially inward.

Expandable stent 110 having spring tension may be positioned on compressible hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 and stent and assembly together may be compressed when a compressive radial force is applied. At a certain compressive force, first end region diameter D1 and second end region diameter D2 of stent 110 may be compressed to neck diameter D3. In this compressed state, second graft tube 124 may be easily moved axially over compressed stent 110 and first graft layer 170. Subsequent to positioning second graft tube 124 over compressed stent 110 and first graft layer 170, compressive force applied to stent 110 and compressible hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 may be released. At the same time, hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 may expanded. In this way second graft tube 124 may be engaged with stent 110.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate the steps for separating second graft tube 124 from stent-graft assembly 120. After depositing second graft tube 124 on stent 110, cutting blades 160 and 161 may again be used to make circumferential cuts in second graft tube 124 at a position near the large diameter ends of stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent encompassing mandrel 138. For example, cutting blades 160 and 161 may make circumferential cuts at the position of cutting crevices 151 and 152. As explained above, cutting crevices 151 and 152 may be positioned at a length longer than the length of stent 110 to account for recoil of graft material upon being cut. After cutting second graft tube 124 with cutting blades 160 and 161, second graft layer 190 is deposited onto stent 110 which is positioned over graft layer 170. Second graft layer 190 has a length longer than stent 110. As such, a section of second graft tube 124 extends beyond opposing ends of stent 110 and is similar in length to first graft layer 170. Waste portion of second graft tube 124 remaining on assembly apparatus 138 may be discarded. Where stent 110 is only partially encapsulated, first graft layer 170 and/or second graft layer 190 may have a length shorter than stent 110 and thus may not extend beyond opposing ends of stent 110. For example, only first flared end region 102 or second flared end region 106 may be encapsulated. Where stent 110 takes a different asymmetric shape, such as an hourglass shape on one side and a straight tube shape on the other side, only one portion of asymmetric stent 110 may be encapsulated.

To securely bond first graft layer 170 to second graft layer 190, pressure and heat may be applied the stent-graft assembly to achieve sintering. Sintering results in strong, smooth, substantially continuous coating that covers the inner and outer surfaces of the stent. Sintering may be achieved by first wrapping the ends of first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190 with strips of tape such as TFE or ePTFE tape to secure the stent-graft assembly to the mandrel. To apply pressure, stent-graft assembly 120 attached to assembly apparatus 130 may be placed in a helical winding wrapping machine which tension wraps the stent-graft assembly 120 with at least one overlapping layer of tape. For example, stent-graft assembly 120 may be wrapped with a single overlapping layer of ½ inch ePTFE tape with an overlap of the winding of about 70%. The force exerted by the TFE or ePTFE wrapping tape compresses the stent-graft assembly against the hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143, thereby causing the graft layers to come into intimate contact through interstices of stent 110. In stent 110 shown in FIG. 1, interstices exist in the between the struts and sinusoidal rings. Varying tape thickness may reduce or improve ePTFE conformance. For example, thicker tape may result in more compression uniformity than thinner tape material.

Stent-graft assembly 120 attached to assembly apparatus 130 may then be heated by placing the stent-graft assembly and assembly apparatus into a radiant heat furnace. For example, stent-graft assembly 120 may be placed into a radiant heat furnace which had been preheated. In one example, sintering may be achieved at 327° C. The humidity within the radiant heat furnace may preferably be kept low. The stent-graft assembly may remain in the radiant heat furnace for a time sufficient for first graft layer 170 to sinter to second graft layer 190. In one example, stent-graft assembly 120 may remain in the furnace for about 7-10 minutes. The heated assembly may then be allowed to cool for a period of time sufficient to permit manual handling of the assembly. After cooling, the helical wrap may be unwound from stent-graft assembly 120 and discarded. The encapsulated stent may then be concentrically rotated about the axis of the mandrel to release any adhesion between the first graft layer 170 and hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143. The encapsulated stent, still on the mandrel, may then be placed into a laser trimming fixture to trim excess graft materials away from stent-graft assembly 120. In addition, the encapsulated stent may be trimmed at various locations along the stent such as in the middle of the stent, thereby creating a partially encapsulated stent.

Alternatively, first graft layer 170 may be sintered to second graft layer 190 by inducing pressure. For example, assembly apparatus 130 or at least hourglass shaped mandrel assembly 143 may have small perforations which may be in fluid communication with a vacuum pump situated in an inner lumen of assembly apparatus 130 or otherwise in fluid communication with an inner lumen of assembly apparatus 130. Additionally or alternatively, the assembly apparatus 130 may be placed in a pressurized environment that is pressurized using a compressor pump, for example. In another example, a balloon such as a Kevlar balloon may also or alternatively be applied to the exterior of the stent-graft assembly to apply pressure to the stent-graft assembly. Via the pressure applied, the first graft layer 170 may collapse on the second graft layer 190 forming even adhesion. A combination of both pressure and heat may also be used to sinter the first graft layer 170 to the second graft layer 190. Trimming may then take place in the same manner as described above.

After trimming excess graft materials, stent-graft assembly 120 may be removed by decoupling stent retaining mandrel 134 from stent enclosing mandrel 138. Upon decoupling stent retaining mandrel 134 and stent enclosing mandrel 138, stent-graft assembly 120 remains supported by stent retaining mandrel 134. Stent-graft assembly 120 may then be removed from stent retaining mandrel 134 by axially displacing stent-graft assembly 120 relative to stent retaining mandrel 134.

Upon removal of stent-graft assembly 120 from assembly apparatus 130, stent-graft assembly 120 may be manipulated to a reduced first end region diameter D1, second end region diameter D2 and neck region diameter D3. The assembly stent-graft assembly may achieve these smaller diametric dimensions by methods such as crimping, calendering, folding, compressing or the like. Stent-graft assembly 120 may be constrained at this dimension by disposing stent-graft assembly 120 in a similarly sized cylindrical sheath. Once positioned in the sheath, stent-graft assembly 120 may be delivered to an implantation site using a catheter based system including a delivery catheter. The catheter based system may further comprise an engagement component for temporarily affixing stent-graft assembly 120 to the delivery catheter. The engagement component may be configured to disengage the stent-graft assembly 120 from the delivery catheter when stent-graft assembly 120 has reached the delivery site. At the delivery site, the sheath may be removed to release the constraining force and permit the intraluminal stent to elastically expand in the appropriate position.

While the approach set forth above describes depositing a layer of biocompatible material on an interior surface of stent 110 and an exterior surface of stent 110, it is understood that the stent 110 may be coated with only one layer of biocompatible material. For example, stent 110 may be engaged with only first graft layer 170 along an interior surface, following only the appropriate steps set forth above. Alternatively, stent 110 may be engaged with only second graft layer 190 along an exterior surface, following only the appropriate steps set forth above.

As explained above, stent 110 may be comprised of a plurality of sinusoidal rings connected by longitudinally extending struts. However, it is understood that stent 110 may be constructed from a plurality of interconnected nodes and struts having varying distances and forming various shapes and patterns. In one embodiment the inter-nodal-distance (IND) of stent 110 may be manipulated by controlling the tension of the biocompatible material layers during encapsulation. For example, the stent may be encapsulated in a manner providing different pulling forces on stent 110. This may enable different functionality of various areas of the encapsulated stent which are known to be influenced by IND. In one example, by controlling tension of the biocompatible material layers during encapsulation, different functionality of various areas with respect to tissue ingrowth characteristics may be achieved. Further, it is understood that encapsulation may be performed such that stent 110 is constrained in a restricted or contracted state by the encapsulation material. For example, the neck diameter may be decreased from 6 mm to 5 mm. This may permit controlled in-vivo expansion to a fully expanded state using, for example, balloon inflation, whereby the constraint is removed. This procedure may be beneficial in a case where a clinical condition dictates an initial restricted state for delivery but requires a larger unconstrained state for implantation or treatment.

Referring now to FIGS. 12A-D, an alternative method of making stent-graft assembly 120, as depicted in FIGS. 1-2, is illustrated. FIGS. 12A-D represent sequential views of first graft tube 122 and second graft tube 124 being loaded onto and concentrically engaged about stent graft assembly 120. As shown in FIG. 12A the process may start by engaging first graft tube 122 over stent 110. Stent 110 may be crimped to a diameter smaller than first graft tube 122 and guided into graft tube 122. Alternatively, or in addition to, first graft tube 122 may be stretched to a diameter slightly larger than stent 110 using an expanding mandrel or other stretching technique and guided over stent 110.

Upon positioning first graft tube 122 over stent 110, second graft tube 124 may be positioned within and along the entire length of stent 110, shown in FIG. 12B. Second graft tube 124 may be pulled through stent 110 while stent 110 remains engaged with first graft tube 122. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 12C, female mandrel 195 may be introduced near second flared end region 106 of stent 110. Female mandrel 195 may have a similar shape as second flared end region 106 only with slightly smaller dimensions. Female mandrel 195 may have receiving portion 196 designed to receive male mandrel 197. Having a conical shape, female mandrel 195 may be gently advanced within second graft tube 124 until female mandrel 195 takes up nearly the entire space within second flared region 106. In this manner, second graft tube 124 may be engaged with stent 110 along an interior surface of second flared region 106 and in some embodiments neck region 104.

Referring now to FIG. 12D, male mandrel 197 may be introduced near first flared end region 102. Male mandrel 197 may be similar in shape to first flared end region 102 only with slightly smaller dimensions. Male mandrel 195 may have protruding section 198 sized and shaped to be received by female mandrel 195. Having a conical shape, male mandrel 197 may be gently advanced within second graft tube 124 toward female mandrel 195 until female assembly 195 takes up nearly the entire space within first flared region 102 and protruding section is fully received by receiving portion 196. In this manner, second graft tube 124 may be engaged with stent 110 along an interior surface of second flared region 106 and in some embodiments neck region 104.

Upon engaging female mandrel 195 and male mandrel 197, stent 110 may be entirely covered on an exterior surface by first graft tube 122 and entirely covered on an interior surface by second graft tube 124. First graft tube 122 and second graft tube 124 may be appropriately cut away according to the same procedures illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 10 resulting in first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190. Further, stent graft assembly 120 may be produced using the same procedures detailed above including the procedures for securely bonding first graft layer 170 to second graft layer 190 involving pressure and heat applied to the stent-graft assembly to achieve sintering. It is understood that the mandrel placed in the first flared region 102 may alternatively be a female mandrel and the mandrel placed in second flared region 106 may alternatively be a male mandrel. It is also understood that the process depicted in FIGS. 12A-D may start first with the mandrel entering the first flared region 102 of stent 110.

Referring now to FIGS. 13A-13E, another alternative method of making stent-graft assembly 120, as depicted in FIGS. 1-2, is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 13A, first graft layer 170 may be pre-formed into an hourglass shaped pre-shaped first graft layer 199 using a dedicated mandrel and heat treatment. The pre-formed shape may have dimensions similar to that of stent 110. Upon forming pre-shaped first graft layer 199, female mandrel 200 may be introduced into one side of pre-shaped first graft layer 199, such that female mandrel 200 takes up nearly the entire space within one hourglass side of pre-shaped first graft layer 199 as shown in FIG. 13B. Female mandrel 200 may have receiving portion 201 designed to receive male mandrel 203.

Upon placing female mandrel 200 within pre-formed first graft layer 199, stent 110 may be placed over pre-shaped first graft layer 199, as show in in FIG. 13C. Stent 110 may be positioned over first graft layer 199 or first graft layer 199 may be positioned within stent 110. Stent 110, having a shape similar to that of pre-formed first graft layer 199 should fit into place on pre-formed first graft layer 199.

Once stent 110 is deposited on pre-shaped first graft layer 199, second pre-shaped graft layer 202, formed into an hourglass shape having dimensions similar to stent 110 may be deposited on stent 110 as is illustrated in FIG. 13D. Pre-shaped second graft layer 202 may be formed in a similar manner as pre-shaped first graft layer 199, using a dedicated mandrel and heat treatment. Pre-shaped second graft layer 202 may be expanded and positioned over stent 110. Pre-shaped second graft layer 202, may recoil into its pre-shaped form upon releasing any radial expansion force on pre-shaped second graft layer 202. Alternatively, or in addition to, stent 110 may be crimped to facilitate mounting of second graft layer 202.

Referring now to FIG. 13E, male mandrel 203 may be introduced near the end of pre-formed first graft layer 199 not occupied by female mandrel 200. Male mandrel 203 may be similar in shape to this end of pre-formed first graft layer 199 only with smaller dimensions. Male mandrel 203 may be have protruding section 204 sized and shaped to be received by receiving portion 201 of female mandrel 200. Having a conical shape, male mandrel 203 may be gently advanced within pre-formed first graft layer 199 toward female mandrel 200 until protruding section 204 is fully received by receiving portion 201.

Upon engaging female mandrel 200 and male mandrel 203, stent 110 may be at least partially covered on an exterior surface by pre-shaped second graft layer 202 and at least partially covered on an interior surface by pre-shaped first graft layer 199. Stent graft assembly 120 may be produced using the same procedures detailed above including the procedures for securely bonding first graft layer 170, in this case pre-shaped first graft layer 199, to second graft layer 190, in this case pre-shaped second graft layer 202. These procedures may involve pressure and heat applied to the stent-graft assembly to achieve sintering. This process simplifies the mounting of the graft tubes and reduces risk of tears and non-uniformities. It is understood that the mandrel inserted first into pre-formed first graft layer 199 may alternatively be a male mandrel and the mandrel inserted second may alternatively be a female mandrel.

Referring now to FIGS. 14A-14D, another alternative method of making stent-graft assembly 120, as depicted in FIGS. 1-2, is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 14A, the process may start by engaging first graft tube 122 over stent 110. Stent 110 may be crimped using dedicated crimping tools, such as ones detailed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0350565 to a diameter smaller than first graft tube 122 and guided into graft tube 122. Alternatively, or in addition to, first graft tube 122 may be stretched to a diameter slightly larger than stent 110 using an expanding mandrel or other stretching mechanism and guided over stent 110. The approach illustrated in FIG. 14A may achieve a firm engagement between crimped stent 110 and the first graft layer 170, enabling improved encapsulation.

Upon positioning first graft tube 122 over stent 110, second graft tube 124 may be positioned within and along the entire length of stent 110, shown in FIG. 14B. Second graft tube 124 may be pulled through stent 110 while stent 110 remains engaged with first graft tube 122. Alternatively, stent 110, with first graft tube 122 engaged with stent 110 may be expanded, using well-known expansion techniques, and positioned over second graft tube 124. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 14C, balloon catheter 205 having inflatable balloon 206 may be inserted into second graft tube 124 such that the balloon catheter 205 is surrounded by stent 110 and first graft layer 122. Alternatively, second graft tube 124 may be positioned over inflatable balloon 206 and inflatable balloon 206 may be positioned within stent 110 via balloon catheter 205.

Referring now to FIG. 14D, upon positioning balloon catheter 205 into second graft tube 124, inflatable balloon 206 of balloon catheter 205 may be inflated to engage second graft tube 124 with an interior surface of stent 110. Using inflatable balloon 206 to engage second graft layer 124 with stent 110 permits uniform contact between and engagement between second graft tube 124 and stent 110 as well as second graft tube 124 and first graft layer 122 between the interstices of stent 110, thus optimizing the adhesion during encapsulation. The degree of inflation may be manipulated to achieve a desired pressure within the balloon and a desired adhesion between first graft tube 122 and the second graft tube 124. Additionally, the degree of inflation may be manipulated to achieve a desired inter-nodal-distance of the graft material. Different pressures may also be achieved by varying the wall thickness of the balloon. Furthermore, interlocking balloons may be used to reduce bond lines.

First graft tube 122 and second graft tube 124 may be appropriately cut away according to the same procedures illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 10 resulting first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190. Further, stent graft assembly 120 may be produced using the same procedures detailed above including the procedures for securely bonding first graft layer 170 to second graft layer 190 involving pressure and heat applied to the stent-graft assembly to achieve sintering.

Referring now to FIGS. 15A-15F, another alternative method of making stent-graft assembly 120, as depicted in FIGS. 1-2, is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 15A, the process may start by placing stent 110 within funnel 207 and advancing stent 207 within funnel 207 towards a reduced section of funnel 207, using, for example, a dedicated pusher tool like the one described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0350565, to reduce the diameter of stent 110. Stent 110 may be constructed in a manner that, upon reduction caused by funnel 207, the shape of stent 110 morphs such that the flared ends are tapered and eventually turned inward toward a longitudinal axis of stent 110, resulting in stent 110 having a substantially reduced cross-sectional diameter.

As is shown in FIG. 15B, funnel 207 may have introducer tube 208 extending from the narrow side of the funnel 207 which may receive stent 110 after stent 110 has been fully restricted by funnel 207. Introducer tube 208 may have a diameter smaller than that of first graft tube 122. Introducer tube may thus be inserted into first graft tube 122, as is illustrated in FIG. 15C, and stent 110 having the reduced diameter, may be advanced out of introducer tube 208 and into first graft tube 122.

Referring now to FIG. 15D, stent 110 is illustrated after having been advanced from introducer tube 208 and into first graft tube 124. As is shown in FIG. 15D, upon the removal of inward radial force from introducer tube 208, stent 110 may expand radially to a diameter larger than the diameter of first graft tube 122, thereby engaging first graft tube 122 along the outer surface of stent 110. An end of first graft tube 122 may have been positioned a distance beyond introducer tube 208 such that upon depositing stent 110 into first graft tube 122, remaining portion 209 of first graft tube 122 extends beyond stent 110 a distance of more than one length of stent 110.

Referring now to FIG. 15E, remaining portion of first graft tube 122 may be used as a second graft layer along the internal surface of stent 110 by pushing remaining portion 209 through the interior of stent 110 and out an opposing side of stent 110, in the direction indicated by the arrows in FIG. 15D. In this manner, first graft layer 122 may extend along an exterior surface of stent 110, curve around an end of stent 110 and travel along the interior of stent 110.

To engage remaining portion 209 with the interior surface of stent 110, female mandrel 200 having receiving portion 201 and male mandrel 203 having protruding section 204 may be inserted into the stent-graft combination. Female mandrel 200 may be introduced first to one end of the stent-graft combination having a size slightly larger than the dimensions of female mandrel 200. Subsequently, male mandrel 203 may be introduced into the opposing end of the stent-graft combination and advanced until protruding section 204 is received by receiving section 201. As female mandrel 200 and male mandrel 201 are inserted, stent 110 may be guided into its original hour-glass shape. This method may induce improved adhesion between first graft tube 122, remaining portion 209 and stent 110.

Upon engaging female mandrel 200 and male mandrel 203, first graft tube 122 and remaining portion 209 may be appropriately cut away according to the same procedures illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 10 resulting first graft layer 170 and second graft layer 190, with the exception that only one side of stent graft assembly needs to be cut or otherwise removed first graft tube 122 and remaining portion 209. Stent graft assembly 120 may be produced using the same procedures detailed above including the procedures for securely bonding first graft layer 170 to second graft layer 190 involving pressure and heat applied to the stent-graft assembly to achieve sintering. It is also understood that the process depicted in FIGS. 15F may start with the male mandrel entering the stent graft combination first.

While various illustrative embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention. For example, assembly mandrel 130 may include additional or fewer components of various sizes and composition. Furthermore, while stent encapsulation is described herein, it is understood that the same procedures may be used to encapsulate any other bio-compatible material. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for making an encapsulated stent-graft, the method comprising: providing an expandable stent having a first flared end and a second flared end, the expandable stent defining a lumen therethrough and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface;providing a graft tube having a length over twice the expandable stent's length;engaging a first portion of the graft tube with the first surface of the expandable stent;curving a second portion of the graft tube around the first or second flared end of the expandable stent; andengaging the second portion of the graft tube with the second surface of the expandable stent for encapsulation to make the encapsulated stent-graft.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein engaging a first portion of the graft tube with the first surface of the expandable stent comprises inserting the expandable stent into a first end of a funnel and advancing the expandable stent towards a second end of the funnel, the second end of the funnel coupled to the graft tube and having a smaller diameter than the first end of the funnel.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein advancing the expandable stent towards a second end of the funnel reduces the diameter of the expandable stent.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein engaging a first portion of the graft tube with the first surface of the expandable stent further comprises advancing the expandable stent into the graft tube such that a first portion of the graft tube engages with at least a portion of the first surface of the expandable stent.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising withdrawing the funnel such that the expandable stent expands.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting a first mandrel into the first flared end of the expandable stent such that at least a portion of the second portion of the graft tube is disposed between the first mandrel and the first flared end of the expandable stent, the first mandrel sized and shaped to fit within the first flared end of the expandable stent.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising inserting a second mandrel into the second flared end of the expandable stent such that at least a portion of the second portion of the graft tube is disposed between the second mandrel and the second flared end of the expandable stent, the second mandrel sized and shaped to fit within the second flared end of the expandable stent.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising removably coupling the first mandrel to the second mandrel.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first mandrel has a receiving portion and the second mandrel has a protruding portion sized and shaped to fit within the receiving portion.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first mandrel comprises a first conical region having a flared end with a first diameter and an apex end with a second diameter; and the second mandrel comprises a second conical region having a flared end with a third diameter and an apex end with a fourth diameter.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein removably coupling the first mandrel to the second mandrel comprises aligning the first mandrel with the second mandrel such that the apex ends of the first mandrel and the second mandrel contact one another.
12. The method of claim 7, further comprising compressing the stent-graft against the mandrel to form the encapsulated stent.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein compressing the stent-graft comprises winding a layer of tape over the graft tube to compress the stent-graft against the mandrel.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the graft tube engaged with the expandable stent.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the expandable stent comprises through-wall openings; and wherein heating the graft tube engaged with the expandable stent causes the first portion and the second portion of the graft tube to bond to one another through the through-wall openings.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein heating the graft tube engaged with the expandable stent causes the first portion and the second portion of the graft tube to become sintered together to form a monolithic layer of biocompatible material.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying pressure to the graft tube engaged with the expandable stent.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first surface of the expandable stent is the expandable stent's outer surface.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the second surface of the expandable stent is the expandable stent's inner surface.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the expandable stent comprises metal and the graft tube comprises expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/798,250, filed Oct. 30, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,109,988, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/608,948, filed May 30, 2017, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/343,658, filed May 31, 2016, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

US Referenced Citations (517)

Number	Name	Date	Kind
3852334	Dusza et al.	Dec 1974	A
3874388	King et al.	Apr 1975	A
3952334	Bokros et al.	Apr 1976	A
4484955	Hochstein	Nov 1984	A
4601309	Chang	Jul 1986	A
4617932	Kornberg	Oct 1986	A
4662355	Pieronne et al.	May 1987	A
4665906	Jervis	May 1987	A
4705507	Boyles	Nov 1987	A
4836204	Landymore et al.	Jun 1989	A
4979955	Smith	Dec 1990	A
4988339	Vadher	Jan 1991	A
4995857	Arnold	Feb 1991	A
5035702	Taheri	Jul 1991	A
5035706	Giantureo et al.	Jul 1991	A
5037427	Harada et al.	Aug 1991	A
5089005	Harada	Feb 1992	A
5186431	Tamari	Feb 1993	A
5197978	Hess	Mar 1993	A
5234447	Kaster et al.	Aug 1993	A
5267940	Moulder	Dec 1993	A
5290227	Pasque	Mar 1994	A
5312341	Turi	May 1994	A
5326374	Ilbawi et al.	Jul 1994	A
5332402	Teitelbaum	Jul 1994	A
5334217	Das	Aug 1994	A
5378239	Termin et al.	Jan 1995	A
5409019	Wilk	Apr 1995	A
5429144	Wilk	Jul 1995	A
5500015	Deac	Mar 1996	A
5531759	Kensey et al.	Jul 1996	A
5545210	Hess et al.	Aug 1996	A
5556386	Todd	Sep 1996	A
5578008	Hara	Nov 1996	A
5584803	Stevens et al.	Dec 1996	A
5597377	Aldea	Jan 1997	A
5645559	Hachtman et al.	Jul 1997	A
5655548	Nelson et al.	Aug 1997	A
5662711	Douglas	Sep 1997	A
5702412	Popov et al.	Dec 1997	A
5725552	Kotula et al.	Mar 1998	A
5741324	Glastra	Apr 1998	A
5749880	Banas et al.	May 1998	A
5779716	Cano et al.	Jul 1998	A
5795307	Krueger	Aug 1998	A
5810836	Hussein et al.	Sep 1998	A
5824062	Patke et al.	Oct 1998	A
5824071	Nelson et al.	Oct 1998	A
5846261	Kotula et al.	Dec 1998	A
5910144	Hayashi	Jun 1999	A
5916193	Stevens et al.	Jun 1999	A
5941850	Shah et al.	Aug 1999	A
5957949	Leonhardt et al.	Sep 1999	A
5990379	Gregory	Nov 1999	A
6027518	Gaber	Feb 2000	A
6039755	Edwin et al.	Mar 2000	A
6039759	Carpentier et al.	Mar 2000	A
6086610	Duerig et al.	Jul 2000	A
6111520	Allen et al.	Aug 2000	A
6117159	Huebsch et al.	Sep 2000	A
6120534	Ruiz	Sep 2000	A
6124523	Banas et al.	Sep 2000	A
6126686	Badylak et al.	Oct 2000	A
6165188	Saadat et al.	Dec 2000	A
6210318	Lederman	Apr 2001	B1
6214039	Banas et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6217541	Yu	Apr 2001	B1
6221096	Aiba et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6242762	Brown et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6245099	Edwin et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6254564	Wilk et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6260552	Mortier et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6264684	Banas et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6270515	Linden et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6270526	Cox	Aug 2001	B1
6277078	Porat et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6278379	Allen et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6302892	Wilk	Oct 2001	B1
6306141	Jervis	Oct 2001	B1
6328699	Eigler et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6344022	Jarvik	Feb 2002	B1
6358277	Duran	Mar 2002	B1
6391036	Berg et al.	May 2002	B1
6398803	Layne et al.	Jun 2002	B1
6406422	Landesberg	Jun 2002	B1
6447539	Nelson et al.	Sep 2002	B1
6451051	Drasler et al.	Sep 2002	B2
6458153	Bailey et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6468303	Amplatz et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6475136	Forsell	Nov 2002	B1
6478776	Rosenman et al.	Nov 2002	B1
6485507	Walak et al.	Nov 2002	B1
6488702	Besselink	Dec 2002	B1
6491705	Gifford, III et al.	Dec 2002	B2
6527698	Kung et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6544208	Ethier et al.	Apr 2003	B2
6547814	Edwin et al.	Apr 2003	B2
6562066	Martin	May 2003	B1
6572652	Shaknovich	Jun 2003	B2
6579314	Lombardi et al.	Jun 2003	B1
6589198	Soltanpour et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6616675	Evard et al.	Sep 2003	B1
6632169	Korakianitis et al.	Oct 2003	B2
6638303	Campbell	Oct 2003	B1
6641610	Wolf et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6652578	Bailey et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6685664	Levin et al.	Feb 2004	B2
6712836	Berg et al.	Mar 2004	B1
6740115	Lombardi et al.	May 2004	B2
6758858	McCrea et al.	Jul 2004	B2
6764507	Shanley et al.	Jul 2004	B2
6770087	Layne et al.	Aug 2004	B2
6797217	McCrea et al.	Sep 2004	B2
6890350	Walak	May 2005	B1
6923829	Boyle et al.	Aug 2005	B2
6970742	Mann et al.	Nov 2005	B2
7001409	Amplatz	Feb 2006	B2
7004966	Edwin et al.	Feb 2006	B2
7025777	Moore	Apr 2006	B2
7060150	Banas et al.	Jun 2006	B2
7083640	Lombardi et al.	Aug 2006	B2
7115095	Eigler et al.	Oct 2006	B2
7118600	Dua et al.	Oct 2006	B2
7137953	Eigler et al.	Nov 2006	B2
7147604	Allen et al.	Dec 2006	B1
7149587	Wardle et al.	Dec 2006	B2
7169160	Middleman et al.	Jan 2007	B1
7169172	Levine et al.	Jan 2007	B2
7195594	Eigler et al.	Mar 2007	B2
7208010	Shanley et al.	Apr 2007	B2
7226558	Nieman et al.	Jun 2007	B2
7245117	Joy et al.	Jul 2007	B1
7294115	Wilk	Nov 2007	B1
7306756	Edwin et al.	Dec 2007	B2
7402899	Whiting et al.	Jul 2008	B1
7439723	Allen et al.	Oct 2008	B2
7468071	Edwin et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7483743	Mann et al.	Jan 2009	B2
7498799	Allen et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7509169	Eigler et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7550978	Joy et al.	Jun 2009	B2
7578899	Edwin et al.	Aug 2009	B2
7590449	Mann et al.	Sep 2009	B2
7615010	Najafi et al.	Nov 2009	B1
7621879	Eigler et al.	Nov 2009	B2
7679355	Allen et al.	Mar 2010	B2
7717854	Mann et al.	May 2010	B2
7794473	Tessmer et al.	Sep 2010	B2
7839153	Joy et al.	Nov 2010	B2
7842083	Shanley et al.	Nov 2010	B2
7854172	O'Brien et al.	Dec 2010	B2
7862513	Eigler et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7914639	Layne et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7939000	Edwin et al.	May 2011	B2
7988724	Salahieh et al.	Aug 2011	B2
7993383	Hartley et al.	Aug 2011	B2
8012194	Edwin et al.	Sep 2011	B2
8016877	Seguin et al.	Sep 2011	B2
8021420	Dolan	Sep 2011	B2
8025625	Allen	Sep 2011	B2
8025668	McCartney	Sep 2011	B2
8043360	McNamara et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8070708	Rottenberg et al.	Dec 2011	B2
8091556	Keren et al.	Jan 2012	B2
8096959	Stewart et al.	Jan 2012	B2
8137605	McCrea et al.	Mar 2012	B2
8142363	Eigler et al.	Mar 2012	B1
8147545	Avior	Apr 2012	B2
8157852	Bloom et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8157860	McNamara et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8157940	Edwin et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8158041	Colone	Apr 2012	B2
8187321	Shanley et al.	May 2012	B2
8202313	Shanley et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8206435	Shanley et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8235916	Whiting et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8235933	Keren et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8246677	Ryan	Aug 2012	B2
8287589	Otto et al.	Oct 2012	B2
8298150	Mann et al.	Oct 2012	B2
8298244	Garcia et al.	Oct 2012	B2
8303511	Eigler et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8313524	Edwin et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8328751	Keren et al.	Dec 2012	B2
8337650	Edwin et al.	Dec 2012	B2
8348996	Tuval et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8357193	Phan et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8398708	Meiri et al.	Mar 2013	B2
8460366	Rowe	Jun 2013	B2
8468667	Straubinger et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8480594	Eigler et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8579966	Seguin et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8597225	Kapadia	Dec 2013	B2
8617337	Layne et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8617441	Edwin et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8652284	Bogert et al.	Feb 2014	B2
8665086	Miller et al.	Mar 2014	B2
8696611	Nitzan et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8790241	Edwin et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8882697	Celermajer et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8882798	Schwab et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8911489	Ben-Muvhar	Dec 2014	B2
9005155	Sugimoto	Apr 2015	B2
9034034	Nitzan et al.	May 2015	B2
9055917	Mann et al.	Jun 2015	B2
9060696	Eigler et al.	Jun 2015	B2
9067050	Gallagher et al.	Jun 2015	B2
9205236	McNamara et al.	Dec 2015	B2
9220429	Nabutovsky et al.	Dec 2015	B2
9358371	McNamara et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9393115	Tabor et al.	Jul 2016	B2
9456812	Finch et al.	Oct 2016	B2
9622895	Cohen et al.	Apr 2017	B2
9629715	Nitzan et al.	Apr 2017	B2
9681948	Levi et al.	Jun 2017	B2
9707382	Nitzan et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9713696	Yacoby et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9724499	Rottenberg et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9757107	McNamara et al.	Sep 2017	B2
9789294	Taft et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9918677	Eigler et al.	Mar 2018	B2
9943670	Keren et al.	Apr 2018	B2
9980815	Nitzan et al.	May 2018	B2
10045766	McNamara et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10047421	Khan et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10076403	Eigler et al.	Sep 2018	B1
10105103	Goldshtein et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10111741	Michalak	Oct 2018	B2
10207087	Keren et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10207807	Moran et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10251740	Eigler et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10251750	Alexander et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10265169	Desrosiers et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10299687	Nabutovsky et al.	May 2019	B2
10357357	Levi et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10368981	Nitzan et al.	Aug 2019	B2
10463490	Rottenberg et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10478594	Yacoby et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10548725	Alkhatib et al.	Feb 2020	B2
10561423	Sharma	Feb 2020	B2
10639459	Nitzan et al.	May 2020	B2
10828151	Nitzan et al.	Nov 2020	B2
10835394	Nae et al.	Nov 2020	B2
10898698	Eigler et al.	Jan 2021	B1
10912645	Rottenberg et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10925706	Eigler et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10940296	Keren	Mar 2021	B2
11234702	Eigler et al.	Feb 2022	B1
11253353	Levi et al.	Feb 2022	B2
11291807	Eigler et al.	Apr 2022	B2
11304831	Nae et al.	Apr 2022	B2
20010021872	Bailey et al.	Sep 2001	A1
20020120277	Hauschild et al.	Aug 2002	A1
20020165479	Wilk	Nov 2002	A1
20020165606	Wolf et al.	Nov 2002	A1
20020169371	Gilderdale	Nov 2002	A1
20020169377	Khairkhahan et al.	Nov 2002	A1
20020173742	Keren et al.	Nov 2002	A1
20020183628	Reich et al.	Dec 2002	A1
20030028213	Thill et al.	Feb 2003	A1
20030045902	Weadock	Mar 2003	A1
20030100920	Akin et al.	May 2003	A1
20030125798	Martin	Jul 2003	A1
20030136417	Fonseca et al.	Jul 2003	A1
20030139819	Beer et al.	Jul 2003	A1
20030176914	Rabkin et al.	Sep 2003	A1
20030209835	Chun et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20030216679	Wolf et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20030216803	Ledergerber	Nov 2003	A1
20040010219	McCusker et al.	Jan 2004	A1
20040016514	Nien	Jan 2004	A1
20040073242	Chanduszko	Apr 2004	A1
20040077988	Tweden et al.	Apr 2004	A1
20040088045	Cox	May 2004	A1
20040093075	Kuehne	May 2004	A1
20040102797	Golden et al.	May 2004	A1
20040116999	Ledergerber	Jun 2004	A1
20040138743	Myers et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040147869	Wolf et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040147871	Burnett	Jul 2004	A1
20040147886	Bonni	Jul 2004	A1
20040147969	Mann et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040162514	Alferness et al.	Aug 2004	A1
20040193261	Berreklouw	Sep 2004	A1
20040210190	Kohler et al.	Oct 2004	A1
20040210307	Khairkhahan	Oct 2004	A1
20040225352	Osborne et al.	Nov 2004	A1
20050003327	Elian et al.	Jan 2005	A1
20050033327	Gainor et al.	Feb 2005	A1
20050033351	Newton	Feb 2005	A1
20050065589	Schneider et al.	Mar 2005	A1
20050125032	Whisenant et al.	Jun 2005	A1
20050137682	Justino	Jun 2005	A1
20050148925	Rottenberg et al.	Jul 2005	A1
20050165344	Dobak, III	Jul 2005	A1
20050182486	Gabbay	Aug 2005	A1
20050267524	Chanduszko	Dec 2005	A1
20050283231	Haug et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050288596	Eigler et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050288706	Widomski et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050288786	Chanduszko	Dec 2005	A1
20060009800	Christianson et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060025857	Bergheim et al.	Feb 2006	A1
20060111660	Wolf et al.	May 2006	A1
20060116710	Corcoran et al.	Jun 2006	A1
20060122522	Chavan et al.	Jun 2006	A1
20060122647	Callaghan et al.	Jun 2006	A1
20060167541	Lattouf	Jul 2006	A1
20060184231	Rucker	Aug 2006	A1
20060212110	Osborne et al.	Sep 2006	A1
20060241745	Solem	Oct 2006	A1
20060256611	Bednorz et al.	Nov 2006	A1
20060282157	Hill et al.	Dec 2006	A1
20070010852	Blaeser et al.	Jan 2007	A1
20070021739	Weber	Jan 2007	A1
20070043435	Seguin et al.	Feb 2007	A1
20070129756	Abbott et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070191863	De Juan, Jr. et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070213813	Von Segesser et al.	Sep 2007	A1
20070276413	Nobles	Nov 2007	A1
20070276414	Nobles	Nov 2007	A1
20070282157	Rottenberg et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20070299384	Faul et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20080034836	Eigler et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080086205	Gordy et al.	Apr 2008	A1
20080125861	Webler et al.	May 2008	A1
20080177300	Mas et al.	Jul 2008	A1
20080262602	Wilk et al.	Oct 2008	A1
20080319525	Tieu et al.	Dec 2008	A1
20090030499	Bebb et al.	Jan 2009	A1
20090054976	Tuval et al.	Feb 2009	A1
20090125104	Hoffman	May 2009	A1
20090149947	Frohwitter	Jun 2009	A1
20090198315	Boudjemline	Aug 2009	A1
20090276040	Rowe et al.	Nov 2009	A1
20090319037	Rowe et al.	Dec 2009	A1
20100004740	Seguin et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100022940	Thompson	Jan 2010	A1
20100057192	Celermajer	Mar 2010	A1
20100069836	Satake	Mar 2010	A1
20100070022	Kuehling	Mar 2010	A1
20100081867	Fishler et al.	Apr 2010	A1
20100100167	Bortlein et al.	Apr 2010	A1
20100121434	Paul et al.	May 2010	A1
20100179590	Fortson et al.	Jul 2010	A1
20100191326	Alkhatib	Jul 2010	A1
20100249909	McNamara et al.	Sep 2010	A1
20100249910	McNamara et al.	Sep 2010	A1
20100249915	Zhang	Sep 2010	A1
20100256548	McNamara et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100256753	McNamara et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100298755	McNamara et al.	Nov 2010	A1
20100324652	Aurilia et al.	Dec 2010	A1
20110022057	Eigler et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110022157	Essinger et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110054515	Bridgeman et al.	Mar 2011	A1
20110071623	Finch et al.	Mar 2011	A1
20110071624	Finch et al.	Mar 2011	A1
20110093059	Fischell et al.	Apr 2011	A1
20110152923	Fox	Jun 2011	A1
20110190874	Celermajer et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110218479	Rottenberg et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110218480	Rottenberg et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110218481	Rottenberg et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110257723	McNamara	Oct 2011	A1
20110264203	Dwork et al.	Oct 2011	A1
20110276086	Al-Qbandi et al.	Nov 2011	A1
20110295182	Finch et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20110295183	Finch et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20110295362	Finch et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20110295366	Finch et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20110306916	Nitzan et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20110319806	Wardle	Dec 2011	A1
20120022507	Najafi et al.	Jan 2012	A1
20120022633	Olson et al.	Jan 2012	A1
20120035590	Whiting et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120041422	Whiting et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120046528	Eigler et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120046739	Von Oepen et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120053686	McNamara et al.	Mar 2012	A1
20120071918	Amin et al.	Mar 2012	A1
20120130301	McNamara et al.	May 2012	A1
20120165928	Nitzan et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120179172	Paul, Jr. et al.	Jul 2012	A1
20120190991	Bornzin et al.	Jul 2012	A1
20120265296	McNamara et al.	Oct 2012	A1
20120271398	Essinger et al.	Oct 2012	A1
20120289882	McNamara et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120290062	McNamara et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20130030521	Nitzan et al.	Jan 2013	A1
20130046373	Cartledge et al.	Feb 2013	A1
20130138145	Von Oepen	May 2013	A1
20130178783	McNamara et al.	Jul 2013	A1
20130178784	McNamara et al.	Jul 2013	A1
20130184633	McNamara et al.	Jul 2013	A1
20130184634	McNamara et al.	Jul 2013	A1
20130197423	Keren et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130197547	Fukuoka et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130197629	Gainor et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130204175	Sugimoto	Aug 2013	A1
20130231737	McNamara et al.	Sep 2013	A1
20130261531	Gallagher et al.	Oct 2013	A1
20130281988	Magnin et al.	Oct 2013	A1
20130304192	Chanduszko	Nov 2013	A1
20140012181	Sugimoto et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140012303	Heipl	Jan 2014	A1
20140012368	Sugimoto et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140012369	Murry, III et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140067037	Fargahi	Mar 2014	A1
20140094904	Salahieh et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140128795	Keren et al.	May 2014	A1
20140128796	Keren et al.	May 2014	A1
20140163449	Rottenberg et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140194971	McNamara	Jul 2014	A1
20140213959	Nitzan et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140222144	Eberhardt et al.	Aug 2014	A1
20140249621	Eidenschink	Sep 2014	A1
20140257167	Celermajer	Sep 2014	A1
20140275916	Nabutovsky et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140277045	Fazio et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140277054	McNamara et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140303710	Zhang et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140350565	Yacoby et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140350658	Benary et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140350661	Schaeffer	Nov 2014	A1
20140350669	Gillespie et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140357946	Golden et al.	Dec 2014	A1
20150005810	Center et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150034217	Vad	Feb 2015	A1
20150039084	Levi et al.	Feb 2015	A1
20150066140	Quadri et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150073539	Geiger et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150112383	Sherman et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150119796	Finch	Apr 2015	A1
20150127093	Hosmer et al.	May 2015	A1
20150142049	Delgado et al.	May 2015	A1
20150148731	McNamara et al.	May 2015	A1
20150148896	Karapetian et al.	May 2015	A1
20150157455	Hoang et al.	Jun 2015	A1
20150173897	Raanani et al.	Jun 2015	A1
20150182334	Bourang et al.	Jul 2015	A1
20150190229	Seguin	Jul 2015	A1
20150196383	Johnson	Jul 2015	A1
20150201998	Roy et al.	Jul 2015	A1
20150209143	Duffy et al.	Jul 2015	A1
20150230924	Miller et al.	Aug 2015	A1
20150238314	Bortlein et al.	Aug 2015	A1
20150245908	Nitzan et al.	Sep 2015	A1
20150272731	Racchini et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150282790	Quinn et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150282931	Brunnett et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150313599	Johnson et al.	Nov 2015	A1
20150359556	Vardi	Dec 2015	A1
20160007924	Eigler et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160022423	McNamara et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160022970	Forcucci et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160073907	Nabutovsky et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160120550	McNamara et al.	May 2016	A1
20160129260	Mann et al.	May 2016	A1
20160157862	Hernandez et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160166381	Sugimoto et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160184561	McNamara et al.	Jun 2016	A9
20160206423	O'Connor et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160213467	Backus et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160220360	Lin et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160220365	Backus et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160262878	Backus et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160262879	Meiri et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160287386	Alon et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160296325	Edelman et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160361167	Tuval et al.	Dec 2016	A1
20160361184	Tabor et al.	Dec 2016	A1
20170035435	Amin et al.	Feb 2017	A1
20170113026	Finch	Apr 2017	A1
20170128705	Forcucci et al.	May 2017	A1
20170135685	McNamara et al.	May 2017	A9
20170165532	Khan et al.	Jun 2017	A1
20170216025	Nitzan et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170224323	Rowe et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170224444	Viecilli et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170231766	Hariton et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170273790	Vettukattil et al.	Sep 2017	A1
20170281339	Levi et al.	Oct 2017	A1
20170312486	Nitzan et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170319823	Yacoby et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170325956	Rottenberg et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170340460	Rosen et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170348100	Lane et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20180099128	McNamara et al.	Apr 2018	A9
20180104053	Alkhatib et al.	Apr 2018	A1
20180125630	Hynes et al.	May 2018	A1
20180130988	Nishikawa et al.	May 2018	A1
20180243071	Eigler et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180256865	Finch et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180263766	Nitzan et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180280667	Keren	Oct 2018	A1
20180344994	Karavany et al.	Dec 2018	A1
20190000327	Doan et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190008628	Eigler et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190015103	Sharma	Jan 2019	A1
20190015188	Eigler et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190021861	Finch	Jan 2019	A1
20190110911	Nae et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190239754	Nabutovsky et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190254814	Nitzan et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190262118	Eigler et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190328513	Levi et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190336163	McNamara et al.	Nov 2019	A1
20200060825	Rottenberg et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200078196	Rosen et al.	Mar 2020	A1
20200078558	Yacoby et al.	Mar 2020	A1
20200085600	Schwartz et al.	Mar 2020	A1
20200197178	Vecchio	Jun 2020	A1
20200261705	Nitzan et al.	Aug 2020	A1
20200315599	Nae et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20200368505	Nae et al.	Nov 2020	A1
20210052378	Nitzan et al.	Feb 2021	A1

Foreign Referenced Citations (39)

Number	Date	Country
2003291117	Apr 2009	AU
2378920	Feb 2001	CA
1987777	Nov 2008	EP
2238933	Oct 2010	EP
2305321	Apr 2011	EP
1965842	Nov 2011	EP
3400907	Nov 2018	EP
2827153	Jan 2003	FR
WO-9531945	Nov 1995	WO
WO-9727898	Aug 1997	WO
WO-9960941	Dec 1999	WO
WO-0044311	Aug 2000	WO
WO-0050100	Aug 2000	WO
WO-0110314	Feb 2001	WO
WO-0226281	Apr 2002	WO
WO-02071974	Sep 2002	WO
WO-02087473	Nov 2002	WO
WO-03053495	Jul 2003	WO
WO-2005027752	Mar 2005	WO
WO-2005074367	Aug 2005	WO
WO-2006127765	Nov 2006	WO
WO-2007083288	Jul 2007	WO
WO-2008055301	May 2008	WO
WO-2009029261	Mar 2009	WO
WO-2010128501	Nov 2010	WO
WO-2010129089	Nov 2010	WO
WO-2010139771	Dec 2010	WO
WO-2011062858	May 2011	WO
WO-2013096965	Jun 2013	WO
WO-2016178171	Nov 2016	WO
WO-2017118920	Jul 2017	WO
WO-2018158747	Sep 2018	WO
WO-2019015617	Jan 2019	WO
WO-2019085841	May 2019	WO
WO-2019109013	Jun 2019	WO
WO-2019142152	Jul 2019	WO
WO-2019179447	Sep 2019	WO
WO-2019218072	Nov 2019	WO
WO-2021050589	Mar 2021	WO

Non-Patent Literature Citations (187)

Entry
Abraham et al., “Hemodynamic Monitoring in Advanced Heart Failure: Results from the LAPTOP-HF Trial,” J Card Failure, 22:940 (2016) (Abstract Only).
Abraham et al., “Sustained efficacy of pulmonary artery pressure to guide adjustment of chronic heart failure therapy: complete follow-up results from the CHAMPION randomised trial,” The Lancet, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00723-0 (2015).
Abraham et al., “Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60101-3 (2011).
Abreu et al., “Doppler ultrasonography of the femoropopliteal segment in patients with venous ulcer,” J Vasc Bras., 11(4):277-285 (2012).
Adamson et al., “Ongoing Right Ventricular Hemodynamics in Heart Failure Clinical Value of Measurements Derived From an Implantable Monitoring System,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 41(4):565-571 (2003).
Adamson et al., “Wireless Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring Guides Management to Reduce Decompensation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction,” Circ Heart Fail., 7:935-944 (2014).
Ambrosy et al. “The Global Health and Economic Burden of Hospitalizations for Heart Failure,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 63:1123-1133 (2014).
Aminde et al., “Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for Lutembacher syndrome: the pivotal role of echocardiography,” Cardiovasc Diagn Ther., 5(2):122-132 (2015).
Anderas E. “Advanced MEMS Pressure Sensors Operating in Fluids,” Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertation from the Faculty of Science and Technology 933. Uppsala ISBN 978-91-554-8369-2 (2012).
Anderas et al., “Tilted c-axis Thin-Film Bulk Wave Resonant Pressure Sensors with Improved Sensitivity,” IEEE Sensors J., 12(8):2653-2654 (2012).
Ando, et al., Left ventricular decompression through a patent foramen ovale in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A case report, Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 2: 1-7 (2004).
Article 34 Amendments dated May 28, 2013 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2012/001859.
Article 34 Amendments dated Nov. 27, 2012 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IL2011/000958.
Ataya et al., “A Review of Targeted Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Specific Pharmacotherapy,” J. Clin. Med., 5(12):114 (2016).
“Atrium Advanta V12, Balloon Expandable Covered Stent, Improving Patient Outcomes with An Endovascular Approach,” Brochure, 8 pages, Getinge (2017).
Bannan et al., “Characteristics of Adult Patients with Atrial Septal Defects Presenting with Paradoxical Embolism.,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 74:1066-1069 (2009).
Baumgartner et al., “ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010)—The Task Force on the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),” Eur Heart J., 31:2915-2957 (2010).
Beemath et al., “Pulmonary Embolism as a Cause of Death in Adults Who Died With Heart Failure,” Am J Cardiol., 98:1073-1075 (2006).
Benza et al., “Monitoring Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Using an Implantable Hemodynamic Sensor,” CHEST, 156(6):1176-1186 (2019).
Boehm, et al., “Balloon Atrial Septostomy: History and Technique,” Images Paeditr. Cardiol., 8(1):8-14 (2006).
Braunwald, Heart Disease, Chapter 6, pp. 186.
Bridges, et al., “The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Practice Guideline Series: Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization,” Ann Thorac Surg., 77:1494-1502 (2004).
Bristow, et al., “Improvement in cardiac myocite function by biological effects of medical therapy: a new concept in the treatment of heart failure,” European Heart Journal, 16 (Suppl.F): 20-31 (1995).
Bruch et al., “Fenestrated Occluders for Treatment of ASD in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension and/or Right Heart Failure,” J Interven Cardiol., 21(1):44-49 (2008).
Burkhoff et al., “Assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular properties via pressure-volume analysis: a guide for clinical, translational, and basic researchers,” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol., 289:H501-H512 (2005).
Butler et al. “Recognizing Worsening Chronic Heart Failure as an Entity and an End Point in Clinical Trials,” JAMA., 312(8):789-790 (2014).
Case, et al., “Relief of High Left-Atrial Pressure in Left-Ventricular Failure,” Lancet, (pp. 841-842), Oct. 17, 1964.
Chakko et al., “Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care,” Am J Medicine, 90:353-359 (1991) (Abstract Only).
Chang et al., “State-of-the-art and recent developments in micro/nanoscale pressure sensors for smart wearable devices and health monitoring systems,” Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering, 3:43-52 (2020).
Chen et al., “Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care,” Nature Communications, 5(1):1-10 (2014).
Chen et al., “National and Regional Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalization and Mortality Rates for Medicare Beneficiaries, 1998-2008,” JAMA, 306(15):1669-1678 (2011).
Chiche et al., “Prevalence of patent foramen ovale and stroke in pulmonary embolism patients,” Eur Heart J., 34:P1142 (2013) (Abstract Only).
Chin et al., “The right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension,” Coron Artery Dis., 16(1):13-18 (2005) (Abstract Only).
Chun et al., “Lifetime Analysis of Hospitalizations and Survival of Patients Newly Admitted With Heart Failure,” Circ Heart Fail., 5:414-421 (2012).
Ciarka et al., “Atrial Septostomy Decreases Sympathetic Overactivity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,” Chest, 131(6):P1831-1837 (2007) (Abstract Only).
Cleland et al., “The EuroHeart Failure survey programme—a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe—Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis,” Eur Heart J., 24:442-463 (2003).
Clowes et al., “Mechanisms of Arterial Graft Healing—Rapid Transmural Capillary Ingrowth Provides a Source of Intimal Endothelium and Smooth Muscle in Porous PTFE Prostheses,” Am J Pathol., 123:220-230 (1986).
Coats, et al., “Controlled Trial of Physical Training in Chronic Heart Failure: Exercise Performance, Hemodynamics, Ventilation, and Autonomic Function,” Circulation, 85: 2119-2131 (1992).
Davies et al., “Abnormal left heart function after operation for atrial septal defect,” British Heart Journal, 32:747-753 (1970).
Davies, et al., “Reduced Contraction and Altered Frequency Response of Isolated Ventricular Myocytes From Patients With Heart Failure, Circulation,” 92: 2540-2549 (1995).
Del Trigo et al., “Unidirectional Left-To-Right Interatrial Shunting for Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: a Safety and Proof-of-Principle Cohort Study,” Lancet, 387:1290-1297 (2016).
Della Lucia et al., “Design, fabrication and characterization of SAW pressure sensors for offshore oil and gas exploration,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 222:322-328 (2015).
Drazner et al., “Prognostic Importance of Elevated Jugular Venous Pressure and a Third Heart Sound in Patients with Heart Failure,” N Engl J Med., 345(8):574-81 (2001).
Drazner et al., “Relationship between Right and Left-Sided Filling Pressures in 1000 Patients with Advanced Heart Failure,” Heart Lung Transplant, 18:1126-1132 (1999).
Drexel, et al., “The Effects of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the Properties of Nitinol Wire, Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, SMST 2006,” Pacific Grove, California, USA (pp. 447-454) May 7-11, 2006.
Eigler et al., “Cardiac Unloading with an Implantable Interatrial Shunt in Heart Failure: Serial Observations in an Ovine Model of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy,” Structural Heart, 1:40-48 (2017).
Eigler, et al., Implantation and Recovery of Temporary Metallic Stents in Canine Coronary Arteries, JACC, 22(4):1207-1213 (1993).
Ennezat, et al., An unusual case of low-flow, low gradient severe aortic stenosis: Left-to-right shunt due to atrial septal defect, Cardiology, 113(2):146-148, (2009).
Eshaghian et al., “Relation of Loop Diuretic Dose to Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure,” Am J Cardiol., 97:1759-1764 (2006).
Ewert, et al., Acute Left Heart Failure After Interventional Occlusion of An Artial Septal Defect, Z Kardiol, 90(5): 362-366 (May 2001).
Ewert, et al., Masked Left Ventricular Restriction in Elderly Patients With Atrial Septal Defects: A Contraindication for Closure?, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Intervention, 52:177-180 (2001).
Extended European Search Report dated Jan. 8, 2015 in EP Patent Appl No. 10772089.8.
Extended European Search Report dated Mar. 29, 2019 in EP Patent Appl. Serial No. EP16789391.
Extended European Search Report dated Sep. 19, 2006 in EP Patent Appl No. 16170281.6.
Feldman et al., “Transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (Reduce LAP-HF I [Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure]), A Phase 2, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial,” Circulation, 137:364-375 (2018).
Ferrari et al., “Impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) on the lives of patients and carers: results from an international survey,” Eur Respir J., 42:26312 (2013) (Abstract Only).
Fonarow et al., “Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes of Patients With Preserved Systolic Function Hospitalized for Heart Failure,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 50(8):768-777 (2007).
Fonarow et al., “Risk Stratification for In-Hospital Mortality in Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure: Classification and Regression Tree Analysis,” JAMA, 293(5):572-580 (2005).
Fonarow, G., “The Treatment Targets in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure,” Rev Cardiovasc Med., 2:(2):S7-S12 (2001).
Galie et al., “2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension—The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS),” European Heart Journal, 37:67-119 (2016).
Galie et al., “Pulmonary arterial hypertension: from the kingdom of the near-dead to multiple clinical trial meta-analyses,” Eur Heart J., 31:2080-2086 (2010).
Galipeau et al., “Surface acoustic wave microsensors and applications,” Smart Materials and Structures, 6(6):658-667 (1997) (Abstract Only).
Geiran, et al., Changes in cardiac dynamics by opening an interventricular shunt in dogs, J. Surg. Res. 48(1):6-12 (1990).
Gelernter-Yaniv, et al., Transcatheter ClosureoOf Left-To-Right Interatrial Shunts to Resolve Hypoxemia, Congenit. Heart Dis. 31(1): 47-53 (Jan. 2008).
Geva et al., “Atrial septal defects,” Lancet, 383:1921-32 (2014).
Gewillig, et al., Creation with a stent of an unrestrictive lasting atrial communication, Cardio. Young 12(4): 404-407 (2002).
Gheorghiade et al., “Acute Heart Failure Syndromes, Current State and Framework for Future Research,” Circulation, 112:3958-3968 (2005).
Gheorghiade et al., “Effects of Tolvaptan, a Vasopressin Antagonist, in Patients Hospitalized With Worsening Heart Failure A Randomized Controlled Trial,” JAMA., 291:1963-1971 (2004).
Go et al. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update—A Report From the American Heart Association,” Circulation, 128:1-267 (2014).
Guillevin et al., “Understanding the impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension on patients' and carers' lives,” Eur Respir Rev., 22:535-542 (2013).
Guyton et al., “Effect of Elevated Left Atrial Pressure and Decreased Plasma Protein Concentration on the Development of Pulmonary Edema,” Circulation Research, 7:643-657 (1959).
Hasenfub, et al., A Transcatheter Intracardiac Shunt Device for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (Reduce LAP-HF): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase 1 Trial, www.thelancet.com, 387:1298-1304 (2016).
Hoeper et al., “Definitions and Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 62(5):D42-D50 (2013).
Hogg et al., “Heart Failure With Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Prognosis,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 43(3):317-327 (2004).
Howell et al., “Congestive heart failure and outpatient risk of venous thromboembolism: A retrospective, case-control study,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54:810-816 (2001).
Huang et al., “Remodeling of the chronic severely failing ischemic sheep heart after coronary microembolization: functional, energetic, structural, and cellular responses,” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol., 286:H2141-H2150 (2004).
Humbert et al., “Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in France⇒Results from a National Registry,” Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 173:1023-1030 (2006).
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Nov. 7, 2016 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2016/052561.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated May 29, 2018 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2018/051385.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Feb. 6, 2013 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. No. PCT/IB2012/001859, 12 pages.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Feb. 7, 2020 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2019/060257.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated May 13, 2019 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. No. PCT/IB2019/050452.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated May 29, 2018 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCTIB2018/051355.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Jul. 14, 2020 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2020/053832.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Jul. 20, 2020 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2020/054699.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Jul. 23, 2021 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2021/053594.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Aug. 12, 2020 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2020/053118.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Aug. 28, 2012 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. No. PCT/IL2011/000958.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Sep. 21, 2020 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2020/054306.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Oct. 11, 2017 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2017/053188.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Oct. 26, 2007 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB07/50234.
International Search Report dated Apr. 7, 2008 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IL05/00131.
International Search Report dated Aug. 25, 2010 in Intl PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IL2010/000354.
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Feb. 16, 2015 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2014/001771.
Jessup et al. “2009Focused Update: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 53:1343-1382 (2009).
Jiang, G., “Design challenges of implantable pressure monitoring system,” Frontiers in Neuroscience, 4(29):1-4 (2010).
Kane et al., “Integration of clinical and hemodynamic parameters in the prediction of long-term survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension,” Chest, 139(6):1285-1293 (2011) (Abstract Only).
Kaye et al., “Effects of an Interatrial Shunt on Rest and Exercise Hemodynamics: Results of a Computer Simulation in Heart Failure,” Journal of Cardiac Failure, 20(3): 212-221 (2014).
Kaye et al., “One-Year Outcomes After Transcatheter Insertion of an Interatrial Shunt Device for the Management of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction,” Circulation: Heart Failure, 9(12):e003662 (2016).
Keogh et al., “Interventional and Surgical Modalities of Treatment in Pulmonary Hypertension,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 54:S67-77 (2009).
Keren, et al. Methods and Apparatus for Reducing Localized Circulatory System Pressure,., Jan. 7, 2002 (pp. 16).
Khositseth et al., Transcatheter Amplatzer Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Presumed Paradoxical Embolism, Mayo Clinic Proc., 79:35-41 (2004).
Kramer, et al., Controlled Trial of Captopril in Chronic Heart Failure: A Rest and Exercise Hemodynamic Study, Circulation, 67(4): 807-816, 1983.
Kretschmar et al., “Shunt Reduction With a Fenestrated Amplatzer Device,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 76:564-571 (2010).
Kropelnicki et al., “CMOS-compatible ruggedized high-temperature Lamb wave pressure sensor,” J. Micromech. Microeng., 23:085018 pp. 1-9 (2013).
Krumholz et al., “Patterns of Hospital Performance in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure 30-Day Mortality and Readmission,” Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2:407-413 (2009).
Kulkarni et al., “Lutembacher's syndrome,” J Cardiovasc Did Res., 3(2):179-181 (2012).
Kurzyna et al., “Atrial Septostomy in Treatment of End-Stage Right Heart Failure in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension,” Chest, 131:977-983 (2007).
Lai et al., Bidirectional Shunt Through a Residual Atrial Septal Defect After Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy, Cadiology, 83(3): 205-207 (1993).
Lammers et al., “Efficacy and Long-Term Patency of Fenerstrated Amplatzer Devices in Children,” Catheter Cardiovasc Interv., 70:578-584 (2007).
Lemmer, et al., Surgical Implications of Atrial Septal Defect Complicating Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty, Ann. thorac. Surg, 48(2):295-297 (Aug. 1989).
Lindenfeld et al. “Executive Summary: HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline,” J. Cardiac Failure, 16(6):475-539 (2010).
Luo, Yi, Selective and Regulated RF Heating of Stent Toward Endohyperthermia Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis, A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Degree of Master of Applied Science in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Electrical and Computer Engineering), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Dec. 2014.
MacDonald et al., “Emboli Enter Penetrating Arteries of Monkey Brain in Relation to Their Size,” Stroke, 26:1247-1251 (1995).
Maluli et al., “Atrial Septostomy: A Contemporary Review,” Clin. Cardiol., 38(6):395-400 (2015).
Maurer et al., “Rationale and Design of the Left Atrial Pressure Monitoring to Optimize Heart Failure Therapy Study (LAPTOP-HF),” Journal of Cardiac Failure., 21(6): 479-488 (2015).
McClean et al., “Noninvasive Calibration of Cardiac Pressure Transducers in Patients With Heart Failure: An Aid to Implantable Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapeutic Guidance,” J Cardiac Failure, 12(7):568-576 (2006).
McLaughlin et al., “Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 65(18):1976-1997 (2015).
McLaughlin et al., “Survival in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension—The Impact of Epoprostenol Therapy.,” Circulation, 106:1477-1482 (2002).
Merriam—Webster OnLine Dictionary, Definition of “chamber”, printed Dec. 20, 2004.
Mu et al., “Dual mode acoustic wave sensor for precise pressure reading,” Applied Physics Letters, 105:113507-1-113507-5 (2014).
Nagaraju et al., “A 400μW Differential FBAR Sensor Interface IC with digital readout,” IEEE., pp. 218-221 (2015).
Noordegraaf et al., “The role of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension,” Eur Respir Rev., 20(122):243-253 (2011).
O'Byrne et al., “The effect of atrial septostomy on the concentration of brain-type natriuretic peptide in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension,” Cardiology in the Young, 17(5):557-559 (2007) (Abstract Only).
Oktay et al., “The Emerging Epidemic of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction,” Curr Heart Fail Rep., 10(4):1-17 (2013).
Owan et al., “Trends in Prevalence and Outcome of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction,” N Engl J Med., 355:251-259 (2006).
Paitazoglou et al., “Title: The AFR-Prelieve Trial: A prospective, non-randomized, pilot study to assess the Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR) in Heart Failure Patients with either preserved or reduced ejection fraction,” EuroIntervention, 28:2539-50 (2019).
Park Blade Septostomy Catheter Instructions for Use, Cook Medical, 28 pages, Oct. 2015.
Park, et al., Blade Atrial Septostomy: Collaborative Study, Circulation, 66(2):258-266 (1982).
Partial Supplemental European Search Report dated Dec. 11, 2018 in EP Patent Appl. Serial No. 16789391.6.
Peters et al., “Self-fabricated fenestrated Amplatzer occluders for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect in patients with left ventricular restriction: midterm results,” Clin Res Cardiol., 95:88-92 (2006).
Ponikowski et al., “2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),” Eur Heart J., doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 (2016).
Potkay, J. A., “Long term, implantable blood pressure monitoring systems,” Biomed Microdevices, 10:379-392 (2008).
Pretorious et al., “An Implantable Left Atrial Pressure Sensor Lead Designed for Percutaneous Extraction Using Standard Techniques,” PACE, 00:1-8 (2013).
Rajeshkumar et al., “Atrial septostomy with a predefined diameter using a novel occlutech atrial flow regulator improves symptoms and cardiac index in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension,” Catheter Cardiovasc Interv., 1-9 (2017).
Rich et al., “Atrial Septostomy as Palliative Therapy for Refractory Primary Pulmonary Hypertension,” Am J Cardiol., 51:1560-1561 (1983).
Ritzema et al., “Direct Left Atrial Pressure Monitoring in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients—Initial Experience With a New Permanent Implantable Device,” Circulation, 116:2952-2959 (2007).
Ritzema et al., “Physician-Directed Patient Self-Management of Left Atrial Pressure in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure,” Circulation, 121:1086-1095 (2010).
Roberts et al., “Integrated microscopy techniques for comprehensive pathology evaluation of an implantable left atrial pressure sensor,” J Histotechnology, 36(1):17-24 (2013).
Rodes-Cabau et al., “Interatrial Shunting for Heart Failure Early and Late Results From the First-in-Human Experience With the V-Wave System,” J Am Coll Cardiol Intv., 11:2300-2310.doi:10.1016/j.cin.2018.07.001 (2018).
Rosenquist et al., Atrial Septal Thickness and Area in Normal Heart Specimens and in Those With Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defects, J. Clin. Ultrasound, 7:345-348 (1979).
Ross et al., “Interatrial Communication and Left Atrial Hypertension—A Cause of Continuous Murmur,” Circulation, 28:853-860 (1963).
Rossignol, et al., Left-to-Right Atrial Shunting: New Hope for Heart Failure, www.thelancet.com, 387:1253-1255 (2016).
Roven, Effect of Compromising Right Ventricular Function in Left Ventricular Failure by Means of Interatrial and Other Shunts 24:209-219 (Aug. 1969).
Salehian, et al., Improvements in Cardiac Form and Function After Transcatheter Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defects, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45(4):499-504 (2005).
Sandoval et al., “Effect of atrial septostomy on the survival of patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension,” Eur Respir J., 38:1343-1348 (2011).
Sandoval et al., “Graded Balloon Dilation Atrial Septostomy in Severe Primary Pulmonary Hypertension—A Therapeutic Alternative for Patients Nonresponsive to Vasodilator Treatment,” JACC, 32(2):297-304 (1998).
Schiff et al., “Decompensated heart failure: symptoms, patterns of onset, and contributing factors,” Am J. Med., 114(8):625-630 (2003) (Abstract Only).
Schmitto, et al., Chronic Heart Failure Induced by Multiple Sequential Coronary Microembolization in sheep, The International Journal of Artificial Organs, 31(4):348-353 (2008).
Schneider et al., “Fate of a Modified Fenestration of Atrial Septal Occluder Device after Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects in Elderly Patients,” J Interven Cardiol., 24:485-490 (2011).
Scholl et al., “Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Sensor Applications,” Phys Status Solidi Appl Res., 185(1):47-58 (2001) (Abstract Only).
Schubert, et al., Left ventricular Conditioning in the Elderly Patient to Prevent Congestive Heart Failure After Transcatheter Closure of the Atrial Septal Defect, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 64(3): 333-337 (2005).
Setoguchi et al., “Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure,” Am Heart J., 154:260-266 (2007).
Shah et al., “Heart Failure With Preserved, Borderline, and Reduced Ejection Fraction—5-Year Outcomes,” J Am Coll Cardiol., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074 (2017).
Shah et al., “One-Year Safety and Clinical Outcomes of a Transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in the Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure (Reduce LAP-HF I) Trial—A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Cardiol. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2936 (2018).
Sitbon et al., “Selexipag for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,” N Engl J Med., 373(26):2522-2533 (2015).
Sitbon et al., “Epoprostenol and pulmonary arterial hypertension: 20 years of clinical experience,” Eur Respir Rev., 26:160055:1-14 (2017).
Steimle et al., “Sustained Hemodynamic Efficacy of Therapy Tailored to Reduce Filling Pressures in Survivors With Advanced Heart Failure,” Circulation, 96:1165-1172 (1997).
Stevenson et al., “The Limited Reliability of Physical Signs for Estimating Hemodynamics in Chronic Heart Failure,” JAMA, 261(6):884-888 (1989) (Abstract Only).
Stormer, et al., Comparative Study of in Vitro Flow Characteristics Between a Human Aortic Valve and a Designed Aortic Valve and Six Corresponding Types of Prosthetic Heart Valves, European Surgical Research 8(2):117-131 (1976).
Stumper, et al., Modified Technique of Stent Fenestration of the Atrial Septum, Heart, 89:1227-1230, (2003).
Su et al., “A film bulk acoustic resonator pressure sensor based on lateral field excitation,” International Journal of DistributedSensor Networks, 14(11):1-8 (2018).
Supplementary European Search Report dated Nov. 13, 2009 in EP Patent Appl. Serial No. 05703174.2.
Thenappan et al., “Evolving Epidemiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,” Am J Resp Critical Care Med., 186:707-709 (2012).
Tomai et al., “Acute Left Ventricular Failure After Transcatheter Closure of a Secundum Atrial Septal Defect in a Patient With Coronary Artery Disease: A Critical Reappraisal,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 55:97-99 (2002).
Torbicki et al., “Atrial Septostomy,” The Right Heart, 305-316 (2014).
Trainor, et al., Comparative Pathology of an Implantable Left Atrial Pressure Sensor, ASAIO Journal, Clinical Cardiovascular/Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 59(5):486-492 (2013).
Troost et al., “A Modified Technique of Stent Fenestration of the Interatrial Septum Improves Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 73:173179 (2009).
Troughton et al., “Direct Left Atrial Pressure Monitoring in Severe Heart Failure: Long-Term Sensor Performance,” J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res., 4:3-13 (2011).
Vank-Noordegraaf et al., “Right Heart Adaptation to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension—Physiology and Pathobiology,” J Am Coll Cardiol., 62(25):D22-33 (2013).
Verel et al., “Comparison of left atrial pressure and wedge pulmonary capillary pressure—Pressure gradients between left atrium and left ventricle,” British Heart J., 32:99-102 (1970).
Viaene et al., “Pulmonary oedema after percutaneous ASD-closure,” Acta Cardiol., 65(2):257-260 (2010).
Wang et al., “A Low Temperature Drifting Acoustic Wave Pressure Sensor with an Integrated Vacuum Cavity for Absolute Pressure Sensing,” Sensors, 20(1788):1-13 (2020).
Warnes et al., “ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease—A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease),” JACC, 52(23):e143-e263 (2008).
Webb et al., “Atrial Septal Defects in the Adult Recent Progress and Overview,” Circulation, 114:1645-1653 (2006).
Wiedemann, H.R., “Earliest description by Johann Friedrich Meckel, Senior (1750) of what is known today as Lutembacher syndrome (1916),” Am J Med Genet., 53(1):59-64 (1994) (Abstract Only).
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority dated Apr. 7, 2008 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IL05/00131.
Yantchev et al., “Thin Film Lamb Wave Resonators in Frequency Control and Sensing Applications: A Review,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 23(4):043001 (2013).
Zhang et al., “Acute left ventricular failure after transcatheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,” Chin Med J., 124(4):618-621 (2011).
Zhang et al., “Film bulk acoustic resonator-based high-performance pressure sensor integrated with temperature control system,” J Micromech Microeng., 27(4):1-10 (2017).
Zhou, et al., Unidirectional Valve Patch for Repair of Cardiac Septal Defects with Pulmonary Hypertension, Annals of Thoracic Surgeons, 60:1245-1249, (1995).
Borlaug, et al., Latent Pulmonary Vascular Disease May Alter The Response to Therapeutic Atrial Shunt Device in Heart Failure, Circulation (Mar. 2022).
Flachskampf, et al., Influence of Orifice Geometry and Flow Rate on Effective Valve Area: An In Vitro Study, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 15(5):1173-1180 (Apr. 1990).
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Feb. 9, 2022 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2021/060473 (2010).
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated May 17, 2022 in Int'l PCT Patent Appl. Serial No. PCT/IB2022/051177.
Kaye, et al., One-Year Outcomes After Transcatheter Insertion of an Interatrial Shunt Device for the Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, Circulation: Heart Failure, 9(12):e003662 (Dec. 2016).
Shah, et al., Atrial Shunt Device For Heart Failure With Preserved And Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction (Reduce LAP-HF II): A Randomised, Multicentre, Blinded, Sham-Controlled Trial, The Lancet, 399(10330):1130-1140 (Mar. 2022).

Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20210393421 A1	Dec 2021	US

Provisional Applications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	62343658	May 2016	US

Continuations (2)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	15798250	Oct 2017	US
Child	17465791		US
Parent	15608948	May 2017	US
Child	15798250		US

Systems and methods for making encapsulated hourglass shaped stents

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

Field of Search

CPC

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Abstract