SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SIMULTANEOUS POSITION AND IMPEDANCE CONTROL FOR MYOELECTRIC INTERFACES

Abstract

Systems and methods for simultaneous position and impedance control for myoelectric interfaces are disclosed herein. Properties such as control refinement, retention, generalization, and transfer allow users to learn simultaneous and proportional motion simply by interacting with a myoelectric interface, regardless of its initial intuitiveness. The presently disclosed technology expands on these motor learning approaches by implementing a multidirectional impedance controller in this framework. Using sEMG inputs from upper limb muscles, users simultaneously control both the stiffness and set-point of 3-DOFs. Users stabilize control in the presence of external forces in an analogous way to natural limb movements. Despite having no haptic feedback, subjects learn to tune the stiffness of the object being controlled to stabilize movement along desired paths.

Description

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for controlling a robot such as a prosthetic and in particular to systems and methods for simultaneous position and impedance control for myoelectric interfaces.

BACKGROUND

Compliant human-robot interaction is an essential component for integrating robots into everyday life. Many daily activities require variable impedance, and humans desire the same functionality when interacting with robots. Impedance control allows safe interaction with uncertain environments, enhancing both utility and viability. Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been identified as a candidate for naturally controlling variable impedance. During co-contraction, surface signals detected by sEMG correlate with the stiffness of corresponding joints. This correlation may be used in myoelectric impedance controllers. A neural network was trained to map the intensity of flexor and extensor forearm sEMG to the stiffness value of a prosthetic hand as it opened and closed, which in turn may be used to grip uncertain objects with the appropriate force. A similar impedance control, tele-impedance, may be applied to control a prosthetic hand aimed at generalizing grasping capabilities using kinematic synergies. The sEMG of quadriceps and hamstring muscles may be mapped to control stiffness and set-point angle for joint impedance of a prosthetic knee. There is thus a natural connection between sEMG and compliant controllers, with the controller designed to vary uniform stiffness of a prosthetic device based on sEMG.

Studies in neurophysiology indicate that humans not only control the intensity of their joint stiffness, but also the direction. While interacting in unstable environments, humans adapt their muscle activity to stabilize motion relative to the direction of instability. This suggests that multi-directional impedance control would provide a more natural extension to, and enhance capabilities of, human-robot interfaces. However, due to transient changes in sEMG, conventional myoelectric interfaces have struggled to provide reliable simultaneous control of motion, thereby deterring EMG-based impedance controllers from extending beyond a single degree-of-freedom (DOF).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing a visualization of mapping W from sEMG e to output motions u;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing a visualization of mapping S from sEMG e to output stiffness k;

FIG. 3 is a picture showing the Virtual Reality (VR) control setup including the sEMG system and monitor;

FIG. 4A is an illustration showing the normal control task with no external forces for controlling a virtual helicopter by a subject and FIG. 4B is an illustration showing an anisotropic task for controlling a virtual helicopter by a subject;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing VR completion times per trail across all subjects separated by task type;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing VR throughput per trial across all subjects separated by task type;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing VR scores per trial across all subjects separated by task type;

FIGS. 8A-8I are graphs showing scores for example tasks from VR with each column illustrating the control progression for each task type;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the VR percent of simultaneous muscle activities during each trial;

FIGS. 10A-10D are pictures showing example tasks from a robot demonstration with respect to anisotropic stiffness and isotropic stiffness; and

FIG. 11 illustrates an example computing system for implementing aspects of the presently disclosed technology.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding elements among the view of the drawings. The headings used in the figures do not limit the scope of the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure presents a novel control scheme for the first time offering multi-directional impedance and position control in myoelectric interfaces. Recent works have shown that motor skill learning properties equally apply to myoelectric controls. Properties such as control refinement, retention, generalization, and transfer allow users to learn simultaneous and proportional motion simply by interacting with a myoelectric interface, regardless of its initial intuitiveness. The proposed scheme expands on these motor learning approaches by implementing a multidirectional impedance controller in this framework. Two definitions of stiffness are defined herein:

1) anisotropic: directional (non-uniform) stiffness, such that external forces produce a displacement magnitude dependent on the direction of the force.

2) isotropic: non-directional (uniform) stiffness, such that external forces produce a displacement magnitude independent of the direction of the force.

This technique demonstrates motor skill learning without requiring retraining between sessions. Using sEMG inputs from upper limb muscles, users simultaneously control both the stiffness and set-point of 3-DOFs. Users stabilize control in the presence of external forces in an analogous way to natural limb movements. Despite having no haptic feedback, subjects learn to tune the stiffness of the object being controlled to stabilize movement along desired paths.

II. Methods

A five-session experiment was designed for subjects to learn the multi-directional impedance control with a 3-DOF virtual myoelectric interface. Throughout each session, performance metrics verified the subjects were demonstrating characteristics of standard motor skill-type learning. Each subject learned the general controls while performing tasks without any external forces for three sessions on distinct days. Subjects returned for two additional sessions in which additional tasks were introduced requiring either anisotropic or isotropic impedance control. Finally, the method was demonstrated on a KUKA Light Weight Robot 4 (LWR 4) with a Touch Bionics iLIMB Ultra prosthetic hand while grasping objects and interacting with external forces.

A. Control Paradigm

The multi-directional impedance control algorithm is an extension of the velocity control method. i incoming sEMG signals, e, are linearly mapped to c output controls, u, after accounting for a muscle activity threshold a and output gain g:

u=gW[(e−o′)ou(e−o′)]  (1)

where o is an element-wise matrix multiplication, u(*) is the unit step function, and W is a (c×i) mapping function designed to map the entire output space using equal contributions from all inputs (FIG. 1).

Subjects have consistently shown a capacity to learn such a mapping function regardless of its intuitiveness. When c<i, the mapping is subjective, introducing control redundancies. That is, the magnitude of the output, |u|, is independent of the magnitude of the input, |e|, because some muscle contributions may cancel out the contributions of others with respect to the resulting motion.

The proposed multi-directional impedance control uses this redundancy to generate c directional stiffness outputs k with magnitudes proportional to |e|. Thus,

k=gS|e−o′)ou(e−o′)]  (2)

where S=abs(W) is the element-wise absolute value of matrix W (FIG. 2). This definition of k intuitively assigns stiffness directions for individual muscle contributions to the same axis as its corresponding motion. However, the overall stiffness direction is decoupled from motion outputs, as desired, despite both having the same input space. Thus, with anisotropic stiffness, the primary stiffness direction is not necessarily the primary motion direction. Similarly, isotropic stiffness can be achieved without requiring motion.

With both a motion and stiffness component, the impedance controller is adapted with

a=ko[x−x _d ]−bI ^c v+f _ext  (3)

where x and v are the current position and velocity of the object, a is the resulting acceleration, I^c is the c×c identity matrix, b is a scalar (isotropic damping term, f_ext is external force, and x_d is the commanded set point:

x _d =x+uΔt  (4)

where Δt is the sampling rate. Inertia tensors are ignored in the virtual interface.

In this experiment, EMG inputs from four muscles (i=4)—Biceps Brachii (BB), Triceps Brachii (TB), Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU), and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)—are mapped to three control outputs (c=3)—x, y, and z (virtual)/hand motion (robot)—and W is arbitrarily chosen following the three criteria specified in (FIG. 1):

$\begin{array}{cc}M=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}-0.79& -0.06& 0.85& 0.00\\ -0.52& 0.94& -0.42& 0.00\\ 0.33& 0.34& 0.33& -1.00\end{array}\right]& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

The corresponding S is then (see FIG. 2):

$\begin{array}{cc}S=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0.79& 0.06& 0.85& 0.00\\ 0.52& 0.94& 0.42& 0.00\\ 0.33& 0.34& 0.33& 1.00\end{array}\right]& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

1) EMG Processing: The raw sEMG signals of four upper arm muscles are collected, rectified, low-pass filtered (fourth-order zero-lag Butterworth, cut-off 3 Hz), and normalized with respect to the subject's maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) to generate e. These signals are then subsampled to

$\frac{1}{\Delta t}=200\mathrm{Hz}$

for input to (4). To simulate continuous control, (3) is computed at f=2000 Hz. For stability, b=2f, and all elements of k were scaled between

$0\mathrm{and}\frac{b^2}{4};$

based on MVC values. This ensures the system is both stable and critically damped at its highest stiffness.

Before each session, subjects perform their MVC for each muscle to scale sEMG and set external force magnitudes during isotropic and anisotropic tasks.

2) Robot Control: LWR 4 operates in Cartesian impedance control, effectively replacing (3) with its internal system and actual external forces. During this session, (2) and (4) were updated at 200 Hz according to the specifications of the robot. In contrast, only velocity commands can be sent to the iLIMB, so all compliance interaction was reserved for LWR 4. Velocity commands were sent via a wired connection and/or a wireless connection (e.g., Bluetooth) to the iLIMB for the purpose of opening and closing all fingers, in correspondence with Control Axis 3, also at 200 Hz.

B. Experimental Setup

Four wireless sEMG electrodes (Delsys Trigno Wireless) were acquired from the BB, TB, FCU, and ECU with a gain of 500, digitized with 16-bit depth at a frequency of 1926 Hz and broadcast via TCP. Both the virtual reality (VR) and robot interfaces receive commands at 200 Hz from a custom program using C++ and OpenGL API. The setup for interacting with both the VR and robot are shown in FIGS. 3 and 10, respectively.

C. Experimental Protocol

Subjects, unaware how to control the interface, attended five sessions across a span of two weeks.

• • 1) Tasks: Subjects completed tasks by controlling a virtual helicopter (FIGS. 4A and 4B) with the control paradigm described above. The goal of each task is to move a helicopter from the center of the screen along a defined path towards a helipad near an edge of the monitor. Paths were generated using bezier curves, and points were accumulated by collecting colored particles along the path within time constraints. After the allotted time passed at a given point on the path, the particles could no longer be collected for points. The trial was complete once the helicopter remains on the helipad for one second. After each trial, the map shifted the helicopter back to the center of the screen, and a new helipad and path appeared for the next trial following a five second break.

Throughout the experiment three different task variations were introduced (FIGS. 4A and 4B):

• • 1) Control Tasks: No external forces applied throughout the task. The helicopter moves similar to velocity control.
  • 2) Anisotropic Tasks: Constant external forces applied throughout the task, Subjects must use anisotropic stiffness to negate the effects of the external forces while moving along the path.
  • 3) Isotropic Tasks: No external forces are generated until the helicopter reaches the helipad. Then forces are exerted in a random direction until the task is complete. Subjects must increase isotropic stiffness while landing to negate the effects of the external forces being exerted in an unknown direction.

External forces are applied with a magnitude proportional to 75% MVC, such that subjects must use different control strategies for anisotropic and isotropic tasks. With 75% MVC required to prevent external forces from displacing the helicopter, it would be difficult and exhausting for subjects to use isotropic stiffness to complete anisotropic tasks.

• • 2) Sessions: The first session provided a ten minute exploration phase to help subjects learn basic movements and become familiar with the tasks. After ten minutes, subjects completed 50 control tasks.

Subjects returned on separate days for each of sessions two and three, completing an additional 50 control tasks without the initial exploration time. With only control tasks, subjects focused on learning directional movements with both speed and precision for the first 150 tasks.

Session four introduced external forces, and subjects were asked to complete 75 trials. The tasks were distributed as 50% control tasks, 25% anisotropic tasks, and 25% isotropic tasks.

TABLE I
EVALUATION METRICS
Metric               Linear Learning Fit
Completion Time (CT) CT(n) = κct − βctn
Throughput (TP)      TP(n) = κt  + βtpn
Task Score (TS)      TS(n) = κts + βtsn
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Subjects were able to detect anisotropic tasks before the task started, but were unaware whether the other 75% of trials were control tasks or isotropic tasks until arriving at the helipad. This encouraged subjects to land with high isotropic stiffness in every trial. Session five provided the same task distribution for 75 additional trials, a total of 300 trials over the entire experiment.

• • 3) Robot Demonstration: One subject returned after one month to demonstrate the control method on a robotic system. External forces were exerted via an elastic band as the subject completed various tasks grasping clothespins.

D. Data Analysis

Trials were analyzed based on performance metrics from all subjects. No quantifiable data was collected for the robot demonstration, as its intent is a proof of concept for intuitive transfer to physical systems.

• • 1) Learning Trends: Metrics used for assessing performance throughout all five sessions are provided in Table I, using first degree polynomials to fit the results with respect to trial number for control tasks.

CT is the task completion time. TP is the throughput, a measure of speed and accuracy 1221. TS is the task score, a measure of speed and precision following the indicated path. n is the overall trial number, k is initial performance, and β shows the learning rate indicative of better performance over time.

Paths are randomly generated using cubic Bezier curves:

B(z)=(1−z)²P_o+3(1−z)²P₁+3(1−z)²P₂+z³P₃  (7)

where P_o and P₃ are the origin and helipad position, respectively, and P_1,2 are random points on the screen. Particles are distributed at random offsets

$R+B\left(z\right),\forall R_i\in \left[-\frac{r}{2},\frac{r}{2}\right],$

through uniform samples of t ∈ [0,1], with r the radius of the helicopter. Particles begin to disappear sequentially along the path three seconds after the start of the trial, until the last particle disappears eight seconds after the start of the trial. This encourages the subject to balance speed and precision while reaching the target, and TS is the number of particles collected over the total number of particles.

Task difficulty is given via the Shannon Formulation:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{ID}={\log }_2\left(\frac{D}{W_D}+1\right)& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

where W_D is the constant helipad diameter and D=∫ B(z)dt is the path distance. Then,

$\mathrm{TP}=\frac{\mathrm{ID}}{\mathrm{CT}}.$

2) External Force Impact: The specific impact of external forces is observed through changes in percentage of multiple muscle control PM. Although subjects could theoretically complete all tasks using only single muscle activations, optimal performance, both with and without external forces, requires a more direct path involving simultaneous activity from multiple muscles. PM measures the percentage of time that subjects activate two or more muscles for a given trial.

III. Results

Five healthy subjects (all male, age 20-28) participated in the experiment. All subjects gave informed consent as approved by the ASU IRB (Protocol: #1201007252). Subjects reported no fatigue throughout the first three sessions, but slight fatigue during sessions four and five due to the high muscle activity required to overcome external forces.

A. Learning Trends

CT, TP and TS from all control trials were fit to Table I, with parameter values presented in Table II. Each metric shows a significant learning rate (β>0,p<0.05) despite time off between sessions. Performance metric progression for each task is shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. The introduction of external forces significantly increased task difficulty, and accordingly reduced performance in session 4 compared to control tasks. However, the increased performance between session four and five show that subjects to control stiffness to stabilize control and improve performance over time, similarly to the control tasks throughout all five sessions. FIGS. 8A-8I are graphs that visualize the learning process for each task type with respect to the desired and actual paths taken by subjects.

B. External Force Impact

During control tasks, subjects can use single muscle contractions to coarsely follow the path (FIG. 8A). However, the optimal inputs involve multiple muscles to smoothly transition around curves. The introduction of external forces required simultaneous muscle activity to increase stiffness while traveling along the path. This coordination transferred to the control tasks, where subjects significantly increased the use of multiple muscle activations compared to the first three sessions (see FIG. 9). This correlates with significant performance improvements on control tasks in sessions four and five, suggesting that subjects obtained better control of the overall system while interacting with external forces.

C. Robot Control

One subject returned after one month to apply controls to the robot. The subject reported the controls easy to remember, and intuitive to transfer. Example anisotropic and isotropic stiffness tasks are shown in FIG. 10.

IV. Systems

Referring to FIG. 11, a detailed description of an example computing system 500 having one or more computing units that may implement various systems and methods discussed herein is provided. The computer system 500 may be a computing system is capable of executing a computer program product to execute a computer process. The computing system 500 may be applicable to the robot, the myoelectric interface, the VR interface, and/or other computing systems and computing systems. It will be appreciated that specific implementations of these devices may be of differing possible specific computing architectures not all of which are specifically discussed herein but will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

The computer system 500 may be a general computing system is capable of executing a computer program product to execute a computer process. Data and program files may be input to the computer system 500, which reads the files and executes the programs therein. Some of the elements of a general purpose computer system 500 are shown in FIG. 11 wherein a processor 502 is shown having an input/output (I/O) section 504, a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 506, and a memory section 508. There may be one or more processors 502, such that the processor 502 of the computer system 500 comprises a single central-processing unit 506, or a plurality of processing units, commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. The computer system 500 may be a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer, such as one or more external computers made available via a cloud computing architecture. The presently described technology is optionally implemented in software devices loaded in memory 508, stored on a configured DVD/CD-ROM 510 or storage unit 512, and/or communicated via a wired or wireless network link 514, thereby transforming the computer system 500 in FIG. 11 to a special purpose machine for implementing the described operations.

The I/O section 504 is connected to one or more user-interface devices (e.g., a keyboard 516 and a display unit 518), a disc storage unit 512, and a disc drive unit 520. In the case of a tablet device, the input may be through a touch screen, voice commands, and/or Bluetooth connected keyboard, among other input mechanisms. Generally, the disc drive unit 520 is a DVD/CD-ROM drive unit capable of reading the DVD/CD-ROM medium 510, which typically contains programs and data 522. Computer program products containing mechanisms to effectuate the systems and methods in accordance with the presently described technology may reside in the memory section 504, on a disc storage unit 512, on the DVD/CD-ROM medium 510 of the computer system 500, or on external storage devices made available via a cloud computing architecture with such computer program products, including one or more database management products, web server products, application server products, and/or other additional software components. Alternatively, a disc drive unit 520 may be replaced or supplemented by an optical drive unit, a flash drive unit, magnetic drive unit, or other storage medium drive unit. Similarly, the disc drive unit 520 may be replaced or supplemented with random access memory (RAM), magnetic memory, optical memory, and/or various other possible forms of semiconductor based memories commonly found in smart phones and tablets.

The network adapter 524 is capable of connecting the computer system 500 to a network via the network link 514, through which the computer system can receive instructions and data. Examples of such systems include personal computers, Intel or PowerPC-based computing systems, AMD-based computing systems and other systems running a Windows-based, a UNIX-based, or other operating system. It should be understood that computing systems may also embody devices such as terminals, workstations, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, personal computers, multimedia consoles, gaming consoles, set top boxes, and the like.

When used in a LAN-networking environment, the computer system 500 is connected (by wired connection or wirelessly) to a local network through the network interface or adapter 524, which is one type of communications device. When used in a WAN-networking environment, the computer system 500 typically includes a modem, a network adapter, or any other type of communications device for establishing communications over the wide area network. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer system 500 or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device. It is appreciated that the network connections shown are examples of communications devices for and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

In an example implementation, robot interfaces, VR interfaces, myoelectric interfaces, multidirectional impedance control software and other modules and services may be embodied by instructions stored on such storage systems and executed by the processor 502. Some or all of the operations described herein may be performed by the processor 502. Further, local computing systems, remote data sources and/or services, and other associated logic represent firmware, hardware, and/or software configured to control operations of the robot, the various interfaces, the electrodes, and/or other computing units or components of the systems and devices described herein. Such services may be implemented using a general purpose computer and specialized software (such as a server executing service software), a special purpose computing system and specialized software (such as a mobile device or network appliance executing service software), or other computing configurations. In addition, one or more functionalities of the systems and methods disclosed herein may be generated by the processor 502 and a user may interact with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) using one or more user-interface devices (e.g., the keyboard 516, the display unit 518, and other user devices) with some of the data in use directly coming from online sources and data stores.

The system set forth in FIG. 11 is but one possible example of a computer system that may employ or be configured in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that other non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions for implementing the presently disclosed technology on a computing system may be utilized.

In the present disclosure, the methods disclosed may be implemented as sets of instructions or software readable by a device. Further, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed are instances of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the method can be rearranged while remaining within the disclosed subject matter. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not necessarily meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

The described disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a non-transitory machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium; magneto-optical storage medium, read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; or other types of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.

The description above includes example systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and/or computer program products that embody techniques of the present disclosure. However, it is understood that the described disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

It should be understood from the foregoing that, while particular implementations have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are within the scope and teachings of this invention as defined in the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1. A method for controlling a robot, the method comprising: receiving a set of one or more surface electromyography inputs for one or more muscles at one or more computing units in communication with a myoelectric interface for the robot;mapping the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs to a set of one or more control outputs for a motion of the robot;generating one or more stiffness outputs for the motion of the robot based on the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs, the one or more stiffness outputs each assigned a stiffness direction to a same axis as a corresponding muscle motion; andproviding a multidirectional impedance control of the robot with one or more degrees of freedom via the myoelectric interface, the multidirectional impedance control based on the one or more stiffness outputs and the set of one or more control outputs, the multidirectional impedance control having a primary stiffness decoupled from a primary motion.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the robot is a prosthetic upper or lower limb.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein a direction of the primary stiffness is different from a direction of the primary motion.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary stiffness is achieved without the primary motion.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein a magnitude of the set of one or more control outputs is independent of a magnitude of the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a magnitude of the one or more stiffness outputs is proportional to a magnitude of the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein mapping the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs to the set of one or more control outputs involves collecting, rectifying, filtering, and normalizing the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs with respect to a maximal voluntary contraction for each of the one or more muscles.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs are filtered with a low-pass filter.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs are scaled based on a maximal voluntary contraction for each of the one or more muscles.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion of the robot involves at a control task, an isotropic task, or an anisotropic task.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidirectional impedance control is further based on an application of an external force.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the multidirectional impedance control is further based on an isotropic damping term.

13. One or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions for performing a computer process on a computing system, the computer process comprising: receiving a set of one or more surface electromyography inputs for one or more muscles;mapping the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs to a set of one or more control outputs for a motion of the robot;generating one or more stiffness outputs for the motion of the robot based on the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs, the one or more stiffness outputs each assigned a stiffness direction to a same axis as a corresponding muscle motion; andproviding a multidirectional impedance control of the robot with one or more degrees of freedom based on the one or more stiffness outputs and the set of one or more control outputs, the multidirectional impedance control having a primary stiffness decoupled from a primary motion.

14. The one or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media of claim 13, wherein a direction of the primary stiffness is different from a direction of the primary motion.

15. The one or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media of claim 13, wherein the primary stiffness is achieved without the primary motion.

16. The one or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media of claim 13, wherein a magnitude of the set of one or more control outputs is independent of a magnitude of the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs.

17. The one or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media of claim 13, wherein a magnitude of the one or more stiffness outputs is proportional to a magnitude of the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs.

18. The one or more non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media of claim 13, wherein mapping the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs to the set of one or more control outputs involves collecting, rectifying, filtering, and normalizing the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs with respect to a maximal voluntary contraction for each of the one or more muscles.

19. A system for controlling a robot, the system comprising: one or more surface electromyography electrodes configured to capture a set of one or more surface electromyography inputs for one or more muscles;one or more computing units in communication the one or more surface electromyography electrodes, the one or more computing units mapping the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs to a set of one or more control outputs for a motion of the robot and generating one or more stiffness outputs for the motion of the robot based on the set of one or more surface electromyography inputs, the one or more stiffness outputs each assigned a stiffness direction to a same axis as a corresponding muscle motion; anda myoelectric interface in communication with the one or more computing units, the one or more computing units providing a multidirectional impedance control of the robot via the myoelectric interface with one or more degrees of freedom based on the one or more stiffness outputs and the set of one or more control outputs, the multidirectional impedance control having a primary stiffness decoupled from a primary motion.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the myoelectric interface is in communication with the one or more computing units via at least one of a wired or wireless connection.