Patent Application
20220205904
The description relates generally to the field of active FTIR spectroscopy systems and methods, and, in particular, to active FTIR spectroscopy systems and methods used for the detection of chemical targets, such as gas, liquid and solid chemical targets. More particularly, the disclosure relates to active FTIR spectroscopy systems and methods for quantitative measurements of concentrations of chemical targets in an open-path measuring arrangement, and to a method of extracting an effective illumination spectrum of IR (infrared) light illuminating chemical targets arranged in an open-path measuring arrangement.
Fugitive hydrocarbon emissions cost the energy sector $5B per year, account for 12% of greenhouse gas emissions and jeopardize safety and public health.
The most advanced technique for remote emission measurements of gases is differential absorption lidar (DIAL), in which intense IR pulses are directed into the atmosphere and returned to a ground-based detector by weak scattering from airborne particles. However, DIAL's use of narrow line (1 cm−1) dye laser technology restricts it to measuring only one chemical target at a time and makes such systems large and inefficient.
By contrast, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, already a gold standard for laboratory chemical identification, is naturally broadband and offers far wider detection coverage than DIAL in that, in an open-path measuring arrangement, FTIR systems can detect several atmospheric gases.
Active open-path mid-IR Fourier-transform spectroscopy using thermal sources is already used for quantitative hydrocarbon emissions monitoring in and around petrochemical sites, at landfill sites and in agricultural contexts (T. L. Marshall, C. T. Chaffin, R. M. Hammaker, and W. G. Fateley, “An introduction to open-path FT-IR atmospheric monitoring,” Environmental Science & Technology 28, 224A-232A, 1994; C. Schütze, S. Lau, N. Reiche, U. Sauer, H. Borsdorf, and P. Dietrich, “Ground-based Remote Sensing with Open-path Fourier-transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) Spectroscopy for Large-scale Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases,” Energy Procedia 37, 4276-4282, 2013; T. E. L. Smith, M. J. Wooster, M. Tattaris, and D. W. T. Griffith, “Absolute accuracy and sensitivity analysis of OP-FTIR retrievals of CO2, CH4 and CO over concentrations representative of “clean air” and “polluted plumes,”” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, 97-116, 2011). This spectroscopy system typically benefits from resolutions of around 0.5 cm−1 (K. C. Cossel, E. M. Waxman, I. A. Finneran, G. A. Blake, J. Ye, and N. R. Newbury, “Gas-phase broadband spectroscopy using active sources: progress, status, and applications [Invited],” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34, 104-129, 2017). This resolution is sufficient for identification of gas species, but presents difficulties when absorption lines of multiple species are spectrally overlapped.
Laser-based active FTIR spectroscopy offers higher resolution, providing the capability to distinguish similar gases, such as, for example, methane and ethane, hence making it possible to separate petrochemical methane contributions—which are accompanied by a weak ethane signature—from biogenic methane sources (such as cattle, landfill, compost)—which only produce methane.
Quantitative high resolution open-path gas sensing was first achieved in the near-infrared using an Er:fiber dual-comb system which provided 100-MHz resolution spectroscopy of CO2, CH4, H2O, HDO and 13CO2 across a 2 km path (G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1, 290, 2014). This was followed by a demonstration in the mid-infrared at 3.25 μm using a single Yb:laser-pumped OPO (optical parameter oscillator) to measure atmospheric water and methane over a 26 m path at 700-MHz resolution with a virtually imaged phase array spectrometer (L. Nugent-Glandorf, F. R. Giorgetta, and S. A. Diddams, “Open-air, broad-bandwidth trace gas sensing with a mid-infrared optical frequency comb,” Applied Physics B 119, 327-338, 2015). However, these open-path laser FTIR systems are not eye-safe and do not possess enough resolution to enable separate identification of multiple species with absorption lines which are spectrally overlapped. This is a particularly disadvantageous considering that absorption lines from atmospheric background levels of water and methane are also present in the measured spectra.
The main problem to address is to design an active open-path FTIR system with sufficient collection aperture, laser power and detector sensitivity which allows simultaneous quantitative measurements of atmospheric background levels of water and methane, even in the presence of strong absorption from control gas cells.
The present disclosure discloses a new active FTIR spectroscopy system which is eye-safe and capable of operating at sub-0.1 cm−1 resolution to allow simultaneous detection of multiple gas species, even in the presence of atmospheric background levels of water and methane. Furthermore, the system of the present disclosure is configured to simultaneously measure actual concentrations of several chemical targets arranged in an open-path measuring arrangement.
Aerosols are small particles of solid or liquid material suspended in air, and typically with a size below 10 μm. Due to their implication in a variety of human health conditions, and their role as a dispersal mechanism for accidental and deliberate release of toxic chemicals, the identification of airborne aerosol particulates is of major interest. Furthermore, the detection of aerosolised airborne threats, such as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) or toxic industrial chemicals, is important in mitigating the damage they could cause.
Optical techniques based on recording the characteristic chemical absorption (or Mie-scattering spectral signature) of aerosol particles offer an instantaneous means of identifying potentially hazardous airborne particulates. These techniques work by detecting the total amount of energy lost by the optical radiation incident on an aerosol particle.
To date, several optical techniques have been reported in an attempt to develop systems to measure the optical cross sections for chemical or biological aerosols, but have been limited in their abilities to provide complete aerosol identification. Gurton (K. P. Gurton, D. Ligon, and R. Dahmani, Appl. Opt. 43, 4564, 2004) used a Nernst glower source covering a broad spectral band (3-13 μm) transmitted through a chamber containing aerosol to measure the extinction with a FTIR spectrometer. While direct particulate sampling can play a role in assessing the size, type, and presence of aerosol particles, it is normally not an open-path (closed chamber is used) nor a real-time monitoring procedure and can over-/under-estimate the concentration of aerosol species.
The use of backscattered light for stand-off identification offers a reduced risk of harm from dangerous aerosols by avoiding the need to collect a sample for analysis, therefore eliminating the possibility of human contact with a toxic material. Surprisingly, despite previous studies, there appear to have been no attempts to use IR backscattering for identification of aerosols.
The main problem to address is to design a FTIR system which is capable of detection and identification of chemical and/or biological aerosols based on IR backscattering FTIR spectroscopy.
The present disclosure discloses a new active FTIR spectroscopy system for identifying the chemical constituents of aerosols by measuring the broadband spectrum of mid-IR radiation backscattered by aerosol particles. Furthermore, the FTIR system disclosed by the present disclosure enables the synchronous collection of the reference and backscattered mid-IR spectra.
Various agendas motivate the identification of white powders, such as detecting counterfeit pharmaceuticals (A. K. Deisingh, “Pharmaceutical counterfeiting,” Analyst 130, 271-279, 2005; S. Neuberger and C. Neususs, “Determination of counterfeit medicines by Raman spectroscopy: Systematic study based on a large set of model tablets,” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 112, 70-78, 2015) and foodstuff analysis (W.-H. Su and D.-W. Sun, “Fourier transform infrared and raman and hyperspectral imaging techniques for quality determinations of powdery foods: a review,” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 17, 104-122, 2017). Fourier-transform spectroscopy can discriminate between materials according to their chemistry and crystallography, expressed by characteristic signatures of absorption frequencies in the 25-50 THz region (833-1667 cm−1; 6-12 μm).
Typically, Fourier-transform spectroscopy of powders proceeds via the attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) method, in which intimate contact between a solid sample and the ATR cell is commonly ensured by applying high pressure (S. Kazarian and K. Chan, “Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia,” Appl. Spectrosc. 64, 135A-152A, 2010). Despite being an established field-based approach (Smiths Detection, “HazMatID,” www.smithsdetection.com at the following path: /products/hazmatid-elite/), the ATR FTIR technique encounters a number of limitations (J. Grdadolnik, “ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: its advantages and limitations,” Acta Chim. Slov. 49, 631-642, 2002), and crucially requires contact between the sample and the ATR interface, risking exposing a user to hazardous materials, or contaminating evidence at a crime scene.
By contrast, diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform spectroscopy requires no sample preparation and is a non-contact method, but is difficult to implement using the spatially incoherent thermal sources utilised successfully in ATR embodiments.
The spatially coherent nature of the OPGaP OPOs (orientation-patterned gallium phosphide) (optical parametric oscillator), together with their high average power (up to 100 mW from 5-9 μm) enables identification of solids and liquids using a FTIR spectroscopy system that works by backscattering the beam from the sample surface, avoiding the physical contact associated with assays (like ATR cells). Diagnostically useful information does not demand high resolution—liquids and solids exhibit broad absorption features, so cm−1-level resolution is sufficient. But unique identification of chemicals makes it important to capture information over a broad bandwidth.
The main problem to address is to design a FTIR system capable of identifying visually indistinguishable powder samples and which benefits from the spatial coherence and high average powers of OPOs.
The present disclosure discloses a new active FTIR system configured to identify visually indistinguishable powders from spectra with distinctive features between 8.2-8.9 μm using coherent broadband mid-IR light from an OPO, even when measurements were repeated with significantly weaker signals in an open-path measurement arrangement. Capable of operating at sub-0.1 cm−1 resolution, the present FTIR system allows for diagnostic features to be observed in the IR response spectra from all the powders under test by means of observing diffusely reflected light from the surface of the powder.
There is a need for improvements in active FTIR spectroscopy systems used for eye-safe and stand-off quantitative measurements of concentrations of chemical targets arranged in an open-path measuring arrangement.
Therefore it is an object of the present disclosure to provide an eye-safe active FTIR spectroscopy system based on a broadband ultrafast OPO (optical parametric oscillator) operating in the 1 μm to 16 μm wavelength range and capable of acquiring sub-0.1-cm−1 resolution to allow detection of multiple chemical species and to measure actual concentrations of several chemical species arranged in an open-path measuring arrangement.
It is a further object of this disclosure to provide an active FTIR spectroscopy system with an OPO configured to deliver a broad range of average output powers spanning from as little as 1 mW to powers in excess of 500 mW to allow identification of chemical targets in open-path measuring arrangements with or without non-optically or optically compliant scattering aids for the chemical targets (to aid the diffuse reflectance and/or backscattering of incident IR light by the chemical targets).
It is a further object of this disclosure to provide an active FTIR spectroscopy system with sufficient collection aperture, OPO laser power and detector sensitivity which is capable of identifying the chemical compositions of several chemical targets in an open-path measuring arrangement with targets arranged as close as 0.1 m from the IR illumination light or at distances exceeding 70 m from the IR illumination light.
It is yet a further object of this disclosure to provide a method of calculating the envelope of the illumination spectrum of the IR light incident on the chemical targets to allow for accurate quantitative measurements of concentrations of chemical targets in open-path (or free-space) measuring arrangements where unknown contributions (to the illumination spectral envelope) from atmosphere or the light propagation path are to be expected.
In accordance with a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided an active FTIR spectroscopy system for quantitative measurements of concentrations of chemical targets in an open-path measuring arrangement, the system comprising:
The skilled person would understand “broadband IR light” to mean IR light having a wide spectral coverage spanning more than one feature (absorption, backscattering or diffused reflection) of interest for measuring using an FTIR system.
The skilled person would understand “active FTIR system” to mean a system producing its own light (cf. a passive system, in which ambient light, e.g. sunlight, is used as the illumination source).
The skilled person would understand “open-path measuring arrangement” (or “stand-off detection”) to mean a measuring set-up for detecting chemical targets without physical contact with the chemical targets, and normally with an optical system situated some distance away from the chemical targets (or target surfaces) being measured.
The open-path measuring arrangement may be a monostatic arrangement (whereby the illumination source and the collector & detector systems are arranged on the same side of the chemical targets) or a bistatic arrangement (whereby the illumination source and the collector & detector systems are arranged on either side of the chemical targets).
The optical parametric oscillator may comprise a nonlinear crystal tunable to generate broadband IR light with wavelengths from 1 μm to 16 μm, preferably from 2.5 μm to 4.5 μm, more preferably from 2.8 μm to 3.9 μm, and even more preferably from 3.1 μm to 3.5 μm.
For measuring concentrations of gaseous chemical targets, the nonlinear crystal of the OPO may be tuned to generate broadband IR light in the mid-IR range, such as preferably from 2.8 μm to 3.9 μm, or more preferably from 3.1 μm to 3.5 μm.
For measuring concentrations of liquid chemical targets (such as, for example, aerosols), the nonlinear crystal of the OPO may be tuned to generate broadband IR light in the mid- to longwave-IR range, such as preferably from 2 μm to 12 μm, or more preferably from 2.5 μm to 4 μm.
For measuring concentrations of solid chemical targets (such as, for example, powders), the nonlinear crystal of the OPO may be tuned to generate broadband IR light in the mid- to longwave-IR range, such as preferably from 2 μm to 12 μm, or more preferably from 2.5 μm to 4 μm.
The nonlinear crystal may comprise any one of a birefringently-phasematched, quasi-phasematched or randomly phasematched crystal of lithium niobate, MgO-PPLN, potassium titanyl phosphate, potassium titanyl arsenate, cadmium titanyl phosphate, cadmium titanyl arsenate, lithium tantalate, barium borate, lithium triborate, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, silver gallium sulphide, silver gallium selenide, bismuth borate, zinc germanium phosphide, cadmium silicon phosphide, gallium selenide. Preferably, the nonlinear crystal is a magnesium oxide (MgO)-doped periodically poled lithium niobite (PPLN) crystal (MgO-PPLN) with nine grating periods.
The optical parametric oscillator may be configured to generate broadband IR light with an average output power of at least 10 mW, preferably at least 50 mW, more preferably at least 250 mW, and even more preferably at least 500 mW.
For measuring concentrations of gaseous chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with an average output power of at least 200 mW, preferably at least 300 mW.
For measuring concentrations of liquid chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with an average output power of at least 10 mW, preferably at least 300 mW.
For measuring concentrations of solid chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with an average output power of at least 10 mW, preferably at least 300 mW.
The optical parametric oscillator may be configured to generate broadband IR light with a repetition rate from 1 MHz to 20 GHz, preferably from 10 MHz to 10 GHz, more preferably from 70 MHz to 1 GHz, and even more preferably from 90 MHz to 500 MHz.
For measuring concentrations of gaseous chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with a repetition rate from 1 MHz to 20 GHz, preferably from 70 MHz to 1 GHz.
For measuring concentrations of liquid chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with a repetition rate from 1 MHz to 20 GHz, preferably from 70 MHz to 1 GHz.
For measuring concentrations of solid chemical targets, the OPO may be configured to generate broadband IR light with a repetition rate from 1 MHz to 20 GHz, preferably from 70 MHz to 1 GHz.
The calibration source may comprise any one of a wavelength stabilised laser source or a narrow-line diode laser source, such as a DFB (distributed feedback) laser or a VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser). The skilled person would understand ‘wavelength stabilized” to mean the addition of a separate reference against which to “lock” the wavelength. And this can be done by using an etalon. The calibration source may comprise a HeNe laser.
The scanning interferometer may be configured to modulate the received broadband IR light with a resolution of less than 0.5 cm−1, preferably less than 0.1 cm−1, more preferably less than 0.07 cm−1, and even more preferably less than 0.05 cm−1.
For measuring concentrations of gaseous, liquid and solid chemical targets, the scanning interferometer may be configured to generate broadband IR light with a preferred resolution less than 0.1 cm−1 in order to be able to resolve lines of multiple chemical species that are spectrally overlapped.
The scanning interferometer may be a scanning Michaelson interferometer, or a scanning Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
The scanning interferometer may employ a 1-cm-diameter beam with a measured M2 (beam parameter) value of 1.05. The beam parameter and diameter affect how the beam diffracts and therefore the range that can be achieved before the expansion of the beam reduces the collection efficiency of the system. The skilled person would envisage performing the measurement with a high-quality beam with low divergence as these requirements are preferred in, for example, allowing non-compliant scattering aids (versus optical or compliant scattering aids, such as high-quality retroreflectors and mirrors) to be used for open-path measuring arrangements.
The scanning interferometer may be configured to modulate the received broadband IR light at scanning rates from 0.1 Hz to 1000 Hz, preferably from 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz, more preferably from 0.7 Hz to 10 Hz.
The working principle of the scanning interferometer is to create two replica waveforms and then modulate their relative phase. For measuring concentrations of gaseous, liquid and solid chemical targets, the scanning interferometer may be configured to generate broadband IR light at scanning rates preferably from 0.7 Hz to 10 Hz, or even more preferably from 0.7 Hz to 2 Hz. These fast scanning rates permit more rapid data acquisition and allow a greater number of spectra to be averaged in a given time, with the potential for increasing the signal:noise of the measurement.
The scanning interferometer may be configured to modulate the received broadband IR light with an average power of at least 1 mW, preferably at least mW, more preferably at least 70 mW, and even more preferably at least 100 mW.
The skilled person would appreciate that there is a trade-off between using low powers (as low as 1 mW)—which are eye-safe, but require compliant scattering aids (i.e., high-quality retroreflectors and mirrors) and/or averaging over longer periods of measuring time—, and higher powers (typically below 100 mW)—which could either require non-compliant scattering aids (such as, for example, a simple Al foil) or no scattering aids at all, therefore enabling scattering from existing infrastructure (e.g. buildings, trees, walls) to be used.
The scanning interferometer comprises at least one moving retroreflector, the moving retroreflector being arranged to increase the optical paths introduced by the scanning interferometer over the scanning period for each of the modulated broadband IR light and the modulated calibration light.
Preferably, the scanning interferometer comprises two co-moving retroreflectors situated in opposite arms of the scanning interferometer, such that each interferogram is obtained by varying the optical path difference (OPD) between the two arms, each of which may include a system of mirrors to achieve multiple passes of each retroreflector, and in such a way, amplify the OPD to be several times larger than the physical movement of each retroreflector. (
The launch system may comprise a steering arrangement, the steering arrangement comprising a steering mirror or a steering prism (such as a Risley prism).
The launch system is configured so that an optical axis of a launching path is substantially co-aligned with an optical axis of the collector system. Preferably the steering arrangement comprises a steering mirror arranged at 45° with respect to the optical axis of the launching path.
Alternatively, the active FTIR system may do away with the steering arrangement by arranging the chemical targets directly into the path of the modulated IR illumination light (rather than the modulated IR beam being steered onto the chemical targets by the steering arrangement).
The collector system may comprise a telescope, such as a reflecting telescope or a refracting telescope. The reflecting telescope may be a Newtonian, a Cassegrain or a Gregorian telescope. The refracting telescope may be a Keplerian or Galilean, or variations of these, and may employ achromatic lenses.
The collector system may further comprise an optical relay arrangement, such as one or more of a mirror, a lens or a prism, or a combination thereof, for relaying the received spectrally-modulated broadband IR light onto the detector system.
A preferred embodiment of the active FTIR system may comprise a layout where the steering arrangement of the launch system is configured to be arranged adjacent the optical relay arrangement of the collector system such that the optical axis of the launching path is co-aligned with the optical axis of the collector system.
A variation of the preferred embodiment of the active FTIR system may comprise a layout where the modulated IR light is coupled-out (to illuminate the chemical targets) via the telescope of the collector system itself, and so combining the functionality of the set of launch & collection systems. In such a layout, the modulated IR light would be coupled into the system confocally with the detector system (with a requirement of optical axis coalignment still be required).
The detector system may comprise a combination of an IR detector for detecting spectra of interference fringes generated by the spectrally-modulated broadband IR light and a photodiode or a phototransistor for detecting spectra of interference fringes generated by the modulated calibration light.
The IR detector may be a cooled detector, such as a thermoelectrically cooled detector, a cryogenically (i.e., liquid-nitrogen) cooled detector (i.e., a photodiode) or a passively cooled detector.
The IR detector may comprise an InSb photodiode (which may be liquid-nitrogen cooled), a photoconductive detector (such as a MCT, PbS, PbSe or NbN detector), a superconducting nanowire detector (such as a NbN nanowire) or a bolometric detector.
The photodiode for detecting the calibration light may comprise a Si, Ge, GaAs, GaAsP, InGaAs, InGaAsP or AlGaAs photodiode.
Preferably the detector system comprises a combination of a liquid-nitrogen-cooled InSb photodiode and a Si photodiode. Alternatively, the detector system comprises a combination of an MCT detector and any one of a Si, Ge, GaAs, GaAsP, InGaAs, InGaAsP or AlGaAs photodiode.
The detector system may further comprise a digital signal acquisition system configured to record at least one spectrum of interference fringes generated by the spectrally-modulated broadband IR light in synchronism with at least one spectrum of interference fringes generated by the modulated calibration light such that the interference fringes of the modulated calibration light are configured to provide an accurate timebase calibration for the interference fringes of the spectrally-modulated broadband IR light to enable calculating an accurate wavelength scale for the at least one spectrum of interference fringes generated by the spectrally-modulated broadband IR light.
The broadband IR light spectrally-modulated by the chemical targets may comprise spectral-modulation by backscattering and/or absorption and/or diffuse reflectance of the broadband IR light.
The skilled person would understand “scattering” or “backscattering” to mean IR light returned by the chemical targets; “absorption” to mean IR light from which energy has been removed at specific wavelengths due to interaction with molecules in the chemical targets and/or atmosphere; and “diffuse reflectance” to mean IR light reflected by surfaces of solid chemical targets.
The plurality of functions may comprise simultaneously computing concentrations of each of the chemical targets by
The “library spectra” may comprise data from publicly available literature libraries and/or data from libraries created by the applicant of the present disclosure.
The chemical targets comprise IR-absorbing chemical species, such a gaseous, liquid or solid chemical species.
The gaseous chemical targets may comprise any one or a combination of any one of natural gas, oil spills, gases from carbon capture and storage systems, shale gas, landfill management gases, fugitive volatile organic compounds, thermogenic gas sources, biogenic gas sources or fence-line monitoring gases.
The skilled person would understand the applicability of the present active FTIR spectroscopy system to: detection of constituents of natural gas to include quantification to enable estimation of calorific value; detection of vaporised gases from oil spills; measurements of CO2 and related impurities for carbon capture and storage systems; constituent measurements of shale gas for estimation of calorific value; constituent measurements of gases emitted from landfill for estimation of calorific value and for injection to the gas grid or gas engines; measurements of fugitive volatile organic compounds from chemical processes including emissions from stacks and on fence lines; constituent measurements of gas emissions from combustion systems, such as coal and gas power stations, on road and off road vehicles, aircraft and ships; constituent measurements from gas emissions from biogas systems; gas purity measurements of gas mixtures; measurements of natural gases emitted from volcanoes; measurements of gases emitted from explosives and chemical compounds; in-process gas measurements in chemical refining processes; identification and measurement of emissions from combustion processes.
The liquid chemical targets may comprise any one or a combination of any one of thiodiglycol (TDG) and heavier hydrocarbons (e.g. pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene).
The aerosol liquid chemical targets may comprise any one or a combination of any one of diethyl phthalate (DEP); bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (BES); aerosolised organophosphates, including chemical weapons agents and simulants of these—specifically dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP); aerosols of long-chain hydrocarbon liquids, such as butane, pentane, hexane, heptane and n-alkanes (n>=4).
The solid chemical targets may comprise any one or a combination of any one of powders (such as, caffeine, paracetamol, L-glutamine, taurine, creatine, dextrose, aspirin, N-acetyl L-cysteine, inistol, leucine, beta-aniline; explosives and their residues (such as, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), aliphatic nitrate ester pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), aliphatic nitra-mine 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)); biological species (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids).
The open-path of the open-path measuring arrangement may be at least 0.1 meters long, preferably at least 10 meters long, more preferably at least meters long, and even more preferably at least 70 meters long.
For measuring gaseous chemical targets, the open-path is preferably at least meters long, more preferably at least 70 meters long. For measuring liquid chemical targets (including aerosol liquid chemical targets), the open-path is preferably at least 0.1 meters (10 centimeters) long. For measuring solid chemical targets, the open-path is preferably at least 0.1 meters (10 centimeters) long.
The active FTIR spectroscopy system may further comprise a scattering aid having a convex or a plane surface.
The scattering aid may be a non-compliant scattering aid, such as a pane of paper, concrete, laminate, wood, brick, stone, painted surface, metal or plastic.
Alternatively, the scattering aid may be a compliant—or optical—scattering aid, such as a high-quality retroreflector or a mirror.
The chemical targets are configured to be arranged in the open-path measuring arrangement between the launch system and the scattering aid such that an optical axis of the scattering aid is co-aligned with the optical axis of the launching path.
In accordance with a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method for quantitative measurements of concentrations of chemical targets in an open-path measuring arrangement, the method comprising:
The plurality of functions may comprise simultaneously computing concentrations of each of the chemical targets by
The “library spectra” may comprise data from publicly available literature libraries and/or data from libraries created by the applicant of the present disclosure.
The method may further comprise providing a scattering aid having a convex or a plane surface, wherein the chemical targets are configured to be arranged in the open-path measuring arrangement between the launch system and the scattering aid such that an optical axis of the scattering aid is co-aligned with the optical axis of the launching path
The method may be configured for quantitative measurements of concentrations of IR-absorbing gaseous, liquid (including aerosols) and/or powder chemical targets in an open-path measuring arrangement.
The method may be configured for “real-time detection” of IR-absorbing gaseous, liquid (including aerosols) and/or powder chemical targets, in that the method may be performed at an update rate sufficiently fast to observe dynamic changes in the concentrations of the chemical targets.
In accordance with a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of extracting, using a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with a computer program, an illumination spectrum Io of a broadband IR light generated by an optical parametric oscillator in order to illuminate chemical targets arranged in an open-path measuring arrangement for the purpose of computing concentrations of each of the chemical targets, the method comprising the steps of:
Various aspects of the disclosure will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
In a preferred embodiment of the active FTIR spectroscopy system, the IR light source was an ultrafast OPO (Chromacity Ltd.) based on a fan-out-grating MgO:PPLN nonlinear crystal, which provided 100-MHz pulses with tunability from 2.6 μm-4.2 μm and broad spectra as shown in
In the layout of the active FTIR spectroscopy system shown in
The returned light (i.e., the spectrally-modulated light) was detected using an InSb liquid-nitrogen-cooled photodiode situated at the telescope focus. Light from the OPO was launched along an optical axis co-aligned with the telescope's field of view using a small 45° steering mirror situated directly before the secondary mirror of the telescope. The scanning Michaelson interferometer operated at 1 Hz and achieved a typical resolution of 0.05 cm−1, which is sufficient to resolve the narrow and complex absorption-line structure of light molecules, such as water, methane and ethane. The entire system was constructed on a 60×90 cm breadboard and mounted on a trolley.
To establish the ability of the system to measure multiple spectrally-overlapping species simultaneously, the inventors performed indoor measurements at a range of up to 30 meters in which the IR light launched from the OPO entered a 20-cm-long gas cell containing a 1.5±0.15% ethane in air mixture and situated directly after the launch mirror, which was situated immediately before the entrance aperture of the collection telescope.
Quantitative open-path spectroscopy requires either a reliable reference spectrum or a method of inferring the original illumination spectrum, and this problem has been treated in different ways in previously reported studies (G. B. Rieker, F. R. Giorgetta, W. C. Swann, J. Kofler, A. M. Zolot, L. C. Sinclair, E. Baumann, C. Cromer, G. Petron, C. Sweeney, P. P. Tans, I. Coddington, and N. R. Newbury, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1, 290, 2014; L. Nugent-Glandorf, F. R. Giorgetta, and S. A. Diddams, “Open-air, broad-bandwidth trace gas sensing with a mid-infrared optical frequency comb,” Applied Physics B 119, 327-338, 2015).
The approach taken by the inventors (discussed further below with reference to
Measured concentrations at 10, 20, 25 and 30 m, with data points showing the average values from approximately 45 spectra each, and the error bars showing the ±1 standard deviation range are shown in
Using a 78-m indoor corridor as a test site, the inventors simulated a point emission by releasing a 2% methane:air mix for 100 seconds at a rate of 103 μg s−1 at a distance of 65 m from the OPO. The signal was recorded from a simple target of rough aluminum foil situated 70 meters from the OPO, with the beam passing near the emission point. No ethane cell was present. The spectra recorded every seven seconds were fitted in the same way as described previously to provide concentrations of water, methane and ethane.
Although ethane concentration remained as an available fitting parameter, as expected, the resulting fitted concentration was negligible since ethane is not naturally present in the atmosphere.
Sensitivity to path integrated concentrations of a few ppb can be achieved by averaging multiple spectra. Using a 35-m-range aluminum-foil target, and with the OPO tuned away from the strongest methane and water absorption lines, the inventors averaged 1250 spectra over one hour to obtain the spectrum shown in
The use of HITRAN avoided an artefact in the PNNL data which introduced a weak continuum absorption in methane, of minimal impact when fitting individual spectra, but observable when fitting a low-noise averaged spectrum. The quality of the fit can be seen from the inset of
The rms error in absorption-free regions is 0.19%, and this figure can be used to infer a detection sensitivity of 97 ppb for methane at this range and in this wavelength band, where the absorbance is characteristically weak (see
A comparison can be made with commercial open-path Fourier-transform spectrometers, for which a survey of 64 common gases (George M. Russwurm, Jeffrey W. Childers, “FT-IR Open-path Monitoring Guidance Document,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 1999) reported a sensitivity of 1597 ppb·m for methane measurements near 3017 cm−1 (or 3.3 μm) (Q-branch absorption). A leading commercial system reports 2 ppb detection sensitivity for methane at 200 m range with 1 hour of averaging (Bruker, “D-fenceline™ and OPS”, www.brukeropenpath.com at the following path: /atmosfir-d-fenceline/) The equivalent performance of the FTIR system of the present disclosure is 595 ppb·m or 1.5 ppb (1 hour average), but critically this is achieved without the need for a precision retroreflector-array target.
While averaging is advantageous from a noise point of view, the stability of the atmosphere ultimately limits the accuracy and repeatability of the measurements which can be obtained. All the measurements reported by the inventors were performed indoors, where convection and temperature changes were the principal causes of fluctuations in the concentrations and/or absorbances of ambient water vapor and methane.
Using the same dataset as in
The Beer-Lambert law describes the absorbance in terms of the light intensity before (Io) and after (I) an absorbing medium, according to I=Io exp(−α), where I, Io and α are functions of wavelength. Quantitative spectroscopy relies on inverting the Beer-Lambert law to obtain the absorbance, α=−log(I/Io), which requires accurate knowledge of the illumination intensity before the sample.
In a laboratory measurement, a spectrum can be recorded without the sample and another spectrum with the sample present, but in a remote sensing context it is impossible to run a control experiment where the atmosphere is absent, so this option is unavailable.
An alternative laboratory approach employs a reference detector to record the instantaneous intensity of the illumination source (Io) in tandem with the intensity after the sample (I), so providing the desired I/Io ratio. In a free-space atmospheric measurement, this approach also fails because a local reference detector cannot account for systematic effects like unknown contributions to the spectral envelope of the light from the scattering target or the propagation path.
To learn the effective illumination spectrum the solution is to allow Io to be an additional free parameter when fitting the molecular absorbances to the measured spectrum, however fitting a structured spectral envelope from a broadband OPO is challenging, since it must be described by many more free points than the gas, liquid and solid absorbances, which (neglecting temperature and pressure corrections) need just one number per chemical species fitted. Performing a global multi-point optimisation from a naïve initial guess is slow and failure-prone because of many local minima in the optimization landscape.
Instead, the inventors first obtain a rapid, accurate estimate of Io and the absorbance values from a piecewise fitting of small fragments of the measured spectrum, then use these as a robust starting point to refine the values in a full-spectrum fit. This approach combines the baseline removal reported for free-space spectroscopy using dual combs at 1.55 μm (G. B. Rieker et al, “Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air paths,” Optica 1, 290, 2014) and the global optimization used in dual-comb spectroscopy with OPGaP OPOs (O. Kara, L. Maidment, T. Gardiner, P. G. Schunemann, and D. T. Reid, “Dual-comb spectroscopy in the spectral fingerprint region using OPGaP optical parametric oscillators,” Opt. Express 25, 32713-32721, 2017).
For species like water and methane that exhibit no band-continuum absorption the inventors note that another strategy is to reconstruct an envelope from the points between the absorption lines (L. Nugent-Glandorf, F. R. Giorgetta, and S. A. Diddams, “Open-air, broad-bandwidth trace gas sensing with a mid-infrared optical frequency comb,” Applied Physics B 119, 327-338, 2015), but this approach cannot deal with spectra from heavier alkanes like ethane and propane.
With reference to
Although illustrative embodiments of the disclosure have been disclosed in detail herein, with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is understood that the disclosure is not limited to the precise embodiment and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. For example,
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1905848.6 | Apr 2019 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2020/050969 | 4/17/2020 | WO | 00 |
