Patent Grant
11866708
The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled UTSFP0152US_ST25.txt created Oct. 21, 2020, which is approximately 158 KB in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Enhancers are key cis-regulatory elements that play an essential role in genome expression to determine cell fates and functions. There are millions of enhancers in the human genome and these enhancers function to shape cell identity by directing distinct genome expression programs. In practice, these enhancers can be systematically identified by the presence of histone modification of H3K4me1 (Heintzman et al., 2009; Heintzman et al., 2007) and H3K27Ac (Rada-Iglesias et al., 2011), the association of transcription factors and coactivators (Heinz et al., 2015), and/or DNase I hypersensitivity (Consortium et al., 2007; Thurman et al., 2012). Functional hierarchies among these enhancers have been described (Ernst and Kellis, 2010). Recently, enhancers were found to be transcriptionally active and generate non-coding RNAs known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) as relatively unstable transcripts (Kim et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Several studies have demonstrated eRNA producing enhancers are more potent and associated with higher expression of nearby genes than enhancers without eRNAs. Thus, eRNA producing enhancers are likely active and functional enhancers that define the identity and function of a given cell (Heinz et al., 2015; Romanoski et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2011). Moreover, targeting enhancer activity for therapeutic development has been recently proposed and pursued by several groups and companies (Bradner et al., 2017). By targeting particular enhancers, disease specific modulation of gene expression would be possible without affecting the normal expression in other tissues and organs. However, for the over two million enhancers that have been annotated (Roadmap Epigenomics et al., 2015), currently only tens of thousands of eRNAs have been detected in the human genome through isolated studies (Li et al., 2016). A systematic detection and annotation of eRNAs is necessary to enable functional characterization of eRNA gene regulation, which is a fundamental step toward therapeutic development.
In-depth studies of eRNAs in regulation of key biological processes requires accurate prediction of target genes. Existing methods are mostly based on eRNA and mRNA levels in steady state cells, which may not provide enough information for functional associations. Active enhancers may have multiple nearby genes and vice versa, but functionally associated pairs will be triggered to be transcriptionally active in a synchronized fashion. Thus, eRNA/pre-mRNA dynamics, induced by a stimulus, may represent a highly informative feature for more reliable enhancer target predictions. For example, in the inventor's previous study (Banerjee et al., 2014), the inventor took advantage of the dynamic physical chromatin interactions to identify a functional enhancer responsible for the IFNB1 gene, a critical component of innate and adaptive immunity.
Active enhancers of the human genome generate long noncoding transcripts known as eRNAs. How dynamic transcriptional changes of eRNAs are physically and functionally linked with target gene transcription remains unclear. To investigate the dynamic functional relationships among eRNAs and target promoters, the inventor obtained a dense time series of GRO-seq and ChIP-seq data to generate a time-resolved enhancer activity map of a cell undergoing an innate antiviral immune response. Dynamic changes in eRNA and pre-mRNA transcription activities suggest distinct regulatory roles of enhancers. Using a criterion based on proximity and transcriptional inducibility, the inventor identified 123 highly confident pairs of virus inducible enhancers and their target genes. These enhancers interact with their target promoters transiently and concurrently at the peak of gene activation. Accordingly, their physical disassociation from the promoters is likely involved in post-induction repression. Functional assessments further establish that these eRNAs are necessary for full induction of the target genes and that a complement of inducible eRNAs functions together to achieve full activation. Lastly, the inventor demonstrates the potential for eRNA-targeted transcriptional reprogramming through targeted reduction of eRNAs for a clinically relevant gene, TNFSF10, resulting in a selective control of interferon-induced apoptosis.
In accordance with the present disclosure, a method of inhibiting a TNFSF10 gene expression in a mammalian cell is disclosed. The method comprises contacting the mammalian cell with a single-stranded antisense compound comprising a sequence selected from a set of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (shown in the sequence listings in Table 1), wherein the antisense compound targets an enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcribed from a genomic enhancer sequence or region. The eRNA is an TNFSF10 eRNA sequence comprising the nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 which inhibits expression of the TNFSF10 gene in the mammalian cell.
In some embodiments, the eRNA transcription is initiated from a RNA polymerase II (PolII) binding site and is capable of elongating bidirectionally. In other embodiments, the eRNA transcription is initiated from a RNA polymerase II (PolII) binding site and is capable of elongating unidirectionally.
It is further conceived, that in some embodiments, the eRNA is capable of enhancing transcription of the TNFSF10 gene. In another aspect of the disclosure, the transcriptional start site of the TNFSF10 gene is located on a chromosome at least about 1 kilobase (kb) from the genomic enhancer sequence or region.
The method may be applied to mammalian cells which may include epithelium cells, a hematopoietic cells, monocytes, macrophages, neurons, breast cells, or cancer cells. In another aspect, the mammalian cell contacted with the antisense compound is in a subject.
The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The word “about” means plus or minus 5% of the stated number.
It is contemplated that any method or composition described herein can be implemented with respect to any other method or composition described herein. Other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure. The disclosure may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
In order to systematically investigate the functionality of eRNAs in the human genome, the inventor employed a battery of comprehensive, unbiased functional genomic experiments across large time points to annotate and investigate huge dynamics of enhancer and target gene activation. He also designed a novel computational strategy for determining functional eRNAs that are virus inducible and mediate innate anti-viral response. Combined with functional assessment using RNAi and time course chromosome conformation capture (3C), the inventor examined functional relevance of these virus inducible eRNAs and their regulatory trajectories and modes of action.
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively short non-coding RNA molecules (50-2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer regions. They were first detected in 2010 through the use of genome-wide techniques such as RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. eRNAs can be subdivided into two main classes: 1D eRNAs and 2D eRNAs, which differ primarily in terms of their size, polyadenylation state, and transcriptional directionality. The expression of a given eRNA seems to correlate with the activity of its corresponding enhancer in a context-dependent fashion. Increasing evidence suggests that eRNAs actively play a role in transcriptional regulation in cis and in trans, and while their mechanisms of action remain unclear, a few models have been proposed.
Enhancers as sites of extragenic transcription were initially discovered in genome-wide studies that identified enhancers as common regions of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) binding and non-coding RNA transcription. The level of RNA pol II-enhancer interaction and RNA transcript formation were found to be highly variable among these initial studies. Using explicit chromatin signature peaks, a significant proportion (˜70%) of extragenic RNA Pol II transcription start sites were found to overlap enhancer sites in murine macrophages. Out of 12,000 neuronal enhancers in the mouse genome, almost 25% of the sites were found to bind RNA Pol II and generate transcripts. These eRNAs, unlike messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lacked modification by polyadenylation, were generally short and non-coding, and were bidirectionally transcribed. Later studies revealed the transcription of another type of eRNAs, generated through unidirectional transcription, that were longer and contained a poly A tail. Furthermore, eRNA levels were correlated with mRNA levels of nearby genes, suggesting the potential regulatory and functional role of these non-coding enhancer RNA molecules.
eRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences upstream and downstream of extragenic enhancer regions. Previously, several model enhancers have demonstrated the capability to directly recruit RNA Pol II and general transcription factors and form the pre-initiation complex (PIC) prior to the transcription start site at the promoter of genes. In certain cell types, activated enhancers have demonstrated the ability to both recruit RNA Pol II and also provide a template for active transcription of their local sequences.
Depending on the directionality of transcription, enhancer regions generate two different types of non-coding transcripts, 1D-eRNAs and 2D-eRNAs. The nature of the pre-initiation complex and specific transcription factors recruited to the enhancer may control the type of eRNAs generated. After transcription, the majority of eRNAs remain in the nucleus. In general, eRNAs are very unstable and actively degraded by the nuclear exosome. Not all enhancers are transcribed, with non-transcribed enhancers greatly outnumbering the transcribed ones in the order of magnitude of dozens of thousands in every given cell type.
Evidence that eRNAs cause downstream effects on the efficiency of enhancer activation and gene transcription suggests its functional capabilities and potential importance. The transcription factor p53 has been demonstrated to bind enhancer regions and generate eRNAs in a p53-dependent manner. In cancer, p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression as mutations of the gene are shown to appear in 50% of tumors. These p53-bound enhancer regions (p53BERs) are shown to interact with multiple local and distal gene targets involved in cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, eRNAs generated by the activation of p53BERs are shown to be required for efficient transcription of the p53 target genes, indicating the likely important regulatory role of eRNAs in tumor suppression and cancer.
Variations in enhancers have been implicated in human disease but a therapeutic approach to manipulate enhancer activity is currently not possible. With the emergence of eRNAs as important components in enhancer activity, powerful therapeutic tools such as RNAi may provide promising routes to target disruption of gene expression.
In the field of cell biology, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis. TRAIL has also been designated CD253 (cluster of differentiation 253) and TNFSF10 (tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10).
TRAIL is a cytokine that is produced and secreted by most normal tissue cells. It causes apoptosis primarily in tumor cells, by binding to certain death receptors. TRAIL and its receptors have been used as the targets of several anti-cancer therapeutics since the mid-1990s, such as Mapatumumab. However, as of 2013, these have not shown significant survival benefit. TRAIL has also been implicated as a pathogenic or protective factor in various pulmonary diseases, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension.
TRAIL shows homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. It is composed of 281 amino acids and has characteristics of a type II transmembrane protein. The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is not conserved across family members, however, the C-terminal extracellular domain is conserved and can be proteolytically cleaved from the cell surface. TRAIL forms a homotrimer that binds three receptor molecules.
In humans, the gene that encodes TRAIL is located at chromosome 3q26, which is not close to other TNF family members. The genomic structure of the TRAIL gene spans approximately 20 kb and is composed of five exonic segments 222, 138, 42, 106, and 1245 nucleotides and four introns of approximately 8.2, 3.2, 2.3 and 2.3 kb. The TRAIL gene lacks TATA and CAAT boxes and the promoter region contains putative response elements for transcription factors GATA, AP-1, C/EBP, SP-1, OCT-1, AP3, PEA3, CF-1, and ISRE.
TRAIL has been shown to interact with TNFRSF10B. It also binds to the death receptors DR4 (TRAIL-RI) and DR5 (TRAIL-RII). The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. Caspase-8 activates downstream effector caspases including procaspase-3, −6, and −7, leading to activation of specific kinases. TRAIL also binds the receptors DcR1 and DcR2, which do not contain a cytoplasmic domain (DcR1) or contain a truncated death domain (DcR2). DcR1 functions as a TRAIL-neutralizing decoy-receptor. The cytoplasmic domain of DcR2 is functional and activates NFκB. In cells expressing DcR2, TRAIL binding therefore activates NFκB, leading to transcription of genes known to antagonize the death signaling pathway and/or to promote inflammation. Application of engineered ligands that have variable affinity for different death (DR4 and DR5) and decoy receptors (DCR1 and DCR2) may allow selective targeting of cancer cells by controlling activation of Type 1/Type 2 pathways of cell death and single cell fluctuations.
Luminescent iridium complex-peptide hybrids, which mimic TRAIL, have recently been synthesized in vitro. These artificial TRAIL mimics bind to DR4/DR5 on cancer cells and induce cell death via both apoptosis and necrosis, which makes them a potential candidate for anticancer drug development.
TIC10 (which causes expression of TRAIL) was investigated in mice with various tumor types. The small molecule ONC201 causes expression of TRAIL which kills some cancer cells. In clinical trials only a small proportion of cancer patients responded to various drugs that targeted TRAIL death receptors. Many cancer cell lines develop resistance to TRAIL and limits the efficacy of TRAIL-based therapies.
In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety. Such compounds comprising one or more sugar-modified nucleosides may have desirable properties, such as enhanced nuclease stability or increased binding affinity with a target nucleic acid relative to an oligonucleotide comprising only nucleosides comprising naturally occurring sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are substituted sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. Such sugar surrogates may comprise one or more substitutions corresponding to those of substituted sugar moieties.
In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are substituted sugar moieties comprising one or more non-bridging sugar substituent, including but not limited to substituents at the 2′ and/or 5′ positions. Examples of sugar substituents suitable for the 2′-position, include, but are not limited to: 2′-F, 2′-OCH3 (“OMe” or “O-methyl”), and 2′-O(CH2)2OCH3 (“MOE”). In certain embodiments, sugar substituents at the 2′ position is selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, O—C1-C10 substituted alkyl; OCF3, O(CH2)2SCH3, O(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. Examples of sugar substituents at the 5′-position, include, but are not limited to: 5′-methyl (R or S); 5′-vinyl, and 5′-methoxy. In certain embodiments, substituted sugars comprise more than one non-bridging sugar substituent, for example, T-F-5′-methyl sugar moieties (see, e.g., PCT International Application WO 2008/101157, for additional 5′,2′-bis substituted sugar moieties and nucleosides).
Nucleosides comprising 2′-substituted sugar moieties are referred to as 2′-substituted nucleosides. In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituent group selected from halo, allyl, amino, azido, SH, CN, OCN, CF3, OCF3, O, S, or N(Rm)-alkyl; O, S, or N(Rm)-alkenyl; O, S or N(Rm)-alkynyl; O-alkylenyl-O-alkyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl, O-aralkyl, O(CH2)2SCH3, O(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn) or O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H, an amino protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. These 2′-substituent groups can be further substituted with one or more substituent groups independently selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO2), thiol, thioalkoxy (S-alkyl), halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituent group selected from F, NH2, N3, OCF3, O—CH3, O(CH2)3NH2, CH2—CH═CH2, O—CH2—CH═CH2, OCH2CH2OCH3, O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N(CH3)2, and N-substituted acetamide (O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn) where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H, an amino protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.
In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a 2′-substituent group selected from F, OCF3, O—CH3, OCH2CH2OCH3, O(CH2)2SCH3, O(CH2)2—O—N(CH3)2, —O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N(CH3)2, and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(H)CH3.
In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a 2′-substituent group selected from F, O—CH3, and OCH2CH2OCH3.
Certain modified sugar moieties comprise a bridging sugar substituent that forms a second ring resulting in a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain such embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ furanose ring atoms. Examples of such 4′ to 2′ sugar substituents, include, but are not limited to: —[C(Ra)(Rb)]n—, —[C(Ra)(Rb)]n—O—, —C(RaRb)—N(R)—O— or, —C(RaRb)—O—N(R)—; 4′-CH2-2′, 4′-(CH2)2-2′, 4′-(CH2)—O-2′ (LNA); 4′-(CH2)—S-2′; 4′-(CH2)2-O-2′ (ENA); 4′-CH(CH3)—O-2′ (cEt) and 4′-CH(CH2OCH3)—O-2′, and analogs thereof (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, issued on Jul. 15, 2008); 4′-C(CH3)(CH3)—O-2′ and analogs thereof, (see, e.g., WO2009/006478, published Jan. 8, 2009); 4′-CH2—N(OCH3)-2′ and analogs thereof (see, e.g., WO2008/150729, published Dec. 11, 2008); 4′-CH2—O—N(CH3)-2′ (see, e.g., US2004/0171570, published Sep. 2, 2004); 4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′, and 4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′-, wherein each R is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C1-C12 alkyl; 4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′, wherein R is H, C1-C12 alkyl, or a protecting group (see, U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672, issued on Sep. 23, 2008); 4′-CH2—C(H)(CH3)-2′ (see, e.g., Chattopadhyaya et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134); and 4′-CH2—C(═CH2)-2′ and analogs thereof (see, published PCT International Application WO 2008/154401, published on Dec. 8, 2008).
In certain embodiments, such 4′ to 2′ bridges independently comprise from 1 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(Ra)(Rb)]n—, —C(Ra)═C(Rb)—, —C(Ra)═N—, —C(═NRa)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(Ra)2—, —S(═O)x—, and —N(Ra)—; wherein:
Nucleosides comprising bicyclic sugar moieties are referred to as bicyclic nucleosides or BNAs. Bicyclic nucleosides include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, (B) β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA (also referred to as locked nucleic acid or LNA), (C) Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, (D) Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA, (E) Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA, (F) Methyl(methyleneoxy) (4′-CH(CH3)—O-2′) BNA (also referred to as constrained ethyl or cEt), (G) methylene-thio (4′-CH2—S-2′) BNA, (H) methylene-amino (4′-CH2-N(R)-2′) BNA, (I) methyl carbocyclic (4′-CH2—CH(CH3)-2′) BNA, (J) propylene carbocyclic (4′-(CH2)3-2′) BNA, and (K) Methoxy(ethyleneoxy) (4′-CH(CH2OMe)-O-2′) BNA (also referred to as constrained MOE or cMOE).
Additional bicyclic sugar moieties are known in the art, for example: Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000,97,5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129(26) 8362-8379 (Jul. 4, 2007); Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invens. Drugs, 2001, 2, 5561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8, 1-7; Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,053,207, 6,268,490, 6,770,748, 6,794,499, 7,034,133, 6,525,191, 6,670,461, and 7,399,845; WO 2004/106356, WO 1994/14226, WO 2005/021570, and WO 2007/134181; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2004/0171570, US2007/0287831, and US2008/0039618; U.S. Ser. Nos. 12/129,154, 60/989,574, 61/026,995, 61/026,998, 61/056,564, 61/086,231, 61/097,787, and 61/099,844; and PCT International Applications Nos. PCT/US2008/064591, PCT/US2008/066154, and PCT/US2008/068922.
In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such bicyclic sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 4′-2′ methylene-oxy bridge, may be in the α-L configuration or in the β-D configuration. Previously, α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) bicyclic nucleosides have been incorporated into antisense oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).
In certain embodiments, substituted sugar moieties comprise one or more non-bridging sugar substituent and one or more bridging sugar substituent (e.g., 5′-substituted and 4′-2′ bridged sugars; PCT International Application WO 2007/134181, published on Nov. 22, 2007, wherein LNA is substituted with, for example, a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group).
In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. In certain such embodiments, the oxygen atom of the naturally occurring sugar is substituted, e.g., with a sulfur, carbon or nitrogen atom. In certain such embodiments, such modified sugar moiety also comprises bridging and/or non-bridging substituents as described above. For example, certain sugar surrogates comprise a 4′-sulfur atom and a substitution at the 2′-position (see, e.g., published U.S. Patent Application US20050130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) and/or the 5′ position. By way of additional example, carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides having a 4′-2′ bridge have been described (see, e.g., Freier et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443 and Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740).
In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having other than 5-atoms. For example, in certain embodiments, a sugar surrogate comprises a six-membered tetrahydropyran. Such tetrahydropyrans may be further modified or substituted. Nucleosides comprising such modified tetrahydropyrans include, but are not limited to, hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), anitol nucleic acid (ANA), manitol nucleic acid (MNA) (see Leumann, C J. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. (2002) 10:841-854), and fluoro HNA (F-HNA).
In certain embodiments, the modified THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6 and q7 are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6 and q7 is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6 and q7 is methyl. In certain embodiments, THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein one of R1 and R2 is F. In certain embodiments, R1 is fluoro and R2 is H, R1 is methoxy and R2 is H, and R1 is methoxyethoxy and R2 is H.
Many other bicyclo and tricyclo sugar surrogate ring systems are also known in the art that can be used to modify nucleosides for incorporation into antisense compounds (see, e.g., review article: Leumann, J. C, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2002, 10, 841-854).
Combinations of modifications are also provided without limitation, such as 2′-F-5′-methyl substituted nucleosides (see PCT International Application WO2008/101157 Published on Aug. 21, 2008 for other disclosed 5′,2′-bis substituted nucleosides) and replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S and further substitution at the 2′-position (see U.S. Patent Publication US20050130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) or alternatively 5′-substitution of a bicyclic nucleic acid (see PCT International Application WO2007/134181, published on Nov. 22, 2007 wherein a 4′-CH2—O-2′ bicyclic nucleoside is further substituted at the 5′ position with a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group). The synthesis and preparation of carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides along with their oligomerization and biochemical studies have also been described (see, e.g., Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129(26), 8362-8379).
In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides oligonucleotides comprising modified nucleosides. Those modified nucleotides may include modified sugars, modified nucleobases, and/or modified linkages. The specific modifications are selected such that the resulting oligonucleotides possess desirable characteristics. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more RNA-like nucleosides. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more DNA-like nucleotides.
In certain embodiments, nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise one or more unmodified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise one or more modified nucleobases.
In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases as defined herein. 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil; 5-propynylcytosine; 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl CH3) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine, universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases as defined herein. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine ([5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g., 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-13][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, Kroschwitz, J. I., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1990, 858-859; those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613; and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., CRC Press, 1993, 273-288.
Representative United States Patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include without limitation, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,681,941; 5,750,692; 5,763,588; 5,830,653 and 6,005,096, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides oligonucleotides comprising linked nucleosides. In such embodiments, nucleosides may be linked together using any internucleoside linkage. The two main classes of internucleoside linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters (P═O), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates (P═S). Representative non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linking groups include, but are not limited to, methylenemethylimino (—CH2—N(CH3)—O—CH2—), thiodiester (—O—C(O)—S—), thionocarbamate (—O—C(O)(NH)—S—); siloxane (—O—Si(H)2—O—); and N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (—CH2—N(CH3)—N(CH3)—). Modified linkages, compared to natural phosphodiester linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, internucleoside linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared as a racemic mixture, or as separate enantiomers. Representative chiral linkages include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing internucleoside linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.
The oligonucleotides described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), α or β such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids etc. Included in the antisense compounds provided herein are all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
Neutral internucleoside linkages include without limitation, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, MMI (3′-CH2—N(CH3)—O-5′), amide-3 (3′-CH2—C(═O)—N(H)-5′), amide-4 (3′-CH2—N(H)—C(═O)-5′), formacetyl (3′-O—CH2—O-5′), and thioformacetal (3′-S—CH2—O-5′). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising siloxane (dialkylsiloxane), carboxylate ester, carboxamide, sulfide, sulfonate ester and amides (See for example: Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research; Y. S. Sanghvi and P. D. Cook, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 580; Chapters 3 and 4, 40-65). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
Additional modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. For example, one additional modification of the ligand conjugated oligonucleotides of the present disclosure involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more additional non-ligand moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923).
Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Where clinical applications are contemplated, it will be necessary to prepare pharmaceutical compositions in a form appropriate for the intended application. Generally, this will entail preparing compositions that are essentially free of pyrogens, as well as other impurities that could be harmful to humans or animals. One will generally desire to employ appropriate salts, buffers, and lipids to render delivery of the oligonucleotides to allow for uptake by target cells. Such methods an compositions are well known in the art, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,747,014 and 6,753,423. Compositions of the present disclosure comprise an effective amount of the oligonucleotide to cells, dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium.
The phrase “pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce adverse, allergic, or other untoward reactions when administered to an animal or a human. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, liposomes, cationic lipid formulations, microbubble nanoparticles, and the like. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the vectors or cells of the present disclosure, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients also can be incorporated into the compositions.
The active compositions of the present disclosure may include classic pharmaceutical preparations. Administration of these compositions according to the present disclosure will be via any common route so long as the target tissue is available via that route. This includes oral, nasal, buccal, or topical. Alternatively, administration may be by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravenous injection, or introduction into the CNS, such as into spinal fluid. Such compositions would normally be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, described supra.
The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, lipids, nanoparticles, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
For oral administration the oligonucleotides of the present disclosure may be incorporated with excipients. The compositions of the present disclosure may be formulated in a neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as injectable solutions, drug release capsules and the like. For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration. In this connection, sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. For example, one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580). Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject. Moreover, for human administration, preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.
Of particular interest to the present disclosure is the use of lipid delivery vehicles. Lipid vehicles encompass micelles, microemulsions, macroemulsions, liposomes, and similar carriers. The term micelles refers to colloidal aggregates of amphipathic (surfactant) molecules that are formed at a well-defined concentration known as the critical micelle concentration. Micelles are oriented with the nonpolar portions at the interior and the polar portions at the exterior surface, exposed to water. The typical number of aggregated molecules in a micelle (aggregation number) is 50 to 100. Microemulsions are essentially swollen micelles, although not all micellar solutions can be swollen to form microemulsions. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, are formed spontaneously, and contain particles that are extremely small. Droplet diameters in microemulsions typically range from 10 100 nm. In contrast, the term macroemulsions refers to droplets with diameters greater than 100 nm. Liposomes are closed lipid vesicles comprising lipid bilayers that encircle aqueous interiors. Liposomes typically have diameters of 25 nm to 1 μm.
In one embodiment of a liposome formulation, the principal lipid of the vehicle may be phosphatidylcholine. Other useful lipids include various natural (e.g., tissue derived L-α-phosphatidyl: egg yolk, heart, brain, liver, soybean) and/or synthetic (e.g., saturated and unsaturated 1,2-diacyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholines, 1-acyl-2-acyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholines, 1,2-diheptanoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine) derivatives of the same. Such lipids can be used alone, or in combination with a secondary lipid. Such secondary helper lipids may be non-ionic or uncharged at physiological pH, including non-ionic lipids such as cholesterol and DOPE (1,2-dioleolylglyceryl phosphatidylethanolamine). The molar ratio of a phospholipid to helper lipid can range from about 3:1 to about 1:1, from about 1.5:1 to about 1:1, and about 1:1.
Another specific lipid formulation comprises the SNALP formulation, containing the lipids 3-N—[(ω methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)2000) carbamoyl]-1,2-dimyristyloxy-propylamine (PEG-C-DMA), 1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (DLinDMA), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and cholesterol, in a 2:40:10:48 molar % ratio.
Exemplary amounts of lipid constituents used for the production of the liposome include, for instance, 0.3 to 1 mol, 0.4 to 0.6 mol of cholesterol; 0.01 to 0.2 mol, 0.02 to 0.1 mol of phosphatidylethanolamine; 0.0 to 0.4 mol, or 0-0.15 mol of phosphatidic acid per 1 mol of phosphatidylcholine.
Liposomes can be constructed by well-known techniques. Lipids are typically dissolved in chloroform and spread in a thin film over the surface of a tube or flask by rotary evaporation. If liposomes comprised of a mixture of lipids are desired, the individual components are mixed in the original chloroform solution. After the organic solvent has been eliminated, a phase consisting of water optionally containing buffer and/or electrolyte is added and the vessel agitated to suspend the lipid. Optionally, the suspension is then subjected to ultrasound, either in an ultrasonic bath or with a probe sonicator, until the particles are reduced in size and the suspension is of the desired clarity. For transfection, the aqueous phase is typically distilled water and the suspension is sonicated until nearly clear, which requires several minutes depending upon conditions, kind, and quality of the sonicator. Commonly, lipid concentrations are 1 mg/ml of aqueous phase, but could be higher or lower by about a factor of ten.
Lipids, from which the solvents have been removed, can be emulsified by the use of a homogenizer, lyophilized, and melted to obtain multilamellar liposomes. Alternatively, unilamellar liposomes can be produced by the reverse phase evaporation method (Szoka and Papahadjopoulos, 1978). Unilamellar vesicles can also be prepared by sonication or extrusion. Sonication is generally performed with a bath-type sonifier, such as a Branson tip sonifier (G. Heinemann Ultrashall and Labortechnik, Schwabisch Gmund, Germany) at a controlled temperature as determined by the melting point of the lipid. Extrusion may be carried out by biomembrane extruders, such as the Lipex Biomembrane Extruder (Northern Lipids Inc, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). Defined pore size in the extrusion filters may generate unilamellar liposomal vesicles of specific sizes. The liposomes can also be formed by extrusion through an asymmetric ceramic filter, such as a Ceraflow Microfilter (commercially available from the Norton Company, Worcester, Mass.).
Liposomes can be extruded through a small-pore polycarbonate membrane or an asymmetric ceramic membrane to yield a well-defined size distribution. Typically, a suspension is cycled through the membrane one or more times until the desired liposome size distribution is achieved. The liposomes may be extruded through successively smaller-pore membranes, to achieve a gradual reduction in liposome size. For use in the present disclosure, liposomes have a size of about 0.05 microns to about 0.5 microns, or having a size of about 0.05 to about 0.2 microns.
In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide compounds and compositions as described herein are administered parenterally. In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by infusion. Infusion can be chronic or continuous or short or intermittent. In certain embodiments, infused pharmaceutical agents are delivered with a pump. In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by injection.
In certain embodiments, oligonucleotide compounds and compositions are delivered to the CNS. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotide compounds and compositions are delivered to the cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotide compounds and compositions are administered to the brain parenchyma. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotide compounds and compositions are delivered to an animal by intrathecal administration, or intracerebroventricular administration. Broad distribution of oligonucleotide compounds and compositions, described herein, within the central nervous system may be achieved with intraparenchymal administration, intrathecal administration, or intracerebroventricular administration.
In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by injection. The injection may be delivered with a syringe or a pump. In certain embodiments, the injection is a bolus injection. In certain embodiments, the injection is administered directly to a tissue, such as striatum, caudate, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum.
In certain embodiments, delivery of an oligonucleotide compound or composition described herein can affect the pharmacokinetic profile of the oligonucleotide compound or composition. In certain embodiments, injection of a oligonucleotide compound or composition described herein, to a targeted tissue improves the pharmacokinetic profile of the oligonucleotide compound or composition as compared to infusion of the oligonucleotide compound or composition. In a certain embodiment, the injection of an oligonucleotide compound or composition improves potency compared to broad diffusion, requiring less of the compound or composition to achieve similar pharmacology. In certain embodiments, similar pharmacology refers to the amount of time that a target mRNA and/or target protein is down-regulated (e.g., duration of action). In certain embodiments, methods of specifically localizing a pharmaceutical agent, such as by bolus injection, decreases median effective concentration (EC50) by a factor of about 50 (e.g., 50-fold less concentration in tissue is required to achieve the same or similar pharmacodynamic effect). In certain embodiments, methods of specifically localizing a pharmaceutical agent, such as by bolus injection, decreases median effective concentration (EC50) by a factor of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50.
In certain embodiments, delivery of an oligonucleotide compound or composition, as described herein, to the CNS results in 47% down-regulation of a target mRNA and/or target protein for at least 91 days. In certain embodiments, delivery of a compound or composition results in at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, or at least 75% down-regulation of a target mRNA and/or target protein for at least 20 days, at least 30 days, at least 40 days, at least 50 days, at least 60 days, at least 70 days, at least 80 days, at least 85 days, at least 90 days, at least 95 days, at least 100 days, at least 110 days, at least 120 days. In certain embodiments, delivery to the CNS is by intraparenchymal administration, intrathecal administration, or intracerebroventricular administration.
In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide is delivered by injection or infusion once every week, every two weeks, every month, every two months, every 90 days, every 3 months, every 6 months, twice a year or once a year.
The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of embodiments, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
A time-resolved enhancer activity map. In order to obtain the informative features of eRNA/mRNA dynamics, the inventor performed a large time series GRO-seq analysis of B-lymphoblasts (GM12878) during innate anti-viral immune response. The inventor used Sendai Virus (SeV) to activate the immune response signal-cascade gene induction system as a model to study the anti-viral program. The inventor first combined all GRO-seq data obtained from 12 time points from 0 to 72 hours post-infection to determine a compendium of eRNA-producing enhancers responding to virus, then used HOMER (Heinz et al., 2010) to identify the eRNA transcripts (see Methods). Of 32,832 total intergenic transcripts, 11,025 transcripts overlapped with H3K4me1 or H3K27Ac histone modification peaks, representative enhancer marks (
Rapid and dynamic transcriptional response of genes and enhancers. The inventor quantified expression levels of the RefSeq genes and performed differential expression (DE) analysis. Based on the expression dynamics of DE genes (
To visualize and verify the dynamics of eRNA and gene expression patterns, the inventor performed principal component analysis (PCA), which showed a trajectory of cellular states (
Cytokine IFNB1 as a representative transient transcript. As a representative virus-inducible case, the inventor investigated the IFNB1 gene and its enhancer L2, which the inventor previously identified as a novel virus inducible long-range enhancer regulating IFNB1 transcription in IMR90 lung fibroblasts (Banerjee et al., 2014). An independent study (Decque et al., 2016) has also demonstrated that the L2 is a major enhancer regulating IFNB1 expression in bone marrow derived dendritic cells and macrophages. The inventor's GRO-seq data in GM12878 cells indicate strong transcription at IFNB1 and the L2 element in early time points just after SeV infection (
Construction of an enhancer-target gene map for viral response. Accurate cell-specific and genome-wide enhancer target identification is a challenging task. Despite several improvements in the past few years (Cao et al., 2017; Jin et al., 2013; Whalen et al., 2016), the accuracy is still far from satisfactory for in-depth case studies of individual genes or enhancers. Using metagene analysis, these results, as well as several other studies (Hah et al., 2013 and Kaikkonen et al., 2013), have shown the coordinated transcriptional dynamics of enhancers and neighbor genes should be highly enriched with functional targets. Can one take advantage of the paired expression profiles to further refine target prediction for individual enhancers? To this end, the inventor carefully examined the expression profiles of eRNA/gene pairs that were significantly activated by SeV infection. In addition to the expected, correlated pattern of concordant on/off behaviors between enhancers and genes, the inventor also observed a discordant expression pattern showing persistent eRNA transcription after target gene repression (
Inducible enhancers have conserved sequences. Since enhancers activate their target genes by recruiting transcriptional factors (TF), the inventor hypothesized that these inducible enhancers might have distinct TF binding motifs supporting virus inducible gene regulation. The inventor analyzed human TF motif occurrences within the inducible enhancers and found a strong enrichment of binding sites for IRF- and STAT-family proteins, which are known interferon responsive factors (
These inducible enhancers, interestingly, showed a significantly higher evolutionary sequence conservation level than carefully selected background regions (
Dynamic physical EP association correlated with target gene expression patterns. Physical interaction between an enhancer and its target promoter has been accepted as a general mechanism of gene activation. It is thought that many inducible genes are regulated through pre-existing interactions with enhancers (Jin et al., 2013); however, the fate of these interactions after induction when the gene is turned off has not been adequately addressed. The inventor examined the dynamic physical interaction of 18 inducible EP pairs using a time course chromosome conformation capture (3C) assays. The inventor also sampled 18 active enhancers and genes within 200 Kb that did not pass the inducibility criterion as a control set (Supplemental Tables S2 and S3). Most inducible EP pairs showed the highest interaction between enhancer and promoter at 12 hours (
Functional relevance of eRNA expression on target gene activation. Although many eRNAs have been shown to be important for target promoter regulation by a number of studies (Li et al., 2013; Melo et al., 2013; Mousavi et al., 2013), there is an emerging debate concerning the general functionality of eRNAs from several studies that suggest eRNAs are dispensable for enhancer function (Engreitz et al., 2016; Hah et al., 2013; Kaikkonen et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2017). To examine the functional relevance of the inducible eRNAs that the inventor has identified, he employed systematic siRNA-mediated eRNA knockdown (KD) assays and determined their target gene expression before and after siRNA transfection. In total, the inventor used 85 siRNAs for depleting eRNAs of both induced and control EP pairs (Supplemental Tables S5, S6). 49 siRNAs were able to reduce eRNA expression levels from 28 enhancers (
Inducible eRNAs promote physical interaction with the target promoter. According to the inventor's current 3C results and the results of previous reported studies (Banerjee et al., 2014; Schaukowitch et al., 2014), the transient physical association pattern was highly correlated with the transient transcription pattern of the target genes (
Multiple eRNAs collaborate for regulating target gene transcription. Since genes can be regulated by a combination of multiple enhancers (Joo et al., 2016), the inventor asked how might multiple inducible eRNAs coordinate their action on their target gene. He performed combinatorial eRNA KD by applying combined siRNAs to determine how eRNAs may function together. He examined the TNFSF10 gene, which has three inducible enhancers based on the inventor's analysis (#5, #30, and #38;
Targeting TNFSF10 eRNA activity limits cell apoptosis. Thus far, the inventor has identified a highly validated set of functional eRNAs and established that modulation of these eRNAs can yield selective changes in target gene expression. These findings may be valuable for a therapeutic intervention by targeted enhancement or reduction of disease-relevant genes. In the context of the anti-viral response in human and mouse, overexpression of the TNFSF10 gene has been implicated in inducing lung damage by influenza virus (Hogner et al., 2013). The inventor reasoned that by targeted reduction of TNFSF10 eRNAs to decrease TNFSF10 expression, he may be able to limit apoptosis without affecting interferon production or response. In order to examine the possibility of eRNA modulation for reducing apoptosis, the inventor performed siRNA-mediated reduction of TNFSF10 eRNAs and checked cell viability (
Regulatory genomic elements outnumber genes by two orders of magnitude. More than two million enhancers have been annotated in the human genome (Romanoski et al., 2015). One fundamental question is whether all these enhancers are functionally equivalent or whether there are distinct classes of enhancers that are more relevant in different conditions. To explore the landscape of potentially functional enhancers and associated eRNAs, the inventor used the virus inducible gene expression model. He identified potentially functional eRNAs by taking advantage of the dynamic expression information from global transcriptional analysis and using associated genomic proximity and transcriptional activity as criteria. Specifically, the inventor considered inducibility of enhancers upon virus infection and applied this activity-based association strategy to identify their target gene. From this strategy, he was able to assign 123 eRNAs to their most likely target genes. Using these highly confident EP pairs, the inventor tested the functionality of eRNAs at both physical interaction level and biochemical level. More than 80% of the inducible EP pairs showed a higher physical interaction frequency at 12 hours—a time point representing the peak of transcription level. In addition, reduction of eRNA levels by RNAi decreased target gene transcription for all inducible eRNAs tested. From these results, the inventor concludes that the virus inducible eRNAs are indeed functional. The control pairs for the inventor's experiments were selected by general criteria that other groups have routinely used for determining active enhancers. The inventor's 3C results and targeted eRNA reduction results from control sets might explain why many groups have argued that eRNAs are dispensable for enhancer function. Thus, co-inducibility of eRNAs and genes would be relevant for identifying other functional eRNAs in different biological conditions.
One unexpected finding from this study is that the fate of an enhancer can be different from the promoter it regulates after their transient functional and physical association. In many independent cases, eRNA production continues while the enhancer becomes disengaged from its associated promoter and the target gene undergoes post-induction repression. In other cases that conform to the current paradigm of gene regulation, when an enhancer disengages from its promoter, both eRNA and mRNA production are shut off concordantly. Furthermore, dependence of eRNAs for physical interaction between enhancers and promoters does not seem to be a universal mechanism across different loci (Li et al., 2013; Schaukowitch et al., 2014). Rather, each locus exhibits different dependencies on eRNAs for enhancer-promoter interaction. Notably, some loci display competition among enhancers and promoters when assayed for physical interaction. In reduced-function assays using RNAi, enhancers within the same locus can also compete for production of corresponding eRNAs. Despite the complex regulatory dependencies among enhancers and promoters, a combined reduction of all eRNAs for a given target gene resulted in the largest decrease in target gene expression compared to individual eRNA knockdowns, suggesting a complete pool of functionally relevant eRNAs is necessary for proper regulation. Thus, the human genome displays dynamic and complex exchanges of physical and functional associations among enhancers and promoters to define genome expression. Intriguingly, these functional properties of eRNAs are consistent with a recently proposed model of RNA-mediated phase separation for gene regulation (Hnisz et al., 2017).
Lastly, the inventor demonstrated that he can modulate one particular enhancer of the anti-viral program to achieve a specifically modified cellular behavior that can aid in reducing excessive inflammation. With hundreds of functional eRNAs identified in this study, targeted therapies with tailored modulation of multiple enhancers may be an approach to achieve a personalized clinical response.
Cell culture and virus infection. B-Lymphocyte, GM12878 cells, were obtained from Coriell Institute for Medical Research and cultivated according to the supplier's instructions. 15% fetal bovine serum was added to Roswell Park Memorial Institute media 1640 (RPMI-1640) with 2 mM L-glutamine for the culture. Sendai Virus (Cantrell strain) obtained from Charles River was infected for inducing immune response signaling gene expression system, of which 50 μL was added to 1 mL media. Cell samples were taken at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after virus infection for GRO-seq experiment. For the other experiments, 3C assay and ChIP-seq experiment, the cells incubated for 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h after infection were sampled. Untreated GM12878 cells were used as a control, which is 0 h sample.
GRO-seq analysis. Global run-on and library preparation for sequencing was performed based on the method published by John Lis et al. in 2008 (Core et al., 2008). Some parts of the protocol were modified to accommodate the inventor's experimental purposes and multiplexing (Kim et al., 2013).
Nuclei isolation. Two 15-cm plates of confluent cells (˜10-20 million cells) were washed 3 times with ice cold PBS buffer and incubated for 5 min with 10 mL cold swelling buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 2 mM MgCl2, 3 mM CaCl2)) for each plate on ice. Cells were scraped from the plate, harvested, centrifuged at 500×g for 10 min at 4° C., and were resuspended in 1 mL of lysis buffer (swelling buffer with 0.5% IGEPAL, 10% glycerol and 4 U/mL SUPERaseIn) with gentle mixing by pipetting with a widened boar pipette tip up and down 20 times. For the isolation of nuclei, 9 mL of the same lysis buffer (up to total 10 mL) was added. After collecting the nuclei by centrifugation (at 300×g for 5 min at 4° C.), it was resuspended in 1 mL freezing buffer per 5 million nuclei, and pelleted and resuspended to the final volume of 100 μL (about 5-10 million nuclei/100 μL) of freezing buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8.3, 5 mM MgC2, 0.1 mM EDTA, 40% glycerol).
Nuclear Run-On (NRO). Before the NRO reaction, NRO reaction buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT, 300 mM KCl, 50 M ATP, GTP and Br-UTP, 2 μM CTP, 0.4 U/μL RNasin, and 2% sarkosyl) was generated and pre-heated to 30° C. for 5 min. An equal volume (100 μL) of NRO reaction buffer was mixed with 100 μL of thawed nuclei solution in freezing buffer and was incubated at 30° C. for 5 min with mixing at 800 rpm on a thermomixer. Then, RQ1 DNaseI (Promega) was added along with DNaseI reaction buffer and samples were incubated at 37° C. for 20 min with mixing 800 rpm. To stop the NRO reaction, 225 μL NRO stop solution was added to the reaction and 25 μL of Proteinase K was added. The sample was incubated for 1 hr at 55° C. Nuclear RNA was extracted with acidic phenol (Sigma) then with chloroform (Sigma) and was precipitated and washed. RNA was then resuspended in 20 μL of nuclease free water and subjected to base hydrolysis by addition of 5 μL of 1N NaOH on ice for 10 min. The reaction was neutralized with 50 μL of 0.5 M Tris-Cl pH 6.8. Then, RNA was purified through BioRad P-30 RNase-free spin column (BioRad) following to the manufacturer's instructions and was treated with 7 μL of DNaseI buffer and 3 μL RQ1 DNaseI (Promega) for 10 min at 37° C., and purified again with a BioRad P-30 column.
Anti-BrU agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotech) were equilibrated by washing them 2 times in 500 μL BrU binding Buffer (0.25×SSPE, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween-20, 37.5 mM NaCl) and blocked in 1 mL BrU blocking buffer (1× binding buffer, 0.1% PVP, and 1 mg/mL BSA) for 1 hr with rotation at 4° C. During the blocking step, beads were washed 2 times with 500 μL binding buffer, NRO RNA sample was heated at 65° C. for 5 min then placed on ice at least for 2 min. 50 μL of the blocked bead mixture was combined with RNA sample in 450 μL binding buffer and combined with bind RNA to beads for 1 hr by rotating at 4° C. After binding, beads were washed once in low salt buffer (0.2×SSPE, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween-20), once in high salt buffer (0.25×SSPE, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween-20, 137.5 mM NaCl), and twice in TET buffer (TE with 0.05% Tween-20). BrU-incorporated RNA was eluted 4 times with 100 μL elution buffer (20 mM DTT, 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA and 0.1% SDS). RNA was then extracted and precipitated as described above. The precipitated RNA was re-suspended in 20 μL of water.
TAP/PNK treatment. RNA was heated to 65° C. for 5 min and cooled on ice at least for 2 min. The RNA was treated with TAP (by adding 3 μL 10× TAP buffer, 5 μL water, 1 μL SUPERaseIn (Promega), 0.5 μL TAP) at 37 for 1.5 hr, and then preincubated with PNK reaction premix (1 μL PNK (NEB), 1 μL 300 mM MgCl2, 1 μL 100 mM ATP) for 30 min. Afterward, PNK reaction main mix (20 μL PNK buffer (NEB), 2 μL 100 mM ATP (Roche), and 142 μL water, 1 μL SUPERaseIN (Promega) and another 2 μL PNK (NEB)) was added to the preincubated RNA sample and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. The RNA was extracted and precipitated again as above and resuspended in 9 μL water.
5′-adaptor ligation. BrU-RNA, 5′ adaptor (5 uM) and PEG was heated on 65° C. for 5 min then cooled on ice. Ligation mixture (1.5 μL 5′ adaptor (5 uM), 2 uL 10× RNA ligation buffer, 1.5 uL T4 RNA ligase, 1 uL SUPERaseIn, 5 uL 50% PEG 8000) was added to the 9 uL BrU-RNA and incubated at 22° C. or RT for 4-6 hours. Then, 5′ adaptor ligated BrU-RNA was purified with the bead binding method as described above.
3′-adaptor ligation. The same ligation reaction for the 5′-adaptor ligation described above was performed with the 3′ adaptor in place of the 5′ adaptor.
RT-reaction. RNA and RT oligo (5′-CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGA-3′(SEQ ID NO: 644)) was heated to 65° C. for 10 min and cooled on ice. RT reagent mixture (1 μL RT oligo (100 μM), 5× first strand buffer (Invitrogen), 10 mM dNTPs (Roche), 100 mM DTT (Invitrogen), 1 μL RNase inhibitor (Promega) without Superscript III (Invitrogen) was added to RNA sample and incubated at 48° C. for 3 min, and then 1 μL superscript III was added to the RT reaction sample and incubated at 48° C. for 20 min, 50° C. for 45 min, sequentially. After RT reaction, RNA was eliminated by adding RNase cocktail and RNaseH and incubating at 37° C. for 30 min.
PCR amplification. The ssDNA template was amplified by PCR using the Phusion High-Fidelity enzyme (NEB) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The small RNA PCR primers (5′-CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGA-3′(SEQ ID NO: 644)) and (5′AATGATACGGCGACCACCGACAGGTT-3′(SEQ ID NO: 645)) were used to generate DNA for sequencing. PCR was performed with an initial 5 min denaturation at 98° C., followed by 10˜14 cycles of 10 sec denaturation at 98° C., 30 sec annealing at 54° C., and 15 sec extension at 72° C. The PCR product was purified by run on a 6% native polyacrylamide TBE gel and recovered by cutting the region of the gel between 100 bp to 300 bp. The product was purified through the gel extraction method. The prepared DNA was then sequenced on the Illumina Genome Analyzer II according to the manufacturer's instructions with small RNA sequencing primer 5′-CGACAGGTTCAGAGTTCTACAGTCCGACGATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 646).
eRNA annotation. The inventor first merged GRO-seq data across time points and used HOMER (Heinz et al., 2010) for de novo transcript identification with option ‘-style groseq’. Intergenic transcripts, which were >1 Kb from 5′ ends and >10 Kb from 3′ ends of RefSeq gene annotations, were selected as eRNA candidates. The RefSeq annotation was downloaded through an R package called “GenomicFeatures” (Lawrence et al., 2013), with “GenomicFeature” version 1.20.3 and creation time “2015-11-24 13:48:33-0600 (Tue, 24 Nov. 2015)”. The inventor filtered out regions that did not overlap with either H3K4me1 or H3K27Ac peak regions.
ENCODE epigenetic data analyzed here can be downloaded from GEO under accession numbers GSE29611 (H3K4me1 and H3K27Ac), GSE29692 (DNase-seq), GSE35586 (MNase-seq), and GSE31477 (P300). Human enhancer atlas data were downloaded from (slidebase.binf.ku.dk/human_enhancers/, the permissive enhancer set).
Expression analysis of coding and non-coding transcription. Expression levels of genes and enhancers were calculated as Reads per Kilobase per Million (RPKM). R package DEseq2 (Love et al., 2014) was used to perform differential analysis between two time points. Differential gene sets were submitted to David Bioinformatics Resources Database (Huang da et al., 2009a, b) for functional enrichment analysis. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) methods were applied with expressed genes/enhancers (mean RPKM>0.5) for data visualization.
The inventor designed one-step delayed auto-correlation to control noise levels and the absolute fold-change to identify responsive genes/enhancers. Selected genes/enhancers were subject for clustering by the ‘Partitioning Around Medoids’ (PAM) algorithm, resulting in three clusters: “inducible early,” “inducible late,” and “repressed.”
Determining inducible enhancers and genes. The inventor identified inducible enhancers/genes using the amplitude index (AI) and continuity index (CI). The expression level at time t is represented as e(t). AI is defined as the maximum logarithm fold increases before 24 h:
CI is defined as the one-step delayed auto-correlation, to filter out enhancers/genes with noisy expression pattern:
CI=correlation{[e(t1), . . . ,e(tn−1)],[e(t2), . . . ,e(tn)]}
The inventor then selected enhancers and genes with AI>1 and CI>0.2 as inducible.
Concordant and discordant EP pairs. Inducible EP pairs were ranked by the Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) between enhancers and genes. Pairs ranked at the top 30% and bottom 30% of the list are designated as concordant and discordant, respectively.
Pairing enhancer and target genes. Fold changes at each time point were calculated for enhancers near inducible genes. The inventor divided enhancers into groups according to their distance from genes and found enhancers <200 Kb from these genes showed significantly stronger inducibility. He named inducible genes and enhancers within 200 Kb distance as inducible EP pairs.
Motif analysis. The inventor used TF binding motif PWM matrices from HOmo sapiens COmprehensive MOdel COllection (HOCOMOCO) v10 (Kulakovskiy et al., 2016). The inventor applied HOMER module annotatePeaks.pl to identify motif occurrence in inducible enhancers and genes.
Synteny analysis. The inventor analyzed EP co-localization in 11 species covering different levels of metazoan animals, including chimp, marmoset, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, dog, elephant, armadillo, and lizard. Orthologs of enhancers and promoters were identified using UCSC LiftOver tool with minimal match ratio set to 0.1. The inventor tested the percentage of inducible human EP pairs locating in the same chromosome in other species. For statistical analysis, the inventor generated a background set by paring 10,000 random promoter regions with the same number of intergenic regions, following the distance distribution of inducible pairs.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing. Chromatin was prepared and immunoprecipitated as described previously (Kim et al., 2011), except that protein A/G dynabeads (Invitrogen) were used instead of organism-specific secondary antibody bound beads. 25% of the amount of chromatin was used to reduce oversaturation of bead binding. K27Ac antibody from Abcam (ab4729) was used for ChIP experiment. The ThruPLEX DNA-seq kit from Rubicon Genomics was used for multiplexed ChIP-seq and Input sample library prep of GM12878 chromatin. Indexed samples were quantitated with qPCR and mixed in equimolar amounts. The Yale Stem Cell Center Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility conducted the sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. ChIP-seq peaks were called with MACS 2 with the default mode. The inventor analyzed the inventor's ChIP-seq data using the inventor's scripts and tools.
Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C). The 3C assay was performed as described (Banerjee et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2011), with minor modifications. Briefly, one million cells were cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature, and resuspended in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM NaCl, and 0.2% NP40) and incubated on ice for 90 min. Ten million of these prepared nuclei were digested with EcoRI (New England Biolabs) overnight at 37° C., followed by ligation with T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs) at 16° C. for 4 hrs. The ligated DNA was incubated with Proteinase K at 65° C. for 12 hrs to reverse the cross-links. Following incubation, the DNA was treated with RNase A. The treated DNA was extracted with phenol:chloroform and precipitated with sodium acetate and ethanol. The DNA concentration of the recovered 3C library was determined using Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit (Invitrogen). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the specific ligation between two DNA fragments in the sample and control 3C libraries. The position and sequence of primers designed for 3C qPCR assay is listed in Supplemental Table S4. Interaction frequencies were calculated by dividing the amount of PCR product obtained with the sample 3C library constructed from nuclei by the amount of PCR product obtained with the control library DNA generated from ligating EcoRI fragments from the corresponding bacterial artificial clones (BAC, Supplemental Table S4): interaction frequency=2{circumflex over ( )}(dCt sample−dCt control). All 3C analyses were performed, at a minimum, in triplicate.
eRNA KD analysis with siRNA. siRNA duplex for eRNA KD were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Their sequences and eRNA region of induced EP pairs and control EP pairs are listed in Table S5 and Table S6, respectively. As a negative control, scrambled siRNA was used. As a mock control, only transfection reagent without siRNA was added to cell sample. 300,000 cells were prepared in 800 μL media in each well of 12 well-plate. Separately, siRNA transfection solution was prepared by adding 1 μL of siRNA (10 uM stock of siRNA) and 5 μL of Mission siRNA transfection reagent (Sigma) to 200 μL OPTI-MEM, followed by incubation for 15-20 min at room temperature. Then, siRNA transfection solution was added to the cell carefully, by dropping it, which was incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. and then changed with fresh media. After 36 hours of incubation, virus solution with the concentration of 50 μL/mL media was added to the cell to activate the inducible immune response gene system. After 12 hours, total RNA was extracted with adding 500 ul of Trizol solution (Invitrogen) to the cell pellet spun down at 1,500 rpm for 3 min and rotating at 4° C. for 5 min.
RT-qPCR. was performed to check the transcription level after siRNA KD for eRNA and promoter RNA. Total RNA extract with Trizol (Invitrogen) was treated with DNaseI (Roche) for 30 min at 37° C. and further extracted with acidic phenol: chloroform and precipitated with salt, glycogen, and pure ethanol. The RNA was reverse-transcribed using ImProm-II™ (Promega) with 100 uM of oligo-dTs or random decamers. The resulting cDNA was incubated with 10 μg of RNaseH and RNase cocktail for 30 min at 37° C. and purified using the PCR purification kit (MACHEREY-NAGEL). 5˜10 ng of purified cDNA was quantified by using a FastStart Universal SYBR Green Mater Mix (Roche) on qPCR machine (Realplex2, Eppendorf in Germany). The inventor used GAPDH as the internal control. The primers of GAPDH for RT-qPCR are forward 5′-TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 647) and reverse 5′-GGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 648). To calculate the relative expression fold change (sample/control), he used the scrambled siRNA transfection as the negative control. The qPCR primers were designed against each siRNA-targeting region of eRNA and promoter and the sequences of primers were listed in Table S8 and Table S9.
Apoptosis assay. To evaluate the cell viability, the inventor performed Western-Blot with cleaved caspase-3 antibody (Cell Signaling technology, #9661) and Annexin-V apoptosis detection flow cytometry assay as described (Goodwin et al., 2017). Virus was infected at 36 hours after siRNA transfection as described in previous method section (targeting TNFSF10 eRNAs and IFNB1 eRNA, L2), and cells (300,000 per well) were harvested at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours after virus infection with cold PBS wash. For the negative control experiment, 5 uM of TIC10 (SML1068, Sigma-Aldrich) was treated for 48 hrs to activate the apoptosis pathway by inducing the level of TNFSF10 expression.
Western blot. In order to extract protein from each well, 40 ul of RIPA buffer with freshly made proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Roche) was added to cell pellet. 12% SDS gel was run for 1 hour with constant voltage (120V), followed by transfer to a membrane (Immun-Blot PVDF membrane sandwiches, BioRad) with constant 0.1 A for 45 min. The size of cleaved caspase-3 is 17-19 kDa. β-Actin (45 kDa) was used as an internal standard.
Flow cytometry. Cell death was measured using the PE Annexin-V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Cells were collected and stained with annexin-V and 7-AAD and analyzed by flow cytometry (SH800, Sony) and FlowJo software.
Data accession. Time-course GRO-seq and ChIP-seq data have been uploaded to the Array Express (world-wide-web at ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/) with the accession numbers E-MTAB-6047 and E-MTAB-6050, respectively.
All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this disclosure have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the disclosure. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/924,569, filed Oct. 22, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention was made with government support under Grant No. R21 AI107067 and Grant No. R01 CA140485 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country |
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| WO-2014187856 | Nov 2014 | WO |
| WO-2014197826 | Dec 2014 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210115450 A1 | Apr 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62924569 | Oct 2019 | US |
