Patent Grant
8493691
The present invention relates to tape drive systems, and more particularly, this invention relates to a tape drive system with at least partially constrained tape-head contact.
Business, science and entertainment applications depend upon computing systems to process and record data. In these applications, large volumes of data are often stored or transferred to nonvolatile storage media, such as magnetic discs, magnetic tape cartridges, optical disk cartridges, floppy diskettes, or floptical diskettes. Typically, magnetic tape is the most economical, convenient, and secure means of storing or archiving data.
Storage technology is continually pushed to increase storage capacity and storage reliability. Improvement in data storage densities in magnetic storage media, for example, has resulted from improved medium materials, improved error correction techniques and decreased areal bit sizes. The data capacity of half-inch magnetic tape, for example, is currently measured in hundreds of gigabytes.
The current method of wrapping the tape over the head during tape drive operation does not in general allow constraining the contact between head and tape. In addition, it is well known that wrapped configurations may produce considerable effects. For example, spacing loss due to gap recession and debris accumulations on the head negatively affects performance. These debris accumulations can sometimes cause shorting of critical head elements. As tapes get smoother, stiction and running friction may become concerns. Another difficulty can be tape shifting and dynamic skew. Solutions such as coating tape heads may address one issue such as preventing shorting due to tape debris, but may cause increased susceptibility to stiction. There are no known solutions that improve upon all of these concerns.
An example of the current method of wrapping the tape over the head during tape drive operation is shown in
Two common parameters are associated with heads of such design. One parameter includes the tape wrap angles αi, αo defined between the tape 108 and a plane 111 in which the upper surface of the tape bearing surface 109 resides. It should be noted that the tape wrap angles αi, αo includes an inner wrap angle αi which is often similar in degree to an external, or outer, wrap angle αo. The tape bearing surfaces 109 of the modules 104 are set at a predetermined angle from each other such that the desired inner wrap angle αi is achieved at the facing edges. Moreover, a tape bearing surface length 112 is defined as the distance (in the direction of tape travel) between edges of the tape bearing surface 109. The wrap angles αi, αo and tape bearing surface length 112 are often adjusted to deal with various operational aspects of heads such as that of
During use of the head of
To obtain this desirable effect, the wrap angle αo is carefully selected. An illustrative wrap angle is about 0.8°±0.2. Note, however, that any wrap angle greater than 0° results in tents 202 being formed in the tape 108 on opposite edges of the tape bearing surface 109. This effect is a function of tape stiffness and tension. For given geometrical wrap angles for example, stiffer tapes will have larger tents 202.
If the wrap angle αi, αo is too high, the tape 108 will tend to lift from the tape bearing surface 109 in spite of the vacuum. The larger the wrap angle, the larger the tent 202, and consequently the more air is allowed to enter between the tape bearing surface 109 and tape 108. Ultimately, the forces (atmospheric pressure) urging the tape 108 towards the tape bearing surface 109 are overcome and the tape 108 becomes detached from the tape bearing surface 109.
If the wrap angle αi, αo is too small, the tape tends to exhibit tape lifting 205, or curling, along the side edge of the tape bearing surface 109 as a result of air leaking in at the edges and tape mechanical effects. This effect is shown in
Additionally, the tape lifting 205 results in additional stress at points 206 which, in turn, may cause additional wear. Further augmenting such tape lifting 205 is the fact that the tape 108 naturally has upturned edges due to widespread use of technology applied in the video tape arts.
Beyond this relatively unconstrained head-tape contact, which is largely due to air skiving, the tape itself is unconstrained against lateral transient disturbances in the free span between tape guides where the head is located. These disturbances can produce mistracking between head and tape, and force, for example, cessation of the writing process.
Furthermore, other disturbances such as in tension can produce stick-slip conditions, mistracking and head-tape-spacing modulation.
A tape drive system according to one embodiment includes a support for engaging a tape, a tape engaging portion of the support having a rounded shape; and a head directly opposing the tape engaging portion of the support, the head being for performing at least one of reading from a tape and writing to a tape. Dining an operation period when the head is reading from or writing to a tape, the head is positioned such that at least one of the following occurs: the head does not contact the tape for a majority of the operation period; the head does not contact the tape for at least a portion of the operation period; and the head engages the tape for at least a portion of the operation period when the tape is lifted from the support by a cushion of air formed between the support and the tape, the head pressing the tape into the air cushion when engaging the tape.
A tape drive system according to another embodiment includes a support for engaging a tape, where the support includes a roller adapted for engaging a tape wrapped around at least a portion of an outer surface thereof, and where an outer surface of the roller has a material layer for increasing friction between the tape and the support.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Prior Art
Prior Art
Prior Art
The following description is the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each and any of the various possible combinations and permutations.
In the drawings, like and equivalent elements are numbered the same throughout the various figures.
The embodiments described below disclose new tape drive systems that exhibit more constrained tape-head contact than systems such as those described with reference to
One or more embodiments presented herein, or permutations thereof, reduce or address concerns associated with prior art systems such as those described with reference to
As noted above, a support may be present. As will be described in more detail below, a tape engaging portion of the support may have a rounded shape, e.g., such as a circular, arcuate, or a semi-cylindrical shape. For example, the support may include a roller or fixed surface adapted for engaging a tape wrapped around at least a portion of an outer surface thereof. Alternatively, the support may have a shape that is non-semicylindrical, e.g., such as having a nonuniform curvature, a shape conforming to a portion of a Cornu spiral, etc. Such shapes are believed to minimize tape-induced wear.
In one preferred embodiment, shown in
In use, the tape 306 is threaded around the support 304. Suitable threading mechanisms are known in the art, and may include or be a variant of the threading mechanisms such as those used in Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) machines or Linear Tape Open (LTO) machines. The head 314 and/or support 304 are adjusted such that the head 314 is positioned very close to or in contact with the tape 306. In preferred embodiments, the head 314 either flies above the tape on an air bearing, or has minimal contact with the tape.
The support 304 may be rotational. As the support 304 rotates, the backside of the tape 306 contacts the rotating outer surface 308 of the support 304 and the tape 306 is carried in front of or across the head 314.
As noted above, tape lateral motion and skew during reading or writing is undesirable. With continued reference to
In some cases, particularly with thinner tapes, texturing may translate through the tape and interfere with reading or writing. To address this possibility, in some embodiments, the support 304 may be porous and/or have apertures therein that allow air to bleed through the outer surface of the support into, e.g., a void into the support, vents to the atmosphere, etc. For example, the porous surface can be formed of spray on ceramic.
In other embodiments, channels may be formed in the support 304 to allow air to bleed out, much in the same way channels on automotive tires allow water to escape. The channels may be machined into the support, formed by laser scribing, etc. A preferred width of such channels is about 5 microns, but could be higher or lower. The depth of the channels should be sufficient to allow air to escape. In one embodiment, the depth of the channels is about the same as the width of the channels. However, the depth could be 2×, 3×, etc. the width, or less than the width.
Other embodiments may include some type of high friction material, such as a polymeric material, e.g., urethane, formed on the tape bearing surface of the support that acts to grip the tape. This also further reduces lateral translation of the tape.
The tape may also be pulled down to the surface of the transport through vacuum, increased tape tension, or other means.
Therefore, in addition to head/tape interface benefits, less tape disturbance and better servo positioning may result.
The back coat of the tape 306 may be intentionally textured to help it wind onto the takeup reel without excess air build up between wraps on the reel. This roughness also enhances the anchoring of the tape 306 to the support 304.
The support 304 may also allow an air bearing to be formed between the support 304 and the tape 306. In such case, the tape engaging portion can be considered to be that portion of the support 304 proximate the tape, though not necessarily touching the tape 306 during periods of operation. In one such embodiment, the support 304 has a smooth tape bearing surface 308, such that air is entrained between the tape 306 and support 304.
The support 304 may also be nonrotational. In that case, the tape 306 slides over the tape bearing surface 308 thereof. The tape bearing surface 308 may be smooth (e.g., to induce formation of an air cushion between the tape 306 and support 304) or for example have a series of small holes for forcing an air cushion between head and tape.
The head 314 may also be in contact with the tape 306. Preferably, the head/tape contact, and/or friction induced thereby, is minimal.
In this and other particularly preferred embodiments, the elements of the head should be positioned at the point of closest approach of the tape and head. In one embodiment, the head is positioned at design time to place the elements at the point of closest approach. This may be accomplished by pivoting and properly positioning the support for the head. In a particularly preferred approach, shown in
Also, the head 314 should move laterally across the tape 306 to allow movement from data track to data track. Such movement may be linear, enabled by allowing the head to move back and forth. For example, an actuation device 356 or system, e.g., worm gear, piezo actuator, etc., may be used to position the head 314 laterally. In another approach, such movement could also be arcuate, such as where the head supporting member pivots at an end opposite the point of attachment of the head.
Note that in embodiments where the head may engage the tape, it is preferred that the head disengage from the tape during at least some periods when no writing or no reading is performed, such as during rewind (to reduce head wear), after a predetermined period of activity (to further reduce the possibility of tape-head stiction), etc.
In nonrotational embodiments, to minimize wear, the support 304 may be constructed of a hard, wear resistant ceramic, such as AlTiC. Other suitable materials include hard metals such as stainless steel, etc.
In various embodiments, because the tape 306 is positioned between the head 314 and support 304, there is ample room for the head, cables, etc. in the drive housing.
The head 314 can have a flat tape bearing surface, rounded tape bearing surface, and combinations thereof.
The actuator 316 can be any type of actuator. For example, the actuator 316 may include a coarse actuator, a fine actuator, or both. The head/actuator assembly pivots down in the drawing to enable loading and unloading of the tape 306.
Any of the above embodiments or combinations of portions thereof can also be applied to any type of tape head and magnetic tape recording systems, both known and yet to be invented. For example, the teachings herein are easily adaptable to piggyback heads, which typically include opposing modules each having an array of readers and writers configured to provide read-while-write capability.
As shown, a tape supply reel 320 and a take-up reel 321 are provided to support a tape 306. These may form part of a removable cassette and are not necessarily part of the system. A guide assembly 302 guides the tape 306 across a preferably bidirectional tape head 314. Such tape head 314 is in turn coupled to a controller assembly 328 via a connector cable 330. The controller 328, in turn, performs head functions such as servo reading, data writing, data reading, etc. An actuator 316 controls data track positioning of the head 314 relative to the tape 306, and may operate under control of the controller.
A tape drive, such as that illustrated in
In other embodiments, the tape engaging portion may have a shape corresponding to a semicircle, irregular-radius semicircle, arc, a portion of a Cornu spiral, etc. The principles of operation of such systems are similar to those presented above.
In a further embodiment, the support has a planar tape engaging portion proximate the head. The principles of operation of such systems are similar to those presented above.
In a further embodiment, the support is a spool around which a tape is wrapped. Referring to
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/851,587 filed Sep. 7, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2644690 | Krag | Jul 1953 | A |
| 3585313 | Newell | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3592976 | McGinnis | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3688956 | Kjos | Sep 1972 | A |
| 4054929 | Levy | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4150773 | Fell et al. | Apr 1979 | A |
| 4789903 | Kamada et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4939715 | Vogelgesang et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4956737 | Brock | Sep 1990 | A |
| 5289331 | Eaton et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5585977 | Gooch | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5751527 | Sundaram et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5774306 | Wang et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5982592 | Saito et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6142403 | Gelardi et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6151191 | Muftu et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 7006329 | Johnson et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7050264 | Yip et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7054101 | Marion et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7339874 | Biskeborn | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 8243396 | Biskeborn et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 20060027694 | Johnson et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060032969 | Bloomquist et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20080253020 | Gierak et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090001207 | Tresso et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090067097 | Biskeborn et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20100035088 | Inoue | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100110585 | Takano et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20120154950 | Fasen et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Non-Final Office Action Summary from U.S. Appl. No. 11/851,587 dated Jun. 24, 2010. |
| Final Office Action Summary from U.S. Appl. No. 11/851,587 dated Feb. 24, 2011. |
| Non-Final Office Action Summary from U.S. Appl. No. 11/851,587 dated Jan. 17, 2012. |
| Notice of Allowance and Fee(s) Due from U.S. Appl. No. 11/851,587 dated Apr. 4, 2012. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120262818 A1 | Oct 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11851587 | Sep 2007 | US |
| Child | 13531404 | US |
