Patent Application
20240426795
The following disclosure relates generally to agricultural spray solutions, and more particularly, to techniques for determining active ingredient (AI) drift caused by application versus drift caused by AI volatility.
Agricultural spray solutions can include pesticides used to control insects, plant diseases, snails, slugs, or weeds among others, and herbicides to kill undesirable weeds/plants.
Application of agricultural spray solutions can result in drift that leads to deposition in non-targeted areas. Drift can occur based on, for example, wind speed during application or through volatility of the active ingredient (AI) after application. Volatility of the AI can occur after application based on the AI converting to a gas and moving off application site. Conditions giving rise to volatility can vary depending on environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, and some agricultural spray solutions are designed with so-called “low-volatility” or “no-volatility” formulations to minimize or reduce the potential for volatility during application in a wide-range of potential temperature and humidity conditions.
It is incumbent on manufacturers and applicators of such agricultural spray solutions to understand an agricultural spray solutions potential for volatility in order to avoid potential damage to areas surrounding an application site. There exists a need to be able to differentiate between drift of an AI caused by application versus drift subsequent application caused by volatility.
In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.
Discerning whether movement of AI is generated by spray drift during application or volatility post application remains a challenge, and existing approaches such as field studies are complex, time-consuming, and expensive.
Systems and methods of the present disclosure include the use of a tracer in agricultural spray solutions, and preferably a metal tracer, to determine if off-target drift of an AI is based on drift caused during application or volatility of AI after application.
System and methods of the present disclosure preferably utilize an agricultural spray solution, which may be also referred to herein as simply a spray solution, with a predetermined ratio of AI to metal tracer. This disclosure has recognized that metal tracers are not subject to evaporation and can be utilized to determine whether an AI was collected as a droplet or vapor.
Systems and methods of the present disclosure further preferably utilize an agricultural drift tunnel (AgDT) that can be configured to regulate one or more environmental conditions to simulate a particular field application scenario. Some such environmental conditions include wind speed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature. Accordingly, an AgDT consistent with the present disclosure can include one or more sprayers/booms for projecting a spray solution, a blower for generating air flow/wind within the AgDT and optionally temperature control devices such as HVAC equipment for temperature and humidity regulation. Further, an AgDT consistent with the present disclosure can include one or more sample locations for measurement of spray solution deposition. Preferably, a plurality of sample locations are disposed within the AgDT at predetermined distances relative to the sprayer/boom. However, it should be noted that aspects and features of the present disclosure do not necessarily require the use of an AgDT and can be conducted via field tests, for example.
One example measurement process for implementation by an AgDT consistent with the present disclosure begins with generating airflow within the AgDT at a first wind speed via a blower for a first period of time, with the first period of time also being referred to herein as an application stage. The first wind speed is preferably in a range of 5 to 15 miles per hour (MPH), and more preferably at 10±0.5 MPH. Preferably, the blower displaces air in a direction that extends substantially parallel with a longitudinal axis of the AgDT. A sprayer/boom within the AgDT projects an amount of spray solution with a predetermined ratio of AI and tracer into the AgDT during the application stage. The predetermined ratio of AI to tracer is preferably in the range of 2.0:1 to 2.5:1, although other ratios are within the scope of this disclosure. Preferably, the sprayer is aligned with the blower such that the sprayer projects the spray solution along a direction that extends substantially transverse relative to the direction of the wind generated by the blower.
At the end of the application stage, the sprayer stops projection of the spray solution. Also at the end of the application stage, one or more filters disposed at predetermined sample locations within the AgDT may then be sampled to determine a baseline measurement, with baseline measurement indicating the ratio of AI to tracer projected during the application stage. Some preferred methods for determining the baseline measurement include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to determine an amount of AI present in the one or more filters and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-MS) to determine an amount of tracer. Preferably, the baseline measurement is based on averaging measurements from a plurality of filters disposed at the predetermined sample locations within the AgDT, and/or a plurality of distances from the sprayer.
Following the application stage, the blower then preferably generates airflow within the AgDT at a second wind speed for a second period of time, which may also be referred to herein as a volatility measurement stage, a spray drift measurement stage, or simply a measurement stage. The second wind speed is preferably less than the first wind speed. One example second wind speed is in the range of 1 to 8 MPH, although other wind speeds during the volatility measurement stage are within the scope of this disclosure.
At the end of the volatility measurement stage, one or more collectors at the predetermined sample locations within the AgDT may then be sampled to determine a volatility measurement, with the volatility measurement indicating a ratio of the amount of AI present to tracer in the one or more collectors. In the event drift caused by volatility of the AI occurred, the ratio of AI to tracer will include a higher proportion of AI relative to the baseline measurement. For example, an applied spray solution having a predetermined ratio of 2:1 AI to tracer can result in a baseline measurement of substantially 2:1 (on average) of AI to tracer at the end of the application stage. Conversely, and for purposes of later discussion, the ratio may also be provided herein in reverse, e.g., tracer to AI. Thus, a ratio of AI to tracer that grows/increases relative to a baseline is indicative of AI volatility, and conversely, a ratio of tracer to AI that decreases relative to a baseline is indicative of AI volatility, and this disclosure may reference either ratio interchangeably.
In the event AI volatility occurs, the amount of tracer remains relatively constant while the amount of AI increases. For instance, one example is a ratio of 3:1 AI to tracer at the end of the volatility measurement stage. Accordingly, the increased amount/proportion of AI measured at the end of the volatility measurement stage relative to the baseline measurement can be attributed to AI volatility rather than drift. On the other hand, measurements where the ratio of AI to tracer remains relatively constant between the measurement and volatility stages can indicate a lack/absence of AI volatility.
Turning to the figures,
The housing 102 further preferably includes a blower 104 at the first end to receive air from the surrounding environment and introduce an airflow 105 within the housing 102 at a target/selected wind speed. The blower 104 is preferably configured to provide the airflow 105 along a path/direction that extends substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the housing 102. The first end of the housing 102 may also be referred to as an inlet end. In the preferred example of
The housing 102 further preferably includes a sprayer 110 disposed adjacent the first end of the housing 102. The sprayer 110 can be implemented as a boom sprayer or other sprayer device such as a drone-mounted sprayer, airblast orchard sprayer, backpack sprayers, electrostatic sprayers, or any other suitable device. The sprayer 110 further preferably includes a nozzle/outlet that is configured to project spray solution along a path 111 that extends substantially transverse with path/direction of the airflow 105.
The sprayer 110 is further fluidly coupled to a spray solution tank/reservoir (not shown). The spray solution tank can include a predetermined amount of spray solution for application within the housing 102, and preferably, a mix of the spray solution that includes a predetermined ratio of AI to tracer.
In one preferred example, the spray solution includes a predetermined ratio of AI to metal tracer. In this example, the ratio of AI to tracer is in a range of 2.0:1.0 to 3.0:1.0. The AI of the spray solution can comprise a herbicide such as 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dicamba). The Dicamba can be provided as a Diglycolamine salt or a Dimethylamine salt. The tracer preferably comprises a metal, and more preferably, a metal salt such as Cesium Chloride (CsCl). Other metal tracers such as sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), and Francium (Fr) are also within the scope of this disclosure for use as a tracer. In some embodiments, rarer metals (and/or rarer metal salts) are used (e.g., CsCl) to avoid detection of background metals (and/or salts that are more common, such as NaCl.
The housing 102 further preferably includes at least one sample location following the sprayer 110, and more preferably, a plurality of sample locations. As shown the example of
Continuing the previous example, each sample location of the plurality of sample locations 112A, 112B, 112C, . . . ,112n further preferably include at least one collector, which may also be referred to herein as sampler devices. The at least one collector is preferably implemented as a Polyurethane Foam (PUF) collector/sampler. The at least one collector further preferably fluidly couples to a vacuum pump (not shown) to generate suction at an orifice during the volatility measurement stage. In one preferred example, the vacuum pump generates suction in a range of 1.0 liters-per-minute (LPM) to 5.0 LPM, or at least 1.0 LPM. In one preferred example, the housing 102 includes a plurality of such collectors, with each collector of the plurality of collectors being disposed at a corresponding sample location. In this example, the vacuum pump is preferably fluidly coupled to each collector of the plurality of collectors and is configured to generate a substantially equal amount of suction at an orifice of each of the plurality of collectors.
In one preferred example, each sample location of the plurality of sample locations 112A, 112B, 112C, . . . ,112n within the housing 102 includes at least one filter disposed adjacent at least one collector. The at least one filter is preferably disposed at a predetermined distance from a ground surface within the housing 102. In one example, the at least one filter is disposed directly on the ground surface within the housing 102. The at least one filter is preferably also disposed at a second predetermined distance at least one adjacent collector. Preferably, the first predetermined distance between the ground surface and the at least one filter is less than the second predetermined distance between the at least one filter and the at least one adjacent collector. In one preferred example, the at least one filter is disposed below the at least one adjacent collector such that the at least one filter is disposed between the at least one adjacent collector and the ground surface within the housing 102. In this example, the vertical distance between the at least one filter and the at least one adjacent collector is at least 12 inches, although other vertical distances are within the scope of this disclosure.
Following the sample locations, the housing 102 further preferably includes a filter wall 114 disposed at the second end of the housing 102. The filter wall 114 can be configured to prevent spray solution from exiting the housing 102 while allowing a substantial portion of the airflow 105 to exit from the housing 102 unobstructed via the second end, which may also be referred to herein as an outlet end.
The following describes one example study conducted utilizing the AgDT 100. Overall, the spray drift versus volatility comparison determined during the study yielded favorable results and demonstrated the viability of the systems and methods disclosed herein relative to other approaches such as field studies. The technical objective for the study was to compare the spray drift and volatility from a boom application using a spray solution that contained an active ingredient and metal tracer. Spray boom application of formulations is a common method to apply products to field crops, and typically yields the potential for downwind drift both during and after application. As previously discussed, off-site movement of active ingredients have been a concern for agro-chemical registrants/companies, farmers, and the EPA. As new products enter the commercial market, costly field studies are required for drift associated with the application process and any volatility related drift post-application.
The study included employment of metal tracers to determine whether an AI is collected as a droplet or a vapor caused by AI volatility (which may also be referred to herein as volatile vapor), since the metal tracer does not evaporate, as discussed above. The AgDT 100 was utilized to provide a constant and uniform wind speed to simulate field applications.
In more detail, the approach utilized by the study to quantify and characterize the spray drift versus volatility uncertainty for a given sample was to apply a metal tracer to the tank mixture, which contains the AI. Cesium chloride (CsCl, Sigma-Aldrich®, 99.9% pure anhydrous, free flowing, ReagentPlus®) metal tracer was used in the study. Addition of cesium chloride can be used to determine whether the AI is collected as a droplet or a vapor, since the cesium chloride metal tracer in the formulation does not evaporate.
For this study, Dupont™ FeXapan™ herbicide plus VaporGrip™ was the baseline dicamba product which contains 42.8% Diglycolamine salt of dicamba 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid. The FeXapan™ had an application rate of 22 oz/Acre and was applied during an application stage with an overall spray volume of 15 gallons/Acre.
Two additional spray solutions were projected during the application stage that utilized Liberty® 280 SL herbicide (at an application rate of 32 oz/Acre) and Roundup PowerMax® herbicide (at an application rate of 32 oz/Acre) to increase the volatility of the dicamba.
Three total formulations, each containing 12.03 g of dicamba and 30.03 g of Cs+ ions (yielding a 2.5 Cs+ to dicamba ratio), were applied during the application stage using a traversing spray boom 110 containing six (6) nozzles. Each nozzle was spaced at 20″ along the length of the boom 110 and operated at 40 PSI during the application stage. The Teejet® XR11001 extended range flat spray nozzles and Turbo Teejet® TT11001 wide angle flat spray nozzles were selected for the application of the 3 formulations. The traversing mechanism was situated such that the direction of the application was perpendicular/transverse to the wind direction generated by the blower, e.g., blower 104. The boom traversed at 2 mph across the tunnel (1 pass), with the nozzles 2-feet above the floor, applying the tank mix to a layer of topsoil to mimic a field environment.
The AgDT 100 for this study was a 12×16×208 ft tunnel containing a 120,000-cfm blower to force ambient air through the tunnel. The 8-feet high by 15-feet wide inner working volume within the AgDT 100 along the 130-feet length permitted drift collection following the application stage.
During both the application stage and volatility measurement stage a uniform airflow was generated within the AgDT 100 and allowed for accurate determination of spray drift and volatility by maintaining a constant wind speed and direction. The wind speed during the application stage was set at ˜10 mph, while the wind speed was set to 5 mph during the volatility measurement stage.
Following the application stage, filter paper deposition was determined to have similar metal-to-AI ratios as the tank mixtures when averaged across all sample locations. Following the volatility measurement stage, the PUF samplers were sampled and found to have a ratio of AI to tracer that indicated higher levels of dicamba than could be attributed to spray drift, which indicated volatilized dicamba vapor was also collected. This study highlighted the ability to discern droplet drift from volatility based on as few as a single application and volatility measurement stage.
In more detail, filter papers were placed at a plurality of sample locations downwind from the boom 110, with each sample location (such as sample location 112A) being a predetermined distance downwind of the boom 110 for collection droplet deposition (e.g., 4, 8, 16, and 30.5 meters). The filter papers were configured for collection of spray droplets that drifted and deposited on a ground surface of the AgDT 100 during the application stage.
Polyurethane foam (PUF) samplers/collectors were placed above an adjacent filter paper to capture airborne droplets during application and volatized vapors post application during the volatility measurement stage. The PUF samplers were placed 1-foot above adjacent filter papers to capture aerosol and volatile vapor. Vacuum pumps generated flow through each PUF sampler using critical flow orifices to achieve a ˜1.8 lpm flow at each sample location.
Following the application stage, filter papers were collected for deposition quantification and removed from the AgDT 100 (e.g., after ceasing projection of the spray solution by the boom). The PUF samplers continued to sample over a period of 24 hours with the AgDT operating at a reduced 5 mph wind speed to promote the transfer of dicamba vapors from the application area to the downwind PUF samplers. Accordingly, the volatility measurement stage was 24 hours such that the PUF samplers were collected/sampled 24-hours post application of the AI.
Both filter papers and PUF samplers were analyzed for dicamba using LC-MS methodology and Cs+ ion content using ICP-MS techniques. Drift was determined for each of the three (3) formulations using both nozzles, for a total of six (6) test conditions (see the tables of
Overall, the spray drift to volatility comparison showed favorable results. Filter paper deposition illustrated the initial 2.5 metal-to-active ingredient ratio when averaged across all samples. The PUF samplers were averaged and found to have a ratio which indicated higher levels of dicamba than could be attributed to spray drift, indicating volatilized dicamba was also collected.
The outcome of this study, based on only single repetitions, highlighted the ability to discern droplet drift from volatility utilizing a metal tracer. Thus, an AgDT which features the use of a tracer within the spray solution achieves a relatively low-cost method and time saving solution that can accurately determine the presence of volatile vapor relative to drift during application without necessarily performing costly field studies.
FeXapan on its own should have the lowest volatility. The addition of PowerMax will increase volatility and the addition of Liberty should result in the highest volatility. The result generally follow those trends-but are influenced by the differing atmospheric conditions of each test.
Thus, the present disclosure provides a testing technique to determine if drift of semi-volatile pesticides is due to spray drift, volatility, or both. During an application, spray droplets can drift off target. Once applied to a field, the AI could volatilize and drift off target. It is generally difficult to determine if off-target damage was due to spray drift or volatility. The addition of a tracer, and preferably a metal tracer, to the tank mix provides a way to determine whether the detected AI on a sampler was from spray drift or volatility.
Thus, an empirical study of drift issues for a given application of an AI can be achieved in a wind tunnel in lieu of a large field study. The use of a tracer allows for the driftable AI to be quantified as being from spray drift or volatility. This can help users of spray solutions to tweak formulations to reduce volatility or to assist in better application guidelines to reduce spray drift.
Aspects of the present disclosure have recognized that by adding a tracer, and preferably a metal tracer, to the tank mix/spray solution, the off-target movement can be determined to be due to either spray drift or volatility. Since the metal tracer cannot evaporate, the ratio of metal-to-AI on downwind samplers can be used determine if drift via volatility has occurred. If the ratio is the same as the ratio in the tank mix, detected drift was likely due to spray drift. If there is no metal tracer in a given sample, detected drift was likely associated with volatility. In between those extremes means there is drift due to both spray drift and volatility collected on each sampler.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific examples have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the disclosure described herein. Accordingly, the disclosure is not limited except as by corresponding claims and the elements recited by those claims. In addition, while certain aspects of the disclosure may be presented in certain claim forms at certain times, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the disclosure in any available claim form. For example, while only some aspects of the disclosure may be recited as being embodied in a computer-readable medium at particular times, other aspects may likewise be so embodied.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63156311 | Mar 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17684537 | Mar 2022 | US |
| Child | 18822365 | US |
