Patent Application
20050284367
The present invention relates to the field of coating dies and, in particular, to a methodology for the design of heated coating dies which are capable of maintaining dimensional flatness of its coating lips at operating temperature under actual operating conditions.
A heated coating die is typically used to coat molten polymer containing materials, such as adhesives and other coatings (collectively “coatings”). These coatings are fed into the coating die, which distributes them across its width. Pressure forces the coating fluid through a feed gap formed in the die. The exiting point of the gap is referred to as the coating lips. In many coating applications, the lip faces form a film on the substrate at the lip faces. This film forming region is referred to as the coating bead. In order for the final coating to be uniform across the width of the coating lips (and thus the coating), the coating lips and substrate need to form an even gap (assuming the distribution within the die is uniform).
Lip face flatness measurements on commercially available heated coating dies indicate that the lip surfaces when heated are far from flat. Though the coating lips may be ground to better than 0.001″ when cold, the state of the die when heated can be bent several thousandths of an inch. This does not lend itself to a robust coating process. Three known methods of managing the bending state are:
(1) Attempt to bend the die in the opposite direction mechanically, typically by using adjustments associated with the die station.
(2) Machining the coating lips flat while the die is heated as part of the fabrication of the die.
(3) Pushing the coating lips and substrate into a soft rubber roller, then use feed gap adjustments to redistribute the coating fluid to counteract the uneven flow resistances across the lip.
Though all these methods are in use, none of them lead to a sufficiently controlled and robust process.
In the first method, the loss of precision in the die is transferred via mechanical forces to another device (i.e., die station), which then loses its precision. Additionally, internal stresses which cause the bending are not eliminated, but rather shifted. Finally, once coating starts, the bending state can change due to interaction of the die's heating system and the flow of coating fluid, making the initial adjustment ineffective.
The second method also develops problems. First, even if the die can be machined while heated, when the die is cold it will be bent in the opposite direction which creates uncertanties in its mounting to the die station. Additionally, once coating starts, the bending state may change leading to the machined surface no longer being flat. Further, there is uncertainty as to how flat a die can be machined while hot.
The third method is highly non-linear and can lead to long unstable start-ups of the production line. It can also lead to defects in the coating, which may not be discovered in a timely manner.
All three of these methods suffer from the difficulty in determining the initial hot gap between the coating lips and substrate. In a common methodology a light is shone through the gap between the lip face and substrate (or back-up roll), and the die is visually adjusted to be parallel. If the evenness of this gap changes significantly at start-up due to the interaction of the heating system and flow of coating fluid leading to a temperature redistribution within the die and thus the bending state changing, another uncertainty is thereby added to the process.
A need therefore exists for a robust, quick start-up coating process, which is stable before and during coating, and in which the bending state is controllable. The present invention provides a solution to meet such need.
In accordance with the present invention a method is provided for designing the die geometry, its heating system and temperature sensors location in such a way that the normal state of the coating lips is flat (whether hot or cold, whether coating or not). Further, in accordance with the present invention exemplary die apparatus implementing such design method is provided. Accordingly, non-precise methods of mechanically adjusting bending and uncertain machining methods become not needed and the confounding of the bending state with other variables affecting coat weight variation is eliminated.
In accordance with the present invention a coating die apparatus is provided which includes:
a die having a rear portion, a width and at least two coating lips at a front portion distal from the rear portion, the at least two coating lips spanning across the width and adapted to provide at least one coating gap between the at least two coating lips and a substrate upon which a fluid layer is applied onto the substrate from between the two coating lips and across the width; and
an integrated heating system coupled to the die to monitor and control temperature in such a way as to minimize temperature gradients both across the width (cross-width) and front to back and top to bottom (cross-section).
The integrated heating system can further include groups of cross-width heaters spaced within the die in back portion to front portion direction and/or front portion to back portion direction, across the width in zones. Each zone has a respective cross-width temperature sensor. Each cross-width temperature sensor is coupled to a respective cross-width temperature control system to regulate heat being applied by the respective cross-width heaters in the respective zone.
The integrated heating system can further include one or more cross-section heaters spaced within the die longitudinally across the width. Each cross-section heater has a respective cross-section temperature sensor. Each cross-section temperature sensor is coupled to a cross-section temperature control system to regulate the heat being applied by the respective cross-section heaters.
In accordance with the present invention, a thermally stable coating die may contain a heating system composed of cartridge heaters and temperature sensors for heating control, and is designed to maintain its dimensional flatness to within specified tolerances in Y-Z and X-Z planes by minimizing temperature gradients across the width in the X-Y plane and/or compensating where gradients are difficult to remove by creating counter-balanced temperature gradients. Flatness of the die may be purposefully altered by unbalancing the heating system in a controlled manner. Heater and temperature sensor placement are optimally determined using finite element modeling and/or measurement and/or other methodology to calculate and/or determine temperatures and/or temperature-distribution and/or the resulting thermal distortions in the die and utilizing an optimization procedure. Heat flux, stress, or strain measurement techniques or sensors, as well as statistical analysis can be utilized.
The heated (or unheated) die to which the present invention can be applied consists normally of 2 to 3 sections. In the case of two sections, a single feed gap is created, producing a single layer coating. In the case of a three section die, two feed gaps are created producing a two layered coating. Those skilled in the art can appreciate that potentially multiple layers could be added.
The geometry of the die, the heater placement and temperature sensor placement are optimized in such a way that upon heating, the intrinsic state of the die results in the lip faces being flat relative to the substrate. This is accomplished by first simplifying the die geometry, removing unneeded material (usually steel) which leads to hot/cold spots. Next, the geometry of the die is designed in such a way that all portions of the die which remain are amenable to being heated and/or insulated from heat loss and temperature monitored. Next, heaters are placed in such a manner as to allow uniform heating of the entire die. Next, temperature sensors are placed in locations which accurately indicate the temperature state of the heater zones which they monitor. All the above may be verified and optimized by calculation using a numerical heat transfer model. The thermal deformation can be estimated by mapping the temperature results onto a numerical structural model. The thermal and structural models are run to account for process variations—fluid flowing through the die, no fluid flowing, etc. Once all the parameters (die geometry, heater placement, temperature sensor placement) are optimized and a design has been developed iteratively, the die is fabricated. Note that in addition to the thermal and structural requirements any changes to die geometry need to occur within a design window which leads to a die which is still functional to its intended purpose (i.e., coating a fluid onto a substrate). After fabrication and verification of flat lip faces when the die is cold, the die is heated and flatness of the lip faces are measured hot. Small changes to temperature setpoints are made to adjust the heating system to bring the die flat. These set point offsets may be verified in the die station, and adjusted if needed. The temperature sensors and control system used which can provide the smallest measurable/controllable increment of temperature results in a correspondingly minimum change in bending state.
This invention can also be applied to normally unheated coating dies by locally heating/cooling to control the bending state. Additionally, those skilled in the art can appreciate that the practice of the present invention can be applied to other die types, i.e., extrusion dies, curtain dies, etc.
a shows in simplified form a commonly known single layer coating operation.
b depicts various planes associated with the implementation of the present invention.
a and 2b show respectively in simplified form both a single layer and dual layer coating operation.
a-11e show in representative X-Y plane cross-section various die apparatus embodiments in accordance with the present invention.
a and 15b show in simplified schematic cross-section view a portion of a die apparatus embodiment in accordance with the present invention in conjunction with still further attachments affecting overall temperature of the die.
Referring to
Referring now to
Not all dies need to be compensated. Dies which are long and thin in at least one dimension will have a tendency to bend in the long planes. Defining a die by its width (or Z-dimension distance 10 in
If properly designed and adjusted, the die will distribute the liquid evenly and uniformly out of the exit formed by the coating lips in a thin layer. The present invention does not focus on the internal distribution of the fluid in the die. Typically, the die can be adjusted radially to move toward or away from the substrate (in the X direction), thus determining the gap between the coating lips and the substrate, also referred to as the “coating gap.” For a given coating thickness, the flow parameters of the liquid can be determined, including the flow rate. Once these parameters are determined and the die is “set” in the coating machine, the coating gap would typically be adjusted during operation. However, because of the extremely thin layers being coated, any such adjustments usually inject a certain degree of imprecision into the process. There are also physical limitations on the accuracy of the die itself. For example, it is very difficult to hold extremely small tolerances on the lip geometries of the die, especially over the width of the slot which may vary between a few and a hundred or more inches.
Referring now to both
Die 20 is modular in that it can be assembled from a number of individual elements and then set in the coater machine (i.e., a die station, not shown) as a mountable device. Each die element may include fluid manifold 19 and a more distal die section 21. The most distal portion of the die section is referred to as coating lips 29, described and illustrated in more detail in connection with
Die 20 can be moved radially into or away from the back-up roll 26 in order to adjust coating gap 30, which is defined as the distance between coating lips 29 and substrate 22. The elements of die 20 are separated from each other slightly by a slot or feed gap 32 which allows the coating material, i.e., fluid 23, to flow from fluid manifold 19 through feed gap 32 onto moving substrate 22.
Referring to
Coating gap 30 is shown as dimension A in
Referring to
The coating gap between the lip face and the substrate becomes critical in providing a uniform layer onto the substrate. Because of the nature of the material of the die, e.g., steel and its operational temperature state, heating a die above atmosphere temperature, unless compensated, will cause non-uniform distortion of a steel die to occur and the coating gap to become uneven over the die and substrate widths.
Heat distribution during a coating operation utilizing a known geometrical shape die can be thermally modeled. Referring briefly to
Therefore, a key issue addressed by the present invention is how flat and parallel the lip face is to the substrate across width in the X-Z and Y-Z planes during die operation. Typical single layer dies can provide for one of the pair of coating lips to be a fixed lip section and the other one of the pair of coating lips to be a flexible lip section. The flexible lip section can be mechanically adjusted to provide some assistance to help compensate for small magnitudes of feed gap unevenness. Heat distribution of an assembly of such a fixed/flex die will be such that the fixed and flexible lip portions may distort in different directions with respect to the substrate. This may also occur in a fixed/fixed die. Also, when coating starts, the die begins to be heated differently because the fluid begins to interact with the heating system. This can cause a change in bending state.
By simulating heat addition and loss in the correct amounts in the correct places to the thermal modeled die to remove the temperature gradients, the structural model will verify a thermally corrected die prior to die manufacture which provides a good approximation of a die with a uniform coating gap.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring now to
The temperature map is then mapped onto a structural model (110). The structural model is then solved to determine the deformation (112). The results are then analyzed (114) to determine if the design is acceptable.
Referring now to
Referring to
To develop the appropriate heat distribution to meet die design objectives, temperatures in a number of representative cross-sections of the die are examined. Referring now to
Referring to
Referring now to
The heating system for the die is typically composed of heat sources (electrical resistance heaters, oil, steam, or other types of heating and cooling sources), temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, or other types of temperature sensors), and thermal insulation and isolation materials, electrical interconnection hardware (if electrical heat is used and for sensors signals), fluid distribution devices (if oil, steam or other fluids are used), etc. The heating system is developed concurrently with the die geometry to gain maximum benefit from both.
As an example, the operating criteria for a Tool Steel die (such as AISI P-20 Tool Steel) and its heating system can include:
(1) To operate in a manner which maintains the X-Z bending flatness of the die lips to less than 0.001″ flatness deviation, preferably less than 0.0005″ deviation. This is as measured with a mechanical or optical gage on a precision granite table.
(2) To operate in such a manner which maintains the Y-Z flatness of the lip faces to less than 0.004″ flatness deviation, preferably to less than 0.002′ deviation. This is as measured with a mechanical or optical gage on a precision granite table.
(3) To not change the magnitude of lip flatness deviation in the X-Z or Y-Z planes more than 0.001″ when coating commences, preferably less than 0.0004″. This is as demonstrated by finite element modeling or other means.
(4) To allow controlled bending of the die at least in the X-Z plane. Bending shall be 0.0005″-0.003″ per 1° F. offset between rear and front of the die (starting from the flat state of point 1) in the X-Z plane for the unconstrained die of the approximate configuration described here. This is as measured with a mechanical or optical gage on a precision granite table.
(5) To maintain cross-width temperature deviation in the slot of less than 15° F., preferably less than 8° F., with the adhesive temperature at or near the nominal temperature of the die. This is as determined by finite element modeling, and verified with surface temperature measurements at or near the lip faces.
The operating criteria for a tool steel die in the preceding paragraphs are applicable to a die with a width to X-dimension distance ratio up to 11 or a width to Y-dimension distance ratio up to 14 and a steady state operating temperature of up to 200° C. In all cases, any width to X-dimension distance ratio and/or width to Y-dimension ratio greater than 2.5 and steady state operating temperatures greater than 200° C. are also possible, but the achievable requirements may change. Other die configurations can be designed, but achievable requirements may change. Other materials may be considered, but the achievable requirements may change based upon the thermal and physical properties of the material. Other means of determining flatness may be used, including strain gages, or other stress/strain measurement techniques. All of these changes can be considered within the methodology outlined.
The die heating system heaters described herein are classified as “cross-sectional”, “cross-width”, or both. Cross-sectional heaters are those heaters which have a substantial effect on the X-Z and Y-Z flatness or bending. Cross-width heaters are those heaters which are have a substantial effect on the temperature distribution across the width of the die (Z-direction). Heaters can be both cross-sectional and cross-width. Heater refers to any active heat (or cooling) source. These are collectively referred to as active heat transfer means.
X-Z flatness is the most critical, since it directly translates into the thickness of the coating. Y-Z flatness is less critical as long as the substrate is close to flat relative to the size of the feed gap (i.e., coating on a large diameter roll, i.e. 16″ with a small feed gap, i.e., 0.020″ is an approximately flat surface). Normally, the die is optimized for X-Z plane bending, then checked in the Y-Z plane for acceptability; though the Y - Z plane bending state is explicitly optimized in the design methodology. Cross-width temperature variability is critical to the rheology of the fluid, but with respect to the present invention, it is considered mainly in relation to its interaction with the cross-sectional portion of the heating system.
In order to maintain bending flatness in the X-Z plane, heaters are inserted into cavities in the front end 305 and/or rear end 307 of the die. Heaters that heat the front and rear of the die are deemed front cross-sectional heaters and rear cross-sectional heaters, though in some instances they may also function as cross-width heaters. The two heaters 302, 304 are front heaters, each being a single heater running longitudinally through the width of the die. These heaters each typically have a single associated temperature sensor for feed back to regulate their power. These heaters could be made cross-width by placing separately controlled zones within them, or by replacing the single heater with multiple small individual heaters grouped into multiple zones, and in either case, adding a temperature sensor and control loop for each zone.
Heater 306 and optional heater 308 are rear cross-sectional heaters. They are analogous to front heaters 302, 304 and also run longitudinally through the width of the die.
Heater groups 310, 312 are a plurality of individual heaters grouped into separate cross-width die zones 314, 316, 318, 320, 322 and may be inserted into cavities into the front and/or rear of the die. In the depicted embodiment of
In the case of the cross-width heaters for this simplified example, the zoning is such that there are independently controlled zones 314, 322 for the ends (to minimize end losses), independently controlled zone 318 for the center (to accommodate fluctuating fluid inlet temperatures, and independently controlled main heater zones 316, 320 (between ends and center). In one embodiment, die top half 324, while structurally attached, is zoned independent of die bottom half 326 for more cross-sectional (Y-Z) flatness control.
Simplified
a illustrates a die which has two front longitudinal heaters 302, 304, one rear longitudinal heater 306, and cross-width heaters 310, 312 which are also cross-sectional heaters (rear heating).
All the dies illustrated in
Referring now to
Each zone has a zone temperature sensor associated with the heaters (both cross-width heaters and cross-sectional heaters) in the particular zone. The sensor sends sensed temperature data to a proportional integral derivative (PID) temperature controller which compares the sensed temperature data with a temperature set point. If the comparison shows that the sensed temperature is below the temperature set point, the PID controller will signal the heaters to increase power. If the comparison shows that the sensed temperature is greater than the temperature set point, the PID controller will signal the heaters to decrease power. Accordingly, these zone temperature sensors are used in effect to control the die cross-width temperature. Each zone temperature sensor is located in the die in a centralized proximity to the heaters to be controlled in its zone.
Referring again to
(1) the sensing tip of all temperature sensors (all zones) are within 1° F., preferably less than 0.2° F. of the nominal die temperature, which is within 10° F., and preferably 2° F. of the entering fluid temperature. Condition (1) is met when fluid is not flowing through the die (for visually setting the coating gap, measuring flatness, etc.). Condition (1) is met while fluid within 2° F., and up to 10° F. of the nominal die temperature is flowing through the die at up to maximum flow rate.
(2) local temperature gradients in the region of the sensing tip, where possible, are less than 5° F. per inch, and preferably less than 1° F. per inch.
The location of heaters and sensors within a specific die geometry are such that these requirements are met while meeting the previously-mentioned requirements (1)-(5), possibly after small temperature offsets are determined by measurement. Sensor 400 reads the die temperature 406 at its location and provides the sensed temperature data to temperature controller 404 which has a predetermined desired zone temperature set point 408. Temperature controller 404 performs a comparison between the measured die temperature and the set point temperature and sends temperature differential control signal 420 to heater control 422, such as a relay mechanism which allows current to flow to respective resistive heaters. When the sensed die temperature and set point temperature are the same current flow to the heaters remains constant.
In addition there can be front top, front bottom, rear top and rear bottom temperatures sensors meeting the above-criteria. These sensors are used to control the die cross-section temperature. These sensors would be located in the die in a centralized proximity to the cross-section heaters in the respective front-top, front bottom, rear top and rear bottom longitudinal cross-section heaters.
Referring now to
Each of the sensors, whether sensors for cross-section heaters or cross-width heaters are also located also that cross-talk from other sensed areas is minimized, whether associated with other cross-section heating areas or other cross-width heating zones.
Each of the respective heating and control systems for both the cross-width and the cross-section heaters will then cycle their respective system feedbacks such that all the sensors across the entire die are at the same temperature. Once heater and sensor locations are properly chosen for a given die geometry with all expected attachments and heat losses, and all the die areas are at the same temperature, the die can be deemed flat for the stipulated operating conditions.
Referring now to
However, it should be understood that the present top and bottom die combination may be thermally isolated from any such die station housing adjacent to the die. As such, the present inventive method and apparatus is directed to an integrated main heating system for the heated die and is not concerned primarily with the heat loss associated with the die station housing. Preferably, any heating of the fluid to bring it to its proper temperature for application on the substrate is done separately from the heaters of the present invention as much as possible. Needless to say, the heat convected by the heated fluid as it passes through the die from fluid inlet and out through the coating lips will effect the overall die temperature distribution.
Referring now to
The front cross-section heaters generally provide 20% -60% of the total applied heating power of the die, depending on actual heater placement and sensor locations. In the exemplary configuration, they tend to run 25% -45%. This is based on actual power output of the temperature controllers. Rear heaters (plus any optional small auxiliary heaters) run most of the balance (including cross-width heaters). Front and rear longitudinal heaters generally are located such that their centers are less than 1.5″ from the outside surface closest to them. Cross-width heaters generally start from the rear of the die and extend towards the front 3-6″.
These configurations are the exemplary embodiments since most of the various items attached to the die tend to be attached at the rear, leading to more heat loss variation there. End heaters can be placed such that they heat the entire end.
In the exemplary embodiments, wire wound platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) pre-screened for an accuracy of better than +/−1° F., or preferably better than 0.4° F. at a target temperature (i.e., 346° F.) are used. In this case, replacement will not significantly effect the bending state of the die. Also, drift of wire wound platinum RTD's are known to be very small over time. High accuracy PID temperature controllers could include, but not be limited to Syscon RKC SR Mini HG System.
A further exemplary implementation could be as follows:
(1) Operate the front heaters such that they (and thus the slot and manifold) are at nominal temperature. The coating will enter the die at or near this nominal temperature.
(2) In actual measurements of flatness after the die is manufactured, if any offsets to set points for cross-sectional zones in the heating system (due to uncertainties in the finite element modeling which led to heater and sensor locations) are needed to bring the die to within the measured flatness specification, make them at the rear of the die if possible. This is so: (a) the temperatures of the slot and manifold, which are dominated by the front heaters, will stay at the temperature of the adhesive and thus corrections to bending will have minimal effect on the rheology of the fluid; and (b) Since the fluid typically enters at the center of the rear of the die, the heat transfer to a higher or lower temperature will be minimal since the thermal conductivity of materials coated in these dies is typically very low, and the distance from the metal wall to center of the tube is typically significant; conversely in the front of the die, the fluid is spread to a thin film (typically less than 0.060″) with a large heat transfer area, thus heat transfer rates are much higher.
(3) These offsets may be necessary because: (a) the thermal and structural finite element models have uncertainties in them. This can lead to uncertainty in the cross-sectional and/or cross-width temperature distribution. Coupling this with using a single temperature sensor to establish a temperature for a single zone (i.e., the rear zone), can lead to a shift in actual temperature measured at the sensor from what was originally predicted. It has been demonstrated that once the shift is corrected, the die is stable. (b) Attachments to the die, such as metallic wire cages (to house heater and/or sensor wires) can interact with the die and each-other in complex ways, often difficult to model correctly (especially in terms of radiation heat transfer and airflow modification), adding to uncertainty in local temperature distributions near the attachment points. (c) Depending on how the die is machined and stress relieved, direction-preferential stresses may exist which are not easily accounted for by finite element modeling. The offset between the maximum and minimum cross-section heating zone setpoints should not exceed 10° C., and preferably should not exceed 4° C.
(4) Insulate the die as much as possible from attachments and isolate it from any external mounting structure to minimize the existence of local hot or cold spots, which complicate the ability to accurately predict temperature distributions, leading to uncertainties in choosing heater and sensor locations. Also, consider insulating large surfaces to minimize heat loss by convection to air, and reduce radiation heat losses; thus reducing temperature gradients near these surfaces. Where possible, place an insulating layer between die surfaces and any metal attachment. Where the die is mounted to its support structure, use structural insulating materials to isolate the die from heat loss to the mounting structure. Use of insulation on large surfaces can be helpful in minimizing sensitivity to environmental conditions. Use some type of shield to the front bottom (and optionally top) of the die to deflect high velocity air carried by the substrate from cooling the front of the die.
Those skilled in the art can appreciate that alternative embodiments to those described and shown in the figures can fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, referring back to
The present application is a divisional application of, and claims priority to and the benefit of, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/449,308 filed May 30, 2003.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10449308 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11208287 | Aug 2005 | US |
