THURICIN CD, AN ANTIMICROBIAL FOR SPECIFICALLY TARGETING CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

Abstract

The present invention relates to a new bacteriocin, to microbial strains which can produce it and to uses of the bacteriocin and the strains. The bacteriocin is effective against Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes amongst other organisms.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a microbial strain, which produces a bacteriocin having a narrow spectrum of inhibition but being effective, particularly against C. difficile and Listeria monocytogenes and to the bacteriocin produced by the strain.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

With the upsurge in antibiotic resistance among pathogens and the increase in hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and C. difficile there is a renewed urgency in discovering novel antimicrobial compounds to combat these diseases. First described in 1935, C. difficile was not recognised as the causative agent of nosocomial diarrhoea until the 1970s (George et al., 1978; Hall & O'Toole, 1935). However, Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD) is the now most common hospital acquired diarrhoea and is a major problem of gastroenteritis infection and antibiotic associated diarrhoea in nursing homes and care facilities for the elderly. Indeed, the health protection agency in UK reported 32,189 cases of CDAD for the first 6 months of 2007 in UK—(http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topies_az/hai/tablesforwebsite/Cdiff_Quarterly_Nov_—2007.xls). The main predisposing factor for the acquisition of CDAD is antibiotic therapy. In the 1970s the administration of clindamycin followed by ampicillin and amoxicillin were implicated as the inducing agents of CDAD; these were replaced by cephalosporins in the 1980s and more recently by flouroquinolones (Aronsson et al., 1985; Bartlett, 2006; Winstrom et al., 2001). There is also the added problem of the hyper-virulent strain of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027, the incidence of which is increasing in US, Canada and Europe (Bartlett, 2006). Antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, now designated as bacteriocins, first came to prominence ˜80 years ago with the discovery by Rogers & Whittier (1928) of nisin by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis which demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and other Gram positive organisms. While the bacteriocins produced by LAB are the most widely studied and tend in the main to have a broad spectrum of activity, antimicrobial compounds are produced by many other bacterial species including Gram positive organisms Bacillus (Ahern et al., 2003; Bizani et al., 2005; Cherif et al., 2003; Cherif et al., 2001; Seibi et al. 2007, Teo & Tan, 2005); Clostridium (Kemperman et al., 2003), Gram negative organisms E. coli (Trautner et al., 2005), Shigella (Padilla et al., 2006).

Work carried out previously on various strains of B. thuringiensis have yielded a variety of bacteriocins (Ahern et al. 2003, Chehimi et al. 2007, Cherif et al. 2001, Favret and Yousten 1989, Gray et al. 2006a, Gray et al. 2006b,) demonstrating bactericidal properties against B. thuringiensis strains, B. cereus strains, and Listeria monocytogenes strains. However, these bacteriocins do not exhibit two-component activity.

Previous work by Yudina et al. describes proteins of parasporal crystals (Cry proteins) from entomopathogenic bacterium B. thuringiensis (subsp. Kurstaki, galleriae, tenebriois) as well as some fragments thereof, obtained by limited proteolysis which are capable of antimicrobial action against anaerobic bacteria and C. butyricum, C. acetobutylicum and Methanosarcina barkeri. U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,299 describes antimicrobial heat-stable compounds isolated from a novel strain of B. subtilis (deposited 8.5.05) isolated from the GIT of poultry, which are effective against C. perfringens, C. difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, and S. pneumoniae. U.S. Pat. No. 7,144,858 describes the synthesis of new antibiotic compounds for use against Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus (including B. thuringiensis), Clostridium (including C. difficile), Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, and Staphylococcus. US Application 20080213430 describes the artificial synthesis and recombinant expression of antibacterial peptides against bacteria such as B. subtilis, C. difficile, E. coli, Staphylococcus, and the like. However, these peptides have a broad spectrum of inhibition against a wide range of Gram positive organisms. Previous work using the naturally occurring lantibiotics lacticin and nisin have shown that these microbially derived peptides are effective in killing C. difficile at concentrations that compare well with commonly used antibiotics such as vancomycin and metronidazole (Bartoloni et al., 2004; Rea et al., 2007).

However, these lantibiotics have a broad spectrum of inhibition against a wide range of Gram positive organisms including those which would be considered beneficial to human gut health such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Indeed, previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated that lacticin 3147 negatively affects the levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in faecal fermentation (Rea et al., 2007). The aim of this study was therefore to isolate bacteria which produce narrow spectrum antimicrobial compounds which target C. difficile. To this end spore forming bacteria in the human gut were targeted; this would not be an obvious source of antimicrobials against C. difficile.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to provide an agent effective against L. monocytogenes and C. difficile but not against organisms considered beneficial to human or animal health. A further object is to provide compositions comprising such an agent, which can be used as disinfectants or antiseptics, as probiotic components in foodstuffs or as pharmaceutical compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is provided a bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis 6431 as deposited with the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria under the Accession No. 41490 and strains which are substantially similar thereto, also encoding a bacteriocin effective against Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium difficile, but not against Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. The strain was deposited on 9 Jul. 2007.

Suitably the strain produces a bacteriocin which is not effective against Gram positive flora of the gastro-intestinal tract.

The invention also provides a bacteriocin effective against Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium difficile, produced by this bacterial strain.

In a still further aspect the invention provides a bacteriocin designated Thuricin CD comprising 2 peptides, Trn-α and Trn-β, Trn-α having a molecular mass of about 2763 and Trn-β having a molecular mass of about 2861. The bacteriocin is heat-stable up to about 85° Centigrade, with a reduction of activity at about 90° Centigrade and a loss of activity at about 100° Centigrade after 15 minutes' incubation. By heat-stable we mean that the bacteriocin is not readily subject to destruction or alteration by heat. Thuricin CD has the ability to inhibit Clostricium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes. Thuricin CD is active in the pH range 2-10.

Suitably, the bacteriocin is not effective against Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. The bacteriocin may not be effective against Gram positive organisms found in the gastro-intestinal tract. Suitably the bacteriocin is also effective against Bacillus cereus, other Bacillus thuringiensis strains, Clostridium perfringens, B. mycoides, and B. firmus, Clostridium difficile ribotype 027, C. tyrobutyricum, C. lithuseburense and C. indolis. By not effective we mean that the bacteriocin does not affect the viability of these organisms.

The bacteriocin may have a bacteriocidal effect against C. difficile of approximately 5×10⁶ CFU of C. difficile per ml. being killed within 60 minutes and 180 minutes when thuricin CD is present at a concentration of 5 μM and 200 AU/ml respectively.

The bacteriocin is effective at nanomolecular concentrations.

The bacteriocin has been shown not to effect the viability of the probiotic strains Lactobacillus casei 338 or Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12.

The bacteriocin may have an inhibition spectrum as shown in Table 2.

Preferably the bacteriocin is one in which the component thuricin Trn-α has an N-terminal amino acid sequence GNAACVIGCIGSCVISEGIGSLVGTAFTLG and thuricin CD component Trn-β has the N-terminal amino acid sequence GWVAVVGACGTVCLASGGVGTEFAAASYFL. Preferably, the bacteriocin is one in which the Trn-α and Trn-β components have the amino-acid sequences as shown in FIG. 3, with or without the leader peptide sequence, or sequences which are substantially similar thereto and which also exhibit bacteriocin activity.

In a still further aspect the invention provides a host cell comprising the Thuricin CD component Trn-α encoding gene or the Trn-β encoding gene. The host cell may also comprise the thuricin CD component Trn-α and Trn-β-encoding gene. Preferably, the genes have the nucleic acid sequences as shown in FIG. 3, or sequences which are substantially similar thereto and which also encode bacteriocin activity.

By “substantially similar” is meant sequences which because of degeneracy of the genetic code, substitution of one amino-acid for another, or changes in regions of the amino-acid sequence which are not critical to bacteriocin activity, still result in a bacteriocin molecule having the properties defined herein.

The invention also provides Thuricin CD component Trn-α, and Thuricin CD component Trn-β.

Also provided is a disinfectant composition comprising the bacterial strain, a host cell, a bacteriocin or a Thuricin CD component Trn-α or Trn-β as defined above.

The invention provides a probiotic culture comprising vegetative cells or spores of a strain or a host cell as defined above. The strain or cell may be inactivated so that the strain is no longer viable.

Also provided is a sporicidal composition comprising the bacterial strain, a host cell, a bacteriocin or a Thuricin CD component Trn-α or Trn-β as defined above.

Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the bacterial strain, a host cell, a bacteriocin or a Thuricin CD component Trn-α or Trn-β as defined above, together with pharmaceutically effective carriers or excipeients. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as an enema preparation, as an encapsulated peptide with targeted delivery to the colon, as an encapsulated probiotic for targeted delivery to the colon, as an animal or veterinary preparation for use or as a probiotic or purified peptide.

The Trn-α and/or Trn-β peptide may be used without the presence of a live organism as food ingredient for control of L. monocytogenes in food. The invention also finds use in the control of C. perfringens in poultry.

The disinfectant, pharmaceutical, sporicidal, food, or other compositions may be formulated together with appropriate carriers or excipients.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Inhibition of C. difficile ATCC 43593 by cell free supernatant of B. thuringiensis DPC 6431(A), and demonstration of its proteinaceous nature through the effect of Proteinase K (B).

FIG. 2. RP-HPLC chromatogram of thuricin 6431 showing separation of P 1 and Trn-β (A); MALDI-TOF MS chromatograph Trn-α (B) and Trn-β (C) showing molecular mass and WDA of both peptides showing the effect of equimolar concentrations of peptides over a range of concentrations (D).

FIG. 3 The orientation of the genes encoding the thuricin peptides Trn-α and Trn-β.

FIG. 4 Concentration of thuricin CD Trn-α and Trn-β required to inhibit growth of C. difficile ATCC 43493 by 50%.

FIG. 5 The effect of Thuricin CD (200 AU/ml) on the growth of C. difficile R027, L. monocytogenes, L. paracasei 338 and B. lactis Bb12 at 37 C. ( Control; ◯+200 AU/ml thuricin).

FIG. 6 The effect of 500 μg/ml thuricin CD on the growth of C. difficile ribotype 001 in a model faecal fermentation when added at 0, 8 and 16 h (A). Activity of thuricin CD during the course of the fermenatation (B). Detection by RP-HPLC of thuricin peptides Trn-α and Trn-β at 0 h (black line) and after 4 h fermentation in the model faecal environment (C).

FIG. 7 Stability of thuricin CD in simulated gastric juice (A) after 2 h, simulated ileal juice (B) after 5 h, simulated colon juice (C) after 9 h, porcine gastric juice (D) after 2 h and porcine ileal juice (E) after 5 h incubation at 37° C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Bacterial Strains Used

C. difficile ATCC 42639 was used as target strain for Well Diffusion Assays (WDA). C. difficile R027 NAP1 was used for bacteriocin sensitivities in time kill studies. A full list of target organisms and their sources which were used for determination of the spectrum of inhibition of the bacteriocin producing cultures is outlined, together with the media and growth conditions in Table 1. B. cereus NCIMB 700577 and B. thuringiensis NCIMB 701157 were used as positive controls for the PCR reaction using gyrB primers.

Isolation of Bacteriocin Producing Cultures.

Faecal samples from both diseased and healthy individuals were received in the laboratory and frozen at −80° C. On the day of analysis samples were thawed at room temperature and mixed with equal volumes of ethanol, and allowed to stand at room temperature for ˜30 min. Samples were subsequently serially diluted in anaerobic diluent, 100 μl spread on the surface of Wilkens Chargrin Anaerobic Agar (WCAA) and grown for 5 days at 37° C. in an anaerobic chamber. Colonies which developed were overlaid with ˜10 ml of Reinforced Clostridium Agar (RCA) inoculated at 1.25% with a log phase culture of Clostridium difficile ATCC 43593. The plates were incubated for a further 18 h and inspected for zones of inhibition of the overlaid culture. Colonies showing a clear zone of inhibition were sub-cultured onto fresh WCAA having first removed the agar overlay using a sterile scalpel. Approximately 30,000 colonies were screened and one colony showing potent antimicrobial activity against the overlaid C. difficile strain was purified and stocked at −80° C. on Microbank Beads and designated as DPC6431 and the inhibitory substance produced was designated thuricin CD.

Genotypic Characterisation

16S rDNA Sequencing of DPC 6431

Genomic DNA was isolated from overnight broth cultures of B. thuringiensis DPC 6431 and amplified by PCR as described by (Simpson et al., 2003). Comparisons of the 16S rDNA sequences were obtained using the BLAST programme that allowed the assignment of a strain to a particular species.

Identification to Species Level Using gyrB Primers

Species-specific oligonucleotide primers for the gyrB gene for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis were purchased from MWG with sequences as described by Yamada et al., (1999). PCR products were analysed on 1.5% agarose gel with 100 by ladder as molecular marker and visualised using an Alphalmager 3400. B. cereus NCIMB 700577 and B. thuringiensis NCIMB 701157 were used as positive controls. Because of the pathogenic status of B. anthracis there was no positive control for B. anthracis.

Production of Thuricin CD from Cell Free Supernatants:

B. thuringiensis DPC 6431 was grown aerobically from stock for ˜6 h in BHI broth and sub-cultured into fresh BHI at 0.1% for 18 h in BHI. Following growth, the culture was centrifuged twice at 8200 g for 10 min. Activity was determined using the well diffusion assay (WDA) as described by Ryan et al., (1996). Activity against a range of target organisms was determined by WDA. Cultures were grown over-night in various broth media and temperatures as outlined in Table 1. Twenty ml of the appropriate agar medium was inoculated with 100 μl of target organism and, once solidified, 50 μl of the cell free supernatant (CFS) of B. thuringiensis DPC 6431 was added to a well made in the agar. Plates were incubated under conditions appropriate for the various target organisms as outlined in Table 1. Zones of inhibition (mm) were measured and relative sensitivity determined by measuring the diameter of the zone. Zones of size ≦9 mm were designated +; of 10-15 mm were designated ++; of 16-21 mm were designated +++; of ≧22 mm were designated ++++;

Sensitivity of Thuricin CD to Enzymatic Degradation, Heat and pH.

The cell free supernatant was tested for sensitivity to the following enzymes at a concentration of 25 mg/ml: pepsin, trypsin, peptidase, α-chymotrypsin type V111, α-chymotrypsin type 11 and proteinase K. All enzymes were purchased from Sigma. Cell free supernatants were incubated with the enzymes for 1 h at 37° C. Activity post enzyme treatment was determined using the well diffusion method using C. difficile ATCC 43593 as the target organism. Sensitivity of the antimicrobial to Proteinase K was also determined by applying 5 μl of Proteinase K (6.5 mg/ml) to the edge of the well containing the sample.

Activity over a range of pH was determined in CFS by adjusting pH from 2 to 9 using either 0.5M HCl or 1M NaOH. The effect of acid or base on the target organism was determined using uninoculated broth medium adjusted through the pH range. Activity was determined using WDA assay using C. difficile ATCC 43593 as the target strain. Heat sensitivity was determined by heating the CFS for 15 min at a range of temperatures from 37° C. to 100° C.; the control was incubated at 37° C. Activity was determined using WDA with C. difficile ATCC 43593 as the target organism.

Determination of the Thuricin CD Production During Growth.

B. thuringiensis DPC 6431 was sub-cultured twice in BHI broth and then inoculated again at 1% into BHI broth; growth was followed by measuring absorbance at 600_nm. Samples, taken at intervals during growth for determination of antimicrobial production, were centrifuged twice at 8200 g for 10 min, serially diluted and 50 μl of each dilution inoculated into wells in agar plates seeded with C. difficile ATCC 43593. Activity units were determined by WDA.

Purification and Molecular Mass Determination of Thuricin CD.

Production of thuricin CD: Tryptone Yeast Broth (TYB) was made up as follows: Tryptone (Oxoid) 2.5 g; Yeast extract (Oxoid) 5.0 g; MgSO₄ 7H₂O 0.25 g; MnSO₄ 4H₂O 0.05 g were dissolved in 900 ml distilled H₂O. The media was clarified, before autoclaving at 121° C. for 15 minutes, by passing through a column containing propan-2-ol washed XAD beads (Sigma-Aldrich). Before use, filter sterilised glucose and β-glycerophosphate were added to give a final concentration of 10 g and 19 g/l respectively and a final volume of 1 l.

Bacillus thuringiensis DPC 6431 was sub-cultured twice in BHI broth at 37° C. before use. Two litres of TYB were inoculated with the culture at 0.1% and incubated shaking at 37° C. over-night. The culture was centrifuged at 8,280 g for 15 minutes. The cell pellet and supernatant were retained. The cells were resuspended in 200 ml of 70% propan-2-ol pH 2.0 per litre of broth and stirred at 4° C. for 4 h. The culture supernatant was passed through XAD beads, pre-washed with 1 l of distilled H₂O. The column was washed with 500 ml of 30% ethanol and the inhibitory activity eluted in 400 ml of 70% propan-2-ol pH 2.0 and retained (S₁). The cells that had been resuspended in 70% propan-2-ol pH 2.0 were centrifuged at 8,280 g for 15 minutes and the supernatant (S₂) retained; S₁ and S₂ were combined. The propan-2-ol was evaporated using a rotary evaporator (Buchi) and the sample applied to a 6 g (20 ml) Phenomenex C-18 column pre-equilibrated with methanol and water. The column was washed with 2 column volumes of 30% ethanol and the inhibitory activity was eluted in 1.5 column volumes of 70% propan-2-ol pH 2.0. This preparation was concentrated using rotary evaporation before separation of peptides using HPLC as follows: aliquots of approximately 2 ml were applied to a Phenomenex (Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK) C₁₈ reverse phase (RP)-HPLC column (Primesphere 10μ C18-MC 30, 250×10.0 mm, 10 μm) previously equilibrated with 45% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetric acid TFA. The column was subsequently developed in a gradient of 45% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA to 65% acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA from 4-40 minutes at a flow rate of 9.9 ml/min. Biologically active fractions were identified using C. difficile as target organism in WDA. Fractions containing the active peptides were pooled, freeze dried and reconstituted at the required concentration in 70% propan-2-ol pH 2.0 and frozen at −20° C. until use. Subsequent dilutions were made in sterile 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.5.

Molecular mass determination of thuricin CD: Mass spectrometry was performed on biologically active fractions with an Axima CFR plus MALDI TOF mass spectrometer (Shimadzu Biotech, Manchester, UK). A 0.5-μl aliquot of matrix solution (-cyano 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid, 10 mg/ml in acetonitrile-0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid) was deposited onto the target and left for 5 seconds before being removed. Any residual solution was allowed to air-dry and the sample solution deposited onto the pre-coated sample spot; 0.5 μl of matrix solution was added to the deposited sample and allowed air-dry. The sample was subsequently analysed in positive-ion reflectron mode to determine molecular mass.

Determination of Amino Acid Sequence of Biologically Active Peptides.

N-terminal amino acid determination of biologically active fractions was carried out by Edman degradation at Aberdeen Proteome Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.

Determination of Nucleotide Sequence of Thuricin CD

Degenerate primers, based on the partial amino acid sequences of the 2 peptides, were designed with the following sequences: Trn-α-F/FC 5′ GGT TGG GTA GCA GTA GTA GGT GCA TGT GGW ACA GTW ACC CAWCC; Trn-α-R/FC 5′CGT AAA CAT ACT GTA CCA CAT GCA CCT ACT ACW GCW ACC CAW CC;: Trn-β-F/FC 5′ GGT AAT GCA TGT GTA WTW GGW TGT WTW GG; Trn-β-R/FC 5′ CCA ATA CGA CCA ATT ACA CAW GCW GCW TTW CC. Chromosomal DNA was extracted from B. thuringenisis using the Qiagen QiAamp DNA Mini Kit. PCR was performed on extracted DNA using the following conditions: 94° C.×5 min; 94° C.×1 min, 64.5° C.×1 min, 72° C.×1 min 25 cycles with temperature gradient of 64.5° C.-69.5° C.; final extension step 72° C.×7 min. The Trn-α-F/FC/Trn-β-R/FC primer combination resulted in a PCR product of ˜220 bp. This product was purified using Qiagen Qiaquick PCR purification Kit and cloned using the Invitrogen TOPO TA Cloning kit (A). The presence of the cloned fragment was confirmed by restriction analysis of recombinant plasmids with EcoR1 (NEB), used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Recombinant plasmid DNA was then sequenced commercially by Lark (Windmill Road Headington OX3 7BN Oxford, UK) using the T7 and T3 priming sites. Sequence assembly and analysis was performed using the SeqBuilder and Seqman programmes from the Lasergene software package. (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). The consensus sequence was further analysed by database searches using the Blastn, Blastp and tBlastx programmes available on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Inverse PCR to Obtain the Surrounding DNA Regions

Inverse PCR primers, based on the DNA sequence of the fragment encoding the two peptides that was isolated by degenerate PCR (above) were designed with the following sequences: Primer FCin1: 5′ CAT GCA CCT ACT GCT ACC CAA CC 3′ and Primer FCin2: 5′ CAG AGT TTG CAG CTG CAT CTT ATT TCC 3′.

Chromosomal DNA was extracted from B. thuringenisis using the Qiagen QiAamp DNA Mini Kit and digested with the restriction enzyme HindIII (NEB) according to manufacturer's instructions. Digested DNA was then relegated at concentrations known to encourage the formation of monomeric molecules. Inverse PCR was performed using Expand Long Template DNA polymerase (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This resulted in amplification of a product of ˜4500 bp. This product was purified using Qiagen Qiaquick PCR purification Kit and cloned using the Invitrogen TOPO TA Cloning kit (A). The presence of the cloned fragment was confirmed by restriction analysis of recombinant plasmids with EcoR1 (NEB), used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Recombinant plasmid DNA was then sequenced commercially by Lark (Windmill Road Headington OX3 7BN Oxford, UK) using the T7 and T3 priming sites and primer walking. Sequence assembly and analysis was performed using the SeqBuilder and Seqman programmes from the Lasergene software package. (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). The consensus sequence was further analysed by database searches using the Blastn, Blastp and tBlastx programmes available on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Specific Activity Determination.

Ninety-six well microtiter plates were used to determine the MIC₅₀ of thuricin CD. MIC₅₀ was defined as the concentration of peptides at which 50% inhibition of growth of C. difficile ATCC 43493 occurred. One hundred and fifty microlitres of 3 replicate overnight cultures, diluted 1:10 in reinforced clostridium medium (RCM) which had been previously boiled and cooled, were inoculated into triplicate into wells of 96 well microtitre plates in an anaerobic chamber. Thuricin CD Trn-α and Trn-β were added to the wells at varying concentrations both singly and in combination and final volume made up to 200 μl with sterile 50 mM phosphate buffer. Control wells contained 150 μl culture and 50 μl buffer (positive control) or 150 μl uninoculated broth medium and 50 μl buffer (blank). The optical density at 600_nm was recorded after 5 h anaerobic incubation at 37° C. Triplicate readings were averaged and the OD_{600 nm} values for the uninoculated medium were subtracted from each value. A 50% growth inhibition was determined as half the final OD_{600 nm}+/−0.05 of the control culture. The concentrations of Trn-α in combination with Trn-β which caused 50% inhibition were plotted to generate an isobologram. The specific activities and optimum ratios of the 2 peptides were determined at the point of intersection of the x- and y-axis.

Demonstration of Activity of Thuricin CD Using Kill Curves.

The effect of thuricin against C. difficile R027 NAP1, L. monocytogenes NCTC 5348, Lb. casei 338 and B. lactis Bb12 was determined in Reinforced Clostridium Medium (RCM Merck), Brain Heart Infusion broth (Merck), MRS (de Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe) medium (Difco) and MRS containing 0.05% cystein respectively. Three independent cultures were prepared for each strain and grown overnight at 37° C. Three replicate one ml volumes of sterile double strength broth medium was prepared for each strain and inoculated with the test organisms to give initial cell numbers of 10⁵-10⁶/ml. Thuricin was added to give the required concentration and the volume made up to 2 ml with sterile distilled water. The bacteriocin was omitted from the control and volume substituted with sterile water. Samples were removed at intervals, serially diluted and plated on RCA, BHI agar, MRS agar or MRS agar containing 0.05% cystein depending on the strain. Plates were counted after 24 h (L. monocytogenes), or 48 h (C. difficile, Lb. casei 338 and B. lactis Bb12) incubation at 37° C.

Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations

C. difficile ribotypes 001, 106 and 027 were taken from −80° C. stock and grown on Fastidious Anaerobic Agar containing 7% defibrinated horse blood. Before use a colony was transferred into each of three 10 ml volumes of RCM and grown overnight at 37° C. The cultures were then sub-cultured into 10 ml fresh RCM at 1%. Three replicates were set up for each strain. Cultures were grown for 6 h anaerobically at 37° C. Solutions of vancomycin and metronidazole were prepared in water and solutions of thuricin diluted from the stock solution in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.5. Triplicate serial two-fold dilutions of the antimicrobial compounds (100 μl) were prepared in microtitre plates for each compound. C. difficile strains were diluted 1:10 in double strength RCM and 100 μl was added to each well. Controls for each strain were set up without the addition of antimicrobials. The microtitre plates were incubated for 16 h at 37° C. anaerobically and the OD of the plates read after incubation using a microtitre plate reader. The MIC was defined as the concentration at which there was no evidence of growth.

Demonstration of Lysis of C. difficile by Thuricin CD.

The lytic effect of thuricin CD on C. difficile was carried out as described by Rea et at (2007).

Determination of Thuricin Stability in Faecal Fermentation

Preparation of C. difficile inoculum: C. difficile DPC 6537 (PCR Ribot e 001) was taken from −80° C. stock and streaked on Fastidious Anaerobic Agar and incubated anaerobically at 37° C. On the night before the experiment ˜1 colony was inoculated into 10 ml of RCM which has been previously boiled and cooled and incubated anaerobically at 37° C.

Preparation of Faecal Medium: Faecal growth medium was prepared as described by Fooks and Gibson (2003) with minor modifications as follows. The ingredients were made up to 800 ml, the pH adjusted to 6.8. One hundred and sixty ml was added to each fermentation vessel and autoclaved at 121° C. for 15 min. Prior to inoculation the faecal medium was sparged with O₂-free nitrogen for ˜1 h. A 20% faecal slurry was made from a fresh faecal sample in 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.05% cystein which has been previously boiled and cooled just prior to use and mixed using a stomacher for no longer than 1 min. Two fermentor vessels were inoculated with 35 ml of the slurry preparation and 2 ml of the overnight culture of C. difficile. To the test vessel 1 ml of 100 mg/ml thuricin was added at 0, 8 and 16 h incubation and both vessels sampled at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h for both microbiological analyses of C. difficile and Bifidobacteria sp. Samples were also taken for analysis of thuricin activity using WDA and MALDI-TOF MS.

Stability of thuricin: The stability of thuricin during fermentation was measured using WDA using RCM agar plates seeded with C. difficile as described previously. One ml samples were also centrifuged and passed through activated 1 ml C₁₈ SPE columns and the peptides eluted with 70% propan-2-01. The presence of individual peptides was measured using RP-HPLC as described previously in this document.

Microbiological analyses: C. difficile was enumerated on CCEY agar (LabM) and Bifidobacterium sp. on modified MRS agar containing 0.05% cystein and 50 mg mupirocin/1 after 48 h and 72 h at 37° C. incubation respectively.

These experiments were carried out in duplicate

Stability of Thuricin CD in Simulated and Porcine Gastric Juices

Effect of simulated gastric, ileal and colon juice on stability of thuricin CD C. difficile 64539 was grown overnight and inoculated at 1.25% into Reinforced Clostridium Agar (RCA). Simulated gastric, ileal and colon juice were prepared as outlined by Breumer et al (1992). Purified thuricin CD was made up to 100 mg/ml in 70% IPA. Seventy μl (1 mg/ml final concentration) of thuricin was added to 7000 μl of porcine gastric and ileum juice and incubated at 37° C. At intervals samples were taken and activity was measured with the WDA using C. difficile seeded plates. The samples were also assayed for the presence of the Trn-α and Trn-β peptides using MALDI-TOF MS

Effect of ex vivo porcine gastric and ileal juice on the stability of the thuricin CD C. difficile 64539 was grown overnight and inoculated at 1.25% into Reinforced Clostridium Agar (RCA). Purified Thuricin CD was prepared as described above. Seven ml of porcine ileal and gastric juice was centrifuged for 15 min at 12,000 rpm to remove debris. Seventy μl (1 mg/ml) of thuricin was added to 7000 μl of porcine gastric and ileum juice and incubated at 37° C. At intervals samples were taken and activity was measured using the WDA and checked for the presence of the Trn-α and Trn-β peptides using MALDI-TOF MS.

Results

The aim of this work was to isolates narrow spectrum bacteriocin producing organisms, from within the GI tract, with high activity against C. difficile, which would cause the least perturbation of the resident flora of GIT.

Initial Screening for Bacteriocin Producers

From ˜30,000 colonies screened from a range of faecal samples from both healthy and diseased adults, one colony was shown to produce a large zone of inhibition of the C. difficile overlay culture (FIG. 1). This colony was isolated from the faecal sample of a patient with IBS. Purification of this colony and growth in BHI broth showed that a potent antimicrobial compound, active against C. difficile, was produced into the fermentation medium; activity was lost on treatment with Proteinase K indicating that the antimicrobial substance was proteinaceous in nature (FIG. 1). This culture was stocked in the culture collection of Moorepark Food Research Centre and designated as DPC 6431; the bacteriocin was designated thuricin CD.

Identification of DPC 6431 to Species Level

16S rDNA sequencing of DPC 6431 indicated highest homology (96%) of the strain to B. cereus/B. thuringiensis/B. anthracis. La Duc et at (2004) have stated that B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis all cluster together within a very tight Glade (B. cereus group) phylogenetically and are thus indistinguishable from one another via 16s rDNA sequencing. DPC 6431 was subsequently identified as B. thuringiensis using gyrB primers. PCR products corresponding to the correct size for B. cereus or B. thuringiensis (365 and 368 respectively) were obtained with positive controls for each of these organisms. No PCR product was obtained when gyrB primers for B. cereus or B. anthracis were tested with DNA from B. thuringiensis DPC 6431. Due to the pathogenic nature of B. anthracis there was no positive control for that primer.

Characterisation of Bacteriocin from DPC 6431

Highest concentration of the thuricin CD was produced during the late log phase and stationary phase of growth probably coinciding with the onset of sporulation. Activity remained stable during the stationary phase of growth. The pH decreased during the exponential growth phase to ˜5.8 from an initial pH of ˜7.5; during the stationary phase the pH rose again to close to its starting value (data not shown).

The incubation of the cell free extract with 25 mg/ml of α-chymotrypsin and proteinase K resulted in complete loss of activity; incubation with pepsin or trypsin showed a 50% or 20% reduction in activity respectively after 1 h incubation at 37° C.

Cell free supernatants of thuricin were active throughout the pH range 2-10 and heat stable up to 85° C., there was a reduction in activity at 90° C. and activity was lost at 100° C. after 15 minutes incubation at the respective temperatures.

Inhibition Spectrum of B. thuringiensis 6431

Cell free supernatant of B. thuringiensis 6431, when tested against a range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria using the WDA method, showed a narrow spectrum of inhibition inhibiting closely related Bacillus species such as B. cereus, other B. thuringiensis strains, B. mycoides and B. firmus; no inhibition was detected against B. subtilis or B. coagulans. Within the Clostridium sp. all C. difficile isolates tested, including C. difficile ribotype 027 (NCTC 13366), were very sensitive to the culture supernatants of DPC 6431 exhibiting large zones of inhibition. C. tyrobutyricum, C. lithuseburense, and C. indolis were also inhibited whereas other Clostridium species tested were not inhibited (C. sporogenes) or only weakly inhibited (C. histolyticum and C. perfringens). Among the other Gram positive pathogens tested only Listeria monocytogenes was sensitive to thuricin CD. Of the lactobacillus species tested only L. fermentum was strongly inhibited by thuricin CD with all other species being only very weakly inhibited (L. crispatus and L. johnsonii) or not at all. No bifidobacteria strains tested were sensitive to thuricin 6431. Thuricin CD showed no activity against any Gram negative organisms tested. The complete inhibition spectrum of B. thuringiensis 6431 is outlined in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Spectrum of inhibition of B. thuringiensis DPC 6431 against a range of
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria using the well diffusion assay.
		Growth	Incubation
Target Strain	Strain No	medium	Temperature	Sensitivity
Bacillus cereus	NCIMB 700577	BHI1	30° C.	+++
Bacillus cereus	NCIMB 700578	BHI	30° C.	+++
Bacillus coagulans	LMG 6326T	BHI	30° C.	−
Bacillus firmus	LMG 7125T	BHI	30° C.	++++
Bacillus mycoides	DPC 6335	BHI	30° C.	+++
Bacillus subtilis	LMG 8198	BHI	30° C.	−
Bacillus subtilis	DPC 3344	BHI	30° C.	−
Bacillus thuringiensis	IBS 14	BHI	37° C.	−
Bacillus thuringiensis	LMG 7138	BHI	37° C.	+++
Bacteroides fragilis	LMG 10263	BA	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium adolescensis	DPC 6169	mMRS2	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium animalis	DPC 5420	mMRS	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium breve	DPC 6166	mMRS	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium breve	BB12	mMRS	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium longum	DSMZ 20097	mMRS	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium merycicum	DSMZ 6493	mMRS	37° C.	−
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	DSMZ 20092	mMRS	37° C.	−
Campylobacter jejuni	CI 120	CA3	37° C.	−
Clostridium difficile	ATCC 600	RCA4	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	ATCC 43594	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	R027 NCTC 13366	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	6220	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	6221	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	6219	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	6350	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	6351	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	IBS 16	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	Cr 15	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 38	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 38	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	CR 79	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 47	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	CR11	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 29	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	CR 02	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 59	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	UC 27	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	H 76	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium difficile	BS 47	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium histolyticum	NCIMB 503	RCA	37° C.	+
Clostridium indolis	NCIMB 9731	RCA	37° C.	++++
Clostridium lituseburense	NCIMB 10637	RCA	37° C.	+++
Clostridium sporogenes	NCIMB 9584	RCA	37° C.	−
Clostridium tyrobutyricum	NCIMB 8243	RCA	37° C.	+++
Enterobacter sakazaki	ATCC 12869	TSA5	37° C.	−
Enterobacter sakazaki	NCTC 8155	TSA	37° C.	−
Enterococcus casseliflavus	LMG 10745T	TSA	37° C.	−
Enterococcus durans	LMG 10746T	TSA	37° C.	−
Enterococcus faecalis	LMG 7973T	TSA	37° C.	−
Enterococcus faecium	LMG 7973T	TSA	37° C.	−
Enterococcus hirae	LMG 6399T	TSA	37° C.	−
Eschericia coli	3786	BHI	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus acidopuilus	NCDO 1697	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus bulgaricis	LMG 6901t	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus casei	ATCC 334	MRS	30° C.	−
Lactobacillus crispatus	LMG 9479T	MRS	37° C.	+
Lactobacillus curvatus	LMG 12009	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus fermentum	LMG 6902	MRS	37° C.	+++
Lactobacillus gallinarum	LMG 9435T	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus helveticus	LH1	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus johnsonii	DSM 10533T	MRS	37° C.	+
Lactobacillus paracasei	338	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus reuteri	NCIMB 11951	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	GG	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus ruminis	DSM 20403T	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactobacillus salivarius	UCC 118	MRS	37° C.	−
Lactococcus lactis	DPC 3157	LM17	30° C.	+
Lactococcus lactis	HP	LM17	30° C.	−
Leuconostoc	DPC 139	MRS	30° C.	−
Leuconostoc	DPC 240	MRS	30° C.	−
Listeria innocua	DPC 3572	BHI	37° C.	+++
Listeria monocytogenes	DPC 1768	BHI	37° C.	+++
Listeria monocytogenes	DPC 3437	BHI	37° C.	+++
Listeria monocytogenes	Scott A	BHI	37° C.	+++
Micrococcus luteus	DPC 6275	BHI	37° C.	−
Micrococcus luteus	LMG 3293	BHI	30° C.	−
Pediococcus pentasaceus	LMG 11488	MRS	30° C.	−
Propionibacterium avidium	LMG	SLA6	37° C.	−
Proprionibacterium acne	LMG	SLA	37° C.	−
Propionibacterium jensenii	NCFB 565	SLA	30° C.	−
Propionibacterium jensenii	NCFB 850T	SLA	30° C.	−
Pseudomonas putida	ATCC 33015	BHI	37° C.	−
Pseudomonas putida	ATCC 17522	BHI	37° C.	−
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	DPC 6046	BHI	37° C.	−
Salmonella enterica serovar Derby	DPC 6049	BHI	37° C.	−
Staphylococcus aureus	ATCC 25923	TSA	37° C.	−
Staphylococcus aureus	DPC 3767	TSA	37° C.	−
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus	DPC 6289	BHI	37° C.	−
Streptococcus algalactiae	LMG 14694t	TSA	37° C.	−
Streptococcus bovis	DPC 5244	BHI	37° C.	−
Streptococcus dysgalactia	DPC 5345	BHI	37° C.	−
Steptococcus mutans 6159	DPC 6159	TSA + sucrose7	37° C.	−
Steptococcus mutans 6155	DPC 6155	TSA + sucrose	37° C.	−
Steptococcus mutans 6143	DPC 6143	TSA + sucrose	37° C.	−
1Brain heart infusion broth;
2Modified MRS containing 0.05% Cystein;
3Campylobacter agar
4Reinforced clostridium agar;
5Trypticase soya agar;
6Sodium lactate agar;
7Trypticase soya agar containing 25 mM sucrose.
(Zones of inhibition (mm) were measured and relative sensitivity determined by measuring the diameter of the zone. Zones of size ≦9 mm were designated +; of 10-15 mm were designated ++; of 16-21 mm were designated +++; of ≧22 mm were designated ++++)

Characterisation of Thuricin CD.

Purification of thuricin using XAD beads and separation of active components using RP-HPLC resulted in 2 well-separated peaks at 26 minutes and 34 minutes (FIG. 2A) with molecular masses of 2786 and 2883 respectively. These hydrophobic peptides were designated thuricin CD Trn-α (mol mass 2883) and Trn-β (mol mass 2786) (FIGS. 2B and C). Activity was present in both the cell free supernatant and also by propan-2-ol extraction of the cell pellet indicating that thuricin is also attached to the cell wall. WDA studies of both peptides show that it is a two component bacteriocin; Trn-α has activity when present alone, however its activity is enhanced by the presence of Trn-β. At low concentrations (˜2.5 μM) both peptides are required for activity using the WDA (FIG. 2D).

Elucidation of Amino Acid Sequence.

Edman degradation identified the amino acid sequence of the first 22 amino acids for thuricin CD Trn-α (G-N-A-A-C-V-[I/L]-G-C-[I/L]-G-S-C-V-[I/L]-S-E-G-[I/L]-C-N-E) and 22 amino acids for thuricin CD Trn-β (G-W-V-A-V-V-G-A-C-G-T-V-C-L-A-S-G-G-V-C-E-C-F). Despite repeated efforts it was not possible to determine further sequence data using this technique. No homologous sequences were identified when the above sequences were compared to the NCBI database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Initial determination of Nucleotide Sequence

The orientation of the genes encoding the two peptides is shown in FIG. 3. The PCR product obtained contains the C′-terminal end of the Trn-β peptide and the ribosomal binding site and promoter sequences for Trn-β, as well as its start codon methionine and N-terminal amino acid sequence.

Sequence Analysis of the Inverse PCR Product

The complete nucleotide sequence of the two peptides was determined together with the start codon methionine and leader peptide sequence as outlined below

Trn-α DNA sequence
ATGGAAGTTATGAACAATGCTTTAATTACAAAAGTAGATGAGGAGATTG
GAGGAAACGCTGCTTGTGTAATTGGTTGTAT
TGGCAGTTGCGTAATTAGTGAAGGAATTGGTTCACTTGTAGGAACAGCA
TTTACTTTAGGTTA
Trn-β DNA sequence
ATGGAAGTTTTAAACAAACAAAATGTAAATATTATTCCAGAATCTGAAG
AAGTAGGTGGTTGGGTAGCAGTAGTAGGTGC
ATGTGGTACAGTATGCTTAGCTAGTGGTGGTGTTGGAACAGAGTTTGCA
GCTGCATCTTATTTCCTATAA

The complete amino acid sequences of both peptides was determined and is shown below together with the leader peptide. The leader peptides are cleaved at

Trn-α Protein sequence
MEVMNNALITKVDEEI NAACVIGCIGSCVISEGIGSLVGTAFTLG
Trn-β Protein sequence
MEVLNKQNVNIIPESEEV WVAVVGACGTVCLASGGVGTEFAAASYFL

Sequence analysis of the surrounding regions reveals an upstream putative promoter located before a hypothetical protein followed by two ABC transporter systems and then the Trn-α and Trn-β peptides. Three unusual proteins are located downstream of the peptides, two radical S-adenosylmethionine SAM proteins and a C-terminal protease.

Specific Activity of Thuricin.

The isobolgram (FIG. 3) shows that the MIC₅₀ of thuricin Trn-β (0.5 μM) is 10 fold lower than Trn-α (5 μM) when present as individual peptides, however when the peptides are combined the MIC₅₀ of Trn-β is reduced to 0.05 μM when combined with 0.025 μM Trn-α indicating that thuricin Trn-α can be made 100 fold more active when low concentrations of Trn-α are added. These results show that the 2 peptides when combined at low concentrations (<1 μM) are very inhibitory to C. difficile when combined at a ratio of 2:1 Trn-β: Trn-α.

The bactericidal nature of thuricin CD is demonstrated in FIG. 5; initial experiments determined the concentration of thuricin required to kill C. difficile using kill curves. Two hundred AU thuricin/ml reduced the viable cells of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 from ˜10^6//ml to zero within 2 h. The same concentration of thuricin reduced the cell numbers of L. monocytogenes by 1.5 log cycles and had no effect on the viability of the probiotics Lb. casei 338 and B. lactis BB12 in the same time period (FIG. 5). The addition of thuricin CD to logarithmically growing C. difficile caused a gradual reduction of OD600 nm; this decrease in OD was paralleled with a concomitant release of the intracellular enzyme acetate kinase into the growth medium. In contrast there was no increase in the concentration of acetate kinase in the control sample without thuricin.

Thuricin CD is also effective against C. difficile ribotype 001 in a model faecal environment when added at 0, 8, and 16 hr (FIG. 6A). Faecal fermentations spiked with 10⁶ cfu C. difficile ribotype 001/ml showed that when 500 μg thuricin was added at 0, 8, and 16 hr, C. difficile was reduced over 1000-fold when compared with the control after 16 hr incubation. The activity of thuricin CD was mapped during the course of fermentation as demonstrated in FIG. 6B. As can be clearly seen, the addition of 500 μg of thuricin at 0, 8, and 16 hr resulted in reduction of growth of C. difficile. Thuricin peptides Trn-α and Trn-β were detected by RP-HPLC after 0 hr (black line) and 4 hr fermentation in the model faecal fermentation (FIG. 6C). The presence of thuricin did not affect the numbers of Bifidobacteria relative to control up to 16 hr incubation.

Studies on the stability of the thuricin peptides Trn-α and Trn-β in simulated gastric (FIG. 7A), ileal (FIG. 7B) and colon juice (FIG. 7C) demonstrated that there was no reduction of activity in any of the simulated gut environments when thuricin CD was incubated for 2, 4, or 9 hours in gastric, ileal and colon juice, respectively. Furthermore, incubation of thuricin peptides Trn-α and Trn-β for 2 hr and 5 hr in ex vivo procine gastric juice (FIG. 7D) and ileal juice (FIG. 7E), respectively, also demonstrated no reduction in activity. The results for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of thuricin shows that clinically significant ribotypes of C. difficile are more sensitive to thuricin when compared to the antibiotics vancomycin and metronidazole, which are currently used for treatment, as shown in the Table 2 below. Ribotype 001 and 106 are commonly associated with outbreaks of CDAD in Irish and UK hospitals respectively, while ribotype 027 is associated with increased severity of symptoms and increased morbidity due to the elavated toxin production resulting in disease that is more refractory to treatment.

TABLE 2
Comparison of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for thuricin,
vancomycin and metronidazole against a range of clinically
significant ribotypes of C. difficile.
	C. difficile	MIC (μM)
	Ribotype	Thuricin	Vancomycin	Metronidazole
	001	0.097	0.39	3.125
	106	0.125	0.39	1.56
	027	0.012	0.39	3.125

Discussion

Due to the high incidence of C. difficile worldwide in hospitals and facilities for the elderly radical approaches have to be considered for the treatment of this disease. The two component lantibiotic lacticin 3147 has been shown to be very effective in killing C. difficile at low concentrations, however, as it is a broad spectrum antibiotic it also affected the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations (by 3 log cycles) in simple faecal fermentations at concentrations required to kill C. difficile (Rea et al., 2007).

The work reported here focused on searching within the GI tract for sources of antimicrobial producing bacteria to address this problem. The aim was to isolate a narrow spectrum bacteriocin producer, which would have potent activity against C. difficile while perturbing the gut microbiota as little as possible. As a result of screening ˜30,000 colonies from faecal samples one colony was detected that showed inhibition of the C. difficile overlay. The faecal samples had been pre-treated with ethanol to facilitate the isolation of spore forming bacteria. The fact that just one antimicrobial producing colony was isolated from just one sample at a low dilution would suggest that the B. thuringiensis strain DPC 6431 isolated was not a major constituent of the gut microbiota.

Characterisation of the antimicrobial peptide produced by DPC 6431, thuricin CD, demonstrated that its antimicrobial inhibition spectrum (using WDA) is narrow and while very effective against C. difficile isolates including the PCR ribotype 027 has little or no activity against the beneficial microflora such as the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations.

B. thuringiensis is a spore forming Gram positive insect pathogen which has been used extensively for many years in biological pest control. Bacteriocins have been identified previously from a number of B. thuringiensis strains (Ahern et al., 2003; Barboza-Corona et al., 2007; Chechimi et al. 2007; Cherif et al., 2003; Cherif et al., 2001; Favret & Yousten, 1989; Gray et al., 2006a; Gray et al. 2006b; Kamoun et al., 2005). Ahern et at 2003 characterised a BUS substance from a strain of B. thuringiensis which produced 2 active peptides designated thuricin 439a and thuricin 439b; both peptides showed antimicrobial activity however two component activity was not reported. From a survey of the literature the sequence and molecular mass of thuricin 6431 is most similar to that produced by B. thuringiensis 439. Ahern et at (2003) reported that the amino acid sequences of the two peptides 439a and 439b were identical but the peptides have different molecular weights. The sequence reported for thuricin 439a/b has 2 unidentified amino acids (x) which the authors suggest are likely to be cystein, therefore, there is just 2 amino acid distinguishing (a cystein instead of a valine and a glutamic acid instead of valine) in the first 19 amino acids of the peptides from B. thuringiensis 6431 and 439. However, Trn-α from thuricin CD is significantly different from thuricin 439 peptide. Thuricin CD was shown to be very active against a range of Clostridium species while no anti-clostridium activity was reported for thuricin 439 (Ahern et al., 2003). A comparison between the amino acid sequences and molecular masses and spectrum of activity of Thuricin CD and 439 is shown below in Table 3.

TABLE 3
Comparison of thuricin identified in this study with thuricin 439 of Aherne et
at (2003)
		Mol Mass	Inhibitory activity against
Bacteriocin	Amino Acid Sequence	(Da)	Clostridium species
Thuricin CD Trn-α	G-N-A-A-C-V-I-G-C-I-G-S-C-V-I-	2763	Yes
	S-E-G-I-G-SLVGTAFTLG
Thuricin CD Trn-β	G-W-V-A-V-V-G-A-C-G-T-V-C-L-	2861	Yes
	A-S-G-G-V-G-T-E-F-A-A-A-S-Y-F-
	L
Thuricin 439 a	G-W-V-A-X-V-G-A-X-G-T-V-V-L-	2919.9	No
	A-S-G-G-V-V
Thuricin 439 b	G-W-V-A-X-V-G-A-X-G-T-V-V-L-	2803.8	No
	A-S-G-G-V-V

The nucleic acid sequence and the orientation of the genes encoding the thuricin peptides peptide 1 and peptide 2 are shown in FIG. 3. A search of the NCBI database showed no homologous sequences to the sequences identified here. The discrepancies between the mol masses as determined by MALDI-TOF MS (2763 and 2861) and from the amino acid sequence (2770 and 2864) of thuricin CD would appear to be the result of post translational modification. The predicted mass from the DNA sequence of Trn-α and Trn-β peptides, 2769 Da and 2876 Da, respectively, differ by 6 mass units from what was obtained from MS (mass spectrometry). For Trn-α, the differences in mass indicate a loss of two hydrogen atoms from each of Ser 21, Thr 25, and Thr 28, and for Trn-β is suggestive that Thr 21, Ala 25, and Tyr 28 are all two mass units lighter than expected. Cys residues for both peptides are in the same positions (residues 5, 9, and 13), while the post-translational modifications occur at the same positions (residues 21, 25, and 28)

Thuricin CD is active over a wide pH range and moderately heat stable retaining activity up to 95° C. for 15 minutes. MIC₅₀ studies show it to be a very potent inhibitor of C. difficile at concentrations as low as 0.5 and 5 μM (Trn-α and Trn-β respectively) when present as single peptides but the MIC₅₀ is reduced to 0.05 μM when both peptides are present indicating that thuricin is a 2 component bacteriocin highly active against C. difficile at low concentrations. Kill curves demonstrated that thuricin CD is very effective in reducing cell numbers of C. difficile ribotype 027 (NAP 1) at low concentrations and is also lytic in nature. The efficacy of thuricin against C. difficile 027 is significant as this strain has been shown to be hyper virulent, the incidence of which is increasing worldwide resulting in increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality (Kuiper et al 2007). Comparisons of MIC values for thuricin with those obtained for vancomycin and metronidazole, which are the current antibiotics used to treat C. difficile infections are clinically significant. Interestingly, similar concentration of thuricin CD did not affect the viability of L. casei 338 or B. lactis Bb 12 in contrast to the effect of lacticin (Rea et at 2007) which would indicate that beneficial flora in the gut would not be perturbed by this antimicrobial. When assessing microbially derived peptides for the treatment or prevention of disease the issue of bio-availability needs to be addressed. The demonstrated degradation of the antimicrobial activity of thuricin CD in vitro with α-chymotrypsin and pepsin and trypsin would suggest that this bacteriocin would not survive gastric transit without protection such as encapsulation. However, the alternative strategy of feeding spores or vegetative cells of this organism as probiotics could be investigated as a method to target the delivery of this peptide within the GIT. Probiotic cultures are usually associated with species of bacteria which are normal inhabitants of the GIT such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. However, S. boulardii which is not a normal constituent of the human gut microbiota is currently used as a probiotic in the treatment of CDAD. Bacillus species are currently being used as probiotic cultures for both human and animal use (for reviews see Hong et al 2005 and Sanders et al 2003). Because spores can survive hostile environments the question has been raised as to their true habitat? While it would have been assumed that they arrive in the human gut as a consequence of ingestion of the spore from the environment, Hong et al (2005) state however, that there is the possibility that Bacillus species exist in an endosymbiotic relationship with their host being able temporarily to survive and proliferate in the gut. The advantage of administering spores over vegetative cells is their stability and ability to pass through the hostile environment of the stomach. In mouse studies it has been shown that while vegetative cells of B. subtilus did not survive passage through the stomach almost all of the administered spores survived gastric transit and were recovered in the small intestine (Duc et al 2003).

In a study of greenhouse workers excreting B. thuringiensis due to occupational exposure to B. thuringiensis-based pesticides no gastrointestinal symptoms correlated with the presence of B. thuringiensis in the faecal samples (Jensen et al 2002). A study of B. thuringiensis in the gut of human-flora-associated rats which had been fed B. thuringiensis spores and vegetative cells detected no adverse effects on the composition of the indigenous gut flora or no cytotoxic effect in gut samples by Vero cell assay (Wilcks et al., 2006).

Although there is a discrepancy between the results using the purified proteolytic enzymes and the result in the various GI environments, an explanation for this may be that the concentration of the purified enzymes used is much greater than that present in the GI environments. Note that these results refer to the thuricin peptides only and not the vegetative cells or spores.

In conclusion this work has shown that the B. thuringiensis strain DPC 6431 produces a potent heat stable two-component bacteriocin which has potential as a novel therapeutic agent CDAD either in peptide form or as a probiotic in either a vegetative cell or spore format.

The bacteriocin of the invention has a number of advantages. The antimicrobial substance designated thuricin CD was produced into the fermentation medium (1 litre of medium yielded 350 mg thuricin) and the cell free supernatant showed a narrow spectrum of inhibition inhibiting Bacillus species, C. difficile including PCR ribotype 027, C. perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species were not inhibited with the exception of Lb. fermentum and Lb. crispatus and Lb. johnsonii, which were very weakly inhibited. The bacteriocin is heat stable, active over a wide pH range and is sensitive to a range of proteolytic enzymes. It is a two-component bacteriocin with the peptides having molecular masses of 2763 (Trn-α) and 2861 (Trn-β). Thuricin CD exhibited an MIC₅₀ of 0.5 μM and 5 μM for Trn-β and Trn-α respectively, when both peptides were present alone. When the peptides were present together the MIC₅₀ was 50 nM Trn-β in combination with 25 nM of Trn-α; a ratio of 2:1.The bactericidal effect of thuricin CD was demonstrated through time kill experiments in which ˜5×10⁶ cfu of C. difficile per ml were killed within 180 min at concentration of 200 AU/ml. Thuricin CD is a two component bacteriocin active at nano molar concentrations.

REFERENCES

• Ahern, M., Verschueren, S. & van Sinderen, D. (2003). Isolation and characterisation of a novel bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis strain B439. FEMS Microbiology Letters 220, 127-131.
• Aronsson, B., Mollby, R. & Nord, C. E. (1985). Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980-1982. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, 476-481.
• Barboza-Corona, J. E., Vazquez-Acosta, H., Bideshi, D. K. & Salcedo-Hernandez, R. (2007). Bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances produced by Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Archives of Microbiology 187, 117-126.
• Bartlett, J. G. (2006). Narrative review: The New Epidemic of Clostridium difficile-Associated Enteric Disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 145, 758-764.
• Bartoloni, A., Mantella, A., Goldstein, B. P., Dei, R., Benedetti, M., Sbaragli, S. & Paradisi, F. (2004). In-vitro activity of nisin against clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. Journal of Chemotherapy 16, 119-121.
• Beumer, R. R., J. de Vries, and F. M. Rombouts. (1992). Campylobacter jejuni non-culturable coccoid cells. In. J. Food Microbiol. 15 153-263.
• Bizani, D., Dominguez, A. P. & Brandelli, A. (2005). Purification and partial chemical characterization of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8A. Letters in Applied Microbiology 41, 269-273.
• Chechimi, S., Delalande, F., Sable S, Hajlaoui M R, Van Dorsselaer A, Limam F, and Pons A M. (2007). Purification and partial amino acid sequence of thuricin S, a new anti-Listeria bacteriocin from Bacillus thuringiensis. Can. J. Microbiol. 53(2): 284-290.
• Cherif, A., Chehimi, S., Limem, F., Hansen, B. M., Hendriksen, N. B., Daffonchio, D. & Boudabous, A. (2003). Detection and characterization of the novel bacteriocin entomocin 9, and safety evaluation of its producer, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. entomocidus HD9. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95, 990-1000.
• Cherif, A., Ouzari, H., Daffonchio, D., Cherif, H., Ben Slama, K., Hassen, A., Jaoua, S. & Boudabous, A. (2001). Thuricin 7: a novel bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis BMG1.7, a new strain isolated from soil. Letters in Applied Microbiology 32, 243-247.
• Favret, M. E. & Yousten, A. A. (1989). Thuricin: the bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53, 206-216.
• Fooks, L. J., and G. R. Gibson (2003). Mixed culture fermentation studies on the effects of synbiotics on the human intestinal pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. Anaerobe 9 231-242.
• George, R. H., Symonds, J. M., Dimock, F., Brown, J. D., Arabi, Y., Shinagawa, N., Keighley, M. R., Alexander-Williams, J. & Burdon, D. W. (1978). Identification of Clostridium difficile as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis. British Medical Journal 1, 695.
• Gray, E. J., Lee, K. D., Souleimanov, A. M., Di Falco, M. R., Zhou, X., Ly, A., Charles, T. C., Driscoll, B. T. & Smith, D. L. (2006a). A novel bacteriocin, thuricin 17, produced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain Bacillus thuringiensis NEB17: isolation and classification. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 545-554.
• Gray, E. J., Di Falco, M., Souleimanov, A. M., and Smith, D. L. (2006b). Proteomic analysis of the bacteriocin thuricin 17 produced by Bacillus thuingiensis NEB17. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 255(1): 27-32.
• Hall, I. C. & O'Toole, E. (1935). Intestinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Amer Journal of Diseases in Childhood 49, 390-402.
• Kamoun, F., Mejdoub, H., Aouissaoui, H., Reinbolt, J., Hammami, A. & Jaoua, S. (2005). Purification, amino acid sequence and characterization of Bacthuricin F4, a new bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98, 881-888.
• Kemperman, R., Kuipers, A., Karsens, H., Nauta, A., Kuipers, O. & Kok, J. (2003). Identification and characterization of two novel clostridial bacteriocins, circularin A and closticin 574. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 1589-1597.
• Padilla, C., Lobos, O., Brevis, P., Abaca, P. & Hubert, E. (2006). Plasmid-mediated bacteriocin production by Shigella flexneri isolated from dysenteric diarrhoea and their transformation into Escherichia coli. Letters in Applied Microbiology 42, 300-303.
• Rea, M. C., Clayton, E., O'Connor, P., Shanahan, F., Kiely, B., Hill, C. & Ross, R. P. (2007). Antomicrobial activity of lacticin 3147 against clinical Clostridium difficile strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, In press.
• Rogers, L. A. & Whittier, E. O. (1928). Limiting Factors in the Lactic Fermentation. Journal of Bacteriology 16, 211-229.
• Ryan, M. P., Rea, M. C., Hill, C. & Ross, R. P. (1996). An application in cheddar cheese manufacture for a strain of Lactococcus lactis producing a novel broad-spectrum bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. App. and Environmental Microbiol. 62, 612-619.
• Sebei S, Zendo T, Boudabous A, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. (2007). Characterization, N-terminal sequencing and classification of cerein MRX1, a novel bacteriocin purified from a newly isolated bacterium: Bacillus cereus MRX1. J Appl Microbiol. 103(5):1621-31.
• Simpson, P. J., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F. & Ross, R. P. (2003). Genomic diversity and relatedness of bifidobacteria isolated from a porcine cecum. Journal of Bacteriology 185, 2571-2581.
• Teo, A. Y. & Tan, H. M. (2005). Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 4185-4190.
• Trautner, B. W., Hull, R. A. & Darouiche, R. O. (2005). Colicins prevent colonization of urinary catheters. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56, 413-415.
• Wilcks, A., Hansen, B. M., Hendriksen, N. B. & Licht, T. R. (2006). Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticides in the gut of human-flora-associated rats. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 48, 410-418.
• Winstrom, J., Norrby, S. R., Myhre, E. B., Eriksson, S., Granstrom, G., Lagergren, L. & al, e. (2001). Frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in 2462 antibiotic-treated hospitalised patients: a prospective study. J. of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 47, 43-50.
• Yamada, S., Ohashi, E., Agata, N. & Venkateswaran, K. (1999). Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of gyrB of Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, and B. anthracis and their application to the detection of B. cereus in rice. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 1483-1490.
• Yudina T. G., Brioukhanov, A. L., Zalunin, I. A., Revina, L. P., Shestakoc, A. I., Voyushina, N. E., Chestukhina, G. G., and Netrusov, A. I. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of different proteins and their fragments from Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal cystals against clostridia and archaea. Anaerobe 13, 6-13.

Claims

1. B. Thuringiensis 6431 as deposited with the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria under the Accession No. 41490 and strains which are substantially similar thereto, also encoding a bacteriocin effective against Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes.

2. A bacteriocin effective against Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium difficile, produced by a bacterial strain as claimed in claim 1.

3. A bacteriocin designated Thuricin CD comprising 2 peptides, Trn-α and Trn-β, Trn-α having a molecular mass of about 2763 and Trn-β having a molecular mass of about 2861.

4. A bacteriocin as claimed in claim 3 being heat-stable up to about 85° Centigrade.

5. A bacteriocin as claimed in claim 3 or 4 having a reduction of activity at about 90° Centigrade and a loss of activity at about 100° Centigrade after 15 minutes' incubation.

6. A bacteriocin as claimed in claims 3 to 5 having the ability to inhibit Bacillus cereus, other Bacillus thuringiensis Clostridium difficile, Listeria monocytogenes, B mycoides, B firmus, C. difficile ribotype 027, C. tyrobutyricum, C. lithuseburense, C. indolis and C. perfringens.

7. A bacteriocin as claimed in any of claims 3 to 6 being active in the pH range 2-10.

8. A bacteriocin as claimed in claims 2 to 7 having a bacteriocidal effect against C. difficile of approximately 5×106 CFU of C. difficile per ml being killed within 180 minutes when thuricin CD is present at a concentration of 200 AU/ml.

9. A bacteriocin as claimed in claims 2 to 8 having an inhibition spectrum as shown in Table 2,

10. A bacteriocin as claimed in any of claims 2 to 8 in which the component Trn-α has an amino acid sequence of GNAACVIGCIGSCVISEGIGSLVGTAFTLG and thuricin CD component Trn-β has the amino acid sequence GWVAVVGACGTVCLASGGVGTEFAAASYFL.

11. A host cell comprising at least one of the Thuricin CD component encoding gene Tm-α or the Thuricin CD component encoding gene Trn-β.

12. Thuricin CD component Trn-α comprising the sequence labelled Trn-alpha as shown in the FIG. 3.

13. Thuricin CD component Trn-β comprising the sequence labelled Trn-beta as shown in the FIG. 3.

14. A host cell as claimed in claim 11 wherein the genes have the nucleic acid sequences as shown in FIG. 3, or sequences which are substantially similar thereto and which also encode bacteriocin activity.

15. A Thuracin component having either of the amino-acid sequences labelled Trn-alpha or Trn-beta as shown in FIG. 3, or sequences which are substantially similar thereto and which also exhibit bacteriocin activity.

16. A disinfectant composition comprising the bacterial strain of claim 1, 22 or 23, a host cell as claimed in claim 11, a bacteriocin as claimed in any of claims 2-10, or a Thuricin CD component as claimed in claim 12 or claim 13.

17. A probiotic culture comprising vegetative cells or spores of a strain as claimed in claim 1 or a host cell as claimed in claim 11.

18. A sporicidal composition comprising a strain as claimed in claim 1, 22 or 23, or a host cell as claimed in claim 11 or a bacteriocin as claimed in any of claims 2-10 or a Thuricin CD component as claimed in claim 12 or 13.

19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a bacterial strain as claimed in claim 1, 22 or 23, a bacteriocin as claimed in claims 2-10, or a host cell as claimed in claim 11, or a Thuricin CD component as claimed in claim 12 or 13, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

20. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 19 formulated as an enema preparation.

21. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 19 containing encapsulated peptides adapted for targeting the colon.

22. A bacterial strain that produces thuricin CD, or a peptide containing the thuricin Trn-α or Trn-β sequences.

23. Recombinant strains including probiotic gut isolates that have been engineered to produce the thuricin CD peptide(s).

24. A probiotic composition comprising either live or dead culture preparations of the strains of claim 1, 22 or 23, the host cell of claims 11 or the bacteriocin of claims 2-10 or a thuricin CD component as claimed in claim 12 or 13 for use in veterinary, human or poultry applications, including inhibition of Clostridium in poultry.

25. Topical compositions comprising a bacterial strain as claimed in claim 1, 22 or 23, a bacteriocin as claimed in claims 2-10, or a host cell as claimed in claim 11, or a Thuricin CD component as claimed in claim 12 or 13, together with a carrier, for the treatment of wounds and skin infections for gas gangerine caused by Clostridium spp.

26-27. (canceled)