Patent Application
20110150918
The present invention relates to improved microbial antigen vaccines, pharmaceutical compositions, immunogenic compositions and antibodies and their use in the treatment of microbial infections, particularly those of bacterial origin, including Staphylococcal origin.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is an increasing problem amongst gram positive bacteria, particularly in hospitals. The widespread use of antibiotics and other agents to treat bacterial infections has led to the rapid development of bacteria resistant to the agents and many bacteria have multiple drug resistance. Thus, there is now a need to provided improved therapies for dealing with such drug resistant infections.
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria of spherical shape, usually arranged in grape-like irregular clusters. Some are members of the normal flora of the skin and mucous membranes of humans, others cause suppuration, abscess formation, a variety of pyogenic infections, and even fatal septicaemia. Pathogenic staphylococci often hemolyze blood, coagulate plasma, and produce a variety of extracellular enzymes and toxins.
The genus Staphylococcus has at least 30 species. The three main species of clinical importance are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase-positive, which differentiates it from the other species. S. aureus is a major pathogen for humans. Almost every person has some type of S. aureus infection during a lifetime, ranging in severity from food poisoning or minor skin infections to severe life-threatening infections. The coagulase-negative staphylococci are normal human flora which sometimes cause infection, often associated with implanted devices, especially in very young, old and immunocompromised patients. Approximately 75% of the infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci are due to S. epidermidis. Infections due to Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus hominis, and other species are less common. S. saprophyticus is a relatively common cause of urinary tract infections in young women. Staphylococci produce catalase, which differentiates them from the streptococci. S. lugdunensis is also relevant in a clinical and is present in approximately 5 to 10% of cases of infective endocarditis.
S. aureus colonization of the articular cartilage, of which collagen is a major component, within the joint space appears to be an important factor contributing to the development of septic arthritis. Hematogenously acquired bacterial arthritis remains a serious medical problem. This rapidly progressive and highly destructive joint disease is difficult to eradicate. Typically, less than 50% of the infected patients fail to recover without serious joint damage. S. aureus is the predominant pathogen isolated from adult patients with hematogenous and secondary osteomyelitis.
In hospitalized patients, Staphylococcus bacteria such as S. aureus are a major cause of infection. Initial localized infections of wounds or indwelling medical devices can lead to more serious invasive infections such as septicaemia, osteomyelitis, mastitis and endocarditis. In infections associated with medical devices, plastic and metal surfaces become coated with host plasma and matrix proteins such as fibrinogen and fibronectin shortly after implantation. This ability of S. aureus and other staphylococcal bacteria to adhere to these proteins is essential to the initiation of infection. Vascular grafts, intravenous catheters, artificial heart valves, and cardiac assist devices are thrombogenic and prone to bacterial colonization. Of the staphylococcal bacteria, S. aureus is generally the most damaging pathogen of such infections.
A significant increase in S. aureus isolates that exhibit resistance to most of the antibiotics currently available to treat infections has been observed in hospitals throughout the world. The development of penicillin to combat S. aureus was a major advance in infection control and treatment. Unfortunately, penicillin-resistant organisms quickly emerged and the need for new antibiotics was paramount. With the introduction of every new antibiotic, S. aureus has been able to counter with β-lactamases, altered penicillin-binding proteins, and mutated cell membrane proteins allowing the bacterium to persist. Consequently, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug resistant organisms have emerged and established major footholds in hospitals and nursing homes around the world (Chambers, H. F., Clin Microbiol Rev, 1:173, 1988; and Mulligan, M. E., et al., Am J Med, 94:313, 1993). Today, almost half of the staphylococcal strains causing nosocomial infections are resistant to all antibiotics except vancomycin, and it appears to be only a matter of time before vancomycin will become ineffective as well.
Thus, there remains a very strong and rapidly growing need for therapeutics to treat infections from staphylococci such as S. aureus which are effective against antibiotic resistant strains of the bacteria.
In gram positive pathogens, such as Staphylococci, Streptococci and Enterococci, proteins, called adhesins, mediate such infections, for example by promoting colonization, attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissue. These specific microbial surface adhesins are termed MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) (Patti, J., et al., Ann Rev Microbiol, 48:585-617, 1994; Patti, J. and Hook, M., Cur Opin Cell Biol., 6:752-758, 1994). MSCRAMMs specifically recognize and bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagen, and elastin. These MSCRAMMs are found in many gram positive pathogens and their amino acid sequences are related, they have similar modular design and common binding domain organization.
MSCRAMMs on the bacterial cell surface and ligands within the host tissue interact in a lock and key fashion resulting in the adherence of bacteria to the host. Adhesion is often required for bacterial survival and helps bacteria evade host defence mechanisms and antibiotic challenges. Once the bacteria have successfully adhered and colonized host tissues, their physiology is dramatically altered and damaging components such as toxins and enzymes are secreted. Moreover, the adherent bacteria often produce a biofilm and quickly become resistant to the killing effect of most antibiotics.
A bacterium can express MSCRAMMs that recognize a variety of matrix proteins. Ligand-binding sites in MSCRAMMs appear to be defined by relatively short contiguous stretches of amino acid sequences (motifs). Because a similar motif can be found in several different species of bacteria, it appears as though these functional motifs are subjected to interspecies transfer (Patti and Hook, Cur Opin Cell Biol, 6:752-758, 1994). In addition, a single MSCRAMM can sometimes bind several ECM ligands.
MSCRAMMs can mediate infection by binding to proteins including Fibrinogen (Fg) and/or Fibronectin (Fn) etc. Fibrinogen and Fibronectin are proteins found in blood plasma and play key roles in hemostasis and coagulation.
Fibrinogen is composed of six polypeptide chains, two Aα, two Bβ and two γ-chains. The C-terminal part of the γ-chain is biologically important and interacts with the platelet integrin during platelet adherence and aggregation. It is this region which is also targeted by Staphylococcus aureus resulting in Fibrinogen-dependant cell clumping and tissue adherence.
Staphylococcus aureus has several surface expressed proteins which stimulate platelet activation and aggregation. The Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM proteins include but are not limited to the following:
Table 1 below outlines a selection of various Staphylococcus aureus cell wall-anchored surface proteins.
aaa, protein length in amino acids.
bMolecular component(s) recognized and bound by protein.
cConsensus motif recognized by sortase and present in C-terminal cell wall sorting signal.
dSortase for which cell wall surface protein is substrate.
eTNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor
falso binds to proteins in desquamated epithelial cell. Promotes resistance to bactericidal lipids and lactoferrin
galso binds to desquamated nasal epithelial cells. Involved in biofilm formation.
Other Staphylococcal bacteria express surface expressed proteins (MSCRAMMs) which are similar to the clumping factors or binding proteins listed above. These include but are not limited to:
Other ligand-binding proteins/adhesins include Isd proteins (iron-regulated surface determinants), which although all of them are not MSCRAMMs per se (e.g. IsdB and IsdH) promote adhesion of bacteria to extracellular matrix components and are referred to herein as “MSCRAMM-like proteins”. It is known that IsdA promotes adhesion to squamous cells, and has weak affinity for fibrinogen and fibronectin, so may technically be defined as an MSCRAMM.
Clumping factor A (ClfA) was the first Fibrinogen γ-chain-binding S. aureus adhesin identified. Fibronectin-fibrinogen binding protein A (FnBPA) and Fibronectin-fibrinogen binding protein B (FnBPB) were subsequently recognized as bi-functional proteins found to bind the same C-terminal peptide segment in the γ-chain of Fg. ClfA and FnBPs have structural features that are common to all cell-wall anchored proteins expressed in Gram-positive bacteria, including ClfB.
Clumping factor A (ClfA), for example, is a surface located protein of Staphylococcus aureus. ClfA is an important virulence factor of S. aureus. It contributes to the pathogenesis of septic arthritis and endocarditis. ClfA is the archetype of a family of surface-associated proteins with similar structural/modular organization, including but not limited to ClfB, SdrD, SdrE etc,
ClfA contains a 520 amino acid N-terminal A domain (the Fibrinogen Binding Region), which comprises three separately folded subdomains N1, N2 and N3. The A domain is followed by a serine-aspartate dipeptide repeat region and a cell wall- and membrane-spanning region, which contains the LPDTG-motif for sortase-promoted anchoring to the cell wall. ClfA is present in practically all S. aureus strains (Peacock S J, Moore C E, Justice A, Kantzanou M, Story L, Mackie K, O'Neill G, Day N P J (2002) Virulent combinations of adhesin and toxin genes in natural populations of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 70:4987-4996). It binds to the C-terminus of the γ-chain of fibrinogen, and is thereby able to induce clumping of bacteria in fibrinogen solution (McDevitt D, Nanavaty T, House-Pompeo K, Bell E, Turner N, McEntire L, Foster T, Höök M (1997) Characterization of the interaction between the Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor (ClfA) and fibrinogen. Eur J Biochem 247:416-424 and McDevitt D, Francois P, Vaudaux P, Foster T J (1994) Molecular characterization of the clumping factor (fibrinogen receptor) of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 11:237-248).
3D Structural analysis of ClfA and the related fibrinogen-binding proteins SdrG and ClfB has revealed that the ligand-binding A domain in all these related proteins are all composed of three subdomains N1, N2 and N3, with residues 221-559 corresponding to Regions N2-N3 being the smallest truncate that retains the ability to bind fibrinogen. It has been found that amino acid residues 532 to 538 correspond to the latching peptide region of ClfA. Each subdomain comprises nine β-strands that form a novel IgG-type fold. The fibrinogen γ-chain peptide-binding site in these proteins is located in a hydrophobic groove at the junction between N2 and N3. It has been found that there is significant structural similarity between the 3d structure of these proteins, this is due to one or more of related amino acid sequence, similar modular design and common binding domain organization.
SdrC, SdrD, SdrE, FnBPA-A (all seven isoforms) and FnBPB-B (all seven isoforms) have similar modular organization, thus using PHYRE molecular modeling, these proteins would be expected to have the same 3D structure.
IsdA and IsdB do not have the same type of structure as Clf or Sdr proteins. They have a novel motif called NEAT which is involved in ligand binding. However, the NEAT motif is similar to the 3D structure of Clf or Sdr, in that is composed of a sandwich of beta strands (beta sandwich fold that consists of two five-stranded antiparallel beta sheets) and is a member of the Ig-superfamily (Pilpa et al “Solution Structure of the NEAT (NEAr Transported) Domain from IsdH/HarA: the Human Hemoglobin Receptor in Staphylococcus aureus” J. Mol. Biol. (2006) 360:435-447) The 3D structure of the NEAT motif of IsdH has been solved and residues in loop 1b-2 predicted.
Expression of ClfA on S. aureus hampers phagocytosis by both macrophages and neutrophils (Palmqvist N, Patti J M, Tarkowski A, Josefsson E (2004) Expression of staphylococcal clumping factor A impedes macrophage phagocytosis. Microb Infect 6:188-195 and Higgins J, Loughman A, van Kessel K P M, van Strijp J A G, Foster T J (2006) Clumping factor A of Staphylococcus aureus inhibits phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 258:290-296). In neutrophils this is due to both a fibrinogen-dependent mechanism and to a fibrinogen-independent mechanism. In contrast, platelets are activated by bacteria expressing ClfA through its interaction with GPIIb/IIIa leading to aggregation. This is most efficiently executed when fibrinogen is present, but there is also a fibrinogen-independent pathway for platelet activation (Loughman A, Fitzgerald J R, Brennan M P, Higgins J, Downer R, Cox D, Foster T J (2005) Roles of fibrinogen, immunoglobulin and complement in platelet activation promoted by Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A. Mol Microbiol 57:804-818 and O'Brien L, Kerrigan S W, Kaw G., Hogan M., Penadés J., Litt D., Fitzgerald D. J., Foster T. J. & Cox D. (2002) Multiple mechanisms for the activation of human platelet aggregation by Staphylococcus aureus: roles for the clumping factors ClfA and ClfB, the serine-aspartate repeat protein SdrE and protein A. Mol Microbiol 44, 1033-1044).
ClfA is a virulence factor for induction of septic arthritis in mice (Josefsson E., Hartford O., O'Brien L, Patti J M, Foster T (2001) Protection against experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis by vaccination with clumping factor A, a novel virulence determinant. J Infect Dis 184:1572-1580). In addition, elimination of ClfA together with another fibrinogen binding protein ClfB protected against systemic inflammation at the early stages of infection (Palmqvist N, Foster T, Fitzgerald R, Josefsson E, Tarkowski A (2005) Fibronectin-binding proteins and fibrinogen-binding clumping factors play distinct roles in staphylococcal arthritis and systemic inflammation. J Inf Dis 191:791-798).
The Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding protein ClfA has been isolated and characterized and is the subject of, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,008,341 and 6,177,084.
ClfA and ClfB have an identical structural (3D) organization and approximately 27% amino acid identity. FnBPA has an approximately 25% amino acid identity to ClfA.
At present there are no MSCRAMM based vaccines approved and on the market. Veronate®, a donor-selected staphylococcal human immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) targeting ClfA and SdrG, performed poorly in phase III clinical trials and was withdrawn from trials. It is currently being re-evaluated to determine whether it is a viable treatment for Staphylococcal infections.
WO 2005/116064 is directed to FnBPA, which is a multifunctional binding protein of S. aureus. The N-terminal A domain of FnBPA resembles ClfA and has been found to bind fibrinogen. However. the C-terminal BCD domains of FnBPA bind fibronectin, hence, FnBPA is a bifunctional MSCRAMM.
WO 2005/116064 is based on the finding that in the presence of transglutaminase, covalent linkages are formed between the bacterial adhesin FnBPA and the host protein fibronectin, rendering the association much stronger and essentially irreversible. Fibrinogen is a major component (˜3 mg/ml) in blood where it serves as the final target of the coagulation cascade. Fibronectin is less abundant, ˜0.3 mg/ml or one molecule of Fn for every 10-15 of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen and fibronectin are not thought to be associated in blood where they circulate independently.
Importantly, WO 2005/116064 specifically relates to Factor XIIIa-catalyzed covalent cross-linking. WO 2005/116064 isolates multiple mutants in a recombinant FnBPA where residues with positively charged side chains (i.e. transglutaminase substrates) were altered. Furthermore, WO 2005/116064 is directed to mutants which have altered covalent fibronectin not fibrinogen binding properties only. Additionally, this document does not demonstrate experimentally whether the binding of the mutant protein to the ligand is reduced and does not provide any supporting immunogenicity data.
Thus, in view of the prevalence of multiple drug resistance in gram positive bacteria and the lack of successful therapies and vaccines for these multi-drug resistant bacteria, any alternative therapy which can deal with such bacterial infections without using antibiotics will be of significant value.
Furthermore, any improvements in efficacy over any known treatments or vaccines will be of particular importance, especially in a clinical setting.
Thus, the present invention is directed to providing an alternative and improved therapy for such treating such bacterial infections.
According to a first general aspect of the invention, there is provided a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand, for use in therapy.
According to a preferred embodiment, there is provided a recombinant staphylococcal fibrinogen binding MSCRAMM protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least part of the fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen for use in therapy.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of inducing an immune response in an individual and/or treating a patient having a microbial infection, comprising administering to the individual a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, or vaccine comprising the recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a vaccine comprising a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided an antibody raised against a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand, preferably in the form of a hyperimmune serum
According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided an immunogenic pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
In this specification, the terms “adhesin”, “MSCRAMM” and “cell-wall anchored proteins” will be understood to be interchangeable and cover all microbial derived ligand binding proteins. Ideally, these proteins bind fibrinogen, heme or haemoglobin, haptoglobin-haemoglobin, haemin, collagen and other such ligands. The term “MSCRAMM-like” proteins are intended to cover proteins or adhesins which have related amino acid sequences, similar modular design and/or common/similar binding domain organization to such MSCRAMM proteins, such as Isd proteins. Ideally, the MSCRAMM-like proteins have similar binding domain organization/modular design. Additionally, the MSCRAMM-like proteins may have at least 50%, preferably 60%, preferably 75%, more preferably 85%, even more preferably 95%, still more preferably 99% or more amino acid sequence identity with the MSCRAMM proteins.
It will also be understood that any of the percentage identities or homologies referred to in the specification are determined using available conventional methods over the entire/whole length of the sequence.
The term “micro-organism”, “microbe”, “microbial” or the like includes but is not limited to organisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts and/or moulds.
The term “immunologically effective amount” covers those amounts which are capable of stimulating a B cell and/or T cell response.
According to a first general aspect of the invention, there is provided a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, comprising at least part of the ligand binding region, with reduced binding to its host ligand, for use in therapy. Such a recombinant protein may be used in the treatment of microbial infections, such as the treatment of sepsis, septic arthritis and/or endocarditis or other similar conditions or disease states. Such microbial infections may ideally be caused by Staphylococci or other similar micro-organisms.
According to one particular embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the recombinant MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, has reduced or lacks the ability to non-covalently bind its host ligand.
Thus, it will be understood that the recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, may have reduced binding with its host ligand or binding with the host ligand may be prevented.
It is postulated, according to the invention, that the non-covalent binding that takes place during binding, via Dock, Lock and Latching (DLL), of the MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein to its ligand may be reduced or prevented. It is established that the first step in binding of an MSCRAMM to its ligand involves a non-covalent interaction via the DLL model. These are the primary non-covalent MSCRAMM interactions with the ligand. The final stages in MSCRAMM-ligand binding involve covalent interactions. In this particular embodiment, the recombinant MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, has reduced or lacks the ability to non-covalently bind its host ligand due to altered dock, lock and latching. One or more of the dock, lock or latching steps may be altered.
The DLL model was elucidated from the 3D structure of SdrG in complex with its ligand. ClfA has now been shown to act by a minor variation of the DLL mechanism (Ganech et al (2008) “A structural model of the Staphylococcus aureus Clfa-fibrinogen interaction opens new avenues for the design of anti-staphylococcal therapeutics”. PloS Pathog 4(11); e1000226). The DLL model specifically relates to the non-covalent interactions involved in ligand binding. The DLL model is inferred for all other proteins of similar structural type (whether by amino acid similarity/homology or structural organization homology), including but not limited to MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like proteins.
In relation to MSCRAMMs ClfA/ClfB in particular, it has been found that the minimal ligand binding domain comprises Region A subregions N1 to N3, specifically subregions N2 and N3 which comprise a variant Dev-IgG Ig fold. The variant Dev-IgG Ig fold is new variant of the immunoglobulin motif also called the DE-variant. It is postulated that a hydrophobic pocket formed between the two DEv-IgG domains of ClfA/B is the ligand-binding site for the fibrinogen γ-chain. Essentially, the ligand binds to the hydrophobic groove separating N2 and N3. Specifically, during ligand binding the unfolded peptide component of the ligand inserts into the groove located between the N2 and N3 subdomains. The latching peptide at the C-terminus of subdomain N3 undergoes a conformational change and inserts between two beta strands in subdomain N2, thus, locking the ligand in place. Indeed, mutagenic substitution of residues Tyr256, Pro336, Tyr338 and Lys389 in the clumping factor, which are proposed to contact the terminal residues 408AGDV411 of the fibrinogen γ-chain, resulted in proteins with no or markedly reduced affinity for fibrinogen. Further details of this specific embodiment are expanded on later.
Whilst these teachings relate to clumping factors, ClfA in particular, they are equally applicable to other MSCRAMMs and/or MSCRAMM-like proteins, which have similar modular binding domain organization and bind ligands in similar ways.
Thus, in order to provide recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like proteins, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand, the full length protein, ligand binding domain, minimal ligand binding domain or fragment thereof may be altered to reduce or prevent binding to its host ligand. Ideally, for ClfA/ClfB and other similar MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like proteins, Region A subregion N2 and N3, which ideally comprise a variant Dev-IgG Ig fold, may be altered to prevent or reduce binding to its host ligand. Such an alteration is designed to prevent the ligand binding to the hydrophobic groove separating minimal ligand binding domains needed for DLL.
Such alterations in the ligand binding domain may take place at the amino acid level, by amino acid substitution or deletion, using either the full length protein, ligand binding domain, minimal ligand binding domain or fragment thereof. It will be understood that proteins or fragments thereof with sufficiently high homology to the ligand binding protein may also be used. High homology as defined herein occurs when at least 50%, preferably 60%, preferably 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95%, still more preferably 95% to 99%, still more preferably 99% or more of the nucleotides or match over the entire length of the DNA sequence or when used in connection with amino acid sequences when the amino acid sequences are not identical but produce a protein having the same functionality and activity. It will be understood that these comments about high homology may also relate to the 3D structure of the protein, i.e. modular binding domain organization.
It will be understood that the complete ligand binding protein, the ligand binding domain, the minimal ligand binding domain or a fragment thereof may be used.
The use of truncated proteins of the ligand binding protein such as the ligand binding domain, the minimal ligand binding domain, or the use of fragments thereof is advantageous for ease of manufacture and overcoming other problems such as unwanted cleavage of the protein. For example, the latching peptide, present in the minimal ligand binding domain, may be deleted/removed or altered. For example, the latching peptide in ClfA corresponds to Region A amino acids 532 to 538 and in ClfB to Region A amino acids 530-540 (Walsh et al (2004) JBC 279(49): 50691-50699). These residues may be altered, substituted or removed/deleted in order to prevent the ligand binding to the MSCRAMM via DLL. In this way the DLL “latching” of the MSCRAMM to its ligand is prevented. This “latching” occurs by way of a non-covalant interaction. In one embodiment, the latching peptide is removed in its entirety along with the remaining Region A C-terminal amino acid residues. According to another embodiment, the latching peptide region only is removed. According to yet another embodiment, the latching peptide region undergoes amino acid substitution to result in the reduction or prevention of ligand binding/latching. These comments are applicable to all MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like proteins with bind ligands by the DLL or similar models.
By altering the MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein in this manner, it is possible to provide a ligand binding protein without the ability to bind its ligand, which stimulates a greater immune response upon immunization than the wild type protein. Advantageously, this reduces systemic inflammation, thereby decreasing microbial virulence. Consequently, this altered ligand binding MSCRAMM or MSRAMM-like protein which lacks the ability to bind its ligand can be advantageously used in the treatment of microbial infections. Thus, these findings present a new and valuable vaccine/immunization therapeutic against bacterial infections which provides better results when compared to a vaccine or immunization therapeutic derived from the wild type protein.
According to one embodiment of the invention the ligand is heme, haemoglobin or fibrinogen. Other ligands may be contemplated such as haptoglobin-haemoglobin, haemoglobin, haemin, collagen etc.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the recombinant MSCRAMM protein is selected from
Fibrinogen binding proteins have been expanded on above, and include but are not limited to ClfA, ClfB, FnBPA, FnBPB, FbI, IsdA etc. It has been shown that SdrG/F bind collagen. Other MSCRAMMs include SasA, SasG, SasK and SdrH.
The recombinant MSCRAMM-like protein may be selected from
Based on the findings from fibrinogen binding MSCRAMM ClfA, similar non-ligand binding mutants can be generated in for example the NEAT (NEAr Transporter) motif of Isd proteins including IsdH and IsdB. As expanded on above IsdA and IsdB do not have the same type of structure as the Clf or Sdr proteins. However, the NEAT motif in Isd is directly involved in ligand binding (haptoglobin-haemoglobin, haemoglobin, haemin), thus, alterations in the NEAT motif will prevent the host-ligand interation in the same way as altering the DLL or DLL like host-ligand interaction of Clf or Sdr. Many NEAT domain-containing proteins, including IsdA in Staphylococcus aureus, are implicated in haem binding. It is postulated that the haem-binding property of IsdA is contained within the NEAT domain. Crystal structures of the apo-IsdA NEAT domain and in complex with haem have revealed a clathrin adapter-like β-sandwich fold with a large hydrophobic haem-binding pocket. IsdB has two NEAT motifs and IsdA has one NEAT motif. Non-ligand binding mutants of Isd proteins may be isolated by altering the residues predicted for ligand binding, for example, by altering the residues between beta strands and/or hydrophobic pocket. Additionally, the NEAT motif may be altered to effect non-covalent host-ligand interactions.
According to another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of inducing an immune response in an individual and/or treating a patient having a microbial infection, comprising administering to the individual a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, or vaccine comprising the recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof with reduced binding to its host ligand.
According to another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided a vaccine comprising a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand.
According to another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided an antibody raised against a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand, preferably in the form of a hyperimmune serum
According to another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, there is provided an immunogenic pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant staphylococcal MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like protein, or fragment thereof, with reduced binding to its host ligand
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is provided a recombinant staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least the part of fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen for use in therapy.
It will be understood that the recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof, may be used in the treatment of microbial infections, preferably Staphylococci infections such as in the treatment of sepsis, septic arthritis and/or endocarditis or other similar conditions or disease states.
The fibrinogen binding region of the protein is altered so that it no longer binds fibrinogen. As stated above, the alteration may take place at the nucleotide or amino acid level. It will be understood that proteins or fragments thereof with sufficiently high homology to the fibrinogen binding protein may also be used. High homology as defined herein occurs when at least 50%, preferably 60%, preferably 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95%, still more preferably 95% to 99%, still more preferably 99% of the nucleotides match over the entire length of the DNA sequence or when used in connection with amino acid sequences when the amino acid sequences are not identical but produce a protein having the same functionality and activity. It will be understood that these comments about high homology may also relate to the 3D structure of the protein.
It will be understood that the complete fibrinogen binding protein, the fibrinogen binding region, the minimal fibrinogen binding region, or a fragment thereof may be used. The use of truncated proteins or fragments thereof is advantageous for ease of manufacture and overcoming other problems such as unwanted cleavage of the protein. This is expanded on below.
Such fragments should ideally comprise at least part of the fibrinogen binding region of the MSCRAMM. The advantages of using a truncated protein or fragment thereof of the, comprising for example one or more subdomains of the ligand-fibrinogen binding region only, relate to the ability to purify the protein at high yields without degradation. The ClfA protein fibrinogen binding region, otherwise referred to as the A Region, comprises 3 subregions, N1, N2 and N3. Thus, the immunogenic fragment may comprise subregions N1, N2 and/or N3 of the ClfA A Region or a fragment thereof. Thus, for example, in relation to ClfA, the fragment may comprise one or more of subdomains of Region A, N1, N2 or N3. Ideally, N2 and N3 may be used as this truncate is less likely to undergo proteolysis (a protease cleavage site has been reported between N1 and N2 in ClfA and ClfB) and can be expressed at higher levels in E. coli. N2 and N3 are the minimal fibrinogen binding region of Clf proteins.
It will be understood that although the following discussion relates to the fibrinogen binding protein ClfA, that these comments are equally applicable to other MSCRAMMs, MSCRAMM-like proteins and in particular other fibrinogen binding proteins which are structurally similar either at an amino acid or protein structure level to ClfA, for example as Clf B, FbI and SdrF/G (which also bind collagen). Furthermore, these teachings are applicable to FnBPA and FnBPB. Thus, although the following comments relate to fibrinogen binding proteins, they are equally applicable to other MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like proteins which bind ligands other than fibrinogen.
We have unexpectedly found that this altered fibrinogen binding protein, truncate or fragment thereof, without the ability to bind fibrinogen stimulates a greater immune response upon immunization than the wild type protein which binds to fibrinogen in the normal manner. Advantageously, this altered fibrinogen binding protein does not provoke systemic inflammation when expressed by S. aureus, thus, microbial virulence is decreased. Consequently, this altered protein which lacks the ability to bind fibrinogen can be advantageously used in the treatment of microbial infections. We have also found contrary to expectations that the protection effect of the altered fibrinogen binding protein is greater than the wild type protein.
We have found that a pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprising such an altered recombinant protein is more effective than a pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprising the same recombinant protein in an unaltered (wild type) form, such as ClfA, ClfB, SdrG etc.
Thus, these findings present a new and valuable vaccine/immunization therapeutic against bacterial infections which provides better results when compared to the wild type protein when also used as a vaccine/immunization therapeutic.
It will be understood that the altered protein, whether MSCRAMM or MSCRAMM-like or fibrinogen or other ligand binding, may be used in the generation of antibodies, including monoclonal, polyclonal, chimeric, humanized antibodies or fragments thereof, for use in the treatment of such microbial infections. Compositions may then be provided which include such antibodies, such as a hyperimmune serum, and these compositions may be used in the treatment of patients infected with Staphylococcus infections.
Thus, the proteins or active fragments thereof may be used to inhibit the binding of Staphylococci to the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and to prevent/treat Staphylococci infections in a patient.
Furthermore, the proteins or active fragments thereof, and antibodies to the proteins are useful in the treatment of infections from Staphylococcal infections, for the development of vaccines for active or passive vaccination, and when administered as a pharmaceutical composition to a wound or a medical device, both the proteins and antibodies are useful as blocking agents to prevent microbial infection. For example, these proteins or fragments thereof may be used in active vaccines, and the antibodies to these proteins in passive vaccines.
These vaccines and products described herein present a significant improvement over the prior art, which teaches the general use of MSCRAMMs to impart immunization, but does not teach the unexpected and improved vaccines or products described herein.
The preparation of proteins, DNA and antibodies are well known in the art and will not be described in detail herein. Conventional techniques are ideally used in the generation of these molecules. The invention will also be understood to cover nucleic acid constructs containing the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of interest, recombinant host cells containing such nucleic acid constructs to express the protein of interest, and immunogenic compositions.
For administration, the protein composition may be dispersed in a sterile, isotonic saline solution or other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
It will be understood that the vaccine may be a DNA or protein vaccine.
Immunization may take place by the injection of DNA, protein or antibodies. Alternatively, an attenuated live organism that includes and expresses the DNA may be administered.
The amount of DNA, protein or antibodies that may be administered will depend on several mitigating factors, including dependence on the promoter strength, protein expression and immunogenicity of the expressed gene. These may be altered for each new application to obtain the desired immunologically effective amount required.
According to another embodiment of this invention, there is provided a method of inducing an immune response in an individual and/or treating a patient having a microbial infection, comprising administering to the individual a recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least the fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen.
According to further preferred embodiment of the invention, there is provided a vaccine comprising a recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least part of the fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen.
According to a still further preferred embodiment of the invention, there is provided an antibody raised against a recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least part of the fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen, preferably in the form of a hyperimmune serum.
According to a yet further preferred embodiment of the invention, there is provided an immunogenic pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein, or fragment thereof comprising at least part of the fibrinogen binding region, without the ability to bind fibrinogen and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
Ideally, the recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein or fragment thereof is derived from S. aureus, S. epidermidis and/or S. lugdunensis.
The fibrinogen binding protein of these embodiments may be selected from one of the following FbI, SdrF, and/or SdrG (which are also collagen binding). Alternatively, the fibrinogen binding protein may be selected from one of the following Fibrinogen binding protein clumping factor A (ClfA), Fibrinogen binding protein clumping factor B (ClfB), Fibronectin-fibrinogen binding protein A (FnBPA), Fibronectin-fibrinogen binding protein B (FnBPB). IsdA promotes adhesion has weak affinity for fibrinogen and fibronectin, so may technically be defined as a fibrinogen binding MSCRAMM.
It will be understood that nucleotide or amino acid substitutions or deletions within the fibrinogen binding region of such fibrinogen binding proteins result in a recombinant protein without the ability to bind fibrinogen.
ClfA-fibrinogen binding has been elucidated to occur by a dock, lock and latch (DLL) mechanism similar to that of SdrG. The DLL model was expanded on above. Region A of ClfA is responsible for the protein-ligand interaction. As shown in
The fibrinogen γ-chain peptide-binding site is located in a hydrophobic groove at the junction between N2 and N3 of ClfA. Thus, the substitutions or deletions mentioned above are designed to alter the MSCRAMM protein-ligand interaction and prevent the non-covalent binding of ClfA to fibrinogen.
According to one specific embodiment of the present invention, the recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein is a fibrinogen binding-deficient mutant of ClfA. In this embodiment, Fibrinogen Binding Region A of ClfA is altered by any means (such as substitution or deletion mutations) so that it no longer binds fibrinogen.
Ideally, the fibrinogen binding protein is ClfA, however, ClfA bears 3D structural similarity to many other fibrinogen binding proteins. Thus, it will be understood that these comments relating to ClfA are equally applicable to other MSCRAMM fibrinogen binding proteins, including ClfB, FnBPA, FnBPB, FbI, SdrG/F, IsdA etc. All of these proteins have similar 3D structures, thus, similar alterations/mutations to the fibrinogen binding region can be made to achieve the same results.
ClfA is a 993 amino acid protein, comprising a 520 amino acid fibrinogen binding domain (from amino acids 40 to 559). This fibrinogen binding domain is the N Terminal A domain comprising subregions N1, N2 and N3. The entire fibrinogen region spanning N1 to N3 from amino acid 40 to amino acid 559 may be used in the invention. Alternatively, a truncate of the N1 to N3 region may be used, e.g. 221 to 559 (the minimal fibrinogen binding region), 221 to 531 (the minimal fibrinogen region without the latching peptide and following residues) etc. Ideally, subregions N2 and N3, the minimal fibrinogen binding region, may be used which correspond to amino acid residues 221 to 559. Alternatively, a fragment of these subregions may be used.
It has been established that amino acid residues 221 to 559, covering the N2 and N3 regions, of ClfA play an important part in the binding to fibrinogen and are the minimal fibrinogen binding region. We also have unexpectedly found that mutation of amino acid residues in this region results in an expressed protein which can be recognized by the host immune defences but lacks fibrinogen binding and hence, reduces the associated virulence. This region (the 339 amino acid fibrinogen binding domain) of ClfA has a specific 3D structure, a so-called DE-variant IgG fold, and is the minimum Fg-binding truncate which if altered (via substitution or deletion etc) can provide an improved therapy.
The alteration to result in the loss of fibrinogen binding activity may take place by substitution, addition or insertion or deletion at either the nucleotide or amino acid level. Ideally, the substitution negatively affects the 3D structure (e.g. of the a so-called DE-variant IgG fold) of the protein or fragment so it can no longer bind fibrinogen.
Ideally, the nucleotide or amino acid substitution reduces the non-covalent interaction with fibrinogen, preferably by preventing ligand binding to the hydrophobic pocket separating N2 and N3 of Region A of the fibrinogen binding protein. Alternatively, the latching peptide region corresponding to amino acids 532 to 538 may be altered by substitution or deleted to prevent ligand binding. Additionally, a truncate/fragment lacking the latching peptide region and optionally the remainder of the C-terminal protein residues, i.e. lacking amino acid residues 532 to 559, may be used.
According to one specific embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the fibrinogen binding-deficient mutant of ClfA may be constructed by exchanging amino acids P336 for serine and/or Y338 for aspartate, respectively. The choice of residues was based on the X-ray crystal structure of ClfA and the observation that individual changes to the proline or the tyrosine reduced binding affinity. Surprisingly, we found that this mutant ClfA protein (rClfAP336 S Y338A) stimulated an immune response and can be used in the generation of a much more effective vaccine or antibody therapy. This substitution may take place in the full length fibrinogen binding protein, the fibrinogen binding region, the minimal fibrinogen binding region, or a fragment thereof.
According to another specific embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the fibrinogen binding-deficient mutant of ClfA may be constructed by exchanging amino acids P for aspartate and/or Y338 for serine, respectively. As with the previous embodiment, this mutant ClfA protein (rClfAP336 A Y338S) can also be used in the generation of a much more effective vaccine or antibody therapy.
Alternatively, the alteration may be in the form of a deletion, comprising the fibrinogen binding region without the latching peptide sequence (amino acids 532 to 538), to result in a recombinant fibrinogen binding protein without the ability to non-covalently bind fibrinogen. In this embodiment, amino acid residues 221 to 531 of Region A of ClfA are used, which lack the latching peptide and following C-terminal residues. Alternatively, an amino acid substitution in the latching peptide amino acids 532 to 538 which prevents the DLL of the fibrinogen may be contemplated.
It is understood that all proteins in the Clf-Sdr family binds ligands by the DLL model. By modelling the 3D structure, it is possible to predict the latching peptide and make a truncate that lacks it, either in the full length (N1 to N3) or the minimal ligand binding truncate N2-N3, or a fragment thereof.
We found that these substitution rClfA proteins (whether deletion mutants, substitutions or truncates) reduced virulence and disease outcome, and surprisingly induced less systemic inflammation that the wild type protein.
Thus, immunization with these mutant proteins is expected to, based on the proteins tested, enhance the level of antibodies which recognized both the mutant and wild type protein and to provide for a greater immune response than the wild type protein.
Thus, ClfA which has been altered so that it no longer binds fibrinogen is a useful therapeutic candidate for active or passive immunization. In this way, the altered ClfA protein itself may be used as a vaccine or antibodies raised to this altered ClfA protein may be used. As above the vaccine may be a DNA or protein vaccine.
The following sequences outlined in the table below may be used in accordance with the invention.
1Additional N residues (N-terminal extension (6 × His tag and additional residues) comprise 6 His residues, followed by Gly and Ser. Additional C terminal residues comprise Lys followed by Leu (other additional N and C terminal residues may be used - depending on the primer used or N/C terminal tags required)
2Additional N residues (6 × His tag and additional residues) comprise 6 His residues, followed by Gly and Ser. Additional C terminal residues comprise Arg followed by Ser (other additional N and C terminal residues may be used - depending on the primer used or N/C terminal tags required))
3without the latching peptide corresponding to aa residues 532 to 538 and remainder A Region C-terminal residues i.e. lacking amino acid residues 532 to 559.
Ideally, the recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 3 wherein residue P336 and/or Y338 are substituted with either serine and/or alanine, or a fragment thereof.
Alternatively, the fragment of the recombinant Staphylococcal fibrinogen binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID No. 4 to SEQ ID No. 14. SEQ ID NOs 4 and 5 correspond to the ClfA A domain N1, N2, N3 only, rClfA P336S Y338A and rClfA P336A Y338S respectively as outlined in the table above.
It is also postulated, based on the substitutions in the latch which were made in SdrG, that substitutions in the latch that are defective in the conformational change or beta strand complementation will also be defective in ligand binding. Thus, ideally, the substitutions are in amino acid residues 532 to 538 which correspond to the latching peptide and affect the ability of the peptide to undergo conformational change, or bind the ligand or both. Alternatively, the alteration may comprise removing the amino acid residues 532 to 538 (delta latch peptide) altogether, to give similar results. Additionally, a C-terminal truncation mutant lacking amino acid residues 532 to 559 (including the latching peptide residues) will also effect binding to the ligand.
However, it will also be contemplated that other amino acid residues could be substituted other than those specifically recited above. For example, Glu 526, Val 527, Tyr 256 and Lys 389 may be substituted to alter the fibrinogen binding properties of the protein or fragment thereof. Thus, any substitution which reduces binding ability may be contemplated. Ideally, such substitutions or deletions effect the hydrophobic pocket and associated mechanism for binding the ligand in the hydrophobic trench such as homologues Val527 in ClfA and N526 in ClfB. In ClfB, Q235 and N526 have been studied to shown to reduce binding. A similar study was done with FnBPA where N304 and F306 were shown to be important for Fg binding. Thus, mutations in these amino acid residues will affect ligand binding.
It will be understood that these comments are equally applicable to other fibrinogen binding proteins, such as ClfB, SdrG, FnBPA, FnBPB. Thus, the treatment (vaccine, antibody or pharmaceutical composition etc) may comprise the complete Fibrinogen Binding Region or a fragment thereof.
In the specification, the terms “comprise, comprises, comprised and comprising” or any variation thereof and the terms “include, includes, included and including” or any variation thereof are considered to be totally interchangeable and they should all be afforded the widest possible interpretation.
The invention is not limited to the embodiment hereinbefore described, but may be varied in both construction and detail within the scope of the claims.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting figures and examples.
Full details of the numeric references in brackets given in the Examples are provided at the end of this section.
NMRI mice were obtained from Scanbur BK (Sollentuna, Sweden) and were maintained in the animal facility of the Department of Rheumatology, University of Göteborg, Sweden. Göteborg animal experiment ethical board approved the experiments. They were housed up to 10 animals per cage with a 12 h light-dark cycle, and were fed standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. The animals were 6 to 16 weeks old at the start of the experiments.
For infection of animals the S. aureus wildtype strains Newman (14) and LS-1 (11) and constructed derivatives thereof were used. The clfA P336SY338A (clfAPYI) and clfA P336AY338S (clfAPYII) derivatives were constructed in strain Newman and transduced to strain LS-1 (see below). The deletion mutants Newman clfA2::Tn917 mutant DU5876 (3) and LS-1 clfA2::Tn917 mutant (J. R. Fitzgerald et al., unpublished) were also used. Bacteria were grown on blood agar plates for 48 h, harvested, and kept frozen at −20° C. in PBS containing 5% (wt/vol) BSA (Sigma Chemicals) and 10% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide. Before injection into animals, the bacterial suspensions were thawed, washed in PBS, and adjusted to appropriate cell concentrations. The number of viable bacteria was measured in conjunction with each challenge by cultivation on blood agar plates and counting colonies.
Construction of clfAPYI and clfAPYII Mutations in S. aureus Newman and LS-1
In this experiment, a full length ClfA A region truncate, comprising N1, N2 and N3, corresponding to amino acids 40 to 559, was used. In the following description and figures:
A 1.02 kb PstI-BamHI fragment of pCF77 PY (Loughman et al., 2005) containing the mutations P336S and Y338A in clfA was cloned into pBluescriptII SK− (Stratagene). This plasmid was linearised with HindIII and ligated to HindIII-cut pTSermC (J. Higgins, unpublished) to generate plasmid pARM, which is a temperature sensitive E. coli-S. aureus shuttle vector containing the P336S and Y338A substitutions.
In order to reduce the risk of unknowingly generating a functional or immunoreactive epitope by substituting P336 and Y338, we generated a second mutant, in which the order of the substitutions was reversed, yielding P336A and Y338S. To generate this a plasmid pJH2, analogous to pARM but containing the P336A and Y338S substitutions, was generated. Overlap primer PCR was used with the same flanking primers used to make pCF77 PY (6), and a different pair of overlapping mutagenic primers:
(mutations in bold and underlined) to generate pCF77 PYII. The 1.02 kb PstI-HindIII fragment of this plasmid was used as described above to generate pJH2, a temperature sensitive E. coli-S. aureus shuttle vector containing the P336A and Y338S substitutions.
Both pARM and pJH2 were transferred to RN4220 (15) by electroporation and subsequently transduced using phage 85 (16) to S. aureus Newman (14) and LS-1 (11). In these strains the plasmids were induced to insert into the chromosome and then excise, leaving the mutations in the chromosome of a proportion of transformants, generating Newman clfAPYI, Newman clfAPYII, LS-1 clfAPYI and LS-1 clfAPYII. Transformants were screened for loss of the plasmid and a loss of fibrinogen-binding activity. Integrity of the clfA gene was verified by Southern hybridisation using a clfA probe (data not shown). Expression of an immunoreactive protein (ClfAPY) was verified by Western immunoblotting using anti-ClfA region A polyclonal rabbit antiserum (data not shown). The mutations were verified by PCR across the KpnI-BamHI fragments from genomic DNA and commercial sequencing of the products. The about 700 bases of the clfA gene of strain LS-1 that were sequenced were identical to the corresponding bases in the Newman clfA gene of strain Newman.
His-tagged recombinant ClfA region A, domains N123 (amino acids 40-559), was produced from pCF40 as previously described (17), with an additional polishing step through an anion-exchange column. Plasmid pCF77 PY (6) was used as template to clone clfAPYI domains N123 into pQE30 to generate pCF40PY. Using this plasmid, recombinant ClfAPY was also produced by nickel affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatograpy, as was described for rClfA. Eluates were dialysed against two changes of PBS before concentration and freeze-drying.
In experiments 1-3 all the mice (n=10 per group) were infected with strain Newman to trigger arthritis. In experiments 4 and 5, the mice were infected with strain Newman and LS-1, respectively, to induce sepsis (n=10 per group).
Experiment 1 Mice were infected by intravenous injection with 3.5×106 cfu/mouse of S. aureus strain Newman or with 4.3×106 cfu/mouse of Newman clfAPYI mutant, both in 200 μl PBS. Clinical arthritis and weight change was followed until day 7. Mice were sacrificed day 8, kidney growth of bacteria were assessed and serum IL-6 and total IgG levels were measured. Synovitis and bone destruction was studied histologically on the joints of fore and hind legs.
Experiment 2 Mice were infected with 5.0×106 cfu, 6.0×106 cfu or 4.3×106 cfu of S. aureus strain Newman, clfAPYI mutant or Newman clfA::ErmR (clfA null mutant), respectively. Clinical arthritis and weight change was followed until day 7. Mice were sacrificed day 7, kidney growth of bacteria were assessed and serum IL-6 and total IgG levels were measured. Synovitis and bone destruction was studied histologically on the joints of fore and hind legs.
Experiment 3 Mice were infected with 4.7×106 cfu, 3.2×106 cfu, 3.9×106 cfu or 4.8×106 cfu of S. aureus strain Newman, clfAPYI mutant, Newman clfAPYII mutant or Newman clfA null mutant, respectively. Clinical arthritis and weight change was followed until day 7. Mice were sacrificed day 8 and kidney growth of bacteria were assessed.
The outcome of the experiments 1-3 were very similar, so data were pooled and presented together.
In Experiment 4 mice were injected intravenously with 5.2×107 cfu, 5.1×107 cfu or 3.3×107 cfu of S. aureus strain Newman, clfAPYI mutant or clfA null mutant, respectively. Mortality, weight change and clinical arthritis were followed until day 10.
In Experiment 5 mice were infected with 9.4×106 cfu, 7.9×106 cfu, 10.7×106 cfu or 9.8×106 cfu of S. aureus strain LS-1, LS-1 clfAPYI mutant, LS-1 clfAPYII mutant, or LS-1 clfA null mutant, respectively. Mortality, clinical arthritis and weight change was followed until day 16.
One knee joint per mouse was injected with 2.4×104 cfu, 2.4×104 cfu, or 3.4×104 cfu of strain Newman wildtype, clfAPYI mutant or clfA knockout mutant, respectively, in 20 μl PBS. N=10 per group. Mice were sacrificed 3 days later, and the knee joints were collected for histopathological examination.
Vaccination with Wild-Type and Mutant Recombinant ClfA
Purified rClfA40-559, rClfAPY40-559 (i.e. rClfAPYI) or BSA were dissolved in physiologic saline and emulsified 1:1 in Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco Laboratories). Two hundred μl of the emulsion containing 30 μg (=0.53 nmol) of protein was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on day 0. First booster immunization with 30 μg of protein in physiologic saline in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was performed on day 11. Second booster immunization was done day 21. On day 30 the mice were bled and sera were frozen for later analysis of antibody responses.
On day 31, 14-15 mice per group were infected by i.v. injection of 4.0×106 cfu/mouse for induction of septic arthritis, or by 2.3×107 cfu/mouse for induction of sepsis. Clinical arthritis, weight change and mortality were followed for 11 and 15 days, respectively. Bacterial growth in kidneys was assessed in the septic arthritis experiment.
The clinical evaluation was performed in a blinded manner. Each limb was inspected visually. The inspection yielded a score of 0 to 3 (0, no swelling and erythema; 1, mild swelling and/or erythema; 2, moderate swelling and/or erythema; 3 marked swelling and/or erythema). The arthritic index was constructed by adding the scores from all four limbs of an animal. The overall condition of each mouse was also examined by assessing signs of systemic inflammation, i.e., weight decrease, reduced alertness, and ruffled coat. In cases of severe systemic infection, when a mouse was judged too ill to survive another 24 h, it was killed by cervical dislocation and considered dead due to sepsis.
Histological examination of joints was performed using a modification (8) of a previously described method (18).
Kidneys were aseptically dissected, kept on ice, homogenised, serially diluted in PBS and spread on blood agar plates. After 24 h of incubation in 37° C. the number of cfu per kidney pair was determined.
Levels in serum of total IgG were measured by the radial immunodiffusion technique (19). Goat-Anti-Mouse-IgG and mouse IgG standard were purchased from Southern Biotech, Birmingham, Ala.
Serum samples from immunized mice were obtained 9 days after the second booster immunization. The serum specific antibody response against rClfA and rClfAPY was measured by ELISA. Microplates (96-well; Nunc) were coated with 5 μg/ml of recombinant protein in PBS. Blocking agent, serum samples, biotinylated antibodies, and ExtrAvidin-proxidase were all diluted in PBS. The assay was run according to a previous description (8). All serum samples were diluted 1:20000, and antibody response was monitored as absorbance at 405 nm.
In a second run, to get a more accurate measure of the specific antibody responses in the different immunization groups, the responses were determined at several serum dilutions. Thus, all serum samples were diluted 1:5000, 1:20000, 1:80000 and 1:320000, and antibody response was monitored as absorbance at 405 nm.
Serum IL-6 was detected by a method previously described (20).
Statistical evaluation was done by using the Mann-Whitney U test. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. Data are reported as medians, interquartile ranges, and 80% central ranges, unless otherwise mentioned.
Two amino acids (P336 and Y338) that are known to be required for fibrinogen binding by ClfA were altered by allelic exchange to create mutants of strains Newman and LS1 that expressed a non-fibrinogen-binding ClfA protein on the cell surface. The level of expression and integrity of the protein was measured by Western blotting which established that there was good expression of the mutant proteins on the bacterial surface and expressed protein was the right size.
The ability of Newman wild-type and Newman clfA P336S Y338A (clfAPYI) to provoke septic arthritis was investigated. Septic arthritis was induced by intravenous inoculation of 3.5×106 to 5.0×106 colony-forming units (cfu) and 3.2×106 to 6.0×106 cfu of Newman wild-type and the clfAPYI mutant, respectively. The development of arthritis was studied clinically for 7 days. The clfAPYI mutant provoked significantly less severe arthritis than the wild-type strain over the entire experimental period (P>0.001,
Unexpectedly, it appears that the new amino acid composition in the ClfAPYI molecule fits for interaction with a host anti-bacterial defence. To check for this possibility, a new construct was made where different amino acids were substituted for P336 and Y338 (clfA P336A Y338S: clfAPYII). Mice that were inoculated with 3.9×106 cfu of Newman clfAPYII developed arthritis to the same low extent as the clfAPYI mutant (
It is possible that ClfA is involved in the development of arthritis by mechanisms that do not involve fibrinogen binding. To test this a ClfA deletion mutant lacking the ClfA protein was compared to mutants expressing the modified non-fibrinogen binding ClfA protein. However, mice that were infected with 4.3×106 to 4.8×106 cfu of clfA null mutant developed arthritis in a manner not different from the clfAPYI and clfAPYII mutant infected mice (
Infected joints were also investigated histologically. The synovitis in Newman clfAPYI-infected mice was significantly milder than in wild-type infected mice in both experiment 1 and 2 (P=0.02 and 0.001, respectively). Bone destruction, a major cause of sequels in human septic arthritis, was almost absent in the Newman clfAPYI-infected samples (Experiment 2, P=0.001). The synovitis and bone destruction induced by the Newman clfA null mutant were also less pronounced compared to mice infected with Newman wild-type (P=0.003 and 0.006, respectively), but somewhat more severe than in the Newman clfAPYI group, although not significantly so.
Next, the metabolic consequences of the clfA mutations for the infectious process were analysed. Mice infected with the Newman wild-type strain lost up to about 30% of their body weight during the experimental period. Mice that were infected with the fibrinogen binding-deficient mutants Newman clfAPYI and Newman clfAPYII lost hardly any weight at all (P>0.0001 versus wild-type). In contrast, the Newman clfA null mutant had an intermediate effect on the weight loss, causing significantly less than the wild-type strain, but significantly more than the clfAPYI and clfAPYII mutant strains (P≦0.02 in most cases,
The serum levels of IL-6, a measure of systemic inflammatory response, were analyzed at day 7-8 of infection. The pattern of IL-6 expression was similar to weight changes. Newman wild-type evoked high levels of serum IL-6 (4.8 (2.8, 5.7) ng/ml), the Newman clfAPYI mutant evoked considerably lower IL-6 (0.2 (0.07, 2.4) ng/ml, P<0.0001) while the Newman clfA null mutant gave rise to an intermediate response (2.5 (1.3, 3.2) ng/ml) with significant differences to both the wild-type and clfAPYI mutant group (P=0.009 and P=0.008, respectively) (median, interquartile range).
The growth of bacteria in kidneys was significantly greater in Newman wild-type-infected mice, compared to both of the Newman clfAPY mutants and the Newman clfA null mutant (P<0.0001, P=0.011, and P=0.005, respectively;
Total IgG in sera was measured in mice on day 7-8 of infection. There was a significantly lower increase of IgG levels in both the Newman clfAPYI- and Newman clfA null mutant-infected groups as compared to mice infected with the wild-type strain (3.1 (1.2, 4.9); 2.3 (1.0, 2.6); and 6.4 (5.0, 11.0), respectively (median, interquartile range); P≦0.0003). There were no significant differences between the two mutant groups.
The mortality was 17% in the Newman wild type-infected mice, 0% in the Newman clfAPYI and clfAPYII mutant groups and 30% in the Newman clfA null mutant group. There were significant differences in mortality between the wild-type and the clfAPYI groups, and between the clfAPYI and clfA null mutant groups (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively).
It appears that direct and indirect signs of systemic inflammation are lower in mice infected with S. aureus expressing ClfA that is deficient in fibrinogen binding. Unexpectedly, the strain which lacked ClfA expression altogether induced more systemic inflammation than a ClfAPY mutant-expressing strain.
Sepsis was induced in mice by increasing the inoculation dose of S. aureus. Mice were infected with 5.2×107 cfu of Newman wild type, 5.1×107 cfu of the Newman clfAPYI mutant and 3.3×107 cfu of the Newman clfA null mutant. Within 5 days all wild-type infected mice were dead, but only one clfAPYI mutant mouse out of ten were dead after 10 days of infection (P<0.0001,
Injection of Bacteria into Joints
To test if the inflammatory reaction in the joint is dependent on fibrinogen binding, Newman wild-type, Newman clfAPYI or Newman clfA null were injected directly into a knee joint of mice, thereby by-passing the systemic compartment. Synovitis, including polymorphonuclear infiltration of the joint cavity, and bone destruction was studied by histology 3 days later. The mice received 2.4×104 cfu of wild-type, 2.4×104 cfu of the clfA null mutant, or 3.4×104 cfu of clfAPYI mutant in one knee. The synovitis and the polymorphonuclear infiltration histologic index in the joint cavity was 0.25 (0, 3.0) for knees infected with wild-type, 2.38 (0.25, 3.0) for the clfA null mutant and 0.25 (0, 0.25) for the clfAPYI mutant (median, interquartile range). The histologic index for destruction of bone was 0 (0, 1.0) for wild-type, 1.0 (0, 1.0) for the clfA null mutant, and 0 (0, 0) for the clfAPYI mutant (median, interquartile range; P=0.01 between the clfAPYI mutant and the clfA null mutant). Since the clfAPYI mutant evoked very little synovitis and destruction, despite the fact that 42% more of that strain was given to mice than the other strains, it is concluded that ClfA-promoted fibrinogen binding is needed for the maximal inflammatory response within the joint. Again, the absence of ClfA expression enhanced inflammation compared to the fibrinogen binding deficient ClfA mutant.
To determine if the ability of ClfA to bind fibrinogen affects virulence of other strains of S. aureus, the clfAPYI, clfAPYII and clfA null mutations were transduced to the TSST-1 expressing S. aureus strain LS-1. Mice were challenged with 9.4×106 cfu of LS-1 wild-type, 7.9×106 cfu of LS-1 clfAPYI , 10.7×106 cfu of LS-1 clfAPYII, or 9.4×106 cfu of the LS-1 clfA null mutant. Sepsis was studied by following the survival rate. After 16 days only 40% of mice challenged with the wild-type strain were alive while 90% of the mice challenged with the clfAPYI mutant and clfA null mutant groups and 80% mice infected with the clfAPYII mutant were alive (
Immunization with Recombinant ClfA Proteins
The effect of vaccination with recombinant wild-type ClfA A domain protein (rClfA) and mutant ClfAPYI protein (rClfAPY) was studied in both the septic arthritis model and the sepsis model. Mice were sensitized and then boosted twice with control protein BSA, rClfA, or rClfAPY, and subsequently infected with 4.0×106 cfu of S. aureus strain Newman to induce septic arthritis, or with 2.3×107 cfu of strain Newman to induce sepsis. Immunization with rClfAPY (i.e. ClfAPYI recombinant protein A domain) protected significantly against septic death as compared to control mice (P=0.01,
During day 5 to 9 after infection the weight loss was significantly reduced in the rClfAPY and rClfA immunized mice, as compared to the control mice (data not shown).
A trend to diminished bacterial growth in kidneys of mice immunized with rClfAPY or rClfA at day 11 after infection (BSA: 38 (3, 436); rClfAPY: 7 (2, 17); rClfA: 10 (7, 54)×107 cfu/kidney pair) was observed.
To get a more accurate measure of the specific antibody responses in the different immunization groups, the responses were determined at several serum dilutions (the second run). Data shows that there were very likely higher titers of specific antibodies in sera from rClfAPY immunized mice to both the rClfAPY and rClfA wildtype antigens, in both the mice which were to be infected with the septic and the arthritic bacterial dose, respectively, than in sera from rClfA wildtype immunized mice, since there was significantly higher antibody responses measured as absorbance in mice immunized with rClfAPY at each serum dilution in all comparisons (P<0.0001 to P=0.008,
The results strongly suggest that the ClfA-fibrinogen interaction is crucial for the bacterial virulence and disease outcome. The ability of ClfA to bind fibrinogen was associated with enhanced virulence in terms of the ability to cause septic death. In both staphylococcal strains tested, a clfAPY mutant induced less septic death than the wild-type. Also, the severity of arthritis was strongly reduced in mice infected with the non-fibrinogen binding clfAPY mutant.
A likely mechanism for the promotion of virulence by the fibrinogen-bacterial cell surface interaction is inhibition of neutrophil phagocytosis (5). Neutrophils are crucial for the host defence in the early phase of S. aureus infection (13). Without neutrophils, bacterial growth is strongly augmented in blood and kidneys, and the frequency of arthritis and mortality increases. Fibrinogen mediated inhibition of neutrophil phagocytosis by ClfA could explain at least in part the more pronounced virulence of wildtype S. aureus compared to the clfAPY mutants. Binding of fibrinogen to ClfA could decrease opsonophagocytosis by neutrophils by reducing opsonin deposition or access to opsonins by neutrophil receptors. Alternatively bound fibrinogen might block the binding of an unknown protective host factor to S. aureus. Another option is that the fibrinogen-ClfA interaction promotes bacterial passage from blood vessel into the tissue or promotes colonization in tissues.
Unexpectedly, our data also show the ClfA null mutant was more virulent than the clfAPY mutant strains. Possibly the ClfA protein has functions in vivo other than interacting with fibrinogen. This interaction is clearly disadvantageous for the host as shown in this study. Other functions of ClfA are presently not well mapped but non-fibrinogen dependent platelet aggregation exerted by ClfA might result in trapping of big amounts of S. aureus in circulation with subsequent elimination of the bacterial-platelet complexes through the reticuloendothelial system. Such platelet aggregation mediated elimination of staphylococci would readily occur in the wild-type and clfAPY mutated strains but not in the clfA knockout. Whereas in the wild-type strain the fibrinogen interaction would overshadow the other events, in the clfAPY mutants such bacterial elimination might be highly beneficial to the host.
The clfA knockout mutant protected against septic death to the same degree as the clfAPY mutation in S. aureus strain LS-1, but protected less, if at all, in strain Newman. The overall impact of ClfA expression on bacterial virulence could differ between different S. aureus strains depending on the level of expression and the presence of other virulence factors.
The issue whether the clfAPY mutant displays equal or lower virulence once in the joint cavity is of certain importance having in mind that in inflamed synovial fluid fibrinogen and fibrin are abundant. Our data suggest that the clfAPY mutant is less destructive for cartilage and bone.
The protective effect of recombinant ClfA A domain non-fibrinogen binding P336Y338 mutant was greater than for wildtype rClfA. Immunization with ClfAPY very likely induced a better immune response since higher specific antibody responses were evoked against both the immunogen and the wildtype ClfA protein. More importantly, it induced a greater protective immune response against septic death than wildtype ClfA.
In conclusion, our results show that rClfAPY is a better vaccine candidate than wild type recombinant ClfA. We hypothesize that binding of fibrinogen by wild-type ClfA protein during the immunization phase decreases antigen presentation due to hiding of important epitopes on the ClfA molecule and hence impairs specific antibody production.
The protocols outlined in Example 1 were followed in this example which utilized
There were 15 female NMRI mice per group who were 8 weeks old at start of experiments. In this Example, the constructs used for immunization were ClfA wild type/native N2N3 truncate, ClfA N2N3 truncate with mutation PY as defined in Example 1. BSA was used as the control.
Vaccination with Wild-Type and Mutant Recombinant ClfA
The mice were immunized with rClfA 221-559, rClfAPY 221-559 or BSA in accordance with the protocol of Example 1.
Purified rClfA221-559, rClfAPY221-559 (i.e. ClfAPYI recombinant protein A subdomains N2 and N3) or BSA were dissolved in PBS and emulsified 1:1 in Freund's complete adjuvant. Two hundred μl of the emulsion containing 30 μg (=0.79 nmol) of protein was injected s.c. on day 0. First booster immunization with 30 μg of protein in physiologic saline in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was performed on day 12. Second booster immunization was done day 22. On day 31 the mice were bled and sera were frozen for later analysis of antibody responces.
Serum samples from immunized mice were obtained 9 days after the second booster immunization. The serum specific antibody response against rClfA221-559 and rClfAPY221-559 was measured by ELISA. Microplates (96-well; Nunc) were coated with 5 μg/ml of recombinant protein in PBS. Blocking agent, serum samples, biotinylated antibodies, and ExtrAvidin-proxidase were all diluted in PBS. The assay was run according to a previous description (8). All serum samples were diluted 1:5000, 1:20000, 1:80000 and 1:320000, and antibody response was monitored as absorbance at 405 nm.
The antibody response was measured by absorbance in an ELISA-assay, as per Example 1, with four different serum dilutions. The data obtained was very similar to the data in the Example 1.
It was found that rClfAPY221-559 immunization very likely gave rise to higher titers of specific antibodies to both native rClfA221-559 and rClfAPY221-559, as compared to native rClfA221-599 immunization, since there were significantly higher antibody responses measured as absorbance in mice immunized with rClfAPY221-559 at each serum dilution in all comparisons but one (P=0.001 to 0.025, see
We found that immunization with a rClfAPY221-559 protein gave rise to significantly higher antibody responses to both the immunogen and the wildtype ClfA protein, than immunization with the native protein.
Based on these findings, we conclude that PY-immunization, regardless if the PY protein comprises amino acids 40 to 550 as in Example 1 or amino acids 221 to 559 as in Example 2, induces a better immune response than immunization with native ClfA of the corresponding size.
The protocols outlined in Example 1 were followed in this example which utilized the following construct:
There were 15 female NMRI mice in the group who were 8 weeks old at start of experiment. In this Example, the above construct was used for immunization. The mice were immunized with the above truncate in accordance with the protocol of Example 1.
Vaccination with Wild-Type and Mutant Recombinant ClfA
Purified rClfA221-531 was dissolved in PBS and emulsified 1:1 in Freund's complete adjuvant. Two hundred μl of the emulsion containing 0.79 nmol of protein was injected s.c. on day 0. First booster immunization with 0.79 nmol of protein in physiologic saline in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was performed on day 12. Second booster immunization was done day 22. On day 31 the mice were bled and sera were frozen for later analysis of antibody responses.
Serum samples from immunized mice were obtained 9 days after the second booster immunization. The serum levels of specific antibodies was measured by ELISA. Microplates (96-well; Nunc) were coated with 4.6 μg/ml of rClfA221-531 protein which is equimolar to 5 μg/ml of rClfA221-559 and rClfAPY221-559 from Examples 1 and 2. Blocking agent, serum samples, biotinylated antibodies, and ExtrAvidin-proxidase were all diluted in PBS. The assay was run according to a previous description (8). All serum samples were diluted 1:5000, 1:20000, 1:80000 and 1:320000, and antibody response was monitored as absorbance at 405 nm.
The antibody response was measured by absorbance in an ELISA-assay, as per Example 1. It was found that rClfA221-531 immunization gave rise to an immune response, measured as a specific antibody response (
We found that rClfA221-531 works as an immunogen, since the antigen evokes a specific antibody response.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0801768.3 | Jan 2008 | GB | national |
| 2008/0070 | Jan 2008 | IE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP09/51033 | 1/29/2009 | WO | 00 | 3/7/2011 |
