Patent Application
20070274240
The invention relates to a wireless network comprising at least two terminals which each contain a UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) software component.
The architecture of a wireless UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) for an ad-hoc network is described in the document “World News, Philips Semiconductors, MultiMarket Semiconductors Focus, Volume 12, Number 1, January-February 2003, page 2”. This network uses Bluetooth technology and the UPnP protocol to set up communication with terminals for example over short distances. In order to discover terminals wishing to integrate into an existing network, a software component (Dynamic Personal Area Network Manager) has been provided which forwards messages to the respective UPnP module. A terminal that is to be newly integrated starts a so-called discovery phase in order to discover other terminals. The terminals which are already in the network are quiet until they receive a message during the discovery phase from the terminal that is to be integrated. No further details are given as to how the connection setup and the data exchange between the various software components is carried out in such a network.
It is an object of the invention to provide a network which links the UPnP software component of a terminal in a suitable manner to subordinate software components.
The object is achieved by a network of the type mentioned above by means of the following measures:
The wireless network has at least two terminals which each contain a UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) software component and a UPnP controller software component, wherein the UPnP controller software component of a terminal is provided to enable specific messages from the associated UPnP software component to subordinate software components only following a change in the network topology.
The wireless network according to the invention may be operated for example in accordance with the Bluetooth standard or the standard “Wireless IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN)”. Besides the UPnP controller software component, a terminal also contains other software components, namely network software and software for detecting changes in the network topology and for generating signals for the UPnP controller software component in the event of changes in the network topology. The UPnP controller software component configures the UPnP software component such that no unnecessary messages reach the subordinate software components and hence a terminal or the network is not unnecessarily loaded with messages.
In this case, the UPnP controller software component of a terminal is provided to block messages from the associated UPnP software component prior to the setting up of a connection to the network or to block messages from the associated UPnP software component prior to the setting up of a connection of another terminal in the network.
During network setup, the case must be distinguished where only two terminals have set up a connection or at least a third terminal is integrated. In the first case, the UPnP controller software component of a terminal transmits, after a connection has been set up to the only other terminal of the network, a search message relating to a specific service or a message about the availability of a specific service only if its own address meets a predefined criterion. During the discovery phase, a newly integrated terminal transmits, as server, a service message from the associated UPnP software component and, as client, a service search message to other terminals. The UPnP controller software component controls these messages from the UPnP software component. By way of example, a terminal operating as a printer may offer its printing service, or a text processing program in a terminal searches for a specific printing service.
In the case of two terminals which form a new network, it is provided according to the invention that a terminal transmits a service message or a service search message only if its address meets a defined criterion. This criterion may for example be the lower address of the two newly integrated terminals.
In the second case, when a terminal is integrated in a network as third, fourth, etc. terminal, said terminal then transmits, in a manner controlled by the associated UPnP controller software component, a search message relating to a specific service or a message about the availability of a specific service and hence starts the discovery phase.
If after a defined time following the setting up of a connection to another terminal a terminal has not received its search message relating to a specific service or its message about the availability of a specific service, it then transmits its own search message relating to a specific service or its own message about the availability of a specific service.
The UPnP controller software component receives a Connected signal when the associated terminal is integrated, a Join Alert signal when another terminal is integrated, a Disconnected signal when the associated terminal leaves the network and a Leave Alert signal when another terminal leaves, these signals being received from a DPM software component which serves to detect changes in the network topology.
The UPnP controller software component of a terminal deletes all information relating to another terminal after the other terminal has left the network, and the UPnP controller software component of the terminal which has left the network deletes all information about the terminals still in the network.
The invention also relates to a terminal in a wireless network comprising at least one other terminal, wherein the terminal contains a UPnP software component and a UPnP controller software component.
The invention will be further described with reference to examples of embodiments shown in the drawings to which, however, the invention is not restricted.
FIGS. 3 to 7 show various signal sequences in the network shown in
In order to form an ad-hoc network, use is made of the UPnP standard (UPnP=Universal Plug and Play) which is described for example in “IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2001, Vol. 39, No. 12”. An ad-hoc network is an unconfigured network which new terminals can spontaneously enter into or spontaneously leave again without manual intervention. Examples of such ad-hoc networks are a conference scenario or a scenario in which people with the same interests who have mobile devices can meet with one another and offer each other files to download (music files).
The UPnP standard relates to a server-client structure. A terminal that is integrated as server in a UPnP network offers services and a terminal that is integrated or is to be integrated as client uses or searches for specific services. For this purpose, the UPnP standard has five different phases. The first phase (discovery phase) relates to the discovery of the presence of other terminals, the second phase (description phase) relates to being informed about the capabilities of the other terminals and the third to fifth phases (control phase, eventing phase and presentation phase) relate to the transmission of information between the terminals. For each of these phases, the UPnP standard defines a number of protocols which are based on the Internet protocol.
During the discovery phase, a terminal which has up to now not been integrated in a network finds other terminals located in the network. As protocol in the discovery phase, the UPnP standard uses a Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP), to which reference is also made in the document “IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2001, Vol. 39, No. 12”. A terminal that is integrated as server periodically transmits service messages via a multicast connection, in which messages it provides its own address and offers its service. Alternatively, it is also possible that a terminal integrated as client transmits service search messages via a multicast connection. If a terminal offers the service that is sought, it transmits a response to the searching terminal via a unicast connection. In order not to inundate the network with too many messages in the discovery phase, it is recommended in the UPnP standard, which was actually developed for wired networks, that the period of the service or search messages be about 1800 s long.
The situation is different in the case of a wireless network. In this case, connections often exist only for a few seconds. For example, in a network set up in accordance with the Bluetooth standard, this connection exists for two people passing one another at walking speed, about 10 s. Furthermore, the available bandwidth in a wireless network is limited compared to a wired network. Moreover, in a wireless network which uses the UPnP standard, data packets are often lost on account of radio interference.
In order nevertheless to make the UPnP standard available in a wireless network, a terminal contains a software component known as a “Dynamic Personal Area Network Manager” (hereinafter referred to as DPM software) which cooperates with network software, UPnP software and application software and is provided to set up and control an ad-hoc network. A highly simplified layer model of the software components is shown in
The DPM software 2 detects changes in the network topology, exchanges various information with the UPnP controller software 22 and delivers four types of command to the UPnP controller software 22. When a terminal wishes to integrate into a network, the DPM software 2 transmits a first signal, referred to as the Connected signal, to the UPnP controller software 22. The DPM software 2 of a terminal that is already integrated in the network transmits a signal, referred to as the Join Alert signal, to its UPnP controller software 22 when another terminal has become a member of the network. The UPnP controller software 22 of a terminal receives a third signal, referred to as the Disconnected signal, from the associated DPM software 2 when said terminal has left the network. Accordingly, the UPnP controller software 22 of a terminal receives a fourth signal, referred to as the Leave Alert signal, from its DPM software 2 when it remains in the network but another terminal leaves the network.
The network software 1 is located in the lowermost layer (physical layer) of the software. By means of this software component, a network can be set up in accordance with a network standard. One example of this is the Bluetooth or network standard IEEE 1394. The DPM software 2 ascertains whether the network topology has changed by detecting certain signals from the network software 1, or is informed about changes in the network topology by the DPM software of other terminals.
Bluetooth is a communications standard for wireless radio communications, which is said to allow data exchange between all conceivable types of terminal. Regardless of whether these be notebooks, organizers, mobile telephones or computer peripherals, Bluetooth is said to give all terminals the capability of being able to communicate with one another. The terminals in a Bluetooth network operate on 79 channels with in each case 1 MHz bandwidth in the 2.45 GHz frequency range. During communication, the same channel is not used continuously but rather the frequency is changed 1600 times per second (frequency hopping) in order to compensate for interference from other devices. This is necessary since the frequency band used is freely available. The useful data are transported in a packet-oriented manner and various packet types are defined in order to meet the application requirements. These packet types differ according to synchronous and asynchronous operation and are identified by an entry in the header of the data packet.
Essential features of a Bluetooth device are firstly a dedicated clock which defines the clock rate in the event of the frequency jumps, and also a unique Bluetooth terminal address (Bluetooth device address). From this there is then also obtained the identity of the terminal, which defines the various frequencies of the hopping sequence.
Upon connection of two Bluetooth terminals, one assumes the role of master terminal and the other the role of slave terminal. It should be noted that there is no prior determination of master or slave terminal; the distribution of the roles takes place dynamically upon setup of the connection. The master terminal compulsorily defines the hopping sequence for the slave terminal, that is to say the “jumps” between the frequencies, and distributes transmission rights.
There are two phases during setup of a connection. The first phase is referred to as the Inquiry phase and is used when a search is to be made for as yet undiscovered terminals about which there is no information. As long as there is no connection, a terminal continually swaps between the Inquiry and Inquiry Scan states. In the Inquiry state, the terminal jumps between 32 frequencies and sends out its inquiry. In the Inquiry Scan state, the device likewise jumps between 32 frequencies and searches for an Inquiry message. If a terminal receives such an inquiry in the Inquiry Scan state, it responds by transmitting its address and clock and a communication can begin.
The second phase of the connection setup is referred to as the Page phase. In this phase, one terminal changes into the Page state and the other terminal changes into the Page Scan state. The distribution of the roles is defined such that the inquiring terminal becomes the master terminal and the other becomes a slave terminal. One condition is that the Bluetooth terminal address of the slave terminal is known to the master terminal. The Page phase can be speeded up if, besides the address, the clock of the slave terminal is also known to the master terminal. The master terminal transmits its own clock and hopping sequence to the slave terminal and instructs the latter to take over the latter. The slave terminal then synchronizes with the master terminal and can thus communicate with the latter.
Between the individual terminals, data packets are transmitted which contain, besides the useful data, also additional information such as transmitter and receiver address, transmission options, synchronization and possibly security information, and additional redundancies. Such a packet consists of a 72 bit access code, a 54 bit header and a variable useful data field having a length of 0 to 2745 bits. For the Inquiry phase, use is made for example of an ID packet which contains the address of the terminal. Another packet is the FHS packet (FHS=Frequency Hopping Synchronization), by means of which inter alia clock information, the terminal address, the phase of the hopping sequence and the “class of service” designation (which type of device in the network is concerned) are transmitted during connection setup.
Bluetooth networks may be implemented in a point-to-point, piconetwork or scatter network topology. These network topologies open up a large number of conceivable application possibilities. A piconetwork consists of a master terminal and up to seven active slave terminals. A master may in principle control more than seven slave terminals by sending some slave terminals into a kind of sleep mode. However, this may considerably slow down the data exchange, especially if an active slave terminal wishes to transmit data to another slave terminal in a sleep mode. In this case, communication fundamentally passes exclusively via the master terminal, which distributes transmission rights and defines the frequencies that are to be used. The master terminal distributes transmission rights to the individual slave terminals in an alternating manner.
The integration of a terminal and the planned or unplanned leaving of a terminal in the network (piconetwork) will be explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 2 to 7. First, the case where a terminal 9 wishes to be integrated as slave terminal into an existing terminal comprising the slave terminals 7 and 8 and the master terminal 6 is considered. The master terminal 6 contains DPM software D1 and UPnP controller software U1, the slave terminal 7 contains DPM software D2 and UPnP controller software U2, the slave terminal 8 contains DPM software D3 and UPnP controller software U3 and the slave terminal 9 contains DPM software D4 and UPnP controller software U4. At given time intervals, the master terminal 6 informs all slave terminals 7 and 8 about the current network topology. Following detection and integration of the terminal 9, the master terminal transmits messages about the newly integrated slave terminal 9 to all other slave terminals 7 and 8. In these messages, the master terminal 6 informs them for example about the address of the slave terminal 9. The slave terminal 9, on the other hand, receives from the master terminal 6 the addresses of the other terminals. It is thereby ensured that all terminals always have an overview of the current network topology.
Following integration into the network, the DPM software D4 of the newly integrated terminal 9 transmits a Connected signal to its UPnP software U4. The DPM software D2, D3 and D4 of the other terminals 6 to 8 in each case transmit a Join Alert signal to their respective UPnP software U2, U3 and U4. The terminals 6 to 8 thus know that a new slave terminal has been integrated into the network. The Discovery phase is initiated in a terminal each time a Connected or Join Alert signal is received.
The various states and signals which occur between the respective DPM software D1 to D4 and the respective UPnP controller software U1 to U4 during integration of the terminal 9 are shown in
Hereinbelow, a total of four different situations will be considered in which at least one terminal leaves the network in a planned or unplanned manner. In the first case, a slave terminal (e.g. terminal 9) tells the master terminal 6 that it is leaving.
In the second case, the master terminal 6 wishes to leave the network, so that a slave terminal of the network has to take over the role of master terminal. The corresponding signal sequence in this respect is shown in
The third case relates to the situation where a master terminal unexpectedly loses radio contact with a slave terminal.
In the fourth case, a master terminal loses radio contact, without prior notice, with all slave terminals of the network This corresponds to the situation where the master terminal has moved and is now out of range of the other terminals. The master terminal does not then attempt to reestablish the connection to the other terminals. By contrast, the slave terminals attempt to reestablish the network without the master terminal. In order to do this, it must be defined which slave terminal is to take over the role of new master terminal. Since all terminals of the network know about the network topology, each of them knows the addresses of all other terminals. Each slave terminal therefore knows the addresses of the other slave terminals. The criterion used to select the new master terminal is the lowest address of the slave terminals. Therefore each slave terminal can itself check whether it should become the new master terminal or retain the role of a slave terminal as before. The corresponding signal sequence is shown in
In
The question arises as to how a terminal can recognize which of the four cases described above exists. In the first and second cases, the relevant terminals give prior notice of their wish to leave the network. This prior notice makes it easy for the master terminal to decide whether the first case (a slave terminal is leaving) or the second case (the master terminal itself is leaving) is concerned. In the third and fourth cases, only the master terminal can decide which case is concerned. If the master terminal loses the connection to all slave terminals, this is the fourth case. On the other hand, a slave terminal which loses the connection to its master terminal can only say with certainty whether it is out of range of the master terminal or whether the master terminal has moved. It is therefore assumed that each slave terminal, in the event of unexpected loss of radio contact with its master terminal, assumes that the master terminal itself has moved (i.e. the fourth case is concerned) and the remaining slave terminals attempt to reestablish the network.
The function of the DPM software 2 for this strategy can be explained with reference to the state diagram described in
Hereinbelow, a description is given of the situation where the terminal takes over the master role. The situation where the terminal is to become the master terminal of the network that is to be reestablished is represented by the transition (arrow T1) to the state NR-P1 (rectangle 12). From the list comprising the addresses of the former slave terminals, it selects the first one and pages the associated terminal. If the paged terminal responds, both terminals are connected to one another and the paging terminal is master terminal of the piconetwork produced thereby. In
In the case where it has not been possible to set up a connection to any terminal contained in the list, the reestablishment of the network has failed and the terminal passes to the state Disc (rectangle 14) (arrow NRF). If it has been possible for the terminal to set up a connection to a terminal contained in the list, it is then in the state NR-C-M (rectangle 13) and attempts also to integrate the remaining former slave terminals into the new network. One terminal after another is paged in the order shown on the list. For each terminal that is to be integrated, the master terminal passes for this purpose to the state NR-P2 (rectangle 15) (arrow T3) and pages the corresponding terminal. If the paged terminal responds, then it has been successfully integrated into the network and the master terminal returns to the state NR-C-M (rectangle 13) (arrow PR2) and attempts to integrate the next terminal on the list into the network. On the other hand, if the paged terminal does not respond within a predefined time a change is likewise made to the state NR-C-M (rectangle 13) (arrow TO2) and an attempt is made to integrate the next terminal.
Once the master terminal has finished the list, it changes into the state Co-Mas (rectangle 16) (arrow T4). The network has been successfully reestablished. If the master terminal loses the connection to a slave terminal, it remains in the state Co-Mas (rectangle 16), as indicated by arrow DI2, provided that there is still at least one other slave terminal. Otherwise, i.e. if the last slave terminal has left, the master terminal changes to the state Disc (rectangle 14) (arrow DI3).
Hereinbelow, a description is given of the situation where the terminal takes over the slave role. The situation where the terminal is to assume the slave role of the network that is to be reestablished is represented by the transition (arrow T2) to the state NR-P-Sc (rectangle 17). In the state NR-P-Sc (rectangle 17), the terminal waits to be paged by the future master terminal. When it is paged, it responds thereto and changes to the state Co-Sla (rectangle 10) (arrow PA). If, on the other hand, it is not paged within a predefined time, it passes to the state Disc (rectangle 14) (arrow TO3).
The UPnP discovery phase in a terminal is initiated by the receipt of a Connected or Join Alert signal. Following integration of a new terminal (receipt of a Connected signal) into an existing network, its UPnP controller software triggers as server the transmission of a service message and as client the transmission of a service search message to the terminals of the network that were already integrated beforehand. These terminals then respond to these messages. If an already previously integrated terminal has not received a message from the new terminal after a predefined time (timeout), its UPnP controller software triggers the automatic sending of a service message or service search message to the newly integrated terminal.
If a new network comprising two terminals is to be set up, the UPnP controller software transmits, once it has received the Connected signal from the terminal with the lowest address, a service message or service search message to the other terminal. This other terminal with the higher address has accordingly waited on such a message. If the other terminal has not received a message from the terminal with the lower address after a predefined time (timeout), its UPnP controller software triggers the automatic sending of a service message or service search message to the terminal with the lower address.
When a terminal leaves the network, the respective DPM software ensures that all remaining terminals receive a Leave Alert signal. The UPnP controller software in terminal 6, which has left the network, receives from its DPM software a Disconnected signal. In such a case, the respective UPnP software can be instructed that all buffer-stored information in the terminals remaining in the network is to be deleted.
The function of the UPnP controller software can be explained with reference to the state diagram shown in
In the unconnected state, the UPnP controller software of a terminal is initially in the state IU (rectangle 18). In this state, the UPnP controller software configures the UPnP software such that it does not send out any periodic service messages (as server) or service search messages (as client).
As soon as the terminal has set up a connection to another terminal, the UPnP controller software of the terminal receives a Connected signal from the DPM software together with the address of the other terminal. Depending on whether its own address is lower or higher than that of the other terminal, the UPnP controller software of the terminal passes either to the state BE (rectangle 20) or to the state WA (rectangle 19).
If its own address is lower than that of the other terminal, the UPnP controller software passes to the state BE (rectangle 20) (arrow CO-LowAdr). In this state, the UPnP controller software triggers the sending of service messages if the terminal is a server or of service search messages if the terminal is a client. Thereafter, the UPnP controller software passes to the state IMNW (rectangle 21) (arrow BD).
If its own address is higher than that of the other terminal, the UPnP controller software passes to the state WA (rectangle 19) (arrow CO-HighAdr). In this state, the UPnP controller software waits on a service message or service search message from the other terminal. When a service search message or service message arrives, the terminal responds to this message in accordance with its role (client or server) and thereafter passes to the state IMNW (rectangle 21) (arrow RR).
If a service message or service search message from the other terminal does not arrive within a defined time interval (timeout), the UPnP controller software of the terminal passes from the state WA (rectangle 19) to the state BE (rectangle 20) (arrow ML) and triggers the sending of a service message (server) or service search message. Thereafter, the UPnP controller software passes to the state IMNW (rectangle 21) (arrow BD).
When a terminal in the state IU (rectangle 18) has been integrated into an existing network, the UPnP controller software receives from the associated DPM software a Connected signal together with the additional information that the connection to an existing network has taken place (and not to an individual terminal). In this case, the terminal passes to the state BE (rectangle 20) (arrow CO-NW) regardless of its address.
When another terminal has been integrated into the network of a terminal in the state IMNW (rectangle 21), the terminal receives a Join Alert signal and passes to the state Waiting (rectangle 19) (arrow JA).
When the UPnP controller software receives a Disconnected signal from the DPM software, it passes to the state IU (rectangle 18), regardless of which state it was in beforehand (arrow DISC).
When the UPnP controller software is in the state WA (rectangle 19) and is waiting on a service message or service search message from a specific terminal and in the meantime receives a Leave Alert signal relating to another terminal from the DPM software, it passes to the state IMNW (arrow LA-W).
When the UPnP controller software in the state IMNW (rectangle 21) receives a Leave Alert signal relating to a specific terminal, it instructs the UPnP software to delete all buffer-stored information about this terminal. The UPnP controller software remains in the state IMNW (rectangle 21), as indicated by arrow LA.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 03101563.9 | May 2003 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB04/50701 | 3/14/2004 | WO | 9/18/2006 |
