Patent Grant
10576097
The present application is a § 371 National Phase Application of PCT/JP2015/071839, filed Jul. 31, 2015, which application claims priority to JP 2014-158925, filed Aug. 4, 2014, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
The present invention relates to the field of biological science, more specifically to the field of cancer therapy. In particular, the present invention relates to novel peptides that are highly effective as cancer vaccines, methods for either or both of treating and preventing tumors using the peptide(s), and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the peptide(s).
The present application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-158925 filed on Aug. 4, 2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been shown to recognize epitope peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) found on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, and then kill the tumor cells. Since the discovery of the melanoma antigen (MAGE) family, many other TAAs have been discovered through immunological approaches (NPL1: Boon T, Int J Cancer 1993 May 8, 54(2): 177-80; NPL2: Boon T & van der Bruggen P, J Exp Med 1996 Mar. 1, 183(3): 725-9). Some of these TAAs are currently undergoing clinical development as immunotherapeutic targets.
In several of these TAAs, epitope peptides that can be recognized by CTLs are identified and their application in immunotherapy for various types of cancer is anticipated (NPL3: Harris C C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 Oct. 16, 88(20): 1442-55; NPL4: Butterfield L H et al., Cancer Res 1999 Jul. 1, 59(13): 3134-42; NPLS: Vissers J L et al., Cancer Res 1999 Nov. 1, 59(21): 5554-9; NPL6: van der Burg S H et al., J Immunol 1996 May 1, 156(9) 3308-14; NPL7: Tanaka F et al., Cancer Res 1997 Oct. 15, 57(20): 4465-8; NPL8: Fujie T et al., Int J Cancer 1999 Jan. 18, 80(2): 169-72; NPL9: Kikuchi M et al., Int J Cancer 1999 May 5, 81(3): 439-66; NPL10: Oiso M et al., Int J Cancer 1999 May 5, 81(3): 387-94). Until now, several clinical trials using these TAA-derived CTL epitope peptides have been reported. Unfortunately, many of these clinical trials show a low objective response rate (NPL11: Belli F et al., J Clin Oncol 2002 Oct. 15, 20(20): 4169-80; NPL12: Coulie P G et al., Immunol Rev 2002 October, 188: 33-42; NPL13: Rosenberg S A et al., Nat Med 2004 September, 10(9): 909-15). Therefore, there is still demand for identification of novel CTL epitopes that can be used in cancer immunotherapy.
URLC10 (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K: which is also described as LY6K; GeneBank Accession Number BC117142 (SEQ ID NO: 36)), has been identified as a gene up-regulated in lung cancer and esophageal cancer by gene expression profile analysis using a genome-wide cDNA microarray containing 27,648 genes (NPL14: Ishikawa N et al., Cancer Res. 2007 Dec. 15; 67(24): 11601-11; PTL1: WO2004/031413; PTL2: WO2009/016691). It has been observed that the expression of URLC10 is particularly up-regulated in 80% or more of tumor cells in lung cancer and esophageal cancer patients, and it is not expressed in normal important organs besides the testis. Further, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of the URLC10 expression has been shown to cause suppression of cell proliferation in lung cancer cell lines and esophageal cancer cell lines (NPL14 and PTL2).
Recently, URLC10-derived HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitope peptides (NPL15: Suda T et al., Cancer Sci. 2007 Sep. 2; 98(11): 1803-08; PTL3: WO2006/090810) and HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope peptides (PTL4: WO2008/102557) have been identified. These peptides are effective in cancer patients having the HLA-A24 type or HLA-A2 type, but cannot be expected to have effect on cancer patients who do not have these HLA types.
The present invention relates to peptides that can induce CTLs specific to URLC10-expressing cells. When these peptides are presented on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), CTLs that show a specific cytotoxic activity against URLC10-expressing cells are induced. URLC10-derived peptides that have been identified so far to have CTL-inducing ability (CTL inducibility) are either HLA-A2-restricted or HLA-A24-restricted peptides, and cannot induce CTLs against cells that do not express these HLAs. Therefore, conventional peptides are not suitable for performing immunotherapy in subjects that do not have these HLAs. HLA-A11 is an allele commonly seen in Asians (Sette A, Sidney J., Immunogenetics 1999, 50: 201-12), and HLA-A03 is an allele commonly seen in Caucasians (Cao et al., Hum Immunol 2001; 62(9): 1009-30). It is desirable to administer HLA-A11-restricted peptides to HLA-A11-positive subjects and HLA-A03-restricted peptides to HLA-A03-positive subjects. Hence, the present invention relates to URLC10-derived peptides with CTL-inducing ability that are restrictive to HLA-A11 or HLA-A03. Based on results disclosed herein, the peptides of the present invention have been proven to be epitope peptides that can induce a potent and specific immune response against cells expressing URLC10 and HLA-A11 or HLA-A03.
Therefore, one of the objectives of the present invention is to provide URLC10-derived peptides that can induce CTLs in an HLA-A11- or HLA-A03-restrictive manner. These peptides can be used to induce CTLs in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo, or can be used to administer to subjects for the purpose of inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells. Preferable peptides are peptides comprising the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31; more preferable peptides are nonapeptides, decapeptides or undecapeptides; and even more preferable peptides are peptides consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31.
The peptides of the present invention encompass peptides in which one, two or more amino acid(s) is/are substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added, as long as the resultant modified peptides retain the CTL-inducing ability of the original peptide.
The present invention further provides isolated polynucleotides encoding any one of the peptides of the present invention. Similar to the peptides of the present invention, these polynucleotides can be used for inducing APCs with CTL-inducing ability, and can be administered to subjects for inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells.
The present invention also provides compositions comprising one or more types of peptides of the present invention, one or more types of polynucleotides encoding one or more types of peptides of the present invention, APCs of the present invention, exosomes presenting peptides of the present invention, and/or CTLs of the present invention. The compositions of the present invention are preferably pharmaceutical compositions. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used for treating and/or preventing cancer, as well as preventing postoperative recurrence thereof. They can also be used for inducing an immune response against cancer. When administered to a subject, a peptide of the present invention is presented on the surface of an APC, and as a result CTLs targeting the peptide are induced. Therefore, another objective of the present invention is to provide compositions inducing CTLs, wherein the compositions comprise one or more types of peptides of the present invention, one or more types of polynucleotides encoding one or more types of peptides of the present invention, APCs of the present invention, and/or exosomes presenting peptides of the present invention.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide methods of inducing APCs having CTL-inducing ability, wherein the methods comprise a step of contacting one or more types of peptides of the present invention with an APC, or a step of introducing a polynucleotide encoding any one peptide of the present invention into an APC.
The present invention further provides a method of inducing CTLs, comprising a step of co-culturing a CD8-positive T cell with an APC that presents on its surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention, a step of co-culturing a CD8-positive T cell with an exosome that presents on its surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention, or a step of introducing into a CD8-positive T cell a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of a T cell receptor (TCR) capable of binding to a peptide of the present invention presented by an HLA antigen on a cell surface. The preferred HLA antigen in the present invention is HLA-A11 or HLA-A03.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide isolated APCs that present on their surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention. The present invention further provides isolated CTLs targeting a peptide of the present invention. These APCs and CTLs can be used in immunotherapy for URLC10-expressing cancers. In the present invention, the cancer to be subjected to immunotherapy is, for example, a cancer present in patients who have a homozygote or heterozygote of HLA-A11 or HLA-A03. That is, the present invention provides immunotherapy for cancers expressing URLC10 and at least one HLA antigen selected from HLA-A11 and HLA-A03.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide methods of inducing an immune response against cancer in a subject, wherein the methods comprise a step of administering to the subject a peptide(s) of the present invention, a polynucleotide(s) encoding the peptide(s), an APC(s) of the present invention, an exosome(s) presenting a peptide(s) of the present invention, and/or a CTL(s) of the present invention. Another objective of the present invention is to provide methods of treating and/or preventing cancer, as well as preventing postoperative recurrence thereof in a subject, wherein the methods comprise a step of administering to the subject a peptide(s) of the present invention, a polynucleotide(s) encoding the peptide(s), an APC(s) of the present invention, an exosome(s) presenting a peptide(s) of the present invention, and/or a CTL(s) of the present invention.
In addition to the above, other objects and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent when the following detailed description is read in conjunction with the accompanying figures and examples. However, it is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the present invention and the following detailed description are of exemplified embodiments, and not restrictive of the present invention or other alternate embodiments of the present invention. In particular, while the present invention is described herein with reference to a number of specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the description is illustrative of the present invention and is not constructed as limiting of the present invention. Various modifications and applications may occur to those who are skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention, as described by the appended claims. Likewise, other objects, features, benefits and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from this summary and certain embodiments described below, and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such objects, features, benefits and advantages will be apparent from the above in conjunction with the accompanying examples, data, figures and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, alone or with consideration of the references incorporated herein.
Description of Embodiments
Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. However, before the present materials and methods are described, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular sizes, shapes, dimensions, materials, methodologies, protocols, etc. described herein, as these may vary in accordance with routine experimentation and optimization. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
I. Definitions
The words “a”, “an”, and “the” as used herein mean “at least one” unless otherwise specifically indicated.
The terms “isolated” and “purified” used in relation with a substance (for example, peptide, antibody, polynucleotide or such) indicate that the substance does not substantially contain at least one substance that may else be included in a natural source. Thus, an isolated or purified peptide refers to a peptide that does not substantially contain another cellular material, for example, carbohydrate, lipid and other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the peptide is derived. When the peptide is chemically synthesized, an isolated or purified peptide refers to a peptide that does not substantially contain a precursor substance or another chemical substance. The phrase “does not substantially contain a cellular material” includes peptide preparations in which the peptide is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or recombinantly produced. Thus, a peptide that does not substantially contain a cellular material encompasses peptide preparations that contain less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5%, 3%, 2% or 1% (dry weight basis) of other cellular materials. When the peptide is recombinantly produced, an isolated or purified peptide does not substantially contain culture medium, which encompasses peptide preparations that contain culture medium less than about 20%, 10%, or 5%, 3%, 2% or 1% (dry weight basis) of the volume of the peptide preparation. When the peptide is chemically synthesized, an isolated or purified peptide does not substantially contain a precursor substance or other chemical substances, which encompasses peptide preparations that contain a precursor substance or other chemical substances less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2% or 1% (dry weight basis) of the volume of the peptide preparation. That a particular peptide preparation is an isolated or purified peptide can be confirmed, for example, by the appearance of a single band following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining or such of the gel. In a preferred embodiment, the peptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are isolated or purified.
The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to polymers of amino acid residues. These terms are applied to also non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers comprising one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, in addition to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. Non-naturally occurring amino acids include amino acid analogs, amino acid mimetics, and such.
The term “amino acid” as used herein refers to naturally occurring amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that functions similarly to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those modified after translation in cells (e.g., hydroxyproline, gamma-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine, etc.). The phrase “amino acid analog” refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure (an alpha carbon bound to a hydrogen, a carboxy group, an amino group, and an R group) as a naturally occurring amino acid but have a modified R group or modified backbones (e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium, and such). The phrase “amino acid mimetic” refers to chemical compounds that have different structures but similar functions to general amino acids. Amino acids can be either L-amino acids or D-amino acids, and the peptides of the present invention are preferably L-amino acid polymers.
The terms “polynucleotide”, “oligonucleotide” and “nucleic acid” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymer of nucleotides.
The term “composition” used in the present specification is intended to encompass products that include specified ingredients in specified amounts, and any products generated directly or indirectly from combination of specified ingredients in the specified amounts. When the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, the term “composition” is intended to encompass products including active ingredient(s) and inert ingredient(s), as well as any products generated directly or indirectly from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more ingredients, from dissociation of one or more ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more ingredients. Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any compositions made by admixing compounds or cells of the present invention with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier. Without being limited thereto, the terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “physiologically acceptable carrier” used in the present specification include liquid or solid bulking agents, diluents, excipients, solvents, and encapsulation materials; and mean pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable materials, compositions, substances or media.
Unless otherwise specified, the term “cancer” refers to a cancer that overexpresses the URLC10 gene; and examples thereof include bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such, without being limited thereto. In an exemplary embodiment, the “cancer” is a cancer that expresses URLC10 and HLA-A11 and/or HLA-A03.
Unless otherwise specified, the terms “cytotoxic T lymphocyte” and “cytotoxic T cell” and “CTL” are used interchangeably herein. Unless otherwise specifically indicated, they refer to a sub-group of T lymphocytes that can recognize non-self cells (for example, tumor/cancer cells, virus-infected cells) and induce the death of such cells.
Unless otherwise specified, the term “HLA-A11” refers to the HLA-A11 type which includes subtypes such as HLA-A*1101, HLA-A*1102, HLA-A*1103, and HLA-A*1104.
Unless otherwise specified, the term “HLA-A03” refers to the HLA-A03 type which includes subtypes such as HLA-A*0301, HLA-A*0302, and HLA-A*0305.
In the context of a subject or patient, the phrase “HLA antigen of a subject (or patient) is HLA-A11” used herein refers to that a subject or patient has the HLA-A11 antigen gene homozygously or heterozygously as the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I molecule, and that the HLA-A11 antigen is expressed in the cells of the subject or patient as the HLA antigen. Similarly, the phrase “HLA antigen of a subject (or patient) is HLA-A03” used herein refers to that a subject or patient has the HLA-A03 antigen gene homozygously or heterozygously as the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I molecule and that the HLA-A03 antigen is expressed as the HLA antigen in the cells of the subject or patient.
As long as the methods and compositions of the present invention are useful in the context of cancer “treatment”, the treatment is considered “efficacious” when it achieves clinical advantages, for example, reduction in the size, spreading or metastatic ability of cancer, retardation of cancer progression, alleviation of clinical symptoms of cancer, prolongation of survival period, suppression of postoperative recurrence in a subject. When the treatment is applied prophylactically, “efficacious” means that the treatment retards or prevents cancer formation, or prevents or alleviates clinical symptoms of cancer. Effectiveness is determined in relation to any publicly known method for diagnosing or treating a specific tumor type.
As long as the methods and compositions of the present invention are useful in the context of cancer “prevention (prophylaxis)”, the term “prevention (prophylaxis)” herein includes any work that eases the load of cancer-associated mortality or morbidity. Prevention (Prophylaxis) can be carried out at the “primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (prophylaxis) levels”. Whereas the primary prevention (prophylaxis) avoids the development of a disease, prevention (prophylaxis) at the secondary and tertiary levels encompasses prevention (prophylaxis) of disease progression and appearance of symptoms, as well as workings intended to reduce adverse effects of the existing disease by restoring functions and reducing disease-associated complications. Alternately, prevention (prophylaxis) can include alleviation of severity of a specific disorder, for example, extensive preventive therapy intended to reduce tumor growth and metastasis.
In the context of the present invention, the treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis) of cancer and/or prevention (prophylaxis) of postoperative recurrence thereof include either of the events such as inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, tumor involution or regression, induction of remission and suppression of cancer development, tumor regression, as well as reduction or inhibition of metastasis, suppression of postoperative recurrence of cancer, and prolongation of survival period. Effective treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis) of cancer reduce mortality, improve prognosis of an individual with cancer, reduce the blood levels of tumor markers, and alleviate detectable symptoms associated with cancer. For example, alleviation or improvement of symptoms constitutes effective treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis), and includes a condition in which the symptoms are stable or alleviated by 10%, 20%, 30% or more.
In the context of the present invention, the term “antibody” refers to immunoglobulins and fragments thereof that are specifically reactive to a designated protein or peptide thereof. An antibody can include human antibodies, primatized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, bispecific antibodies, humanized antibodies, antibodies fused to other proteins or radiolabels, and antibody fragments. Furthermore, an “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) formed from two or more intact antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. An “antibody” may be antibodies of all classes (e.g., IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM).
Unless otherwise specified, the technical terms and scientific terms used herein all have the same meanings as terms commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs.
II. Peptides
HLA-A11 is an allele commonly seen in Asians (Sette A, Sidney J., Immunogenetics 1999, 50: 201-12), and HLA-A03 is an allele commonly seen in Caucasians (Cao et al., Hum Immunol 2001; 62(9): 1009-30). Thus, an effective method of treating URLC10-expressing cancers for a great population of Asians or Caucasians can be provided by providing URLC10-derived CTL-inducing peptides restricted to HLA-A11 or HLA-A03. Thus, the present invention provides URLC10-derived peptides that are capable of inducing CTLs in an HLA-A11- or HLA-A03-restrictive manner.
The peptides of the present invention are URLC10-derived peptides that are capable of inducing CTLs in an HLA-A11- or HLA-A03-restrictive manner. Peptides capable of inducing CTLs in an HLA-A11-restrictive manner include peptides having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13. Similarly, peptides capable of inducing CTLs in an HLA-A03-restrictive manner include peptides having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31.
CTLs having a cytotoxic activity specific to these peptides can be established by in vitro stimulation of T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with these peptides. The established CTLs show a specific cytotoxic activity against target cells pulsed with each of the peptides.
The URLC10 gene is overexpressed in cancer cells such as cancer cells in, for example, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such, but is not expressed in most normal organs. It is thus an excellent target for immunotherapy. Therefore, the peptides of the present invention can be suitably used for cancer immunotherapy. A preferred peptide is a nonapeptide (a peptide consisting of 9 amino acid residues), a decapeptide (a peptide consisting of 10 amino acid residues) or an undecapeptide (a peptide consisting of 11 amino acid residues), and it is more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31. For example, a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 is suitable for induction of CTLs that show a specific cytotoxic activity against cells expressing HLA-A11 and URLC10, and can be suitably used for cancer immunotherapy for HLA-A11-positive patients. In addition, for example, a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 is suitable for induction of CTLs that show a specific cytotoxic activity against cells expressing HLA-A03 and URLC10, and can be suitably used for cancer immunotherapy for HLA-A03-positive patients. In a more preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention is a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 31.
For the peptides of the present invention, an additional amino acid residue(s) can be made to adjoin the amino acid sequence of the peptide of the present invention, as long as the resultant peptides retain the CTL-inducing ability of the original peptide. The additional amino acid residue(s) may be composed of any types of amino acid(s), as long as they do not impair the CTL-inducing ability of the original peptide. Therefore, the peptides of the present invention encompass peptides having CTL-inducing ability, comprising the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31. Such peptides are, for example, less than about 40 amino acids, in many cases less than about 20 amino acids, and usually less than about 15 amino acids. Therefore, if the original peptide is a nonapeptide, the peptide of the present invention encompasses peptides that are 10 amino-acid long or 11-40 amino-acid long, which are produced by adjoining additional amino acid(s) to the peptide. Furthermore, if the original peptide is a decapeptide and undecapeptide, the peptide of the present invention encompasses peptides that are 11-40 amino-acid long and 12-40 amino-acid long, respectively, which are produced by adjoining additional amino acid(s) to the peptide. Such a peptide can be, for example, a peptide that is 11-20 amino-acid long or a peptide that is 11-15 amino-acid long. A preferred example of an additional amino acid residue(s) is an amino acid residue(s) adjacent to the amino acid sequence of the peptide of the present invention in the full-length amino acid sequence of URLC10 (for example, SEQ ID NO: 37). Therefore, the peptides of the present invention encompass peptides comprising the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31, and wherein the peptides are peptide fragments of URLC10 and have CTL-inducing ability.
In general, modifications of one, two or more amino acids in a certain peptide do not affect the functions of the peptide, or in some cases even enhance the desired functions of the original peptide. In fact, modified peptides (i.e., peptides composed of the amino acid sequence in which one, two or several amino acid residues are modified (i.e., substituted, deleted, inserted, and/or added) compared to the original reference sequence) are known to retain the biological activity of the original peptide (Mark et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984, 81: 5662-6; Zoller and Smith, Nucleic Acids Res 1982, 10: 6487-500; Dalbadie-McFarland et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79: 6409-13). Thus, in one embodiment, the peptides of the present invention can be peptides comprising the amino acid sequence in which one, two or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added to the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 and having CTL-inducing ability.
On skilled in the art can recognize that individual substitutions to an amino acid sequence that alter a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids tend to result in the conservation of the properties of the original amino acid side chain(s). Accordingly, those are frequently referred to as “conservative substitutions” or “conservative modifications”; and modification of a protein by “conservative substitution” or “conservative modification” may result in a modified protein that has similar functions as the original protein. Tables of conservative substitutions presenting functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Examples of amino acid side chain characteristics that functionally resemble include, for example, hydrophobic amino acids (A, I, L, M, F, P, W, Y, V), hydrophilic amino acids (R, D, N, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T), and side chains having the following functional groups or characteristics in common: an aliphatic side-chain (G, A, V, L, I, P); a hydroxyl group containing side-chain (S, T, Y); a sulfur atom containing side-chain (C, M); a carboxylic acid and amide containing side-chain (D, N, E, Q); a base containing side-chain (R, K, H); and an aromatic containing side-chain (H, F, Y, W). In addition, the following eight groups each contain amino acids that are accepted in the art as conservative substitutions for one another:
Such conservatively modified peptides are also encompassed in peptides of the present invention. However, peptides of the present invention are not restricted thereto and can include non-conservative modifications, so long as the modified peptide retains the CTL-inducing ability of the original peptide. Furthermore, modified peptides do not exclude CTL inducible peptides derived from polymorphic variants, interspecies homologues, and alleles of URLC10.
So long as a peptide retains the CTL-inducing ability of an original peptide, one can modify (i.e., substitute, delete, insert and/or add) a small number (for example, 1, 2 or several) or a small percentage of amino acids. Herein, the term “several” means 5 or fewer amino acids, for example, 4 or 3 or fewer. The percentage of amino acids to be modified is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 15% or less, even more preferably 10% or less or 1 to 5%.
When used in the context of immunotherapy, peptides of the present invention should be presented on the surface of a cell or exosome, preferably as a complex with an HLA antigen. Therefore, it is preferable that the peptides of the present invention possess high binding affinity to the HLA antigen. To that end, the peptides can be modified by substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition of the amino acid residues to yield a modified peptide having improved binding affinity. Since the regularity of the sequences of peptides displayed by binding to HLA antigens is already known (Falk, et al., Immunogenetics 1994 40 232-41; Chujoh, et al., Tissue Antigens 1998: 52: 501-9; Takiguchi, et al., Tissue Antigens 2000: 55: 296-302.), modifications based on such regularity can be introduced into the peptides of the present invention.
For example, in peptides having binding affinity for HLA Class I, the second amino acid from the N terminus and the C-terminal amino acid are generally anchor residues involved in the binding to HLA Class I (Rammensee H G, et al., Immunogenetics. 1995; 41(4): 178-228.). For example, for HLA-A11, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine for the second amino acid from the N terminus, and lysine and arginine for the C-terminal amino acid are known as anchor residues with high binding affinity for HLA-A11 (Falk, et al., Immunogenetics 1994, 40: 232-41; Chujoh, et al., Tissue Antigens 1998: 52: 501-9). Further, in HLA-A11, there is auxiliary anchor residues at positions 3 and 7 from the N terminus; and it is known that leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, and alanine are preferred as the third amino acid from the N terminus, and that leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine and phenylalanine are preferred as the seventh amino acid from the N terminus (Falk, et al., Immunogenetics 1994, 40: 232-41; Chujoh, et al., Tissue Antigens 1998: 52: 501-9). Thus, to maintain or enhance the HLA-A11-binding affinity, there is a possibility that it is desirable to substitute the second amino acid from the N terminus with threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, and/or to substitute the C-terminal amino acid with lysine or arginine. Further, there is a possibility that it is also desirable to substitute the third amino acid from the N terminus with leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, or alanine, and/or to substitute the seventh amino acid from the N terminus with leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine or phenylalanine. Thus, peptides with CTL-inducing ability, comprising an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine; the third amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, or alanine; the seventh amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine or phenylalanine; and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with lysine or arginine are encompassed by the peptides of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention can be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability that consists of an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine; the third amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, or alanine; the seventh amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine or phenylalanine; and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with lysine or arginine. That is, the peptides of the present invention encompass peptides having CTL-inducing ability, which comprise an amino acid sequence in which one or more substitutions selected from (a) to (d) below are introduced into the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13:
In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability that consists of an amino acid sequence in which one or more substitutions selected from (a) to (d) above are introduced into the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13. In the present invention, the preferred number of substitutions is 1, 2, 3 or 4 substitutions selected from (a) to (d) above.
The peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which comprises an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with lysine or arginine. Preferably, the peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which consists of an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with lysine or arginine. That is, the peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which comprises an amino acid sequence having one or more substitutions selected from (a) and (b) below in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13:
In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which consists of an amino acid sequence in which one or more substitutions selected from (a) to (b) above are introduced into the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13. In a more preferred embodiment, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with threonine, valine, isoleucine, or leucine.
In HLA-A03, leucine, methionine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, serine, and threonine for the second amino acid from the N terminus, and arginine, lysine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine for the C-terminal amino acid are known as anchor residues with high binding affinity for HLA-A03 (Kubo R T. et al., J Immunol. 1994 Apr. 15; 152(8): 3913-24; Sidney J et al., Hum Immunol. 1996 February; 45(2): 79-93; Gambacorti-Passerini C et al., Clin Cancer Res. 1997 May; 3(5): 675-83). Thus, to maintain or enhance the HLA-A03-binding affinity, there is a possibility that it is preferable to substitute the second amino acid from the N terminus with leucine, methionine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, serine or threonine, and/or the C-terminal amino acid with arginine, lysine, tyrosine or phenylalanine. Therefore, peptides having CTL-inducing ability, which comprise an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, methionine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, serine or threonine, and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with arginine, lysine, tyrosine or phenylalanine are encompassed by the peptides of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the peptides of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which consists of an amino acid sequence in which, in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, methionine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, serine or threonine, and/or the C-terminal amino acid is substituted with arginine, lysine, tyrosine or phenylalanine. That is, the peptides of the present invention encompass a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which comprises an amino acid sequence in which one or more substitutions selected from (a) and (b) below are introduced into the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31:
In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of the present invention may be a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, which consists of an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions selected from (a) and (b) above in the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31. In the present invention, the preferred number of substitutions is one or two substitutions selected from (a) and (b) above.
In a more preferred embodiment, the second amino acid from the N terminus is substituted with leucine, methionine or valine.
Substitution(s) may be introduced into amino acid(s) not only at the anchor site(s), but also at a position(s) of potential T cell receptor (TCR) recognition site(s) of the peptides. Several research studies have demonstrated that a peptide that has amino acid substitutions, such as CAP1, p53(264-272), Her-2/neu(369-377) or gp100(209-217), may have equal to or better activity than that of the original peptide (Zaremba et al. Cancer Res. 57, 4570-4577, 1997; T. K. Hoffmann et al. J Immunol. (2002) February 1, 168(3): 1338-47.; S. O. Dionne et al. Cancer Immunol immunother. (2003) 52: 199-206; and S. O. Dionne et al. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy (2004) 53, 307-14).
The present invention also contemplates that one, two or several amino acids can be added to the N terminus and/or C terminus of the peptides of the present invention (for example, peptides consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9, 13, 5, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31). Such modified peptides that retain CTL-inducing ability are also included in the present invention. For example, when a peptide in which one, two or several amino acids are added to the N terminus and/or C terminus of a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 31 is contacted with an APC(s), it is incorporated into the APC(s) and processed to become a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 31. It can then induce CTLs through presentation on the cell surface of an APC via the antigen presentation pathway. More specifically, peptides of the present invention can be peptides in which one, two or several amino acids are added to either or both of the N terminus and C terminus.
However, when the amino acid sequence of a peptide is identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence of an endogenous or exogenous protein having a different function, side effects such as autoimmune disorders and/or allergic symptoms against specific substances may be induced. Therefore, it is preferable to perform homology searches using available databases to avoid situations in which the amino acid sequence of the peptide matches the amino acid sequence of another protein. When it becomes clear from the homology searches that no peptide exists with as few as 1 or 2 amino acid differences as compared to the objective peptide, the objective peptide can be modified in order to increase its binding affinity with HLA antigens, and/or increase its CTL-inducing ability without danger of such side effects.
Peptides in which one, two or several amino acids of a peptide of the present invention are modified are predicted to be able to retain CTL-inducing ability of the original peptide; however, it is preferable to verify the CTL-inducing ability of the modified peptides. Herein, the “peptide having CTL-inducing ability (CTL inducibility)” refers to a peptide that induces CTLs through APCs stimulated with the peptide. “CTL induction” includes induction of differentiation into CTLs, induction of CTL activation, induction of CTL proliferation, induction of CTL's cytotoxic activity, induction of CTL-mediated dissolution of target cells, and induction of increase of IFN-gamma production of CTLs.
The CTL-inducing ability can be confirmed by inducing and stimulating APCs that retain an HLA antigen (for example, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) with a peptide, and mixing it with CD8-positive T cells; and then measuring IFN-gamma released by CTLs against the target cells. For the APCs, human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte-derived dendritic cells can be preferably used. As a reaction system, transgenic animals generated to express an HLA antigen can be used. Alternatively, for example, the target cells may be radio-labelled with 51Cr or such, and the cytotoxic activity of the peptide-induced CTLs may be calculated from the radioactivity emitted from the target cells. Alternatively, in the presence of peptide-stimulated APCs, it is possible to evaluate the CTL-inducing ability by measuring the IFN-gamma produced and released by CTLs, and visualizing the inhibition zone on the media using anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies.
In addition to the modifications above, the peptides of the present invention can be linked to other peptides as long as the resultant linked peptide retains the CTL-inducing ability. An example of an appropriate peptide to be linked with the peptides of the present invention includes a tumor associated antigen TAA-derived CTL-inducing peptide. Further, the peptides of the present invention can also be linked with each other. Suitable linkers for use in linking peptides are known in the art, and for example, linkers such as AAY (P. M. Daftarian et al., J Trans Med 2007, 5:26), AAA, NKRK (SEQ ID NO: 38) (R. P. M. Sutmuller et al., J Immunol. 2000, 165: 7308-15), or K (S. Ota et al., Can Res. 62, 1471-6, K. S. Kawamura et al., J Immunol. 2002, 168: 5709-15) can be used. Peptides can be linked in various arrangements (for example, catenulate, repeated, etc.), and one can also link three or more peptides.
The peptides of the present invention can also be linked to other substances as long as the resultant linked peptide retains the CTL-inducing ability. Examples of an appropriate substance to be linked with a peptide of the present invention include, for example, a peptide, a lipid, a sugar or sugar chain, an acetyl group, and a naturally-occurring or synthetic polymer. The peptides of the present invention can be modified by glycosylation, side-chain oxidation, phosphorylation or such, as long as their CTL-inducing ability is not impaired. One can also perform such types of modifications to confer additional functions (for example, targeting function and delivery function) or to stabilize the peptide.
For example, to increase the in vivo stability of a peptide, it is known in the art to introduce D-amino acids, amino acid mimetics or non-naturally occurring amino acids, and this concept may also be applied to peptides of the present invention. Peptide stability can be assayed by several methods. For example, stability can be tested by using a peptidase as well as various biological media such as human plasma and serum (see, e.g., Verhoef et al., Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokin 1986, 11: 291-302).
Further, as stated above, among the modified peptides in which one, two, or several amino acid residues have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added, those having the same or higher activity as compared to original peptides can be screened for or selected. Thus, the present invention also provides methods of screening for or selecting modified peptides that have the same or higher activity than that of the original peptide. Specifically, the present invention provides a method of screening for a peptide having CTL-inducing ability, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
Herein, the peptide of the present invention is also described as a “URLC10 peptide(s)” or a “URLC10 polypeptide(s)”.
III. Preparation of Peptides of the Present Invention
Well known techniques can be used to prepare peptides of the present invention. For example, recombinant DNA technology or chemical synthesis can be used to prepare peptides of the present invention. Peptides of the present invention can be synthesized individually, or as longer polypeptides including two or more peptides. Peptides of the present invention can be isolated from host cells or synthesis reaction products after they are produced in the host cells using recombinant DNA technology or after they are chemically synthesized. That is, peptides of the present invention can be purified or isolated so as not to substantially contain other host-cell proteins and fragments thereof, or any other chemical substances.
The peptides of the present invention may contain modifications, such as glycosylation, side chain oxidation, or phosphorylation provided such modifications do not destroy the biological activity of the original peptide. Other illustrative modifications include incorporation of D-amino acids or other amino acid mimetics that may be used, for example, to increase the serum half life of the peptides.
A peptide of the present invention can be obtained through chemical synthesis based on the selected amino acid sequence. Examples of conventional peptide synthesis methods that can be adapted to the synthesis include the methods described in the documents below:
Alternatively, the peptides of the present invention can be obtained adapting any known genetic engineering methods for producing peptides (e.g., Morrison J, J Bacteriology 1977, 132: 349-51; Clark-Curtiss & Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology (Wu et al.) 1983, 101: 347-62). For example, first, a suitable vector harboring a polynucleotide encoding the peptide of the present invention in an expressible form (e.g., downstream of a regulatory sequence corresponding to a promoter sequence) is prepared and transformed into a suitable host cell. The host cell is then cultured to produce the peptide of the present invention. The peptide of the present invention can also be produced in vitro using an in vitro translation system.
IV. Polynucleotides
The present invention also provides a polynucleotide which encodes any of the peptides of the present invention. These include polynucleotides derived from the naturally occurring URLC10 gene (e.g., GenBank Accession No. BC_117142 (SEQ ID NO: 36)) as well as those having a conservatively modified nucleotide sequence thereof. Herein, the phrase “conservatively modified nucleotide sequence” refers to sequences which encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. For instance, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG, and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine. Thus, at every position where an alanine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described above without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations”, which are one species of conservatively modified variations. Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a peptide also describes every possible silent variation of the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine, and TGG, which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule. Accordingly, each silent variation of a nucleic acid that encodes a peptide is implicitly described in each disclosed sequence.
The polynucleotide of the present invention can be composed of DNA, RNA, and derivatives thereof. A DNA is suitably composed of bases such as A, T, C, and G, and T is replaced by U in an RNA.
The polynucleotide of the present invention can encode multiple peptides of the present invention with or without intervening amino acid sequences in between. For example, the intervening amino acid sequence can provide a cleavage site (e.g., enzyme recognition sequence) of the polynucleotide or the translated peptides. Furthermore, the polynucleotide can include any additional sequences to the coding sequence encoding the peptide of the present invention. For example, the polynucleotide can be a recombinant polynucleotide that includes regulatory sequences required for the expression of the peptide or can be an expression vector (e.g., plasmid) with marker genes and such. In general, such recombinant polynucleotides can be prepared by the manipulation of polynucleotides through conventional recombinant techniques using, for example, polymerases and endonucleases.
Both recombinant and chemical synthesis techniques can be used to produce the polynucleotides of the present invention. For example, a polynucleotide can be produced by insertion into an appropriate vector, which can be expressed when transfected into a competent cell. Alternatively, a polynucleotide can be amplified using PCR techniques or expression in suitable hosts (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989). Alternatively, a polynucleotide can be synthesized using the solid phase techniques, as described in Beaucage S L & Iyer R P, Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 2223-311; Matthes et al., EMBO J 1984, 3: 801-5.
V. Exosomes
The present invention further provides intracellular vesicles, referred to as exosomes, that present complexes formed between the peptides of the present invention and HLA antigens on their surface. Exosomes can be prepared, for example, using the methods detailed in JPH11-510507 and WO99/03499, and can be prepared using APCs obtained from patients who are subject to treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis). The exosomes of the present invention can be inoculated as vaccines, in a fashion similar to the peptides of the present invention.
The type of the HLA antigens included in the above-described complexes must match that of the subject in need of treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis). For example, HLA-A11 (for example, HLA-A*1101) is an allele widely and generally seen in Asian populations, and is considered to be suitable for treatment in Asian patients. Further, HLA-A03 (for example, HLA-A*0301) is an allele widely and generally seen in Caucasian populations, and is considered to be suitable for treatment in Caucasian patients. Typically in clinical practice, it is possible to select an appropriate peptide that has a high level of binding affinity for a specific HLA antigen or that has CTL-inducing ability by antigen presentation mediated by a specific HLA antigen, by studying in advance the HLA antigen type of the patient in need of treatment.
The exosomes of the present invention present on their surface a complex of a peptide of the present invention and HLA-A11 or HLA-A03. When the HLA that forms a complex with a peptide of the present invention is HLA-A11, the peptide of the present invention is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof. Further, when the HLA that forms a complex with a peptide of the present invention is HLA-A03, the peptide of the present invention is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof.
VI. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
The present invention further provides APCs that present on their surface complexes formed between HLA antigens and peptides of the present invention. Alternatively, the present invention provides APCs having on their cell surface complexes formed between HLA antigens and peptides of the present invention. The APCs of the present invention can be isolated APCs. When used in the context of cells (APCs, CTLs, etc.), the term “isolated” means that the cells are separated from another type of cells. The APCs of the present invention may be APCs induced from APCs derived from the patient to be subjected to treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis), and can be administered as a vaccine by themselves or in combination with other drugs including a peptide(s), an exosome(s) or a CTL(s) of the present invention.
The APCs of the present invention are not limited to specific types of cells, and include cells known to present proteinaceous antigens on their cell surface so as to be recognized by lymphocytes, for example, dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells, macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells. Since DC is a representative APC that has the strongest CTL-inducing activity among APCs, DCs can be preferably used as the APCs of the present invention. In the present invention, the preferable DC is an isolated DC derived from human. Further, APCs of the present invention can be mixtures of multiple types of cells having an antigen-presenting function and can be mixtures of APCs each of which presents different types of the peptides of the present invention.
For example, APCs of the present invention can be obtained by isolating DCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and then stimulating them in vitro with the peptides of the present invention. When the peptide of the present invention is administered to a subject, APCs presenting the peptide of the present invention are induced in the body of the subject. Therefore, after the peptides of the present invention are administered to a subject, the APCs of the present invention can be obtained by collecting APCs from the subject. Alternatively, the APCs of the present invention can be obtained by contacting APCs collected from a subject with a peptide of the present invention.
In order to induce an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells in a subject, the APCs of the present invention can be administered to the subject by themselves or in combination with other drugs including peptide(s), exosome(s) or CTL(s) of the present invention. For example, the ex vivo administration can comprise the following steps of:
The first subject and the second subject may be the same individual, or may be different individuals. When the first subject and the second subject are different individuals, it is preferable that the HLAs of the first subject and the second subject are of the same type. The APC obtained in step (b) above can be a vaccine for cancer treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis).
The APCs of the present invention obtained by a method such as described above have CTL-inducing ability. The term “CTL-inducing ability (CTL inducibility)” used in the context of an APC(s) refers to the ability of the APC to be able to induce a CTL(s) when placed in contact with a CD8-positive T cell(s). Further, the “CTL-inducing ability (CTL inducibility)” includes the ability of an APC to induce CTL activation, the ability of an APC to induce CTL proliferation, the ability of an APC to facilitate CTL-mediated dissolution of target cells, and the ability of an APC to increase CTL-mediated IFN-gamma production. ′The CTL(s) induced by the APC of the present invention is a CTL(s) specific to URLC10 and demonstrates a specific cytotoxic activity against URLC10-expressing cells.
In addition to the above-described methods, the APCs of the present invention can be prepared by introducing a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the present invention into APCs in vitro. The polynucleotide to be introduced can be in the form of DNA or RNA. The method of introduction is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include various methods conventionally performed in the art such as lipofection, electroporation and the calcium phosphate method. More specifically, methods described in Cancer Res 1996, 56: 5672-7; J Immunol 1998, 161: 5607-13; J Exp Med 1996, 184: 465-72, and JP2000-509281 can be used. By introducing a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the present invention into an APC, the polynucleotide is transcribed and translated in the cell, and then the produced peptide is processed by MHC Class I and proceeds through a presentation pathway to present the peptide of the present invention on the cell surface of the APC.
In a preferred embodiment, the APC of the present invention is an APC that presents on its cell surface a complex formed between a peptide of the present invention and HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) or HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301). When the HLA that forms a complex with a peptide of the present invention is HLA-A11, the peptide of the present invention is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13. When the HLA that forms a complex with a peptide of the present invention is HLA-A03, the peptide of the present invention is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31.
The APC(s) of the present invention is preferably an APC(s) induced by a method comprising a step described (a) or (b) below:
The peptide of the present invention to be contacted with the HLA-A11-expressing APC(s) is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13.
The peptide of the present invention to be contacted with the HLA-A03-expressing APC(s) is preferably a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof, and more preferably a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31.
The present invention provides use of a peptide of the present invention for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition that induces an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability. In addition, the present invention provides a method or process of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition that induces an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability. Further, the present invention provides a peptide of the present invention for inducing an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability.
VII. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
The CTL induced by a peptide of the present invention can be used as a vaccine in a similar manner to the peptide of the present invention for enhancing an immune response targeting URLC10-expressing cell in vivo. Thus, the present invention provides CTLs that are induced or activated by a peptide of the present invention. The CTLs of the present invention are CTLs that target a peptide of the present invention, and are capable of binding to a complex of a peptide of the present invention and an HLA antigen. Binding of a CTL to the complex is mediated via a T cell receptor (TCR) present on the cell surface of the CTL. The CTLs of the present invention can be isolated CTLs. The preferable CTLs are isolated CTLs of human origin. The CTLs of the present invention can be mixtures of CTLs each of which targets different types of peptides of the present invention.
The CTLs of the present invention can be obtained by (1) administering a peptide of the present invention to a subject, (2) stimulating APCs and CD8-positive T cells, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from a subject with a peptide of the present invention in vitro, (3) contacting in vitro CD8-positive T cells or PBMCs with APCs or exosomes that present on their surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention, or (4) introducing into CD8-positive T cells a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of a T cell receptor (TCR) capable of binding to a peptide of the present invention presented on cell surface via an HLA antigen. The exosomes and APCs used in the method of (2) or (3) above can be prepared by methods described in the “V. Exosomes” and “VI. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)” sections, respectively, and the details of the method of (4) above will be described in the “VIII. T cell receptor (TCR)” section.
The CTLs of the present invention can be administered by themselves to patients who are subject to treatment and/or prevention (prophylaxis), or in combination with other drugs including peptide(s), APC(s) or exosome(s) of the present invention for the purpose of regulating effects. Further, the CTLs of the present invention can be CTLs induced from CD8-positive T cells derived from the patients who are subject to administration of the CTLs. The CTLs of the present invention act specifically on target cells that present the peptides of the present invention, for example, the same peptides used to induce the CTLs of the present invention. The target cells may be cells that endogenously express URLC10, such as cancer cells, or cells transfected with the URLC10 gene. Cells that present a peptide of the present invention on their cell surface due to stimulation by the peptide can become a target of attack by the CTLs of the present invention. The cells targeted by the CTLs of the present invention are preferably cells that are positive for at least one of HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) and HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301).
In a preferred embodiment, the CTLs of the present invention target specifically cells that express both URLC10 and at least one HLA selected from among HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) and HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301). In the present invention, the cells targeted by the CTLs can be cells that have either of the alleles of HLA-A11 and HLA-A03 homozygously or heterozygously.
Herein, that the CTL “targets” cells refers to CTL recognition of cells that present on their cell surface a complex of HLA and a peptide of the present invention and demonstration of a cytotoxic activity against the cells. Further, “specifically target” refers to that the CTLs demonstrate a cytotoxic activity against those cells, but do not show a damaging activity to other cells. The expression “recognize cells” used in the context of CTLs refers to binding to a complex of HLA and a peptide of the present invention presented on cell surface via its TCR, and demonstrating a specific cytotoxic activity against the cell. Therefore, the CTLs of the present invention are preferably CTLs that can bind via TCR to a complex formed between a peptide of the present invention and HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) or HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301) presented on cell surface.
Furthermore, the CTLs of the present invention are preferably CTLs induced by a method comprising a step described in (a) or (b) below:
The present invention also provides compositions comprising a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of a TCR capable of binding to a peptide of the present invention presented on cell surface by an HLA antigen, and methods of using the same. The polynucleotide confers CD8-positive T cells with specificity against URLC10-expressing cancer cells through expression of a TCR capable of binding to a peptide of the present invention presented on cell surface by an HLA antigen. Polynucleotides encoding an alpha chain(s) and a beta chain(s) can be identified as the TCR subunit of the CTL induced by a peptide of the present invention by using known methods in the art (WO2007/032255 and Morgan et al., J Immunol, 171, 3288 (2003)). For example, PCR methods are preferred for TCR analysis. Without being limited thereto, PCR primers for analysis may be, for example, a primer set(s) for amplification by combining the 5′ side primer and the 3′ side primer(s) below:
The TCRs formed by introducing the identified polynucleotides into CD8-positive T cells can bind with high binding affinity to the target cells that present a peptide of the present invention, and mediates efficient killing of the target cells presenting a peptide of the present invention in vivo and in vitro.
A polynucleotide encoding each TCR subunit can be incorporated into an appropriate vector, for example, retrovirus vector. These vectors are well known in the art. The polynucleotide or a vector comprising thereof in an expressible form can be introduced into a CD8-positive T cell, for example, a CD8-positive T cell derived from a patient. The present invention provides off-the-shelf compositions that allow rapid and easy production of modified T cells that have superior cancer cell-killing properties by rapid modification of the patient's own T cells (or T cells derived from another subject).
Herein, a specific TCR is a TCR that can confer a specific cytotoxic activity against target cells by specifically recognizing a complex of a peptide of the present invention and an HLA antigen presented on the surface of the target cell when the TCR is present on the surface of a CD8-positive T cell. Specific recognition of the above-described complex can be confirmed by any known method, and preferable examples thereof include HLA multimer staining analysis using HLA molecules and peptides of the present invention and ELISPOT assay methods. Specific TCR-mediated recognition of target cell by T cell introduced with the above-described polynucleotide and signal transduction in the cell can be confirmed by carrying out an ELISPOT assay. When the above-described TCR is present on the surface of a CD8-positive T cell, whether the TCR can confer a target cell-specific cytotoxic activity against the CD8-positive T cell can also be confirmed by known methods. Preferable methods include, for example, measuring the cytotoxic activity against target cells by a chrome release assay method or such.
The present invention provides, in the context of HLA-A11, CTLs prepared by transforming CD8-positive T cells with a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of TCR that binds to, for example, a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13.
The present invention provides, in the context of HLA-A03, CTLs prepared by transforming CD8-positive T cells with a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of TCR that binds to, for example, a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31.
The transformed CTLs are capable of homing in vivo and may be propagated by a well-known in vitro culturing method (for example, Kawakami et al., J Immunol., 142, 3452-61 (1989)). The CTLs of the present invention can be used to form an immunogenic composition useful for disease treatment or prevention (prophylaxis) in a patient in need of treatment or prevention (prophylaxis) (the contents are incorporated herein for reference WO2006/031221).
IX. Pharmaceutical Compositions
The present invention further provides compositions or pharmaceutical compositions, comprising at least one active ingredient selected from below:
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise as needed a carrier(s), an excipient(s) or such commonly used in pharmaceuticals without particular limitations, in addition to the active ingredient(s) described above. An example of a carrier that can be used in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention includes sterilized water, physiological saline, phosphate buffer, culture fluid and such. Therefore, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, comprising at least one active ingredient selected from (a) to (e) below and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier:
Further, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise, as needed, stabilizers, suspensions, preservatives, surfactants, solubilizing agents, pH adjusters, aggregation inhibitors and such.
The URLC10 expression significantly up-regulates in cancer cells compared with normal tissues. Thus, a peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide can be used to treat and/or prevent cancer, and/or prevent postoperative recurrence thereof. Therefore, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating and/or preventing cancer, and/or preventing postoperative recurrence thereof, comprising one or more types of peptides or polynucleotides of the present invention as an active ingredient. Alternatively, the peptides of the present invention can be made to be presented on the surface of exosomes or APCs for use as pharmaceutical compositions. In addition, CTLs of the present invention targeting any one of the peptides of the present invention can also be used as an active ingredient of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may comprise a therapeutically effective amount or a pharmaceutically effective amount of the above-described active ingredient.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be used as a vaccine. In the context of the present invention, the term “vaccine” (also called “immunogenic composition”) refers to a composition that has a function of inducing an immune response that leads to antitumor action when inoculated into an animal. Thus, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used to induce an immune response that leads to antitumor action. The immune response induced by a peptide, a polynucleotide, an APC, a CTL and a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is an immune response that leads to antitumor action, and examples include induction of cancer cell-specific CTLs and induction of cancer cell-specific cytotoxic activity.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent cancer, and/or prevent postoperative recurrence thereof in human subjects or patients. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used preferably to a subject positive for at least one HLA selected from among HLA-A1 I and HLA-A03. Further, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used preferably to treat and/or prevent cancers expressing URLC10 and at least one HLA selected from among HLA-A11 and HLA-A03, and/or prevent postoperative recurrence thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides use of an active ingredient selected from below in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing cancer:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides an active ingredient selected from below for use in treating or preventing cancer:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides a method or process for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing cancer, wherein the method or process comprises a step of formulating at least one active ingredient selected from below with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier:
In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method or process for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing cancer, wherein the method or process comprises a step of mixing an active ingredient selected from below with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier:
In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method for treating or preventing cancer, which comprises a step of administering to a subject at least one active ingredient selected from below:
In the present invention, peptides having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 are identified as HLA-A11-restricted epitope peptides that can induce a potent and specific immune response. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising at least one peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 are suitable particularly for administration to a subject having HLA-A11 (for example, HLA-A*1101) as an HLA antigen. The same applies to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide encoding any of these peptides (i.e., polynucleotides of the present invention), an APC or exosome that presents these peptides (i.e., APCs or exosomes of the present invention), or a CTL targeting these peptides (i.e., CTLs of the present invention). That is, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active ingredient in association with a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 are suitable for administration to subjects having HLA-A11 (i.e., HLA-A11-positive subjects). In a more preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
Similarly, in the present invention, peptides having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 are identified as HLA-A03-restricted epitope peptides that can induce a potent and specific immune response. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising at least one peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 are suitable particularly for administration to a subject having HLA-A03 (for example, HLA-A*0301) as an HLA antigen. The same applies to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide encoding any of these peptides (i.e., polynucleotides of the present invention), an APC or exosome that presents these peptides (i.e., APCs or exosomes of the present invention), or a CTL targeting these peptides (i.e., CTLs of the present invention). That is, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active ingredient in association with a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 are suitable for administration to subjects having HLA-A03 (i.e., HLA-A03-positive subjects). In a more preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.
Cancers to be treated and/or prevented by pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they are cancers that express URLC10, and include bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such. It is preferable to use the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention in subjects that homozygously or heterozygously have an HLA allele selected from among HLA-A11 and HLA-A03.
In addition to the active ingredients described above, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise the other peptides that have the ability to induce CTLs against cancer cells (for example, the other TAA-derived CTL-inducing peptides), the other polynucleotides encoding the other peptides, the other cells that present the other peptides, or such.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also optionally comprise the other therapeutic substances as an active ingredient, as long as they do not inhibit the anti-tumor effects of the above-described active ingredients such as peptides of the present invention. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally comprise anti-inflammatory compositions, analgesics, chemotherapeutics and the like. In addition to including the other therapeutic substances to a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention itself, one can also administer the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention sequentially or concurrently with one or more other pharmaceutical compositions. The dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and the other pharmaceutical compositions depend on, for example, the type of pharmaceutical composition used and the disease being treated, as well as the scheduling and routes of administration.
It should be understood that in consideration of the formulation type, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may include other components conventional in the art, in addition to the ingredients specifically mentioned herein.
The present invention also provides articles of manufacture or kits that comprise a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The articles of manufacture or kits of the present invention can include a container that houses the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. An example of an appropriate container includes a bottle, a vial or a test tube, but is not limited thereto. The container may be formed of various materials such as glass or plastic. A label may be attached to the container, and the disease or disease state to which the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention should be used may be described in the label. The label may also indicate directions for administration and such.
The articles of manufacture or kits of the present invention may further comprise a second container that houses pharmaceutically acceptable diluents optionally, in addition to the container that houses the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The articles of manufacture or kits of the present invention may further comprise the other materials desirable from a commercial standpoint and the user's perspective, such as the other buffers, diluents, filters, injection needles, syringes, package inserts with instructions for use.
As needed, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be provided in a pack or dispenser device that can contain one or more units of dosage forms containing active ingredients. The pack can include, for example, a metallic foil or a plastic foil such as a blister pack. Instructions for administration can be attached to the pack or dispenser device.
(1) Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Peptide(s) as an Active Ingredient
The pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the present invention can be formulated by conventional formulation methods as needed. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may comprise as needed in addition to the peptide of the present invention, carriers, excipients and such commonly used in pharmaceuticals without particular limitations. Examples of carriers that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include sterilized water (for example, water for injection), physiological saline, phosphate buffer, phosphate buffered saline, Tris buffered saline, 0.3% glycine, culture fluid, and such. Further, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may comprise as needed stabilizers, suspensions, preservatives, surfactants, solubilizing agents, pH adjusters, aggregation inhibitors, and such. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can induce specific immunity against URLC10-expressing cancer cells, and thus can be applied for the purpose of cancer treatment or prevention (prophylaxis).
For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be prepared by dissolving in pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable water-soluble carriers such as sterilized water (for example, water for injection), physiological saline, phosphate buffer, phosphate buffered saline, and Tris buffered saline and adding, as needed, stabilizers, suspensions, preservatives, surfactants, solubilizing agents, pH adjusters, aggregation inhibitors and such, and then sterilizing the peptide solution. The method of sterilizing a peptide solution is not particularly limited, and is preferably carried out by filtration sterilization. Filtration sterilization can be performed using, for example, a filtration sterilization filter of 0.22 micro-m or less in pore diameter. The filtration-sterilized peptide solution can be administered to a subject, for example, as an injection, without being limited thereto. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be prepared as a freeze-dried formulation by freeze-drying the above-described peptide solution. The freeze-dried formulation can be prepared by filling the peptide solution prepared as described above into an appropriate container such as an ampule, a vial or a plastic container, followed by freeze drying and encapsulation into the container with a wash-sterilized rubber plug or such after pressure recovery. The freeze-dried formulation can be administered to a subject after it is re-dissolved in pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable water-soluble carriers such as sterilized water (for example, water for injection), physiological saline, phosphate buffer, phosphate buffered saline, Tris buffered saline and such before administration. Preferred examples of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include injections of such a filtration-sterilized peptide solution, and freeze-dried formulations that result from freeze-drying the peptide solution. The present invention further encompasses kits comprising such a freeze-dried formulation and re-dissolving solution. The present invention also encompasses kits comprising a container that houses the freeze-dried formulation, which is a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, and a container that houses a re-dissolving solution thereof.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise a combination of two or more types of the peptides of the present invention. The combination of peptides can take a cocktail form of mixed peptides, or can be conjugated with each other using standard techniques. For example, peptides can be chemically linked or expressed as single fusion polypeptide sequences. By administering a peptide of the present invention, the peptide is presented on APCs by an HLA antigen at a high density, and then subsequently CTLs that react specifically to a complex formed between the presented peptide and the HLA antigen are induced. Alternatively, APCs (for example, DCs) are removed from a subject, and subsequently stimulated with peptides of the present invention to obtain APCs that present any of the peptides of the present invention on their cell surface. These APCs are re-administered to a subject to induce CTLs in the subject, and as a result, the aggressiveness towards URLC10-expressing cancer cells can be increased.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also comprise an adjuvant known for effectively establishing cellular immunity. An adjuvant refers to a compound that enhances the immune response against an antigen that has immunological activity when administered together (or successively) with the antigen. Known adjuvants described in literatures, for example, Clin Microbiol Rev 1994, 7: 277-89, can be used. Examples of a suitable adjuvant include aluminum salts (aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxyhydroxide and such), alum, cholera toxin, Salmonella toxin, Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), ISCOMatrix, GM-CSF and other immunostimulatory cytokines, oligodeoxynucleotide containing the CpG motif (CpG7909 and such), oil-in-water emulsions, Saponin or its derivatives (QS21 and such), lipopolysaccharide such as Lipid A or its derivatives (MPL, RC529, GLA, E6020 and such), lipopeptides, lactoferrin, flagellin, double-stranded RNA or its derivatives (poli IC and such), bacterial DNA, imidazoquinolines (Imiquimod, R848 and such), C-type lectin ligand (trehalose-6,6′-dibehenate (TDB) and such), CD1d ligand (alpha-galactosylceramide and such), squalene emulsions (MF59, AS03, AF03 and such), PLGA, and such, without being limited thereto. The adjuvant may be contained in another container separate from the pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the present invention in the kits comprising the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In this case, the adjuvant and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered to a subject in succession, or mixed together immediately before administration to a subject. Such kits comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the present invention and an adjuvant are also provided by the present invention. When the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a freeze-dried formulation, the kit can further comprise a re-dissolving solution. Further, the present invention provides kits comprising a container that houses a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and a container that stores an adjuvant. The kit can further comprise as needed a container that stores the re-dissolving solution.
When an oil adjuvant is used as an adjuvant, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be prepared as an emulsion. Emulsions can be prepared, for example, by mixing and stirring the peptide solution prepared as described above and an oil adjuvant. The peptide solution may be one that has been re-dissolved after freeze-drying. The emulsion may be either of the W/O-type emulsion and O/W-type emulsion, and the W/O-type emulsion is preferred for obtaining a high immune response-enhancing effect. IFA can be preferably used as an oil adjuvant, without being limited thereto. Preparation of an emulsion can be carried out immediately before administration to a subject, and in this case, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be provided as a kit comprising the peptide solution of the present invention and an oil adjuvant. When the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a freeze-dried formulation, the kit can further comprise a re-dissolving solution.
Further, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be a liposome formulation within which a peptide of the present invention is encapsulated, a granular formulation in which a peptide is bound to beads with several micrometers in diameter, or a formulation in which a lipid is bound to a peptide.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the peptide of the present invention may also be administered in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Preferred examples of salts include salts with alkali metals (lithium, potassium, sodium and such), salts with alkaline-earth metals (calcium, magnesium and such), salts with other metals (copper, iron, zinc, manganese and such), salts with organic bases, salts with amines, salts with organic acids (acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid and such), and salts with inorganic acids (hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and such). The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” used herein refers to a salt that retains the biological, physiological, pharmacological and pharmaceutical efficacy and property of the compound. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a peptide of the present invention are also encompassed by the present invention. Further, the “peptide of the present invention” also encompasses, in addition to the free peptide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further include a component which primes CTLs. Lipids have been identified as substances capable of priming CTLs in vivo against viral antigens. For example, palmitic acid residues can be attached to the epsilon- and alpha-amino groups of a lysine residue and then linked to a peptide of the present invention. The lipidated peptide can then be administered either directly in a micelle or particle, incorporated into a liposome, or emulsified in an adjuvant. As another example of lipid priming of CTL responses, E. coli lipoproteins, such as tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl-seryl-serine (P3CSS) can be used to prime CTLs when covalently attached to an appropriate peptide (see, e.g., Deres et al., Nature 1989, 342: 561-4).
Examples of suitable methods for administering the peptides or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include oral, epidermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, peritoneal, and intravenous injections, as well as systemic administration or local administration to the vicinity of the targeted sites, but are not limited thereto. A preferred administration method includes subcutaneous injection to the vicinity of lymph nodes such as the armpit or groin. The administration can be performed by single administration or boosted by multiple administrations. The peptides of the present invention can be administered to a subject in a therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount for treating cancer or in a therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount for inducing immunity (more specifically CTLs) against URLC10-expressing cancer cells. The dose of the peptides of the present invention can be appropriately adjusted according to the disease to be treated, the patient's age and weight, the method of administration and such. For each of the peptides of the present invention, the dose is usually 0.001 mg-1000 mg, for example, 0.01 mg-100 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-30 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-10 mg, for example, 0.5 mg-5 mg. The dosing interval can be once every several days to several months, and for example, the dosing can be done in a once-per-week interval. A skilled artisan can appropriately select a suitable dose (dosage).
In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present invention, a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier, and an adjuvant. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can comprise 0.001 mg-1000 mg, preferably 0.01 mg-100 mg, more preferably 0.1 mg-30 mg, even more preferably 0.1 mg-10 mg, for example, 0.5 mg-5 mg of a peptide of the present invention. When a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is an injection, it can comprise a peptide of the present invention at a concentration of 0.001 mg/ml-1000 mg/ml, preferably 0.01 mg/ml-100 mg/ml, more preferably 0.1 mg/ml-30 mg/ml, even more preferably 0.1 mg/ml-10 mg/ml, for example, 0.5 mg/ml-5 mg/ml. In this case, for example, 0.1 to 5 ml, preferably 0.5 ml to 2 ml of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered to a subject by injection.
Further, the present invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing cancer and/or preventing postoperative recurrence thereof, which comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. As described above, the peptides of the present invention can be administered to a subject in a single dose of usually 0.001 mg-1000 mg, for example, 0.01 mg-100 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-30 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-10 mg, or for example, 0.5 mg-5 mg. In a preferred embodiment, the peptides of the present invention are administered to a subject together with an adjuvant. Further, the dosing interval can be once every several days to several months, preferably once every several days to every month, for example, once every week or once every two weeks.
(2) Pharmaceutical Compositions Containing Polynucleotides as the Active Ingredient
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can also contain polynucleotides encoding the peptides of the present invention in an expressible form. Herein, the phrase “in an expressible form” means that the polynucleotide, when introduced into a cell, will be expressed as a peptide of the present invention. In an exemplified embodiment, the sequence of the polynucleotide of the present invention includes regulatory elements necessary for expression of the peptide of the present invention. The polynucleotide(s) of the present invention can be equipped with a sequence necessary to achieve stable insertion into the genome of the target cell (see, e.g., Thomas K R & Capecchi M R, Cell 1987, 51: 503-12 for a description of homologous recombination cassette vectors). See, e.g., Wolff et al., Science 1990, 247: 1465-8; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,859, 5,589,466, 5,804,566, 5,739,118, 5,736,524, 5,679,647; and WO98/04720. Examples of DNA-based delivery technologies include “naked DNA”, facilitated (bupivacaine, polymers, peptide-mediated) delivery, cationic lipid complexes, and particle-mediated (“gene gun”) or pressure-mediated delivery (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,687).
The peptides of the present invention can also be expressed by viral or bacterial vectors. Examples of expression vectors include attenuated viral hosts, such as vaccinia or fowlpox. For example, as a vector to express the peptide of the present invention, vaccinia virus can be used. Upon introduction into a host, the recombinant vaccinia virus expresses the immunogenic peptide, and thereby elicits an immune response. Vaccinia vectors and methods useful in immunization protocols are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848. Another vector is BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). BCG vectors are described in Stover et al., Nature 1991, 351: 456-60. A wide variety of other vectors useful for therapeutic administration or immunization, e.g., adeno and adeno-associated virus vectors, retroviral vectors, Salmonella typhi vectors, detoxified anthrax toxin vectors, and the like, will be apparent. See, e.g., Shata et al., Mol Med Today 2000, 6: 66-71; Shedlock et al., J Leukoc Biol 2000, 68: 793-806; Hipp et al., In Vivo 2000, 14: 571-85.
Delivery of a polynucleotide of the present invention into a patient can be either direct, in which case the patient can be directly exposed to a vector harboring the polynucleotide of the present invention, or indirect, in which case, cells are first transformed with the vector harboring the polynucleotide of the present invention in vitro, then the cells are transplanted into the patient. These two approaches are known, respectively, as in vivo and ex vivo gene therapies.
For general reviews of the methods of gene therapy, see Goldspiel et al., Clinical Pharmacy 1993, 12: 488-505; Wu and Wu, Biotherapy 1991, 3: 87-95; Tolstoshev, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1993, 33: 573-96; Mulligan, Science 1993, 260: 926-32; Morgan & Anderson, Ann Rev Biochem 1993, 62: 191-217; Trends in Biotechnology 1993, 11(5): 155-215. Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can also be used for the present invention are described in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1993; and Krieger, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, N Y, 1990.
Similar to peptide administration, administration of polynucleotides may be performed by oral, intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraosseous and/or peritoneal injection, and such. Polynucleotide administration can be a systemic administration or a local administration to the vicinity of the targeted sites. The administration can be performed by single administration or boosted by multiple administrations. The polynucleotides of the present invention can be administered to a subject in a therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective dose for inducing immunity (more specifically CTLs) against URLC10-expressing cancer cells, or in a therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective dose for treating cancer. The dose of a polynucleotide in a suitable carrier or the dose of a polynucleotide in cells transformed with a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the present invention can be appropriately adjusted according to the disease to be treated, the patient's age and weight, the method of administration and such, and this may be usually 0.001 mg-1000 mg, for example, 0.01 mg-100 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-30 mg, for example, 0.1 mg-10 mg, or for example, 0.5 mg-5 mg. The dosing interval can be once every several days to several months, and for example, the dosing can be done in a once-per-week interval. A skilled artisan can appropriately select a suitable dose (dosage).
X. Methods of Using Peptides, Exosomes, APCs and CTLs
The peptides and polynucleotides of the present invention can be used to induce APCs and CTLs. CTLs can also be induced using the exosomes and APCs of the present invention. The peptides, polynucleotides, exosomes, and APCs can be used in combination with any other compound(s) as long as their CTL-inducing ability is not inhibited. Therefore, CTLs of the present invention can be induced using a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the peptides, polynucleotides, APCs and exosomes of the present invention. Further, APCs of the present invention can be induced using a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide or polynucleotide of the present invention.
(1) Methods of Inducing APCs
The present invention provides methods of inducing APCs having CTL-inducing ability, using a peptide(s) or polynucleotide(s) of the present invention.
The methods of the present invention comprise a step of contacting an APC with a peptide of the present invention in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. For example, a method of contacting APCs with the peptide ex vivo may comprise the steps below:
The above-described APCs are not limited to a particular type of cell, and cells known to present a proteinaceous antigen on their cell surface to be recognized by lymphocytes, for example, DCs, Langerhans cells, macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells can be used. DCs have the most potent CTL-inducing ability among APCs, and thus it is preferable to use DCs. Any peptides of the present invention can be used by themselves or in combination with other peptides of the present invention. Further, peptides of the present invention can be used in combination with other CTL-inducing peptides (for example, other TAA-derived CTL-inducing peptides).
Meanwhile, when a peptide of the present invention is administered to a subject, APCs are contacted with the peptide in vivo, and as a result, APCs having a high CTL-inducing ability are induced in the body of the subject. Therefore, the methods of the present invention may comprise a step of administering a peptide of the present invention to a subject. Similarly, when a polynucleotide of the present invention is administered to a subject in an expressible form, a peptide of the present invention is expressed in vivo, the expressed peptide is contacted with APCs in vivo, and as a result APCs having a high CTL-inducing ability are induced in the body of the subject. Therefore, the present invention may also comprise a step of administering a polynucleotide of the present invention to a subject.
In order to induce APCs having CTL-inducing ability, the present invention may comprise a step of introducing a polynucleotide of the present invention into APCs. For example, the method may comprise the steps below:
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing APCs having CTL-inducing ability, which comprises the step (a) or (b) below:
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of preparing APCs having CTL-inducing ability, which comprises the step (a) or (b) below:
The above-described methods can be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, and it is preferable to perform them in vitro or ex vivo. APCs used in the above-described methods may be derived from a subject scheduled for administration of the induced APCs, or they may be derived from a different subject. When APCs derived from a subject (donor) different from the subject scheduled for administration are used, the subject of administration and the donor must have the identical HLA type. In the methods of the present invention, when a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof is used as a peptide of the present invention, the HLA type is preferably HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) in both the subject of administration and the donor. Alternatively, APCs used in the above-described methods are preferably APCs that express HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101). Similarly, when a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof is used as a peptide of the present invention, the HLA type is preferably HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301) in both the subject of administration and the donor. Alternatively, APCs used in the above-described methods are preferably APCs that express HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301). The APCs can be prepared using known methods from PBMCs after PBMCs are separated from blood collected from a donor by a specific gravity centrifugal method or such.
In another embodiment, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide for inducing an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability.
Alternatively, the present invention further provides use of a peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for inducing an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability.
Alternatively, the present invention further provides peptides of the present invention or polynucleotides encoding the peptides for use in the induction of an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability.
Alternatively, the present invention further provides methods or processes of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for inducing an APC(s), wherein the method or process comprises a step of formulating a peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier.
In another embodiment, the present invention further provides methods or processes of manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for inducing an APC(s) having CTL-inducing ability, wherein the method or process comprises a step of mixing a peptide of the present invention or a polynucleotide encoding the peptide with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier.
APCs induced by the methods of the present invention can induce CTLs specific to URLC10 (i.e., CTLs of the present invention).
(2) Methods of Inducing CTLs
The present invention also provides methods of inducing CTLs using peptides, polynucleotides, exosomes or APCs of the present invention. The present invention further provides methods of inducing CTLs using one or more polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide(s) that can form a T cell receptor (TCR) (i.e., TCR subunit) capable of recognizing a complex of a peptide of present invention and an HLA antigen. Preferably, the methods of inducing CTLs comprise at least one steps selected from below:
When a peptide(s), a polynucleotide(s), an exosome(s) or an APC(s) of the present invention is administered to a subject, CTLs are induced in the body of the subject and the strength of the immune response targeting URLC10-expressing cancer cells is enhanced. Therefore, the methods of the present invention may comprise a step of administering a peptide(s), a polynucleotide(s), an APC(s) or an exosome(s) of the present invention to a subject.
Alternatively, CTLs can be induced by using them in vitro or ex vivo. For example, the methods of the present invention may include the following steps:
The induced CTLs may be returned to the subject afterwards.
The APCs to be co-cultured with the CD8-positive T cells in step (c) above can also be prepared by introducing into APCs a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the present invention as described above in the “VI. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)” section. However, the APCs to be used in the methods of the present invention are not limited thereto, and any APCs that present on their surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention can be used.
In the methods of the present invention, instead of such APCs, exosomes that present on their surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention can also be used. That is, the methods of the present invention can comprise a step of co-culturing with exosomes that present on their surface a complex of an HLA antigen and a peptide of the present invention. Such exosomes can be prepared by the above-described methods in the “V. Exosomes” section.
Further, CTLs can also be induced by introducing into a CD8-positive T cell a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding each subunit of a TCR capable of binding to a peptide of the present invention presented by an HLA antigen on the cell surface. Such transformation can be carried out as described above in the “VIII. T cell receptors (TCRs)” section.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides methods of inducing CTLs, comprising a step selected from below:
The above-described methods can be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, and it is preferable to perform them in vitro or ex vivo. APCs or exosomes and CD8-positive T cells used in the above-described methods may be derived from a subject scheduled for administration of the induced CTLs, or they may be derived from a different subject. When APCs or exosomes and CD8-positive T cells derived from a subject (donor) different from the subject scheduled for administration are used, the subject of administration and the donor must have the identical HLA type. For example, when a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof is used as peptides of the present invention, the HLA type in both the subject of administration and the donor is preferably HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101). Alternatively, APCs or exosomes used in the above-described methods are preferably APCs or exosomes that present on their surface a complex of HLA-A11 (more preferably HLA-A*1101) and a peptide of the present invention (a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13 or a modified peptide thereof). In this case, the induced CTLs show a specific cytotoxic activity against cells that present a complex of HLA-A11 and a peptide of the present invention (for example, URLC10-expressing HLA-A11-positive cells). Alternatively, for example, when a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof is used as peptides of the present invention, the HLA type in both the subject of administration and the donor is preferably HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301). Alternatively, APCs or exosomes used in the above-described methods are preferably APCs or exosomes that present on their surface a complex of HLA-A03 (more preferably HLA-A*0301) and a peptide of the present invention (a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31 or a modified peptide thereof). In this case, the induced CTLs show a specific cytotoxic activity against cells that present a complex of HLA-A03 and a peptide of the present invention (for example, URLC10-expressing HLA-A03-positive cells).
In another embodiment, the present invention also provides compositions or pharmaceutical compositions for inducing CTLs, comprising at least one active ingredient selected from below:
In another embodiment, the present invention also provides use of an active ingredient selected from below in the manufacture of compositions or pharmaceutical compositions for inducing CTLs:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides an active ingredient selected from below for use in inducing CTLs:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides a method or process for manufacturing a composition or pharmaceutical composition for inducing CTLs, which is a method or process that comprises a step of formulating an active ingredient selected from below with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier:
In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method or process for manufacturing a composition or pharmaceutical composition for inducing CTLs, which is a method or process that comprises a step of mixing an active ingredient selected from below with a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carrier:
The present invention further provides methods of inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers. Applicable cancers include bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such, but are not limited thereto. It is preferable that the cancer expresses at least one HLA selected from among HLA-A11 and HLA-A03.
The present invention further provides methods of inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells. URLC10 is recognized to be overexpressed in various types of cancers described above. Thus, when an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells is induced, proliferation of the cancer cells is inhibited as a result. Accordingly, the present invention further provides methods of inhibiting proliferation of URLC10-expressing cancer cells. The methods of the present invention are suitable, in particular, for inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells expressing URLC10 and at least one HLA selected from among HLA-A11 and HLA-A03.
The methods of the present invention may comprise a step of administering a composition comprising any of the peptides of the present invention or a polynucleotide(s) encoding the peptide(s). The methods of the present invention also contemplate administration of APCs or exosomes presenting any of the peptides of the present invention. The details can be referred to the “IX. Pharmaceutical compositions” section, particularly portions describing regarding use of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention as vaccines. In addition, exosomes and APCs that can be used in the methods of the present invention for inducing an immune response are described in detail in “V. Exosomes”, “VI. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)” and in Items (1) and (2) of “X. Methods of using peptides, exosomes, APCs and CTLs” described above.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers, wherein the pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprises an active ingredient selected from below:
Alternatively, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells, wherein the pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprises an active ingredient selected from below:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inhibiting proliferation of URLC10-expressing cancer cells, wherein the pharmaceutical composition or vaccine comprises an active ingredient selected from below:
In another embodiment, the present invention provides use of an active ingredient selected from below in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers:
Alternatively, the present invention also provides use of an active ingredient selected from below in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides use of an active ingredient selected from below in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines for inhibiting proliferation of URLC10-expressing cancer cells:
The present invention further provides methods or processes for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions that induce an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers, which is a method that may comprise a step of mixing or formulating a peptide or polynucleotide of the present invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Alternatively, the present invention provides methods for inhibiting proliferation of URLC10-expressing cancer cells or methods of inducing an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers, which comprises a step of administering to a subject vaccines or pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active ingredient selected from below:
In the context of the present invention, URLC10-expressing cancers can be treated by administering a peptide, a polynucleotide, an APC, an exosome and/or a CTL of the present invention. Alternatively, an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancers can be induced by administering a peptide, a polynucleotide, an APC, an exosome and/or a CTL of the present invention. Examples of such cancers include bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such, but are not limited thereto. Further, an immune response against URLC10-expressing cancer cells can be induced by administering a peptide, a polynucleotide, an APC, an exosome and/or a CTL of the present invention. Therefore, before administering a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition comprising an active ingredient described above, it is preferable to confirm whether the level of URLC10expression at a diseased site in the subject to be treated is augmented or not.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a URLC10-expressing cancer in a patient in need of the cancer treatment, wherein the method comprises the steps below:
Alternatively, the present invention further provides vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of (a) to (e) above for administration to a subject with URLC10-expressing cancer. The present invention further provides a method of identifying or selecting a subject to be treated with at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of (a) to (e) above, wherein the method comprises the steps below:
Biological samples collected from a subject for measuring the URLC10 expression level in the above-described methods are not particularly limited, and for example, tissue samples containing cancer cells collected by biopsy or such can be preferably used. The URLC10 expression level in a biological sample can be measured by known methods, and for example, methods that detect transcription products of the URLC10 gene by probes or PCR methods (for example, cDNA microarray method, Northern blot method, RT-PCR method or such), methods that detect translation products of the URLC10 gene by antibodies or such (for example, Western blot method, immunostaining method or such), and such can be used. Further, biological samples may be blood samples, and in this case, the blood level of an antibody against URLC10 or a fragment thereof is measured, and the URLC10 expression level at a diseased site may be assessed based on the blood level. The blood level of an antibody against URLC10 can be measured using known methods, and for example, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and such using the URLC10 protein or a peptide of the present invention as an antigen can be used.
Normally, in tissues and cells that do not express URLC10, there is almost no detection of URLC10 transcription products and translation products. Thus, when a transcription product or a translation product of URLC10 is detected in cancer cells or a tissue sample containing cancer cells collected from a subject, one can determine that the subject's cancer expresses URLC10. In blood samples of a subject that does not have URLC10-expressing cancer, there is almost no detection of antibodies against URLC10 or fragments thereof. Thus, when antibodies against URLC10 or fragments thereof are detected in a blood sample collected from a subject, one can determine that the subject's cancer expresses URLC10. Whether a subject's cancer expresses URLC10 or not may also be determined by comparison with the measurement results of the same type of biological material collected from a non-cancerous site of the subject or the same type of biological material collected from a subject who does not have cancer (normal control sample). That is, in comparison with the level of the target of measurement in a normal control sample (normal control level), when the level in the biological sample of the test subject is elevated, the subject's cancer is assessed to be expressing URLC10. For example, when the amount of the target of measurement detected is increased by at least 10% or higher in comparison with the normal control level, the subject's cancer may be assessed to be expressing URLC10. It is desirable that the amount of the target of measurement detected is increased by preferably 25% or higher, and more preferably 50% or higher than the normal control level. Further, the amount of a transcription product or a translation product of URLC10 detected may be evaluated by normalizing against the detected amount of a known housekeeping gene such as beta-Actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or ribosomal protein P1.
In a preferred embodiment, it is preferable to confirm the HLA type of the subject before administering at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of (a) to (e) above. For example, for the subjects to be administered with an active ingredient in association with a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 1, 9 and 13, it is preferable to select HLA-A11-positive subjects. For the subjects to be administered with an active ingredient in association with a peptide having the amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 5, 1, 6, 3, 12, 22, 14, 16, 18, 15, 27, 17, 30 and 31, it is preferable to select HLA-A03-positive subjects.
The present invention further provides complexes of a peptide of the present invention and HLA. The complexes of the present invention described above may be monomers or multimers. When a complex of the present invention is a multimer, the number of polymerization is not particularly limited, and it can be a multimer of any number of polymerization. Examples include a tetramer, pentamer, hexamer and such, but are not limited thereto. The multimers of the present invention also encompass dextramers (WO2002/072631) and streptamers (Knabel Metal., Nat Med. 2002 June; 8(6): 631-7.). Complexes of a peptide of the present invention and HLA can be prepared according to known methods (for example, Altman J D et al., Science. 1996, 274(5284): 94-6; WO2002/072631; WO2009/003492; Knabel M et al., Nat Med. 2002 June; 8(6): 631-7, and such). The complexes of the present invention, for example, can be used in the quantification of CTLs specific to a peptide of the present invention. For example, a blood sample is collected from a subject administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, and CD4-negative cells are prepared after separation of PBMCs and contacted with a fluorescent dye-conjugated complex of the present invention. Then, the percentage of CTLs specific to a peptide of the present invention can be measured by flow cytometry analysis. For example, immune response-inducing effects by a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be monitored by measuring the specific CTLs against a peptide of the present invention before, during and/or after administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
XII. Antibodies
The present invention further provides antibodies that bind to the peptide of the present invention. Preferable antibodies bind specifically to a peptide of the present invention, but do not bind (or weakly bind) to one that is not the peptide of the present invention. In another embodiment, such an antibody may include an antibody that recognizes a peptide in the context of HLA molecules, i.e., an antibody that binds to a peptide-MHC complex. The binding specificity of an antibody can be confirmed by inhibition assay. That is, if the binding between an antibody to be analyzed and a full-length URLC10 polypeptide is inhibited in the presence of a peptide of the present invention, this antibody is shown to specifically bind to the peptide of the present invention. Antibodies against peptides of the present invention can be used in assays of disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as subject selection for administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and monitoring of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
The present invention also provides various immunological assays for detecting and/or quantifying peptides of the present invention or fragments thereof. Such immunological assays include radioimmunoassay, immunochromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assay (ELIFA) and such, without being limited thereto, and are performed within the scope of the various immunological assay formats well known in the art.
The antibodies of the present invention can be used in immunological imaging methods that can detect URLC10-expressing cancers, and examples thereof include radioactive scintigraphic imaging using a labelled antibody of the present invention, without being limited thereto. Such assay methods are used clinically in the detection, monitoring, and prognosis of URLC10-expressing cancers; and examples of such cancer include bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor and such, without being limited thereto.
The antibodies of the present invention can be used in any arbitrary form such as monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies, and may further include anti-sera obtained by immunizing an animal such as a rabbit with a peptide of the present invention, all classes of polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, human antibodies, as well as chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies generated through gene recombination.
The peptide of the present invention or a fragment thereof used as an antigen for obtaining antibodies can be obtained by chemical synthesis or genetic engineering techniques based on the amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
The peptide used as an immunizing antigen may be a peptide of the present invention or a fragment of a peptide of the present invention. Further, the peptide may be bound to or conjugated with a carrier for increasing immunogenicity. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is well-known as a carrier. Methods for binding KLH to a peptide are also well known in the art.
Any mammal can be immunized with an antigen described above, and it is preferable to consider the compatibility with the parent cell used in cell fusion when generating a monoclonal antibody. Generally, animals of the order Rodentia, Lagomorpha or Primate can be used. Animals of the order Rodentia include, for example, mice, rats and hamsters. Animals of the order Lagomorpha include, for example, rabbits. Animals of the order Primate include, for example, Catarrhini monkeys (old world monkeys) such as cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus monkeys, hamadryas, and chimpanzee.
Methods of immunizing animals with an antigen are known in the art. Intraperitoneal injection and subcutaneous injection of an antigen are standard methods for immunizing mammals. More specifically, an antigen is diluted and suspended in an appropriate amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), physiological saline, or such. As needed, an antigen suspension solution can be administered to mammals after being mixed with an appropriate amount of a standard adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant and emulsified. Then, it is preferable to administer the antigen mixed with an appropriate amount of a Freund's incomplete adjuvant several times every 4 to 21 days. A suitable carrier may be used for immunization. After the above immunization, the serum can be examined by standard method with respect to increase in the quantity of the desired antibody.
Polyclonal antibodies against a peptide of the present invention can be prepared by collecting blood from mammals that have been confirmed with an increase in the serum level of the desired antibody after immunization, and separating the serum from blood by any conventional method. A polyclonal antibody may be a polyclonal antibody-containing serum, or a polyclonal antibody-containing fraction may be isolated from the serum. Immunoglobulin G or M can be prepared from fractions that recognize only a peptide of the present invention by, for example, using an affinity column conjugated with the peptide of the present invention, and then further purifying the fractions using a protein A or protein G column.
In order to prepare monoclonal antibodies, upon confirming an increase in the serum level of the desired antibody after immunization, immune cells are collected from the mammals and subjected to cell fusion. Immune cells used for cell fusion may be preferably obtained from the spleen. For the other parent cells fused with the above immune cells, for example, a mammalian myeloma cell, and more preferably a myeloma cell that has acquired a property for drug selection of fusion cells can be used.
The above immune cells can be fused with myeloma cells by following known methods, for example, the method of Milstein et al. (Galfre and Milstein, Methods Enzymol 73: 3-46 (1981)).
Hybridomas obtained by cell fusion can be selected by culturing them in a standard selection medium such as the HAT medium (a medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine). Cell culturing is typically continued in the HAT medium for a sufficient period of time (for example, several days to several weeks) to allow death of all other cells (non-fused cells) besides the desired hybridomas. Then, hybridoma cells producing the desired antibody can be screened and cloned by performing a standard limiting dilution.
In addition to the above methods of immunizing a non-human animal with an antigen for hybridoma preparation, human lymphocytes such as EB virus-infected lymphocytes can be immunized in vitro with a peptide, cells expressing the peptide, or lysates thereof. Then, the immunized lymphocytes can be fused with immortalized human-derived myeloma cells such as U266 to obtain hybridomas producing a desired human antibody capable of binding to the peptide (JPS63-17688).
Next, the obtained hybridoma is transplanted into the abdominal cavity of a mouse, and the ascites is extracted. The obtained monoclonal antibody can be purified by, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, protein A or protein G column, DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, or affinity column conjugated with the peptide of the present invention.
Alternatively, antibody-producing immune cells such as the immunized lymphocytes can be immortalized by a cancer gene and used for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies.
The monoclonal antibodies obtained as such can also be prepared by recombination using genetic engineering techniques (see, e.g., Borrebaeck and Larrick, Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies published in United Kingdom by MacMillan Publishers LTD (1990)). For example, an antibody-encoding DNA can be cloned from immune cells such as antibody-producing hybridoma or immunized lymphocytes and inserted into a suitable vector, and then this is introduced into host cells to prepare a recombinant antibody. The present invention also provides recombinant antibodies prepared as described above.
Further, the antibodies of the present invention may be antibody fragments or modified antibodies, as long as they bind to the peptides of the present invention. For example, it is desirable that the antibody fragment contains an antigen-binding site(s) of the antibodies. Specifically, the antibody fragments may be Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, or a single chain Fv(scFv) in which Fv fragments derived from an H chain and an L chain are linked with a suitable linker (Huston et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5879-83 (1988)). More specifically, antibody fragments may be generated by treating an antibody with an enzyme such as papain or pepsin. Alternatively, a gene encoding an antibody fragment may be constructed, inserted into an expression vector, and expressed in an appropriate host cell (see, e.g., Co et al., J Immunol 152: 2968-76 (1994); Better and Horwitz, Methods Enzymol 178: 476-96 (1989); Pluckthun and Skerra, Methods Enzymol 178: 497-515 (1989); Lamoyi, Methods Enzymol 121: 652-63 (1986); Rousseaux et al., Methods Enzymol 121: 663-9 (1986); Bird and Walker, Trends Biotechnol 9: 132-7 (1991)).
Antibodies may be modified by conjugation with various molecules such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The present invention provides such modified antibodies. Modified antibodies can be obtained by chemically modifying the antibodies. These modification methods are conventional in the art.
Alternatively, the antibodies of the present invention can be obtained as chimeric antibodies of a non-human antibody-derived variable region and a human antibody-derived constant region, or as humanized antibodies comprising a non-human antibody-derived complementarity determining region (CDR) and a human antibody-derived framework region (FR) and constant region. Such antibodies can be prepared according to known techniques. Humanization can be carried out by substituting a human antibody sequence(s) with a corresponding non-human antibody CDR sequence(s) (see, e.g., Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534-6 (1988)). Thus, such humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies in which the substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted with a corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
Intact human antibodies comprising a human variable region in addition to the human framework and constant regions can also be used. Such antibodies can be generated using various techniques known in the art. For example, in vitro methods include use of recombinant libraries of human antibody fragments presented on bacteriophages (for example, Hoogenboom & Winter, J. Mol. Biol. 227: 381 (1991)). Similarly, human antibodies can also be generated by introducing human immunoglobulin gene loci into transgenic animals, for example, mice, in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. This approach is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,150,584, 5,545,807, 5,545,806, 5,569,825, 5,625,126, 5,633,425 and 5,661,016.
Antibodies obtained as described above may be purified to homogeneity. For example, antibody separation and purification can be performed according to separation methods and purification methods used for general proteins. For example, an antibody can be separated and isolated by appropriately selecting and combining use of column chromatographies such as affinity chromatography, filter, ultrafiltration, salting-out, dialysis, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988)), but are not limited thereto. Protein A column and protein G column can be used as the affinity column. Exemplary protein A columns to be used include, for example, Hyper D, POROS and Sepharose F.F. (Pharmacia).
Besides affinity chromatography, exemplary chromatography includes, for example, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, reversed-phase chromatography, adsorption chromatography and such (Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual. Ed Daniel R. Marshak et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1996)). The chromatography procedures can be carried out by liquid-phase chromatography such as HPLC and FPLC.
The antigen-binding activity of an antibody of the present invention can be measured, for example, by using absorbance measurement, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and/or immunofluorescence (IF). In the case of ELISA, an antibody of the present invention is immobilized onto a plate, a peptide of the present invention is applied to the plate, and then a sample containing the desired antibody, such as culture supernatant of antibody-producing cells or purified antibodies, is applied. Next, a secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody and is labelled with an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase is applied and the plate is incubated. Then, after washing, an enzyme substrate such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate is applied to the plate, and the antigen-binding activity of the sample is evaluated by measuring absorbance. To assess the binding activity of an antibody, peptide fragments such as C-terminal or N-terminal fragments may be used as an antigen. BIAcore (Pharmacia) may be used to evaluate the activity of an antibody of the present invention.
It is possible to detect or measure a peptide of the present invention using the above methods, by exposing an antibody of the present invention to a sample assumed to contain the peptide of the present invention, and detecting or measuring an immune complex formed between the antibody and the peptide.
For example, an antibody of the present invention can be used to detect a peptide of the present invention present in the blood sample (for example, serum sample) of a subject. Alternatively, an antibody of the present invention present in the blood sample (for example, serum sample) of a subject can also be detected using a peptide of the present invention. The result of measuring a peptide of the present invention or an antibody of the present invention in the blood sample of a subject can be utilized to the subject selection for administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention or monitoring of the efficacy of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In addition, it has been reported that patients having an antibody against a peptide administered as vaccine may have high responsiveness to the vaccine. Therefore, the peptide of the present invention can be utilized as an immunoassay antigen for selecting a patient with high responsiveness when the peptide is administered as a vaccine using an antibody of the patient as an index.
XIII. Vectors and Host Cells
The present invention provides vectors comprising a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the present invention and host cells introduced with the vectors. A vector of the present invention may be used to keep a polynucleotide of the present invention in a host cell, to express a peptide of the present invention in a host cell, or to administer a polynucleotide of the present invention for gene therapy.
When E. coli is a host cell and a vector is amplified and produced in a large amount in E. coli (for example, JM109, DH5-alpha, HB101 or XL1-Blue), the vector needs to have a “replication origin” for amplification in E. coli and a marker gene for selection of transformed E. coli (for example, a drug resistance gene selected by a drug such as ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol). For example, the M13-series vectors, pUC-series vectors, pBR322, pBluescript, pCR-Script and such can be used. In addition, pGEM-T, pDIRECT and pT7 can be used for cloning as well as the above vectors. When a vector is used in the production of a peptide of the present invention, an expression vector can be used. For example, an expression vector for expression in E. coli needs to have the above features for amplification in E. coli. When E. coli such as JM109, DH5-alpha, HB101 or XL1-Blue are used as a host cell, the vector needs to have a promoter, for example, lacZ promoter (Ward et al., Nature 341: 544-6 (1989); FASEB J 6: 2422-7 (1989)), araB promoter (Better et al., Science 240: 1041-3 (1988)), T7 promoter or the like, that can efficiently express the desired gene in E. coli. In that respect, pGEX-5X-1 (Pharmacia), “QIAexpress system” (Qiagen), pEGFP and pET (in this case, the host is preferably BL21 which expresses T7 RNA polymerase), for example, can be used instead of the above vectors. Additionally, the vector may contain a signal sequence for peptide secretion. An exemplary signal sequence that directs the peptide to be secreted to the periplasm of the E. coli is the pelB signal sequence (Lei et al., J Bacteriol 169: 4379 (1987)). Means for introducing the vectors into the target host cells include, for example, the calcium chloride method and the electroporation method.
In addition to E. coli, for example, expression vectors derived from mammals (for example, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) and pEGF-BOS (Nucleic Acids Res 18(17): 5322 (1990)), pEF, pCDM8), expression vectors derived from insect cells (for example, “Bac-to-BAC baculovirus expression system” (GIBCO BRL), pBacPAK8), expression vectors derived from plants (e.g., pMH1, pMH2), expression vectors derived from animal viruses (e.g., pHSV, pMV, pAdexLcw), expression vectors derived from retroviruses (e.g., pZIpneo), expression vectors derived from yeast (e.g., “Pichia Expression Kit” (Invitrogen), pNV11, SP-Q01) and expression vectors derived from Bacillus subtilis (e.g., pPL608, pKTH50) can be used for producing the polypeptide of the present invention.
In order to express the vector in animal cells such as CHO, COS or NIH3T3 cells, the vector needs to carry a promoter necessary for expression in such cells, for example, the SV40 promoter (Mulligan et al., Nature 277: 108 (1979)), the MMLV-LTR promoter, the EF1-alpha promoter (Mizushima et al., Nucleic Acids Res 18: 5322 (1990)), the CMV promoter and the like, and preferably a marker gene for selecting transformants (for example, a drug resistance gene selected by a drug (e.g., neomycin, G418)). Examples of known vectors with these characteristics include, for example, pMAM, pDR2, pBK-RSV, pBK-CMV, pOPRSV and pOP13.
The embodiments of the present invention are exemplified below based on the above explanation; however, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
The present invention is explained herein in detail with reference to its specific embodiments. However, it should be understood that the above explanation is in fact an illustrative and explanatory explanation, and is intended to explain the present invention and preferred embodiments thereof. Through routine experimentation, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not confined to the above explanation, but is intended to be defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereto.
Hereinbelow, the present invention is described in more detail with reference to the Examples. Nevertheless, while the following materials, method and Examples may serve to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using certain embodiments of the present invention, there are only intended to illustrate aspects of the present invention and thus in no way to limit the scope of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art can use methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein in the practice or testing of the present invention.
All prior art documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in the present specification.
Materials and Methods
Cell Lines
C1R, an HLA-A- and HLA-B-negative human B lymphoblastoid cell line, and COS7, an African green monkey kidney cell line, were purchased from ATCC.
Generation of Stimulator Cells with Stable HLA-A*1101 Expression
C1R (C1R-A11) that stably expresses HLA-A*1101 was used as a stimulator cell. A cDNA encoding the open-reading frame of HLA-A*1101 was amplified by PCR and cloned into an expression vector. C1R cells were transfected with the expression vector, and then selected using G418 (Invitrogen) for two weeks. The G418-selected cells were seeded into wells containing G418-added culture medium in a 96-well plate, and further cultured for 30 days. The exogenous HLA-A*1101 expression in C1R cells was verified by flow cytometric analysis.
Selection of Candidate URLC10-Derived Peptides
URLC10-derived 9mer and 10 mer peptides that bind to the HLA-A*1101 molecule were predicted using the binding prediction server “NetMHC3.2” (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHC/) (Buus et al., Tissue Antigens. 2003 November, 62(5): 378-84; Nielsen et al., Protein Sci. 2003 May, 12(5): 1007-17; Bioinformatics. 2004 Jun. 12: 20(9): 1388-97).
Peptide Synthesis
The peptides were synthesized by Biosynthesis (Lewisville, Tex.) according to a standard solid-phase synthesis method, and purified by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The peptides were analyzed for their purity (>90%) and identity by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry, respectively. The peptides were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide at 20 mg/ml and stored at −80 degrees C.
In Vitro CTL Induction
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were used as the antigen-presenting cell to induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against peptides presented on human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). As described in the other sections, DCs were generated in vitro (Nakahara S et al., Cancer Res 2003, 63(14): 4112-8). Specifically, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy volunteers (HLA-A*1101-positive) with the Ficoll-Paque plus solution (Pharmacia) were separated by attaching to plastic tissue culture dishes (Becton Dickinson) and concentrated as a monocyte fraction. The monocyte-concentrated population was cultured in the presence of 1000 IU/ml granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (R&D System) and 1000 IU/ml interleukin(IL)-4 (R&D System) in an AIM-V medium (Invitrogen) containing 2% heat-inactivated autologous serum (AS). After seven days of culturing, the cytokine-induced DCs were pulsed with 20 micro-g/ml each of the synthesized peptides in an AIM-V medium at 37 degrees C. for three hours in the presence of 3 micro-g/ml beta 2-microglobulin. The generated cells appeared to express on their cell surface DC-associated molecules such as CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA class II (data not shown). Next, these peptide-pulsed DCs were inactivated by X-ray irradiation (20 Gy), and mixed in a 1:20 ratio with autologous CD8+ T cells obtained by positive selection using the CD8 Positive Isolation Kit (Dynal). These culture products were seeded in a 48-well plate (Corning). Each well was made to contain 1.5×104 peptide-pulsed DCs, 3×105 CD8+ T cells and 10 ng/ml IL-7 (R&D System) in 0.5 ml of the AIM-V/2% AS medium. Three days later, these culture products were added with a final concentration of 20 IU/ml IL-2 (CHIRON). On day 7 and day 14, T cells were further stimulated with peptide-pulsed autologous DCs. The DCs were prepared every time by the same method as above. On day 21, after the third peptide stimulation, CTLs were examined against the peptide-pulsed C1R-A11 by a human interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay (Tanaka H et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(1): 94-9; Umano Y et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(8): 1052-7; Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
CTL Propagation Procedure
CTLs were propagated in culture using methods similar to those disclosed by Riddell et al. (Walter E A et al., N Engl J Med 1995, 333(16): 1038-44; Riddell S R et al., Nat Med 1996, 2(2): 216-23). The CTLs were co-cultured in a total of 25 ml AIM-V medium containing 5% AS (AIM-V/5% AS) and 40 ng/ml anti-CD3 antibody with two types of Mitomycin C-treated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines at 5×106 cells/flask. One day after beginning of the culturing, 120 IU/ml IL-2 was added to the culture. On days 5, 8 and 11, a fresh AIM-V/5% AS medium containing 30 IU/ml IL-2 was added to the culture (Tanaka H et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(1): 94-9; Umano Y et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(8): 1052-7; Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
Establishment of CTL Clones
Dilution of CTLs was carried out to make 0.3, 1 and 3 cells/well in 96 round-bottomed microtiter plates (Nalge Nunc International). The CTLs were co-cultured with two types of Mitomycin C-treated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines at 1×104 cells/well in a total of 150 micro-l/well AIM-V/5% AS medium with 30 ng/ml anti-CD3 antibody and 125 IU/ml IL-2. Ten days later, IL-2 was added to the medium at 50 micro-1/well to reach a final concentration of 125 IU/ml. On day 14, the CTL activity was tested, and the CTL clones were propagated using the same method as described above (Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
Specific CTL Activity
To examine specific CTL activity, an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and an IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed. Specifically, peptide-pulsed C1R-A11 (1×104 cells/well) was prepared as the stimulator cell. The induced CTLs, i.e., CTL lines and CTL clones, were used as the responder cell. The IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and IFN-gamma ELISA were performed according to the manufacturer's manual.
Establishment of Target Cells Forcibly Expressing a Target Gene and HLA-A*1101
A cDNA encoding the open-reading frame of a target gene or HLA-A*1101 was amplified by PCR. The PCR-amplified product was cloned into an expression vector. Either or both of the target gene-expressing vector and the HLA-A*1101-expressing vector were transfected into COS7, which is a cell line negative for the target gene and HLA, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Two days after transfection, the transfected cells were harvested using versene (Invitrogen), and used as the target cell for CTL activity assay (5×104 cells/well).
Results
Prediction of URLC10-Derived HLA-A*1101-Binding Peptides
Tables 1a and 1b show URLC10-derived 9mer peptides and 10 mer peptides that have been predicted to bind to HLA-A*1101 in the descending order of binding affinity. A total of 24 peptides that potentially have an HLA-A*1101-binding ability was selected and investigated to determine epitope peptides.
Induction of CTLs by the Predicted URLC10-Derived HLA-A*1101-Restricted Peptides
CTLs against the URLC10-derived peptides were generated according to the protocol described in “Materials and methods”. The peptide-specific CTL activity was measured by an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay (
Establishment of CTL Lines and Clones Against the URLC10-Derived HLA-A*1101-Restricted Peptides
A CTL line was established by propagating CTLs in Well #3 with URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13), which showed a peptide-specific CTL activity in the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. The CTL activity of this CTL line was measured by IFN-gamma ELISA (
Specific CTL Activity Against Target Cells Expressing URLC10 and HLA-A*1101
The CTL clone established against URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13) was investigated for its ability to recognize target cells expressing URLC10 and the HLA-A*1101 molecule. COS7 cells transfected with both full-length URLC10 and the HLA-A*1101 gene (a specific model of target cells expressing URLC10 and the HLA-A*1101 gene) were prepared as the target cell. COS7 cells transfected with either full-length URLC10 or HLA-A*1101 were prepared as the control. The URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13)-stimulated CTL clone demonstrated a potent CTL activity against COS7 cells expressing both URLC10 and HLA-A*1101 (
Homology Analysis of Antigen Peptides
CTLs stimulated with URLC10-A11-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A11-9-18 (SEQ ID NO: 9) or URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13) demonstrated a significant specific CTL activity. These results may be due to the fact that the URLC10-A11-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A11-9-18 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13) sequences are homologous to peptides derived from other molecules known for sensitizing the human immune system. In order to exclude this possibility, homology analysis was performed by querying these peptide sequences using the BLAST algorithm (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). The result showed that there is no sequence having a significant homology with the URLC10-A11-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A11-9-18 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and URLC10-A11-10-132 (SEQ ID NO: 13) sequences. Therefore, to the knowledge of the present inventors, there is almost no possibility that these peptides would elicit an unintended immune response against other unrelated molecules. In conclusion, novel URLC10-derived HLA-A11-restricted epitope peptides were identified. It was demonstrated that the URLC10-derived epitope peptides are applicable for cancer immunotherapy.
Materials and Methods
Cell Lines
C1R, an HLA-A- and HLA-B-negative human B lymphoblastoid cell line, and COS7, an African green monkey kidney cell line, were purchased from ATCC.
Generation of Stimulator Cells with Stable HLA-A*0301 Expression
C1R (C1R-A03) that stably expresses HLA-A*0301 was used as a stimulator cell. A cDNA encoding the open-reading frame of HLA-A*0301 was amplified by PCR and cloned into an expression vector. C1R cells were transfected with the expression vector, and then selected using G418 (Invitrogen) for two weeks. The G418-selected cells were seeded into wells containing G418-added culture medium in a 96-well plate, and further cultured for 30 days. The exogenous HLA-A*0301 expression in C1R cells was verified by flow cytometric analysis.
Selection of Candidate URLC10-Derived Peptides
URLC10-derived 9mer and 10mer peptides that bind to the HLA-A*0301 molecule were predicted using the binding prediction server “NetMHC3.2” (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHC/) (Buus et al., Tissue Antigens. 2003 Novemder, 62(5): 378-84; Nielsen et al., Protein Sci. 2003 May, 12(5): 1007-17; Bioinformatics. 2004 Jun. 12: 20(9): 1388-97). URLC10-derived 11mer peptides that bind to HLA-A*0301 molecule were predicted using the binding prediction server “NetMHC3.4” www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHC/) (Buus et al., Tissue Antigens. 2003 November, 62(5): 378-84; Nielsen et al., Protein Sci. 2003 May, 12(5): 1007-17; Bioinformatics. 2004 Jun. 12, 20(9): 1388-97). These peptides were synthesized by American Peptide Company (Sunnyvale, CA) according to a standard solid-phase synthesis method, and purified by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The peptides were analyzed for their purity (>90%) and identity by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry, respectively. The peptides were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide at 20 mg/ml and stored at −80 degrees C.
In Vitro CTL Induction
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were used as the antigen-presenting cell to induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against peptides presented on human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). As described in the other sections, DCs were generated in vitro (Nakahara S et al., Cancer Res 2003, 63(14): 4112-8). Specifically, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy volunteers (HLA-A*0301-positive) with the Ficoll-Paque plus solution (Pharmacia) were separated by attaching to plastic tissue culture dishes (Becton Dickinson) and concentrated as a monocyte fraction. The monocyte-concentrated population was cultured in the presence of 1000 IU/ml granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (R&D System) and 1000 IU/ml interleukin(IL)-4 (R&D System) in an AIM-V medium (Invitrogen) containing 2% heat-inactivated autologous serum (AS). After seven days of culturing, the cytokine-induced DCs were pulsed with 20 micro-g/ml each of the synthesized peptides in an AIM-V medium at 37 degrees C. for three hours in the presence of 3 micro-g/ml beta 2-microglobulin. The generated cells appeared to express on their cell surface DC-associated molecules such as CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA class II (data not shown). Next, these peptide-pulsed DCs were inactivated by X-ray irradiation (20 Gy), and mixed in a 1:20 ratio with autologous CD8+ T cells obtained by positive selection using the CD8 Positive Isolation Kit (Dynal). These culture products were seeded in a 48-well plate (Corning). Each well was made to contain 1.5×104 peptide-pulsed DCs, 3×105 CD8+ T cells and 10 ng/ml IL-7 (R&D System) in 0.5 ml of the AIM-V/2% AS medium. Three days later, these culture products were added with a final concentration of 20 IU/ml IL-2 (CHIRON). On day 7 and day 14, T cells were further stimulated with peptide-pulsed autologous DCs. The DCs were prepared every time by the same method as above. On day 21, after the third peptide stimulation, CTLs were examined against the peptide-pulsed C1R-A03 by a human interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay (Tanaka H et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(1): 94-9; Umano Y et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(8): 1052-7; Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
CTL Propagation Procedure
CTLs were propagated in culture using methods similar to those disclosed by Riddell et al. (Walter E A et al., N Engl J Med 1995, 333(16): 1038-44; Riddell S R et al., Nat Med 1996, 2(2): 216-23). The CTLs were co-cultured in a total of 25 ml AIM-V medium containing 5% AS (AIM-V/5% AS) and 40 ng/ml anti-CD3 antibody with two types of Mitomycin C-treated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines at 5×106 cells/flask. One day after beginning of the culturing, 120 IU/ml IL-2 was added to the culture. On days 5, 8 and 11, a fresh AIM-V/5% AS medium containing 30 IU/ml IL-2 was added to the culture (Tanaka H et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(1): 94-9; Umano Y et al., Br J Cancer 2001, 84(8): 1052-7; Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
Establishment of CTL Clones
Dilution of CTLs was carried out to make 1 and 10 cells/well in 96 round-bottomed microtiter plates (Nalge Nunc International). The CTLs were co-cultured with two types of Mitomycin C-treated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines at 1×104 cells/well in a total of 150 micro-l/well 5% AS-containing AIM-V (AIM-V/5% AS) medium with 30 ng/ml anti-CD3 antibody and 125 IU/ml IL-2. Ten days later, IL-2 was added to the medium at 50 micro-l/well to reach a final concentration of 125 IU/ml. On day 14, the CTL activity was tested, and the CTL clones were propagated using the same method as described above (Uchida N et al., Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(24): 8577-86; Suda T et al., Cancer Sci 2006, 97(5): 411-9; Watanabe T et al., Cancer Sci 2005, 96(8): 498-506).
Specific CTL Activity
To examine specific CTL activity, an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and an IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed. Specifically, peptide-pulsed C1R-A03 (1×104 cells/well) was prepared as the stimulator cell. The induced CTLs, i.e., CTL lines and CTL clones, were used as the responder cell. The IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and IFN-gamma ELISA were performed according to the manufacturer's manual.
Establishment of Target Cells Forcibly Expressing a Target Gene and HLA-A*0301
A cDNA encoding the open-reading frame of a target gene or HLA-A*0301 was amplified by PCR. The PCR-amplified product was cloned into an expression vector. Either or both of the target gene-expressing vector and the HLA-A*0301-expressing vector were transfected into COST, which is a cell line negative for the target gene and HLA, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Two days after transfection, the transfected cells were harvested using versene (Invitrogen), and used as the target cell for CTL activity assay (5×104 cells/well).
Results
Prediction of URLC10-Derived HLA-A*0301-Binding Peptides
Tables 2a, 2b and 2c show URLC10-derived 9mer peptides, 10mer peptides and 11 mer peptides that have been predicted to bind to HLA-A*0301 in the descending order of binding affinity. A total of 22 peptides that potentially have an HLA-A*0301-binding ability was selected and investigated to determine epitope peptides.
Induction of CTLs by the Predicted URLC10-Derived HLA-A*0301-Restricted Peptides
CTLs against the URLC10-derived peptides were generated according to the protocol described in “Materials and methods”. The peptide-specific CTL activity was measured by an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay (
Establishment of CTL Lines and Clones Against the URLC10-Derived HLA-A*0301-Restricted Peptides
CTL lines were established by propagating CTLs in Well #3 with URLC10-A03-10-166 (SEQ ID NO: 22) and Well #5 with URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31), which have demonstrated peptide-specific CTL activities in the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. The CTL activity of these CTL lines was measured by IFN-gamma ELISA (
Specific CTL Activity Against Target Cells Expressing URLC10 and HLA-A*0301
The CTL clone established against URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31) was investigated for its ability to recognize target cells expressing URLC10 and the HLA-A*0301 molecule. COS7 cells transfected with both full-length URLC10 and the HLA-A*0301 gene (a specific model of target cells expressing URLC10 and the HLA-A*0301 gene) were prepared as the target cell. COS7 cells transfected with either full-length URLC10 or HLA-A*0301 were prepared as the control. The URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31)-stimulated CTL clone demonstrated a potent CTL activity against COS7 cells expressing both URLC10 and HLA-A*0301 (
Homology Analysis of Antigen Peptides
CTLs stimulated with URLC10-A03-9-64 (SEQ ID NO: 5), URLC10-A03-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A03-9-131 (SEQ ID NO: 6), URLC10-A03-9-127 (SEQ ID NO: 3), URLC10-A03-10-63 (SEQ ID NO: 12), URLC10-A03-10-166 (SEQ ID NO: 22), URLC10-A03-10-126 (SEQ ID NO: 14), URLC10-A03-10-149 (SEQ ID NO: 16), URLC10-A03-10-161 (SEQ ID NO: 18), URLC10-A03-10-143 (SEQ ID NO: 15), URLC10-A03-10-204 (SEQ ID NO: 27), URLC10-A03-10-183 (SEQ ID NO: 17), URLC10-A03-10-209 (SEQ ID NO: 30), or URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31) demonstrated a significant specific CTL activity. These results may be due to the fact that the URLC10-A03-9-64 (SEQ ID NO: 5), URLC10-A03-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A03-9-131 (SEQ ID NO: 6), URLC10-A03-9-127 (SEQ ID NO: 3), URLC10-A03-10-63 (SEQ ID NO: 12), URLC10-A03-10-166 (SEQ ID NO: 22), URLC10-A03-10-126 (SEQ ID NO: 14), URLC10-A03-10-149 (SEQ ID NO: 16), URLC10-A03-10-161 (SEQ ID NO: 18), URLC10-A03-10-143 (SEQ ID NO: 15), URLC10-A03-10-204 (SEQ ID NO: 27), URLC10-A03-10-183 (SEQ ID NO: 17), URLC10-A03-10-209 (SEQ ID NO: 30) and URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31) sequences are homologous to peptides derived from other molecules known for sensitizing the human immune system. In order to exclude this possibility, homology analysis was performed by querying these peptide sequences using the BLAST algorithm (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). The result showed that there is no sequence having a significant homology with the URLC10-A03-9-64 (SEQ ID NO: 5), URLC10-A03-9-98 (SEQ ID NO: 1), URLC10-A03-9-131 (SEQ ID NO: 6), URLC10-A03-9-127 (SEQ ID NO: 3), URLC10-A03-10-63 (SEQ ID NO: 12), URLC10-A03-10-166 (SEQ ID NO: 22), URLC10-A03-10-126 (SEQ ID NO: 14), URLC10-A03-10-149 (SEQ ID NO: 16), URLC10-A03-10-161 (SEQ ID NO: 18), URLC10-A03-10-143 (SEQ ID NO: 15), URLC10-A03-10-204 (SEQ ID NO: 27), URLC10-A03-10-183 (SEQ ID NO: 17), URLC10-A03-10-209 (SEQ ID NO: 30), and URLC10-A03-11-131 (SEQ ID NO: 31) sequences. Therefore, to the knowledge of the present inventors, there is almost no possibility that these peptides would elicit an unintended immune response against other unrelated molecules. In conclusion, novel URLC10-derived HLA-A03-restricted epitope peptides were identified. It was demonstrated that the URLC10-derived epitope peptides are applicable for cancer immunotherapy.
Preparation of Emulsion Formulations
A peptide was dissolved in an injection solvent or sterile physiological saline to become 1.0 mg/ml to 10.0 mg/ml, and collected into a syringe. This was connected via a connector to a syringe filled with an IFA in an amount equivalent to an injection solvent or sterile physiological saline, and mixed by alternately pushing the syringe plungers of the two connected syringes. After several minutes of mixing, completion of the emulsion was assessed by the drop test method. The drop test method can be performed by dropping one drop of the mixed sample on water. The emulsion is assessed as completed when the sample dropped on water does not immediately diffuse in water; and the emulsion is assessed as incompleted when the sample dropped on water diffuses right away in water. When the emulsion is assessed as incompleted, further mixing is carried out to complete the emulsion. The completed emulsion can be administered to a cancer patient by subcutaneous injection. The cancer patient subject to administration can be selected from patients affected by bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor, or such.
Preparation of Freeze-Dried Formulations
A peptide was dissolved in an injection solvent to become 1.0 mg/ml to 10.0 mg/ml, and sterilized by filtration. This was filled into a sterilized vial, and half-capped with a sterilized rubber plug. After this vial was freeze-dried, it was completely capped and seamed with an aluminum cap to produce a freeze-dried formulation. When in use, an injection solvent or sterile physiological saline was injected into the vial to re-dissolve the freeze-dried powder. The re-dissolved solution in the vial was collected using a syringe, and the syringe was connected via a connector with a syringe filled with an IFA in an amount equivalent to the collected re-dissolved solution. The re-dissolved solution and IFA were mixed by alternately pushing the syringe plungers of the two connected syringes. After several minutes of mixing, completion of the emulsion was assessed by the drop test method. The completed emulsion can be administered to a cancer patient by subcutaneous injection. The cancer patient subject to administration can be selected from patients affected by bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, soft tissue tumor, or such.
The present invention provides URLC10-derived novel HLA-A11-restricted and HLA-A03-restricted epitope peptides that induce a potent and specific anti-tumor immune response and thus have applicability for a wide range of cancer types. The peptides, compositions, APCs, and CTLs in the present invention can be used as a peptide vaccine for cancer expressing URLC10, for example, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, and soft tissue tumor.
While the present invention is herein described in detail and with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is exemplary and explanatory in nature and is intended to illustrate the present invention and its preferred embodiments. Through routine experimentation, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the metes and bounds of which are defined by the appended claims.
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| WO2016/021510 | 2/11/2016 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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| 7847060 | Tahara | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 8614176 | Tahara | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 20060024692 | Nakamura et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20090175844 | Nakamura et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090202576 | Tahara | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20100040641 | Tsunoda | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100291091 | Nakamura et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110027302 | Tahara et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110059463 | Moritz et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110243973 | Tsunoda et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
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| 101663315 | Mar 2010 | CN |
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| 2008-530975 | Aug 2008 | JP |
| 2010-519176 | Jun 2010 | JP |
| 2010-535014 | Nov 2010 | JP |
| 2011110376 | Sep 2012 | RU |
| WO 2004031413 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| WO 2006085684 | Aug 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006090810 | Aug 2006 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180042954 A1 | Feb 2018 | US |
