Patent Application
20110244519
The present invention provides methods and compositions for generating novel nucleic acid molecules through RNA trans-splicing that target a highly expressed and/or tumor specific or associated pre-mRNA and contain the coding sequence of an antibody polypeptide. The compositions of the invention include pre-trans-splicing molecules (PTMs) designed to interact with the target precursor messenger RNA molecule (target pre-mRNA) that is abundantly expressed, and mediate a trans-splicing reaction resulting in the generation of novel chimeric RNA molecule (chimeric RNA) capable of encoding an antibody polypeptide. The purpose of the invention is to develop in vivo production of physiologically and/or clinically effective levels of chimeric RNA molecules that encode and result in the production of an antibody polypeptide that is effective against, for example, infectious agents, cancer cells, transplantation antigens, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to confer immunity against a variety of different immunogens/antigens. Such immunogens/antigens include, but are not limited to, those encoded for by infectious agents, such as viral, for example HIV, bacterial, fungal or parasitic agents. The target pre-mRNA may be abundant transcripts, such as those encoding albumin or casein. The target pre-mRNA may also be a tumor-specific and/or tumor-associated transcript. Additionally, the antibody encoded in the PTM could target a tumor-specific and/or tumor-associated antigen or an antigen expressed in autoimmune disease.
In addition, the present invention may be used to produce physiologically and/or clinically effective amounts of an antibody polypeptide or polypeptides in vitro by targeting an abundantly expressed pre-mRNA in, e.g., cell culture.
The compositions of the invention further include recombinant vector systems capable of expressing the PTMs of the invention and cells expressing said PTMs. The methods of the invention encompass contacting the PTMs of the invention with an abundantly expressed pre-mRNA under conditions in which a portion of the PTM is trans-spliced to a portion of the abundantly expressed pre-mRNA to form a chimeric RNA molecule that would express an antibody polypeptide. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to target specific molecules, receptors and/or cell types.
DNA sequences in the chromosome are transcribed into pre-mRNAs that contain coding regions (exons) and generally also contain intervening non-coding regions (introns). Introns are removed from pre-mRNAs in a precise process called cis-splicing (Chow et al., 1977, Cell 12: 1-8; and Berget, S. M. et al., 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3171-3175). Splicing takes place as a coordinated interaction of several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP's) and many protein factors that assemble to form an enzymatic complex known as the spliceosome (Moore et al., 1993, in The RNA World, R. F. Gestland and J. F. Atkins eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); Kramer, 1996, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 65: 367-404; Staley and Guthrie, 1998, Cell 92: 315-326).
In most cases, the splicing reaction occurs within the same pre-mRNA molecule, which is termed cis-splicing. Splicing between two independently transcribed pre-mRNAs is termed trans-splicing. (See
The mechanism of splice leader trans-splicing, which is nearly identical to that of conventional cis-splicing, proceeds via two phosphoryl transfer reactions. The first causes the formation of a 2′-5′ phosphodiester bond producing a ‘Y’ shaped branched intermediate, equivalent to the lariat intermediate in cis-splicing. The second reaction, exon ligation, proceeds as in conventional cis-splicing. In addition, sequences at the 3′ splice site and some of the snRNPs, which catalyze the trans-splicing reaction, closely resemble their counterparts involved in cis-splicing.
Trans-splicing may also refer to a different process, where an intron of one pre-mRNA interacts with an intron of a second pre-mRNA, enhancing the recombination of splice sites between two conventional pre-mRNAs. This type of trans-splicing was postulated to account for transcripts encoding a human immunoglobulin variable region sequence linked to the endogenous constant region in a transgenic mouse (Shimizu et al., 1989, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 8020). In addition, trans-splicing of c-myb pre-RNA has been demonstrated (Vellard, M. et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., 1992 89: 2511-2515) and more recently, RNA transcripts from cloned SV40 trans-spliced to each other were detected in cultured cells and nuclear extracts (Eul et al., 1995, EMBO. J. 14: 3226). However, naturally occurring trans-splicing of mammalian pre-mRNAs is thought to be a rare event (Flouriot G. et al., 2002 J. Biol. Chem: Finta, C. et al., 2002 J. Biol Chem 277: 5882-5890).
In vitro trans-splicing has been used as a model system to examine the mechanism of splicing by several groups (Konarska & Sharp, 1985, Cell 46: 165-171 Solnick, 1985, Cell 42: 157; Chiara & Reed, 1995, Nature 375: 510; Pasman and Garcia-Blanco, 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 1638). Reasonably efficient trans-splicing (30% of cis-spliced analog) was achieved between RNAs capable of base pairing to each other, splicing of RNAs not tethered by base pairing was further diminished by a factor of 10. Other in vitro trans-splicing reactions not requiring obvious RNA-RNA interactions among the substrates were observed by Chiara & Reed (1995, Nature 375: 510), Bruzik J. P. & Maniatis, T. (1992, Nature 360: 692) and Bruzik J. P. and Maniatis, T., (1995, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7056-7059). These reactions occur at relatively low frequencies and require specialized elements, such as a downstream 5′ splice site or exonic splicing enhancers.
In addition to splicing mechanisms involving the binding of multiple proteins to the precursor mRNA which then act to correctly cut and join RNA, a third mechanism involves cutting and joining of the RNA by the intron itself, by what are termed catalytic RNA molecules or ribozymes. The cleavage activity of ribozymes has been targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete “hybridization” region into the ribozyme. Upon hybridization to the target RNA, the catalytic region of the ribozyme cleaves the target. It has been suggested that such ribozyme activity would be useful for the inactivation or cleavage of target RNA in vivo, such as for the treatment of human diseases characterized by production of foreign of aberrant RNA. In such instances small RNA molecules are designed to hybridize to the target RNA and by binding to the target RNA prevent translation of the target RNA or cause destruction of the RNA through activation of nucleases. The use of antisense RNA has also been proposed as an alternative mechanism for targeting and destruction of specific RNAs.
Using the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme, targeted trans-splicing was demonstrated in E. coli. (Sullenger B. A. and Cech. T. R., 1994, Nature 341: 619-622), in mouse fibroblasts (Jones, J. T. et al., 1996, Nature Medicine 2: 643-648), human fibroblasts (Phylacton, L. A. et al. Nature Genetics 18: 378-381) and human erythroid precursors (Lan et al., 1998, Science 280: 1593-1596). For a review of clinically relevant technologies to modify RNA, see Sullenger and Gilboa, 2002 Nature 418: 252-8. The present invention relates to the use of targeted trans-splicing mediated by native mammalian splicing machinery, i.e., spliceosomes, to reprogram or alter the coding sequence of a targeted mRNA.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,702, 6,013,487 and 6,280,978 describe the general use of PTMs to mediate a trans-splicing reaction by contacting a target precursor mRNA to generate novel chimeric RNAs.
Therapeutic antibodies are genetically engineered antibodies designed to be highly specific for disease targets (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2: 52-62). It is a form of therapy that seeks to eliminate, attenuate or prevent a pathogenic infection or disease target, such as bacterial, viral or tumor cell targets.
The use of therapeutic antibodies is based on the structure of a typical antibody, or immunoglobulin. An antibody comprises a constant (Fc) region and two antigen-binding, variable (Fab) regions, formed by two pairs of polypeptide chains (heavy and light). The N-terminal end of the heavy and light chain polypeptides form the antigen-binding, variable portion of the antibody. The light and heavy chain variable regions can associate to form an antigen-binding region (Fv). The variable region is responsible for binding to the specific antigen in question, and the constant region is responsible for biological effector responses such as complement binding, etc. The constant regions are not necessary for antigen binding and may be separated from the antibody molecule to obtain biologically active (i.e., binding) variable regions. Single chain antibodies may be created by incorporating individual variable regions into a single polypeptide chain. As a result, the single chain antibody will have binding specificity and affinity similar to that of the corresponding fragments.
While the Fab and Fv portions bind to potential therapeutic targets, the Fc portion may bind to potential effector molecules of the immune system, such as the complement system and Fc receptors on cells. Because antibodies are highly specific molecules capable of recognizing various pathogenic and disease antigens, they are being developed as potent agents to fight diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases and infection.
Therapeutic antibodies function by three mechanisms of action: blocking the action of specific molecules, targeting specific cells, and functioning as signaling molecules (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2: 52-62). The antibodies can be designed to target soluble factors, such as cytokines, from reaching their cellular target and blocking the effect of the soluble factor (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2: 52-62). The antibodies can also be designed to target receptors on specific cell types, and carry various effector moieties, such as toxins, to a specific population of cells to exert a specific cytotoxic effect (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2:52-62). Lastly, the variable portion can be designed to act as a signaling agent, for example as an agonist in activation of cell populations or crosslinking cell surface receptors (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2: 52-62).
Serum therapy has been used in the treatment of various infectious diseases, such as anthrax, small pox, meningitis and the plague. It has been known since the 1890's that specific antibodies could protect against bacterial toxins. The presence of specific antibodies to bacterial targets and toxins act through passive immunity to confer protection on the subject. Passive immunity is a form of immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by administration of antiserum). Passive immunization is advantageous over the administration of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, due to its low toxicity and highly specific activity towards the target (Brekke and Sandlie. Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty first century. 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2: 52-62). Therapeutic antibodies may be administered as serum or expressed in vivo.
A recent review of the field of therapeutic antibody gene transfer notes that while pre-clinical results in this field have been promising, overall serum levels of antibodies have been, at best, in the low therapeutic range in animal models (Bakker, J. M., Bleeker, W. K. and Parren, P. W. H. I. Therapeutic antibody gene transfer: an active approach to passive immunity. 2004, Molecular Therapy 10: 411-416). The major concern noted by the authors is the ability to produce therapeutically effective plasma levels. Another concern is whether viral vectors could have long-term adverse effects due to the inability to control gene expression when delivered by viral vectors. While antibody concentrations in plasma will vary for different applications, concentrations above 3-30 ug/ml would generally be required. It has been reported that concentrations of 40 ug/ml are required to protect infants against respiratory syncytial virus (Zaaijer, H. L., et al., Ther. Drug Monitor. 24: 444-445, 2002).
It is estimated that a plasma level of 1 ug/ml corresponds to an immunoglobulin production of about 25 ug/kg/day in mice (Bakker, J. M., Bleeker, W. K. and Parren, P. W. H. I. Therapeutic antibody gene transfer: an active approach to passive immunity. 2004, Molecular Therapy 10: 411-416). Plasma levels of immunoglobulin in humans would be expected to be higher due to the longer half life in humans (21 days) in comparison to mouse (4 days).
There remains a need in the art for the development of a method to produce in vivo, in a subject, PTMs and proteins comprising antigenic peptides with an effective serum concentration that enables safe, efficient and effective use of the PTMs in the treatment of disorders and diseases, such as infection, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. The present invention addresses this need by introducing gene sequences that encode single chain antibodies and splicing them to an abundantly expressed pre-mRNA target. The abundant expression of a gene, such as albumin, casein or a tumor-specific protein, will result in levels of immunoglobulin molecules that will be effective against specific targets, such as infectious organisms, cancer cells or cells that express self antigens. In particular, the potency of albumin mRNA is illustrated by the fact that albumin represents 54% of serum proteins in humans, having a concentration of 33-50 mg/ml (Anderson and Anderson. Molec. Cell Proteomics 2002 1: 845).
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for generating novel therapeutic and prophylactic nucleic acid molecules through targeted trans-splicing. The compositions of the invention include pre-trans-splicing molecules (hereinafter referred to as “PTMs”) designed to interact with a target pre-mRNA molecule (hereinafter referred to as “pre-mRNA”), and mediate a trans-splicing reaction resulting in the generation of a novel chimeric RNA molecule comprising sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide. The methods of the invention encompass contacting the PTMs of the invention with target pre-mRNA under conditions in which a portion of the PTM is trans-spliced to the target pre-mRNA to form a chimeric mRNA comprising sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide. The PTMs of the invention are genetically engineered so that the chimeric mRNA comprising sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide resulting from the trans-splicing reaction is capable of being translated to produce the antibody polypeptide. The target pre-mRNA may be an abundantly expressed transcript, such as albumin, or a tumor associated or tumor-specific antigen. The disclosures of all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
a shows a schematic representation of the splicing reactions between a target pre-mRNA and PTM comprising sequences encoding human immunoglobulin heavy chain.
b shows a schematic representation of the splicing reactions between a target pre-mRNA and PTM comprising sequences encoding human Ig Fv fragment.
The present invention relates to novel compositions comprising pre-trans-splicing molecules (PTMs), designed for spliceosome mediated RNA trans-splicing, and the use of such molecules for generating a novel chimeric RNA molecule comprising sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide.
In some embodiments, the present invention may be used for the in vivo production of chimeric RNA molecules that encode and result in the production of antibody polypeptides and recombinant proteins that are effective against, for example, infectious agents, cancer cells, transplantation antigens, etc. In additional embodiments, the present invention may be used to produce antibody polypeptides in vitro, for example by producing the chimeric RNA and translating it in cell culture.
The PTMs of the invention, for use in spliceosome mediated trans-splicing, comprise (i) one or more target binding domains that are designed to specifically bind to a target pre-mRNA, (ii) a 3′ splice region that includes a 3′ splice acceptor site and/or a 5′ splice donor site; and (iii) nucleotide sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide. The PTM may further comprise a branchpoint, a pyrimidine tract and one or more spacer regions that separate the splice sites from the target-binding domain. (See
The methods of the invention encompass contacting the PTMs of the invention with an abundantly expressed pre-mRNA target or a tumor specific or tumor associated pre-mRNA target, under conditions in which a portion of the PTM is trans-spliced to a portion of the abundantly expressed or tumor specific or associated pre-mRNA to form a novel chimeric RNA molecule comprising sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide. (See
As an abundantly expressed pre-mRNA, the RNA encoding albumin may be selected as the primary target, because it is a highly expressed pre-mRNA. However, other transcripts that are also expressed in high abundance could also be selected, such as, but not limited to, casein transcripts in breast tissue that are abundantly expressed in milk in humans and other animals. Other examples of abundantly expressed transcripts include those coding for myosin and fibroin.
Albumin pre-mRNA may be chosen, because serum concentration of albumin is sufficiently high, i.e. in the range of between 45-50 mg/ml. (See e.g.,
The nucleic acid molecules encoding the PTMs of the invention may be delivered to the primary target cell, namely hepatocytes, the major site of albumin production, followed by expression of the nucleic acid molecule to form a PTM capable of mediating a trans-splicing reaction. The target cell will vary depending on the abundantly expressed target, e.g. muscle cells and myosin transcripts.
In another embodiment of the invention, a tumor specific or tumor associated encoding transcript is selected as the target. Antigens that are exclusively or preferentially associated with cancer cells are deemed tumor specific antigens (TSA) or tumor associated antigens (TAA). These antigens include glycoproteins, lipoproteins and other types of macromolecules associated with certain types of cancers, such as human melanoma associated antigen, human neuroblastoma antigen, human breast cancer associated antigen, human ovary associated antigen, human sarcoma associated antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, alphafetoprotein antigen or any other antigens associated with a malignant tumor (Rosenberg, Serologic Analysis of Human Cancer Antigens, Academic Press, New York, 1980.)
Specifically, the TAA may be a tumor specific antigen, such as an immunoglobulin idiotype (associated with non-Hodgkins' lymphoma), TCR (associated with T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), mutant p21/ras (associated with pancreatic, colon and lung cancer), mutant p53 (associated with colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer and head and neck cancer), p210/ber-ab1 fusion product (associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia). In addition, the TAA may be a developmental antigen, such as MART-1/melan A (associated with melanoma), MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 (associated with melanoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and gastric cancer), GAGE family (associated with melanoma and telomerase (associated with many cancers). The TAA may also be a viral antigen, such as those found on human papilloma virus (associated with cervical cancer and penile cancer), and Epstein Bar virus (associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and post-transplant lymphopoliferative disorders). The TAA may further be a tissue-specific self antigen, such as tyrosinase (associated with melanoma), gp 100 (associated with melanoma), prostatic acid phosphatase (associated with prostate cancer), prostatic-specific antigen (associated with prostate cancer), prostate-specific membrane antigen (associated with prostate cancer), thyroglobulin (associated with thyroid cancer) and alpha-fetoprotein (associated with liver cancer). Additionally, the TAA may be an over expressed self antigen, such as Her-2/neu (associated with breast cancer and lung cancer), carcinoembryonic antigen (associated with colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer), Muc-1 (associated with colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer) and telomerase (associated with numerous tumors, see Nair et al., 2000, Nature Med. 6:1011-1017). Other examples of TAA include cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (melonoma cells), b-catenin (melanoma cells), and caspase-8 (squamous cell carcinoma cells). For a nonlimiting list of potential TAAs, see, e.g., Fong & Engleman, 2000, “Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy,” Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18: 245-273.
In another embodiment of the invention, the PTMs may be contacted with viral or yeast infected cells containing a viral or yeast pre-mRNA target. For example, viral pre-mRNAs targeted using the PTMs of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those of Adenoviruses, Astroviruses, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Lentiviruses, Myoviridae, Norwalk Viruses, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Retroviridae and Rhabdoviruses.
The antibody encoded by the PTM may be directed against the product of the targeted pre-mRNA, i.e. the tumor specific or tumor associated antigen. In particular, the antibody produced as a result of trans-splicing would be directed against the protein encoded by the transcript targeted by the PTM in the same or separate cell.
Alternatively, the antibody encoded by the PTM could be directed against a separate protein produced by another pre-mRNA in this or another tumor cell. In particular, the PTM would target one tumor specific or tumor associated transcript, while the single chain antibody encoded by the PTM would be directed against a second tumor specific or tumor associated antigen. In both embodiments, the objective is to effect cell killing upon the binding of the antibody to its specific epitope.
In addition to the use of trans-splicing according to the present invention for the production of single chain antibodies, bicistronic PTMs can also be used according to the present invention. For example, bicistronic PTMs consisting of either a 2A self-processing oligo peptide derived from the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) (Fang et al., Nature Biotechnol 23: 584, 2005) or a internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (Martienz-Salas E, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 10: 458, 1999) can be used to simultaneously express the entire light and heavy chain. As illustrated in
The present invention provides compositions for use in generating novel chimeric nucleic acid molecules through targeted trans-splicing. The PTMs of the invention comprise (i) one or more target binding domains that targets binding of the PTM to abundantly expressed pre-mRNA target (ii) a 3′ splice region that includes a 3′ splice acceptor site and/or 5′ splice donor site; and (iii) nucleotide sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide. The antibody polypeptide could have a single chain structure or may be a variation, such as an intrabody or abzyme or sequences that confer additional function to the antibody. Alternatively the antibody polypeptide may be an F(ab), an H chain and/or a L chain.
The PTMs of the invention may also include at least one of the following features: (a) binding domains targeted to intron sequences in close proximity to the 3′ or 5′ splice signals of the target intron, (b) mini introns, and (c) ISAR (intronic splicing activator and repressor) consensus binding sites. The PTMs of the invention may further comprise one or more spacer regions to separate the RNA splice site from the target binding domain.
The general design, construction and genetic engineering of PTMs and demonstration of their ability to successful mediate spliceosome mediated trans-splicing reactions within the cell are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,702, 6,013,487 and 6,280,978, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/756,095, 09/756,096, 09/756,097, 09/838,858, 10/076,248 and 09/941,492, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
The target binding domain of the PTM endows the PTM with a binding affinity for the target pre-mRNA, e.g., albumin, casein or other target pre-mRNA. As used herein, a target binding domain is defined as any molecule, i.e., nucleotide, protein, chemical compound, etc., that confers specificity of binding and anchors the albumin pre-mRNA closely in space to the PTM so that the spliceosome processing machinery of the nucleus can trans-splice a portion of the PTM to a portion of the target pre-mRNA.
The target binding domain of the PTM may contain multiple binding domains that are complementary to and in anti-sense orientation to the targeted region of target pre-mRNA. The target binding domains may comprise up to several thousand nucleotides. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the binding domains may comprise at least 10 to 30 and up to several hundred or more nucleotides. The specificity of the PTM may be increased significantly by increasing the length of the target binding domain. For example, the target binding domain may comprise several hundred nucleotides or more. Absolute complementarily, although preferred, is not required. A sequence “complementary” to a portion of an RNA, as referred to herein, means a sequence having sufficient complementarity to be able to hybridize with the target pre-mRNA, forming a stable duplex. The ability to hybridize will depend on both the degree of complementarity and the length of the nucleic acid (See, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Generally, the longer the hybridizing nucleic acid, the more base mismatches with an RNA it may contain and still form a stable duplex. One skilled in the art can ascertain a tolerable degree of mismatch or length of duplex by use of standard procedures to determine the stability of the hybridized complex.
Binding may also be achieved through other mechanisms, for example, through triple helix formation, aptamer interactions, antibody interactions or protein/nucleic acid interactions such as those in which the PTM is engineered to recognize a specific RNA binding protein, i.e., a protein bound to a specific target pre-mRNA.
The PTM molecule also contains a 3′ splice region that includes a 3′ splice acceptor AG site and/or a 5′ splice donor site. The 3′ splice region may further comprise a branchpoint and a polypyrimidine tract. Consensus sequences for the 5′ splice donor site and the 3′ splice region used in RNA splicing are well known in the art (See, Moore, et al., 1993, The RNA World, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, p. 303-358). In addition, modified consensus sequences that maintain the ability to function as 5′ donor splice sites and 3′ splice regions may be used in the practice of the invention. Briefly, the 5′ splice site consensus sequence is AG/GURAGU (where A=adenosine, U=uracil, G=guanine, C=cytosine, R=purine and/=the splice site) (SEQ ID NO:1). The 3′ splice site consists of three separate sequence elements: the branchpoint or branch site, a polypyrimidine tract and the 3′ consensus sequence (YAG). The branch point consensus sequence in mammals is YNYURAC (Y=pyrimidine; N=any nucleotide) (SEQ ID NO:2). The underlined A is the site of branch formation. A polypyrimidine tract is located between the branch point and the splice site acceptor and is important for different branch point utilization and 3′ splice site recognition. Recently, pre-mRNA introns beginning with the dinucleotide AU and ending with the dinucleotide AC have been identified and referred to as U12 introns. U12 intron sequences, as well as any sequences that function as splice acceptor/donor sequences, may also be used to generate the PTMs of the invention.
One or more spacer region(s) to separate the RNA splice site from the target binding domain may also be included in the PTM. The spacer region may be designed to include features such as (i) stop codons, which would function to block translation of any unspliced PTM and/or (ii) sequences that enhance trans-splicing to the target pre-mRNA.
A nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody polypeptide is also included in the PTM of the invention. The PTMs of the invention may contain exon sequences which when trans-spliced to the target pre-mRNA will result in the formation of a chimeric RNA capable of encoding a functional antibody polypeptide. The exon sequences may be derived from immunoglobulin genes, such as those encoding full length heavy chains, K light chain and X light chain. The exon sequences may encode Fab, Fv, or Fc fragments. Antibody polypeptides include single chain antibodies (SCA), i.e. antibodies that exist as a single polypeptide chain, and may comprise a heavy chain, light chain, and/or both. More preferably, the antibody polypeptides are single chain Fv antibodies in which a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region are joined together (directly or through a peptide linker) to form a continuous polypeptide. These single chain antibody polypeptides comprise an antigen binding portion and lack the antibody “constant” region, e.g., the Fc portion. The antigen binding portion folds into three dimensional structures substantially similar to the structure of the native full-length antibody and are known to those of skill in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,091,513 and 5,132,405).
In another embodiment, the immunoglobulin molecule can be composed of smaller immunoglobulin forms such as (Fab).sub.2, Fab, sFv and CH.sub.2-deleted domains enabling the antibodies to clear the blood stream at greater rates than intact immunoglobulin. Smaller immunoglobulin forms should have greater tumor to normal tissue ratios, which is an important element in cancer therapeutics.
It is preferred for human administration that all antibody polypeptide sequences be “humanized” to minimize the potential for an immune response to the polypeptide encoded by the PTM. To produce humanized antibodies, sequences from non-human immunoglobulin variable domain genes are substituted by the corresponding sequences from humans.
In another embodiment, the antibody molecule can be engineered to efficiently bind to a target, including targets that are relatively inaccessible, such as binding to a cleft or an enzyme active site. This can be accomplished by encoding the smallest functional unit of an antibody, such as that corresponding to the variable region of heavy (Hv) or light (Lv) chains of human antibodies. These configurations would enable two different targets to be engineered in a single molecule with dual targeting specificities to have two different therapeutic effects. Smaller antibodies would also improve tissue penetration, important in diseases such as cancer.
The nucleotide sequences encode antibody polypeptides directed to various disease targets, such as antigens associated with infection with pathogenic microorganisms, for example, viruses, such as HIV or hepatitis, bacteria, fungi and parasites may be included in the PTMs. Additionally, the PTM may include sequences encoding tumor-specific antibodies or antibodies directed to tumor-associated antigens such as, for example, Her2/Neu, CEA, MUC1, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MARTI/MelanA.
In addition, the encoded antibody polypeptides may also be directed to tissue-specific self-antigens. For example, known antigen or epitope mimicry between antigens on infectious organisms and self-antigens may be used to design antibody polypeptides and the PTMs encoding these polypeptides. In a specific embodiment of the invention, antibody polypeptides associated with autoimmune disease such as, for example, between the spirochete etiologic agent of Lyme disease and LFA-1 may be utilized to induce a protective immune response. Antibody polypeptides may also be directed to tissue-specific self-antigens associated with tumor antigens for use in cancer therapy.
The PTM's of the invention may be engineered to contain a single exon sequence, multiple exon sequences, or alternatively the complete set of exon sequences encoding the antibody polypeptide of interest. The number and identity of the sequences to be used in the PTMs depends on the type of trans-splicing reaction, i.e., 5′ exon replacement, 3′ exon replacement or internal exon replacement that will occur (see
In an embodiment of the invention, a “safety” is also incorporated into the spacer, binding domain, or elsewhere in the PTM to prevent non-specific trans-splicing. This is a region of the PTM that covers elements of the 3′ and/or 5′ splice site of the PTM by relatively weak complementarity, preventing non-specific trans-splicing. The PTM is designed in such a way that, upon hybridization of the binding/targeting portion(s) of the PTM, the 3′ and/or 5′ splice site is uncovered and becomes fully active.
Such “safety” sequences comprise one or more complementary stretches of cis-sequence (or could be a second, separate, strand of nucleic acid) which binds to one or both sides of the PTM branch point, pyrimidine tract, 3′ splice site and/or 5′ splice site (splicing elements), or could bind to parts of the splicing elements themselves. This “safety” binding prevents the splicing elements from being active (i.e. block U2 snRNP or other splicing factors from attaching to the PTM splice site recognition elements). The binding of the “safety” may be disrupted by the binding of the target binding region of the PTM to the target pre-mRNA, thus exposing and activating the PTM splicing elements.
A nucleotide sequence capable of forming a stem-loop structure may also be included in the PTM of the invention.
The present invention further provides PTM molecules wherein the coding region of the PTM is engineered to contain mini-introns. The insertion of mini-introns into the coding sequence of the PTM is designed to increase definition of the exon and enhance recognition of the PTM donor site. Mini-intron sequences to be inserted into the coding regions of the PTM include small naturally occurring introns or, alternatively, any intron sequences, including synthetic mini-introns, which include 5′ consensus donor sites and 3′ consensus sequences which include a branch point, a 3′ splice site and in some instances a pyrimidine tract.
The mini-intron sequences are preferably between about 60-150 nucleotides in length, however, mini-intron sequences of increased lengths may also be used. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mini-intron comprises the 5′ and 3′ end of an endogenous intron. In preferred embodiments of the invention the 5′ intron fragment is about 20 nucleotides in length and the 3′ end is about 40 nucleotides in length.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, an intron of 528 nucleotides comprising the following sequences may be utilized. Sequence of the intron construct is as follows:
In yet another specific embodiment of the invention, consensus ISAR sequences are included in the PTMs of the invention (Jones et al., NAR 29: 3557-3565). Proteins bind to the ISAR splicing activator and repressor consensus sequence, which includes a uridine-rich region that is required for 5′ splice site recognition by U1 SnRNP. The 18 nucleotide ISAR consensus sequence comprises the following sequence: GGGCUGAUUUUUCCAUGU (SEQ ID NO:5). When inserted into the PTMs of the invention, the ISAR consensus sequences are inserted into the structure of the PTM in close proximity to the 5′ donor site of intron sequences. In an embodiment of the invention the ISAR sequences are inserted within 100 nucleotides from the 5′ donor site. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ISAR sequences are inserted within 50 nucleotides from the 5′ donor site. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention the ISAR sequences are inserted within 20 nucleotides of the 5′ donor site.
The compositions of the invention further comprise PTMs that have been engineered to include cis-acting ribozyme sequences. The inclusion of such sequences is designed to reduce PTM translation in the absence of trans-splicing or to produce a PTM with a specific length or defined end(s). The ribozyme sequences that may be inserted into the PTMs include any sequences that are capable of mediating a cis-acting (self-cleaving) RNA splicing reaction. Such ribozymes include but are not limited to hammerhead, hairpin and hepatitis delta virus ribozymes (see, Chow et al. 1994, J Biol Chem 269: 25856-64).
In an embodiment of the invention, splicing enhancers such as, for example, sequences referred to as exonic splicing enhancers may also be included in the structure of the synthetic PTMs. Transacting splicing factors, namely the serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, have been shown to interact with such exonic splicing enhancers and modulate splicing (See, Tacke et al., 1999, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11: 358-362; Tian et al., 2001, J. Biological Chemistry 276: 33833-33839; Fu, 1995, RNA 1: 663-680). Nuclear localization signals may also be included in the PTM molecule (Dingwell and Laskey, 1986, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 2: 367-390; Dingwell and Laskey, 1991, Trends in Biochem. Sci. 16: 478-481). Such nuclear localization signals can be used to enhance the transport of synthetic PTMs into the nucleus where trans-splicing occurs.
Additional features can be added to the PTM molecule, such as polyadenylation signals to modify RNA expression/stability, or 5′ splice sequences to enhance splicing, additional binding regions, “safety”-self complementary regions, additional splice sites, or protective groups to modulate the stability of the molecule and prevent degradation. In addition, stop codons may be included in the PTM structure to prevent translation of unspliced PTMs. Further elements such as a 3′ hairpin structure, circularized RNA, nucleotide base modification, or synthetic analogs can be incorporated into PTMs to promote or facilitate nuclear localization and spliceosomal incorporation, and intracellular stability.
In addition to the PTM molecules described above, which are designed for spliceosome-mediated trans-splicing reactions, nucleic acid molecules may also be designed for ribozyme-mediated (group I and group II) or tRNA endonuclease mediated trans-splicing reactions.
When specific PTMs are to be synthesized in vitro (synthetic PTMs), such PTMs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization to the target mRNA, transport into the cell, etc. For example, modification of a PTM to reduce the overall charge can enhance the cellular uptake of the molecule. In addition modifications can be made to reduce susceptibility to nuclease or chemical degradation. The nucleic acid molecules may be synthesized in such a way as to be conjugated to another molecule such as a peptide (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors in vivo), or an agent facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6553-6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 648-652; PCT Publication No. WO 88/09810, published Dec. 15, 1988) or the blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 89/10134, published Apr. 25, 1988), hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (see, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechniques 6: 958-976) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pharm. Res. 5: 539-549). To this end, the nucleic acid molecules may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport agent, hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc.
The PTM may also encode sequences for a given cytokine or factor, in addition to the sequences for the antibody polypeptide that would enhance the action of the encoded antibody. The antibody sequences could also be fused with sequences that encode for another biologically active molecule, such as a toxin.
Various other well-known modifications to the nucleic acid molecules can be introduced as a means of increasing intracellular stability and half-life. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences of ribonucleotides to the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the molecule. In some circumstances where increased stability is desired, nucleic acids having modified internucleoside linkages such as 2′-0-methylation may be preferred. Nucleic acids containing modified internucleoside linkages may be synthesized using reagents and methods that are well known in the art (see, Uhlmann et al., 1990, Chem. Rev. 90: 543-584; Schneider et al., 1990, Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 335 and references cited therein).
The PTMs of the present invention are preferably modified in such a way as to increase their stability in the cells. Since RNA molecules are sensitive to cleavage by cellular ribonucleases, it may be preferable to use as the competitive inhibitor a chemically modified oligonucleotide (or combination of oligonucleotides) that mimics the action of the RNA binding sequence but is less sensitive to nuclease cleavage. In addition, the synthetic PTMs can be produced as nuclease resistant circular molecules with enhanced stability to prevent degradation by nucleases (Puttaraju et al., 1995, Nucleic Acids Symposium Series No. 33: 49-51; Puttaraju et al., 1993, Nucleic Acid Research 21: 4253-4258). Other modifications may also be required, for example to enhance binding, to enhance cellular uptake, to improve pharmacology or pharmacokinetics or to improve other pharmaceutically desirable characteristics.
Modifications, which may be made to the structure of the synthetic PTMs include but are not limited to backbone modifications such as use of:
(i) phosphorothioates (X or Y or W or Z═S or any combination of two or more with the remainder as O). e.g. Y.dbd.S (Stein, C. A., et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Res., 16: 3209-3221), X.dbd.S (Cosstick, R., et al., 1989, Tetrahedron Letters, 30, 4693-4696), Y and Z═S (Brill, W. K.-D., et al., 1989, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 111: 2321-2322); (ii) methylphosphonates (e.g. Z=methyl (Miller, P. S., et al., 1980, J. Biol. Chem., 255: 9659-9665); (iii) phosphoramidates (Z═N-(alkyl).sub.2 e.g. alkyl methyl, ethyl, butyl) (Z=morpholine or piperazine) (Agrawal, S., et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7079-7083) (X or W.dbd.NH) (Mag, M., et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Res., 16: 3525-3543); (iv) phosphotriesters (Z═O-alkyl e.g. methyl, ethyl, etc) (Miller, P. S., et al., 1982, Biochemistry, 21: 5468-5474); and (v) phosphorus-free linkages (e.g. carbamate, acetamidate, acetate) (Gait, M. J., et al., 1974, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin 1, 1684-1686; Gait, M. J., et al., 1979, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin 1, 1389-1394).
In addition, sugar modifications may be incorporated into the PTMs of the invention. Such modifications include the use of: (i) 2′-ribonucleosides (R.dbd.H); (ii) 2′-O-methylated nucleosides (R.dbd.OMe)) (Sproat, B. S., et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res., 17: 3373-3386); and (iii) 2′-fluoro-2′-riboxynucleosides (R.dbd.F) (Krug, A., et al., 1989, Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 8: 1473-1483).
Further, base modifications that may be made to the PTMs, including but not limited to use of: (i) pyrimidine derivatives substituted in the 5-position (e.g. methyl, bromo, fluoro etc) or replacing a carbonyl group by an amino group (Piccirilli, J. A., et al., 1990, Nature, 343: 33-37); (ii) purine derivatives lacking specific nitrogen atoms (e.g. 7-deaza adenine, hypoxanthine) or functionalized in the 8-position (e.g. 8-azido adenine, 8-bromo adenine) (for a review see Jones, A. S., 1979, Int. J. Biolog. Macromolecules, 1: 194-207).
In addition, the PTMs may be covalently linked to reactive functional groups, such as: (i) psoralens (Miller, P. S., et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Res., Special Pub. No. 20, 113-114), phenanthrolines (Sun, J-S., et al., 1988, Biochemistry, 27: 6039-6045), mustards (Vlassov, V. V., et al., 1988, Gene, 72: 313-322) (irreversible cross-linking agents with or without the need for co-reagents); (ii) acridine (intercalating agents) (Helene, C., et al., 1985, Biochimie, 67: 777-783); (iii) thiol derivatives (reversible disulphide formation with proteins) (Connolly, B. A., and Newman, P. C., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res., 17: 4957-4974); (iv) aldehydes (Schiffs base formation); (v) azido, bromo groups (UV cross-linking); or (vi) ellipticines (photolytic cross-linking) (Perrouault, L., et al., 1990, Nature, 344: 358-360).
In an embodiment of the invention, oligonucleotide mimetics in which the sugar and internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone of the nucleotide units, are replaced with novel groups. For example, one such oligonucleotide mimetic, which has been shown to bind with a higher affinity to DNA and RNA than natural oligonucleotides, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) (for review see, Uhlmann, E. 1998, Biol. Chem. 379: 1045-52). Thus, PNA may be incorporated into synthetic PTMs to increase their stability and/or binding affinity for the target pre-mRNA.
In another embodiment of the invention, the PTMs may be covalently linked to lipophilic groups or other reagents capable of improving uptake by cells. For example, the PTM molecules may be covalently linked to: (i) cholesterol (Letsinger, R. L., et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 6553-6556); (ii) polyamines (Lemaitre, M., et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, 84: 648-652); other soluble polymers (e.g. polyethylene glycol) to improve the efficiently with which the PTMs are delivered to a cell. In addition, combinations of the above identified modifications may be utilized to increase the stability and delivery of PTMs into the target cell. The PTMs of the invention can be used in methods designed to produce a novel chimeric RNA in a target cell.
The methods of the present invention comprise delivering to the target cell a PTM which may be in any form used by one skilled in the art, for example, an RNA molecule, or a DNA vector which is transcribed into a RNA molecule, wherein said PTM binds to a target pre-mRNA target and mediates a trans-splicing reaction resulting in formation of a chimeric mRNA that expresses an antibody polypeptide.
The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be RNA or DNA or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. By nucleic acid is meant a PTM molecule, a ribozyme or t-RNA endonuclease based nucleic acid molecule, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PTM molecule, a ribozyme or t-RNA endonuclease based nucleic acid molecule, whether composed of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleosides, and whether composed of phosphodiester linkages or modified linkages. The term nucleic acid also specifically includes nucleic acids composed of bases other than the five biologically occurring bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil). In addition, the PTMs of the invention may comprise, DNA/RNA, RNA/protein or DNA/RNA/protein chimeric molecules that are designed to enhance the stability of the PTMs.
The PTMs of the invention can be prepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules. For example, the nucleic acids may be chemically synthesized using commercially available reagents and synthesizers by methods that are well known in the art (see, e.g., Gait, 1985, Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford, England).
Alternatively, synthetic PTMs can be generated by in vitro transcription of DNA sequences encoding the PTM of interest. Such DNA sequences can be incorporated into a wide variety of vectors downstream from suitable RNA polymerase promoters such as the T7, SP6, or T3 polymerase promoters. Consensus RNA polymerase promoter sequences include the following:
The base in bold is the first base incorporated into RNA during transcription. The underline indicates the minimum sequence required for efficient transcription.
RNAs may be produced in high yield via in vitro transcription using plasmids, such as SPS65 and Bluescript (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.). In addition, RNA amplification methods such as Q-.beta. amplification can be utilized to produce the PTM of interest.
The PTMs may be purified by any suitable means, as are well known in the art. For example, the PTMs can be purified by gel filtration, affinity or antibody interactions, reverse phase chromatography or gel electrophoresis. Of course, the skilled artisan will recognize that the method of purification will depend in part on the size, charge and shape of the nucleic acid to be purified.
The PTMs of the invention, whether synthesized chemically, in vitro, or in vivo, can be synthesized in the presence of modified or substituted nucleotides to increase stability, uptake or binding of the PTM to target pre-mRNA. In addition, following synthesis of the PTM, the PTMs may be modified with peptides, chemical agents, antibodies, or nucleic acid molecules, for example, to enhance the physical properties of the PTM molecules. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art.
In instances where a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PTM is utilized, cloning techniques known in the art may be used for cloning of the nucleic acid molecule into an expression vector. Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al. (eds.), 1993, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY; and Kriegler, 1990, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY.
The DNA encoding the PTM of interest may be recombinantly engineered into a variety of host vector systems that also provide for replication of the DNA in large scale and contain the necessary elements for directing the transcription of the PTM. The use of such a construct to transfect target cells in the patient will result in the transcription of sufficient amounts of PTMs that will form complementary base pairs with the endogenously expressed pre-mRNA targets, and thereby facilitate a trans-splicing reaction between the complexed nucleic acid molecules. For example, a vector can be introduced in vivo such that is taken up by a cell and directs the transcription of the PTM molecule. Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired RNA, i.e., PTM. Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art.
Vectors containing the PTM of interest can be any plasmid, viral, including non-viral synthetic delivery systems or others known in the art, used for replication and expression of nucleic acids in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequence encoding the PTM can be regulated by any promoter/enhancer sequences known in the art to act in mammalian, preferably human cells. Such promoters/enhancers can be inducible or constitutive. Such promoters include but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Benoist, C. and Chambon, P. 1981, Nature 290: 304-310), the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22: 787-797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 14411445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296: 39-42), the viral CMV promoter, the human chorionic gonadotropin-.beta. promoter (Hollenberg et al., 1994, Mol. Cell. Endocrinology 106: 111-119), etc.
Any type of plasmid, cosmid, YAC or viral vector can be used to prepare the recombinant DNA construct, which can be introduced directly into the tissue site. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used which selectively infect the desired target cell. Vectors for use in the practice of the invention include any eukaryotic expression vectors, including but not limited to, viral expression vectors, such as those derived from the class of retroviruses, adenoviruses or adeno-associated viruses.
The PTMs can also be delivered as RNA molecules directly.
A number of selection systems can also be used, including but not limited to selection for expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransterase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase protein in tk−, hgprt− or aprt− deficient cells, respectively. Also, anti-metabolic resistance can be used as the basis of selection for dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), which confers resistance to methotrexate; xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt), which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid; neomycin (neo), which confers resistance to aminoglycoside G-418; and hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hygro), which confers resistance to hygromycin. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cell culture is transformed at a low ratio of vector to cell, such that there will be only a single vector, or a limited number of vectors, present in any one cell.
The compositions and methods of the present invention are designed to generate novel chimeric RNA molecules containing sequences that express an antibody polypeptide. Specifically, targeted spliceosome mediated trans-splicing, including double-trans-splicing reactions, 3′ exon replacement and/or 5′ exon replacement can be used to generate such chimeric RNAs. Additionally, ribozyme or t-RNA mediated targeted trans-splicing reactions may be utilized to form chimeric RNAs.
Various delivery systems are known and can be used to transfer the compositions of the invention into cells, e.g. encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the composition, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262: 4429-4432), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, lentiviral or other vector, naked DNA injection, electroporation, calcium phosphate mediated transfection, etc.
PTM and the delivery system would constitute the product, which could be administered to animals or humans by conventional administration methods, such as intravenous or intraportal injection. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the chimeric RNA molecule would be distributed throughout the circulation, but would be active in liver cells that express the albumin pre-mRNA target. The PTM would be active in its RNA form, the binding domain of the PTM adhering to the targeted sequence in albumin pre-mRNA. Following trans-splicing, the coding domain of the PTM that contains sequences of the specific antibody would be inserted or trans-spliced to a defined sequence of the albumin target, resulting in a chimeric mRNA that would express a product comprising the antibody polypeptide, which can be secreted from the hepatocytes. Secretory signaling sequences could be incorporated to increase secretion.
The albumin gene is highly expressed in the liver, thereby providing an abundant target pre-mRNA for targeting. By targeting albumin, the serum concentration of the product is expressed at physiologically significant, clinical and/or therapeutic levels. Albumin has a serum concentration on the order of 45-50 mg/ml. Given a moderate trans-splicing efficiency of 5%, large quantities of product can be produced in vivo. Based on a plasma concentration of 45 mg/ml of albumin and an even more moderate trans-splicing efficiency of 1%, 2.5 mg/ml of the product may be generated. The product, which comprises the antibody or polypeptide fragment, is generally present approximately at a concentration of 500 .mu.g/ml in the serum of the subject, which is significantly above a desired therapeutic amount. In humans, the therapeutic antibody levels may be in the range of 3-30 .mu.g/ml of serum. If the achieved levels of antibodies are too high, the administrated dose can be decreased to reduce the serum concentration.
Tumor-specific antigens, infectious disease agents and biodefense agents (e.g., anthrax, flu, smallpox, SARS, lupas rheumatoid arthritis and cancer) are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of patients and could have important functions as signal transducing receptors or cell adhesion molecules in tumorigenesis and normal development. The compositions of the present invention may be used to target cancer cells specifically using tumor-specific antigens. The PTMs can be engineered to effect cell-specific cell killing upon binding of the antibody to the tumor-specific antigen.
The compositions and methods of the present invention may also be used to confer immunity in a host. Specifically, targeted trans-splicing, including double-trans-splicing reactions, 3′ exon replacement and/or 5′ exon replacement can be used to form a chimeric RNA between a target pre-RNA and the PTM wherein said chimeric RNA encodes a fusion protein comprising the antibody polypeptide of interest.
The compositions and methods can be used to provide a nucleic acid encoding an antibody polypeptide to cells of an individual where expression of said polypeptide causes induction of a protective immune response. Specifically, the compositions and methods can be used to provide sequences encoding an antibody polypeptide of interest capable of enhancing immunity to cells of an individual to induce a protective immune response, such as GM-CSF, for example.
As used herein, the phrase “induction of a protective immune response”, and the like, is used broadly to include the induction of any immune-based response in a host, natural or artificial, including either an antibody or cell-mediated immune response, or both, that serves to protect the host against the particular pathogen or cancer cell. Induction of a protective immune response also includes the induction of an autoimmune response against tissue-specific self antigens (Pardoll, D. M. 1999, PNAS 96: 5340-5342). The term refers not only to the absolute prevention of any of the symptoms or conditions in the host resulting from infection with the particular pathogen, or from the cancer, but also to any detectable delay in the onset of any such symptoms or conditions, any detectable reduction in the degree or rate of infection by the particular pathogen, or any detectable reduction in the severity of the disease or any symptom or condition resulting from the presence of cancer cells. Compositions according to the present invention, which comprise the antibody polypeptide of interest, should be administered at a dosage and for a duration sufficient to reduce one or more clinical signs associated with the infection of the host.
The compositions and methods can be used to alleviate and/or treat various diseases and disorders. For example, PTMs may be administered to a subject to treat and/or ameliorate an other infectious disease, caused by, for example, HIV, RSV, hepatitis A, B or C, Class II or IV agents or any microorganism. In addition, PTMs may be administered to a subject having cancer, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and transplantation. Treatment includes amelioration of any symptom associated with the disease or clinical indication associated with the pathology.
Additionally, cells comprising the PTMs of the invention may be further engineered to express cytokine/growth factors that can facilitate the recruitment of immunologic cells to the cell comprising the PTM. Such cytokine/growth factors are well know to those of skill in the art and include, for example, granulocyte/macrophage stimulating cell growth factor (GMCSF), interleukins or similarly acting molecules. In certain embodiments, the PTM may encode both an antibody polypeptide and a cytokinel growth factor.
In a preferred embodiment, nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a PTM are administered to promote PTM function, by way of gene delivery and expression into a host cell. In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid mediates an effect by promoting PTM production. Any of the methods for gene delivery into a host cell available in the art can be used according to the present invention. For general reviews of the methods of gene delivery see Strauss, M. and Barranger, J. A., 1997, Concepts in Gene Therapy, by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin; Goldspiel et al., 1993, Clinical Pharmacy 12: 488-505; Wu and Wu, 1991, Biotherapy 3: 87-95; Tolstoshev, 1993, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 33: 573-596; Mulligan, 1993, Science 260: 926-932; and Morgan and Anderson, 1993, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191-217; 1993, TIBTECH 11(5): 155-215. Exemplary methods are described below.
Delivery of the PTM into a host cell may be either direct, in which case the host is directly exposed to the PTM or PTM encoding nucleic acid molecule, or indirect, in which case, host cells are first transformed with the PTM or PTM encoding nucleic acid molecule in vitro, then transplanted into the host. These two approaches are known, respectively, as in vivo or ex vivo gene delivery.
In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid is directly administered in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the PTM. This can be accomplished by any of numerous methods known in the art, e.g., by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g. by infection using a defective or attenuated retroviral or other viral vector (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection of naked DNA, or by use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont, Bio-Rad), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, or microcapsules, or by administering it in linkage to a peptide which is known to enter the nucleus, by administering it in linkage to a ligand subject to receptor-mediated endocytosis (see e.g., Wu and Wu, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262: 4429-4432).
In a specific embodiment, a viral vector that contains the PTM can be used. For example, a retroviral vector can be utilized that has been modified to delete retroviral sequences that are not necessary for packaging of the viral genome and integration into host cell DNA (see Miller et al., 1993, Meth. Enzymol. 217: 581-599). Alternatively, adenoviral or adeno-associated viral vectors can be used for gene delivery to cells or tissues. (See, Kozarsky and Wilson, 1993, Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 3: 499-503 for a review of adenovirus-based gene delivery).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an adeno-associated viral vector may be used to deliver nucleic acid molecules capable of encoding the PTM. The vector is designed so that, depending on the level of expression desired, the promoter and/or enhancer element of choice may be inserted into the vector.
Another approach to gene delivery into a cell involves transferring a gene to cells in tissue culture by such methods as electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate mediated transfection, or viral infection. Usually, the method of transfer includes the transfer of a selectable marker to the cells. The cells are then placed under selection to isolate those cells that have taken up and are expressing the transferred gene. The resulting recombinant cells can be delivered to a host by various methods known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the cell used for gene delivery is autologous to the host's cell.
The present invention also provides for compositions comprising an effective amount of a PTM or a nucleic acid encoding a PTM, and a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Examples of suitable carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical sciences” by E. W. Martin.
Many methods standard in the art can be thus employed, including but not limited to hybridization assays to detect formation of chimeric mRNA expression by detecting and/or visualizing the presence of chimeric mRNA (e.g., Northern assays, dot blots, in situ hybridization, and Reverse-Transcription PCR, etc.), etc.
In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention locally to the area in need of treatment, i.e., liver tissue or tumor tissue. This may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of an endoscope, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Other control release drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, matrices such as controlled-release polymers, hydrogels.
The PTM will be administered in amounts that are effective to produce the desired effect in the targeted cell. Effective dosages of the PTMs can be determined through procedures well known to those in the art that address such parameters as biological half-life, bioavailability and toxicity. The amount of the composition of the invention which will be effective will depend on the severity of the disease/pathology being treated, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. Such techniques include analysis of samples to determine if the level of target protein expression has been reduced. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges.
The following examples are meant to exemplify the present invention and as such are not intended or to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.
The albumin targeting strategy shown in
The mouse albumin-HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv (mAlb-HPV 16 anti-E7 scFv) positive control cDNA (
GCTAGCATGAAGTGGGTAACCTTTCTCCTCCTCCTCTTCGTCTCCGGCTCTGCTTTTT CCAGGGGTGTGTTTCGCCGAGAAGCACAGGTCCAACTGCAGGAGTCAGGGGCTGAG C, and reverse primer (SEQ ID NO:10):
GCTCAGCCCCTGACTCCTGCAGTTGGACCTGTGCTTCTCGGCGAAACACACCCCTGG AAAAAGCAGAGCCGGAGACGAAGAGGAGGAGGAGAAAGGTTACCCACTTCATGCT A GC. (The nucleotides in bold include NheI and BlpI restriction sites used for cloning; underlined nucleotides include the mouse albumin exon 1 sequence, in which the majority codes for signal peptide; and the italicized nucleotides include partial HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv sequence).
HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv coding sequence was PCR amplified using a cDNA clone and primers: Sca1 (5′-GCTAGCATGGCCCAGGTCCAACTGCAGG) (SEQ ID NO:11) and Sca5 (5′-AAGCTT TCA CTTGTCGTCATCGTCTTTGTAGTCCCGTTTTATTTCC GCTTG GTCCCAGC) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (nucleotides in bold, NheI and Hind III restriction sites for cloning; italicized nucleotides, stop codon; and the underlined nucleotides, FLAG tag). The PCR product was digested with BlpI and HindIII restriction enzymes. The resulting product was first ligated with the annealed oligo fragment and then ligated into pcDNA3.1 expression vector (Invitrogen). The authenticity of the PTM cassette sequence was verified by sequencing (
The effect of the albumin exon 1 sequence (7 nucleotides) on expression and processing of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv was evaluated by transfecting the trans-spliced cDNA plasmid along with a control plasmid (similar to the trans-spliced cDNA without the FLAG tag) into mouse hepatoma, Hepal-6 and Cos-7 cells. 48 hrs post-transfection, medium was collected, passed through FLAG affinity column (Sigma, Cat# FLAGIPT-1) and analyzed by Western blot for the expression of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv using anti-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody (Sigma, Cat# F 3165).
The albumin trans-splicing strategy results in the production of chimeric mRNA and protein. The final trans-spliced product contains 7 nucleotides or 2 amino acids from albumin target mRNA. For human applications it may be desirable to eliminate the albumin sequence in the final product to preclude immunological reactions. In one exemplary strategy, illustrated in
About 10 .mu.g of total protein from the supernatant or the total cell lysate from cells transfected with cDNA expression plasmids was analyzed on a 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nylon membrane and probed with anti-FLAG antibody. Western results confirmed the production of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv, 30 kDa in size predicted for the mature protein in cells that were transfected with FLAG-tagged cDNA expression plasmid in both Hepal-6 and Cos-7 cells (
The effect of the albumin sequence on HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv function was evaluated by its ability to down regulate HPV-16 E7 expression in cervical cancer cells. Cervical cancer cells, SiHa, (ATCC # HTB-35) that are HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein positive were transfected with mAlb-HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv cDNA expression plasmid. The matching control cells, C-33A (ATCC HTB-3 1) that do not express E7 oncoprotein were also transfected with the mAlb-HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv cDNA expression plasmid. Cells were grown for 5 days and the number of relative viable cells was determined by colorimetric (MTT) assay.
In the case of HPV-16 positive cervical cancer cells, SiHa, mAlb-HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv inhibited cell proliferation by .about.75% compared to about <10% inhibition in C-33A HPV-negative cells, thereby demonstrating the functionality of the trans-spliced albumin HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv antibody (
The structure of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv PTM expression cassette used for this study is illustrated in
A splice mutant (splice incompetent) was also constructed that was identical to the functional PTM described above but had a point mutation at the acceptor site (CAG>CAT) (
PTM mediated trans-splicing and production of mouse albumin-HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv chimeric mRNA was evaluated by co-transfecting Hepal-6 cells with mouse albumin mini-gene target plasmid along with HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv PTM (functional PTM) or with the splice mutant (splice incompetent PTM) and mock transfection. Total RNA isolated from these cells was analyzed by RT-PCR using mouse albumin exon 1 (AlbA1TSF2: [0142] ACCTTTCTCCTCCTCCTCTTCGT) (SEQ ID NO:13) and HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv PTM (sca3: AGTAAGCAAACCAGTAGCCGTC) (SEQ ID NO:14) specific primers (primer binding sites indicated in
To demonstrate trans-splicing of the PTM into an endogenous mouse albumin target and production of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv protein, the following experiments were conducted. One hundred micrograms of mAlb-HPV16 anti-E797C2 (PTM only), 70 .mu.g of PTM+35 .mu.g of mini-gene target (additional target plasmid to increase pre-mRNA concentration) or 100 .mu.g of the control cDNA (mAlb-HPV16 anti-E7scFv) plasmid that mimics trans-spliced mRNA were hydrodynamically injected via tail vein into normal C57BU6 mice. Serum samples were collected at 8, 16 and 24 hrs time points and analyzed by Western blot. Approximately, 25-100 .mu.l serum was passed through FLAG affinity column, samples were then separated on a 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred on to nitrocellulose membrane and probed with anti-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody. Proteins were visualized using a chemiluminescence kit (Invitrogen, Cat# WB7103).
Western blot results indicated the appearance of HPV-16 anti-E7 scFv in the circulation of the mice as early as 8 hrs post-injection with the cDNA control expression plasmid (
The PTM cassettes of the present invention also may be used to produce antibodies containing both the light and heavy chain. As illustrated in
The present invention also provides a pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the compositions of the invention. The pack or kit may include a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments or examples described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying Figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/245,835 filed on Oct. 7, 2005 which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/617,012 filed on Oct. 8, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/629,821 filed on Nov. 9, 2004, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entity.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60617012 | Oct 2004 | US | |
| 60629821 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11245835 | Oct 2005 | US |
| Child | 13004362 | US |
