Patent Application
20200158349
This application claims priority to and the benefit of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/196,538, UV LAMP AND ANTI-SCALE WATER TREATMENT WATER HEATER APPARATUS WITH SANITATION LOOP, filed Nov. 20, 2018, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The application relates to sanitization of water and particularly to sanitization of water in a water heater and treatment system.
Legionnaires' disease from bacteria vaporized by evaporation from contaminated waters contaminated with Legionella germs is a well-known risk. As described, for example, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the June 2016 issue of Vitalsigns™, “Legionella grows best in building water systems that are not well maintained. Building owners and managers should adopt newly published standards that promote Legionella water management programs, which are ways to reduce the risk of this germ in building water systems”.
A water heating and treatment system with UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment sanitation for suppression of pathogens and undesired bacterial content in a domestic hot water system includes a water heater. A cold water supply line to supply water to the water heater includes an anti-scale device, and a UV sanitation lamp. A single or multiple mixing station supplies heated water to one or multiple temperature zones. The single or multiple mixing station is fluidly coupled to the cold water supply line and to a hot water outflow line from the water heater. The single or multiple mixing station supplies a heated water to at least a first temperature zone at a first hot water temperature. A water heater sanitation loop includes a sanitation loop pump to circulate hot water within the water heater. A three-way return water diverter valve is fluidly coupled to the single or multiple mixing station via one or more sanitation components, and to a drain via a drain line. The three-way return water diverter valve provides a portion of a re-circulated hot water from a hot water recirculation line to the mixing station and a remaining portion of the re-circulated hot water to the drain.
The three-way return water diverter valve allows for safe sanitation of a domestic hot water system by diverting an over temperature re-circulated water away from the mixing valve to another use via a diverter line, such as, laundry machines or dish washers or other purpose as designated by site personnel, or to a drain via a drain line or a diverted water line, to prevent the heated water of the at least a first temperature zone from exceeding a predetermined maximum temperature.
The water heater controller can be operatively coupled to the three-way return water diverter valve and at least one temperature sensor to cause the three-way return water diverter valve to divert or drain recirculated water during an overtemperature condition as detected by the at least one temperature sensor (e.g.
The water heater controller can be operatively coupled to the three-way return water diverter valve and at least one temperature sensor and at least two temperature sensors to cause the three-way return water diverter valve to divert a portion of, or substantially all of a recirculated water based on a differential temperature as measured by the at least two temperature sensors (e.g.
The at least two temperature sensors can include a water supply temperature sensor and a recirculated water temperature sensor.
The three-way return water diverter valve can be set to divert substantially all of a recirculated water to the drain during a temperature shock operation or a chemical shock operation.
The three-way return water diverter valve can be set to divert substantially all of a recirculated water to the drain when a water heater controller is set for a temperature shock operation or a chemical shock operation.
The one or more sanitation components can include at least one UV sanitation lamp.
The one or more sanitation components can include at least one sediment filter.
The three-way return water diverter valve can include a proportional three-way return water diverter valve.
The proportional three-way return water diverter valve can include a modulating 3-way valve.
A method for treating hot water to suppress pathogens and undesired bacterial content in a domestic hot water system including: providing a water heater, a cold water supply line to supply water to the water heater including: an anti-scale device, and a UV sanitation lamp, a single or multiple mixing station to supply heated water to one or multiple temperature zones, the single or multiple mixing station fluidly coupled to the cold water supply line and to a hot water outflow line from the water heater, the single or multiple mixing station to supply heated water to at least a first temperature zone at a first hot water temperature, a water heater sanitation loop including a sanitation loop pump to circulate a hot water within the water heater, a three-way return water diverter valve fluidly coupled to the single or multiple mixing station via one or more sanitation components, and to a drain via a drain line, or to another use via a diverted water line; returning substantially all of a re-circulated water via the three-way return water diverter valve to the single or multiple mixing station during a normal operation; diverting 0% to 100% of the re-circulated water to a drain or to another use during an overtemperature condition; and diverting 90% to 100% of the re-circulated water to the drain or to the another use during a shock treatment operation.
The step of returning the re-circulated water to the drain during the overtemperature condition can include returning the re-circulated water to the drain based on the overtemperature condition being detected by at least one temperature sensor operatively coupled to a controller.
The step of returning the re-circulated water to the drain during the overtemperature condition can include returning the re-circulated water to the drain based on a differential temperature measured by at least two temperature sensors operatively coupled to a controller.
The at least two temperature sensors can include a tempered water supply temperature sensor and a recirculated water temperature sensor.
The step of returning the re-circulated water to the drain during the shock treatment operation can include returning the re-circulated water to the drain during a temperature shock treatment operation.
The step of returning the re-circulated water to the drain during the shock treatment operation can include returning the re-circulated water to the drain during a chemical shock treatment operation.
Another water heating and treatment system with UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment sanitation for suppression of pathogens and undesired bacterial content in a domestic hot water system comprises a water heater. A cold water supply line supplies water to the water heater comprising an anti-scale device, and a UV sanitation lamp. A single or multiple mixing station supplies heated water to one or multiple temperature zones. The single or multiple mixing station is fluidly coupled to the cold water supply line and to a hot water outflow line from the water heater. The single or multiple mixing station supplies a heated water to at least a first temperature zone at a first hot water temperature. A water heater sanitation loop includes a sanitation loop pump to circulate hot water within the water heater. A three-way return water diverter valve is fluidly coupled to the single or multiple mixing station via one or more sanitation components, and to a drain or to another use, via a drain line or a diverted water line. The three-way return water diverter valve allows for safe sanitation of a domestic hot water system by diverting an over temperature re-circulated water away from the mixing valve to the drain or another use to prevent the heated water of at least the first temperature zone from exceeding a predetermined maximum temperature.
The foregoing and other aspects, features, and advantages of the application will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The features of the application can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles described herein. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.
As described hereinabove, Legionnaires' disease from bacteria vaporized by evaporation from contaminated waters contaminated with Legionella germs is a well-known risk. Water heaters, including low volume instantaneous hot heater heaters, pose a significant risk if mitigation techniques are not in place. Associated cold water supply lines and hot water distribution systems are also at risk from contamination by pathogens such as Legionella, bacteria, and other undesirable microorganisms in a domestic hot water system.
One method to substantially eliminate Legionella and other pathogens is to heat the water to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient amount of time. One method of the prior art is to heat water in a system to about 50° C. to 60° C. for about an hour. However, such sanitation methods can also cause several problems. Bulk heating of the water in the system for sanitation reasons uses significantly more energy consumption than might otherwise be used. Also, the overall system or parts of the system may need to be removed from service during periods of elevated water temperatures used for system sanitation cycles. More recently, it has been found that further elevated water temperatures above 151° F. (66° C.) or higher can be effective in at least about two minute sanitation cycles. However, the energy cost compared normal lower hot water temperature should still be considered.
In recent years, sanitation by ultraviolet light has become more effective and more widely used. One advantage of UV sanitation is that the UV light can be operated continuously to treat water at one or more key point in domestic hot water system, such as, for example, in a cold water supply line, and also in a recirculating water return line.
Pathogens also accumulate in scale formation at various places in a domestic hot water system and heater. There have been efforts related to water hardness to mitigate scale formation to prevent failure and premature aging of various water system components. Scale buildup has also been found to be a gross vector for pathogens such as Legionella. Scale deposits provide a place where pathogens such as biofilms can adhere. There should also be efforts to mitigate scale formation to substantially prevent habitats for pathogens.
Anti-scale technologies, such as, for example, the OneFlow® anti-scale system, available from Watts Water Technologies, Inc. of North Andover, Mass., can be employed as part of a pathogen suppression program. Anti-scale systems are distinguished from water softening devices and systems which are less or not effective at preventing scale buildup as part of a pathogen suppression or mitigation program. U.S. Pat. No. 9,879,120 B2, RESIN FOR PRECIPITATION OF MINERALS AND SALTS, METHODS OF MANUFACTURE AND USES THEREOF, assigned to Watts Water Technologies Inc., describes a method of producing a scale-control resin including an aqueous solution a cation-exchange resin and a weak-acid anion mineral or salt having a multivalent cation to allow ion exchange between the resin and the multivalent cation. The cation-exchange resin may be a weak-acid ion exchange resin. The method may further include adding a strong-acid salt having the same multivalent cation as the weak-acid anion mineral or salt to the aqueous solution. U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/675,898, QCM MEASUREMENT OF SCALE FORMATION, describes an exemplary water hardness mitigation or treatment evaluation system and method to evaluate the effectiveness of a water hardness mitigation or treatment evaluation system. Such exemplary techniques can be used to develop a fault indication for an anti-scale apparatus which can be received by a controller, such as the water heater controller, similar to a fault from a UV lamp device. The '120 patent and '898 application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
The addition of UV sanitation and/or water treatment products, such as the OneFlow® products in a domestic hot water system can provide sufficient treatment and pathogen mitigation alone. Because the energy consumption of such systems is relatively small (e.g. the power to run one or more UV lamps, or the power to monitor operation of a water treatment system which is negligible), domestic hot water sanitation can be now accomplished without the higher cost for the additional energy consumption used to raise the temperature of the water for sanitation by elevated water temperature. Exemplary suitable UV sanitation systems have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,738,547 B2, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SANITIZING ASSEMBLY WITH FLOW SWITCH AND KEYED LAMP, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,932,245 B2, UV SANITIZING ASSEMBLIES WITH HIGH DOSE FEATURES AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING THE SAME, both assigned to Watts Water Technologies, Inc. The '547 and '245 patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
More advanced UV sanitation systems offer fault indications, typically via a local component controller which can also be in communication with a building controller, such as, for example, a system programmable logic controller and/or directly in communication with the water heater controller (e.g. a processor or microcomputer based controller). Faults, such as, a UV lamp failure can be displayed or alarmed locally and/or through a building controller system. Unfortunately, it is common for many such domestic hot water systems to continue to provide water to end users, including sinks and showers, sometimes for relatively long periods of time, before a defective UV lamp or other sanitation device is realized to be defective and/or there can be a delay until the failed device is repaired. Failure of timely maintenance and repair of water sanitization components might be caused by a lack of routine system and maintenance checks, a delay in calling for the repair, a lack of spare parts on hand, or carelessness by a building owner. After some period of time without device repair or replacement, the domestic hot water system can become vulnerable to contamination by pathogens, as if the failed remediation equipment had never been installed.
There is a need for a water heating and treatment, system and method which can effectively suppress pathogens, including undesired bacterial content, in a domestic hot water system with some degree of certainly, even where one or more sanitation device has failed or is otherwise inoperative.
It was realized that by incorporating advanced pathogen mitigation devices as part of a water heating system, that an elevated temperature water heater sanitation loop can be programmatically operated on schedule, and/or operated on a fault indication from a sanitation device, such as a UV lamp or anti-scale device communicatively coupled to a controller of the water heater. Where the controller of the water heater has such fault information, the controller can include a process to automatically invoke a backup or failsafe sanitation routine following notification of a fault by one or more of the system sanitation devices.
Scheduled operation of a sanitation loop: On a predetermined schedule, the controller of the water heater can command the water heater (e.g. as by modulating the burner heat output of a gas fired water heater, as controlled by the water heater controller) to an elevated temperature for a desired period of time as a scheduled backup or failsafe sanitation operation.
Operation of a sanitation loop in response to a fault detection: On notification from one or more sanitation devices that the sanitation device has failed (e.g. a failed UV lamp), the controller of the water heater can command the water heater (e.g. as by modulating the burner heat output of a gas fired water heater, as controlled by the water heater controller) to an elevated temperature for a desired period of time. For example, there can be scheduled at a predetermined interval or intervals, 2 minute temperature rises of the hot water in the water heater to above 151° F. The sanitation effectiveness of periods of elevated hot water temperature can be enhanced by a water flow through the water heater, such as a water flow caused by a close-in bypass loop which includes a sanitation pump.
In one exemplary embodiment, the water heater includes a sanitation bypass sanitation loop with a sanitation loop pump. Either on a pre-programmed schedule and/or following notice of a sanitation device failure from the failed device, the water heater controller runs a sanitation process, where the sanitation loop is activated (including activation of the sanitation loop pump) and the temperature of the water in the heater is raised by the water heater to an elevated temperature for an appropriate time, for that elevated temperature, to kill pathogens. For example, using currently best understood sanitation techniques, the water heater can increase the temperature in the water heater to above 151° F. in one or periodic cycles lasting at least two minutes. Such water heater cycles can be performed by any suitable number of times during a day and repeated as for as long as is needed until the fault indication from the sanitation device goes away or is otherwise reset. As described hereinabove, there can also be sanitation cycles run on a predetermined schedule, even in the absence of sanitation device fault indications, as a backup or failsafe mode of operation for a more certain pathogen suppression. An entire sanitation cycle, including heating the water to above 151° F. and at least 2 minutes of relatively high water velocity (high flow rate) through the sanitation loop at the elevated temperature above 151° F.
Some hot water distribution lines may be able to continue to operate normally without any additional manual or automatic operations during the times of elevated hot water temperature. For example, some high temperature water users, such as, for example, some industrial type washers and dishwashers can run normally even with periods of elevated hot water temperatures such as can result from operation of the sanitation loop (where there is no mixing valve in the hot water distribution line). Other hot water distribution systems cannot tolerate an elevated hot water supply at the sanitation temperature, such as, for example, hot water to building sinks and showers. However, water to those “low temperature” hot water distribution lines can be supplied through a mixing system, such as, for example a digital mixing system, where cold water is automatically injected into the distribution line to ensure that the desired hot water temperature, typically about 120° F. is provided, despite any short term operation of a sanitation loop at the water heater causing higher than normal water temperature of the hot water in the water heater as well as the hot water at the water heater outlet line.
There can also be either a single or a multiple mixing station which supplies heated water to one or multiple temperature zones. The single or multiple mixing station is fluidly coupled to the cold water supply line and to a hot water outflow line from the water heater. The single or multiple mixing station supplies heated water to at least a first temperature zone at a first hot water temperature.
One suitable anti-scale system is the OneFlow® anti-scale system available from Watts Water Technologies, Inc. of North Andover, Mass. Water heater 110 can be a part of a water heater device such as, for example, any suitable water heater available from PVi™ of Fort Worth, Tex., or from AERCO International, Inc. of Blauvelt, N.Y.
Water is heated to the desired setpoint and delivered to an integral mixing valve such as a digital mixing station 160. Suitable digital mixing stations include, for example, the IntelliStation™ available from POWERS™ (Watts Water Technologies, Inc.) of North Andover, Mass. Principles of mixing have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,122,284 B2, Electromechanical temperature regulation system for providing tempered mix water, assigned to PVI Industries Inc. (Watts Water Technologies, Inc.). Hot water from water heater 110 is provided to the mixing station 160 via one way valve 161, and hot water lines 191 and 194 to provide the “first temperature” hot water 131 supply. Digital mixing station 160 is used for tempering water to a controlled temperature hot water supply, shown in
Any suitable water heater 110 can be used. It is unimportant whether a source of heat, heats the water in the water heater directly (e.g. some types of electrical heating elements), or if there is a heat exchanger, such as, for example, where a hot combustion gas flows through tubes that run through a water heater to heat the water. It is also unimportant what type of fuel is used. While in commercial water heaters, gas burning burners are common, the same system and processes described by the Application can be implemented with electric, oil, direct, or indirect heat exchangers, including steam or non-potable boiler water heaters.
Exemplary suitable heat exchanger units include a plate and frame heat exchanger heater used with boiler water on one side and domestic hot water heater on the other side. The higher temperature boiler water heats the domestic hot water to the desired hot water temperature. Steam heating can also be used, such as where steam runs through pipe with water flowing around the pipe in a shell. For example, the water heater can include an indirectly fired heat exchanger, such as a plate and frame heat exchanger, a brazed plate heat exchanger, or a shell and tube heat exchanger. Or, the water heater can include an indirectly fired steam heated heat exchanger, such as a brazed plate heat exchanger, or a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Other suitable water heaters include gas fired water heaters, such as those with a modulated burner. Electrical elements, such as, for example, coiled electrical heating elements can also be used to more directly heat the water in an instantaneous type water heater. It is understood that water heaters as described hereinabove typically include any suitable water heater controller (e.g. controller 201,
Controller 201 is typically, but not necessarily, the same as the controller of the water heater 110 via communication line 203. Controller 201 is communicatively coupled to UV water treatment lamp (A) 137 via communication line 205, anti-scale system 141 via communication line 209, and/or UV water treatment lamp (B) 135 via communication line 207. Similarly, controller 201 can be communicatively coupled via communication line 211 to any suitable communication lines to peripherals, such as, for example, one or more displays or indicators (not shown in
Sediment filters 171, 173 can remove undesired particulate matter before it enters the parts of the UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop 100 at either the cold water inlet or the recirculation water inlet. Any suitable sediment filter can be used.
Recirculation water is water that has gone out to a building hot water distribution system, but that was not used at any of the fixtures, or devices and which can be returned via a UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop 100 as “unused” hot water. In the exemplary system of
Chemical injection ports 181, 183 (e.g. for chlorine dioxide) can be optionally used to further treat the outgoing hot water from the water heater. Chemicals such as chlorine dioxide are preferably introduced downstream of the heat exchanger so that they do not deteriorate the heat exchanger structure.
Sanitation loop—When enabled, the UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop 100 resets the setpoint temperature of the water heater from a normal operational setting (e.g. typically about 120° F. to 140° F.), up to about 160° F. As part of the sanitation or sanitation loop 101, circulating pump 151 pumps water from the supply connection 191 through pipe 192 to the cold inlet connection 193 and continues until the water within water heater 110 temperature exceeds above 151° F. (66° C.) and holds for at least 2 minutes, per the water treatment recommendations of
Suitable water flow rates for the sanitation loop range as caused by the sanitation pump in the sanitation bypass loop are generally at least about the GPM flow rate of the water heater in normal operation, or higher. Note that a sanitation loop is distinct from bypass loops of the prior art which are used for temperature regulation and other applications, such as continuous water circulation or condensation reduction in the water heater. Such bypass loops use relatively small diameter pipes, and much lower flow rates, not suitable for the new sanitation loop described hereinabove.
A water heater includes a sanitation loop as described hereinabove using a 2″ pipe diameter and a ⅓ hp pump to achieve a sanitation loop flow rate of about 80 GPM. Typically, the pump and sanitation loop pipe should be large enough to support a flow greater than the normal flow of heated water from the water heater (i.e. as related to the heat capacity of the water heater).
When complete, the setpoint can be returned to the pre-sanitation loop normal operating temperature and the heated water will be delivered to the mixing valve 160, and where used, to the high temperature system water 133 supply. Optionally, a blow down valve 121 may be opened, during both automatic and manual sanitation loop operation, to connect water heater 110 to drain and rapidly return the heater supply to normal operational temperature settings. The sanitation loop function can be scheduled for periodic operation (e.g. at regular or irregular time intervals) and/or manually operated based on a maintenance alarm, such as, for example, a fault indication from a water quality or water treatment device, such as a UV lamp fault or an anti-scale fault indication.
Automatic Blowdown Sequence of Operation—In some embodiments, an auto-blowdown feature can automatically drain any sediment that may have settled to the bottom of the heater 110 by operation of the blow down valve 121. Once complete the blow down valve can be closed and the unit placed back into its standard sequence of operation. An automatic blowdown sequence can be programmed to be performed on a regular or irregular schedule and/or on a more frequent operating schedule, such as, for example, in response to a fault condition, such as, for example, a fault indication from the anti-scale system. Such anti-scale system fault indications are being developed for commercialization, such as, for example, the QCM system described in the '898 application reference to hereinabove.
Over Temperature Protection—Over Temperature Protection is useful for typical operation, such as, where the high and tempered return lines are combined and connected to the systems recirculation line.
Anti-Scald System—An optional anti-scald system can be used to offer scald protection for building occupants where the recirculation temperature exceeds the tempered water system temperature setpoint. In the exemplary system of
By partially opening the three-way return water diverter valve 501 (e.g. a modulating 3-way valve), to divert some returning water to the drain line 503 or diverted water line 504, an artificial demand can be placed on the system. Cold water can also be drawn into the digital mixing station 160 for mixing down to the tempered supply temperature.
Shock Treatment Options—Shock treatment options include temperature shock and chemical shock. Shock treatment options are useful for when installing in a retrofit application, or when an infection event has occurred. These are temporary unscheduled actions that are typically entered manually. Temperature Shock—To cause a temperature shock, the digital mixing station 160 can be placed into a sanitation mode where the delivery temperature is increased to temperatures known to reduce bacterial populations in the system piping. Chemical Shock—To cause a chemical shock, one or more of the chemical injection ports can be used to introduce very high doses of water treatment chemicals for a system flush or infection event.
Shock Protection—In the case of either a thermal shock treatment or a chemical shock treatment of a building piping system, substantially all of the water returning to the water heater and treatment device can be drained to protect components from exposure to high concentrations of chemical treatment and to allow the piping system to rapidly return to safe temperature below scalding levels. By fully opening the three-way return water diverter valve 501 during a shock protection event, substantially all of the retuning water can be diverted to drain 505.
Diverted water—In some installations such as exemplary water heating and treatment system with UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment sanitation for suppression of pathogens and undesired bacterial content in domestic hot water systems as described hereinabove, diverted water is diverted to a drain, via a drain line. However, in other installations, there can be another use of diverted warm or hot water, as designated by site personnel for the diverted hot or warm water (as opposed to the diverted water being sent directly to a drain via a drain line). In such alternate use cases, the diverted water can be alternatively piped to the other application to be used before later being drained after the alternate use, or to an end use which otherwise consumes and/or evaporates the diverted water. Where a diverted water line is used to pipe diverted water to another alternate use, the diverted water line takes the place of the drain line in the exemplary systems shown in the drawings.
Generally, the addition of a proportional three-way return water diverter valve provides more flexibility and options on how to use the re-circulated water. Typically, in a normal operation of the system, substantially all of the recirculated water is returned to the mixing station, such as in the exemplary system of
Controller—the water heater can include any suitable controller, typically a processor based controller. The processes described hereinabove can be performed by the water heater controller or another controller operatively coupled to the water heater controller. The controller can be based on any suitable embedded processor or embedded computer. The water heater control can monitor and report the status and faults of the UV fluency and Mixing Valve, as well as perform standard water heater operational functions. Similarly, the mixing station can include its own controller operatively coupled to the controller which is carrying out any of the processes described hereinabove.
The UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop of
Applications of the UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop of
Instantaneous water heaters have relatively small volumes of heated water, and hot water tanks are no longer used or at least are less common in modern water heating applications and installations. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the same techniques of a UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop as described by the Application, can be applied to hot water tanks of a hot water system. While present trends are towards water heaters that heat water on demand (e.g. instantaneous water heaters as used in the exemplary systems described hereinabove), those skilled in the art will also recognize that the same techniques of a UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop as described by the Application can also be applied to tank type water heaters.
Suitable wired communications include direct wired contact controls and/or analog voltages or currents including current loop standards, serial standards, such as RS-485, ethernet connections, etc. Suitable wireless connections include, for example, Bluetooth™, WIFI, Internet, etc.
Software or firmware of processors, controllers, and computers that can be used to implement a water heater, a digital mixing station, a UV lamp and an anti-scale water treatment water heater apparatus with sanitation loop of
It will be appreciated that variants of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16196538 | Nov 2018 | US |
| Child | 16595781 | US |
