Patent Application
20230235238
Synthesis gas, also known as syngas, generally is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be used to produce a wide range of chemicals, such as ammonia, methanol, and synthetic hydrocarbons. Syngas can be produced from many sources, including natural gas, coal, and biomass, by reaction with steam (steam reforming), carbon dioxide (dry reforming), or oxygen (partial oxidation). Currently fossil fuels are the predominant feedstock for syngas production. However, fossil fuel usage is increasingly disfavored as industries strive to develop greener alternatives. Moreover, fossil fuel feedstocks can produce raw syngas comprising high levels of sulfur, mercury, and/or other materials that collect in slag.
Waste materials, especially non-biodegradable waste materials, can negatively impact the environment when disposed of in landfills after a single use. Thus, from an environmental standpoint, it is desirable to recycle as much waste materials as possible. However, there still exists streams of low value waste, which include vitrification materials, that are not possible or economically unfeasible to recycle with conventional recycling technologies. In addition, some conventional recycling processes produce waste streams that are themselves not economically feasible to recover or recycle, resulting in additional waste streams that must be disposed of or otherwise handled.
Thus, a need exists for alternative feedstocks from which syngas can be produced. It would also be beneficial for such alternative feedstocks to include recycled materials, especially low-value waste having relative high vitrification materials contents, thereby reducing the need to landfill such materials, while simultaneously generating raw syngas.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: feeding a waste plastic feedstock into a partial oxidation gasifier, the waste plastic feedstock including waste plastic and one or more vitrification materials directly derived from the waste plastic; and partially oxidizing the waste plastic within the partial oxidation gasifier to produce said synthesis gas.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: feeding a waste plastic feedstock into an entrained flow partial oxidation gasifier, the feedstock including at least 1% by weight of one or more vitrification materials based on the weight of the feedstock; and partially oxidizing the waste plastic within the entrained flow partial oxidation gasifier to produce the synthesis gas.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: feeding one or more vitrification materials separated from a mixed plastic waste into a partial oxidation gasifier; and producing the synthesis gas within said partial oxidation gasifier.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: feeding a feedstock including one or more fossil fuels, one or more plastic materials, and one or more vitrification materials other than vitrification materials contained in the fossil fuel to a partial oxidation gasifier; and producing the synthesis gas within the partial oxidation gasifier.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: separating a mixed plastic waste into a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-enriched plastic stream and a polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream; feeding at least a portion of the polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream and one or more vitrification materials to a partial oxidation gasifier; and partially oxidizing at least a portion of one or more polyolefins contained within the polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream within the partial oxidation gasifier to produce the synthesis gas.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: separating a waste plastic to produce a vitrification materials stream including one or more vitrification materials and between four and fifty percent (4-50%) by weight of one or more plastic materials; and feeding a feedstock to a partial oxidation gasifier along with at least a portion of the vitrification materials stream; and partially oxidizing at least a portion of the feedstock within the partial oxidation gasifier to produce the synthesis gas.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: feeding a feedstock to a partial oxidation gasifier of a partial oxidation gasification facility, the feedstock including a waste plastic and a vitrification material stream enriched in one or more vitrification materials obtained from a chemical recycling facility other than the partial oxidation gasification facility; partially oxidizing at least a portion of the waste plastic within the partial oxidation gasifier to produce the synthesis gas; and forming within the partial oxidation gasifier a slag comprising at least a portion of the one or more vitrification materials.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a partial oxidation gasifier feed composition that includes a waste plastic obtained from a mixed plastic waste and one or more solid vitrification materials, at least a portion of the one or more solid vitrification materials being directly derived from the mixed plastic waste.
In one aspect, the present technology concerns a method of producing synthesis gas that includes: separating a mixed plastic waste into a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-enriched plastic stream, a polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream, and a vitrification material stream enriched in one or more vitrification materials; feeding at least a portion of the polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream and the vitrification material stream separately or combined to one or more gasifiers; and partially oxidizing at least a portion of one or more polyolefins contained within the polyolefin-enriched PET-depleted plastic stream within the one or more gasifiers to produce the synthesis gas.
Methods of producing synthesis gas from waste streams comprising plastic and/or vitrification materials are described herein. In one or more aspects, the methods advantageously make use of waste streams and vitrification materials that would otherwise be landfilled to produce synthesis gas.
When a numerical sequence is indicated, it is to be understood that each number is modified the same as the first number or last number in the numerical sequence or in the sentence, e.g., each number is “at least,” or “up to” or “not more than” as the case may be; and each number is in an “or” relationship. For example, “at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 wt. % . . . ” means the same as “at least 10 wt. %, or at least 20 wt. %, or at least 30 wt. %, or at least 40 wt. %, or at least 50 wt. %, or at least 75 wt. %,” etc.; and “not more than 90 wt. %, 85, 70, 60 . . . ” means the same as “not more than 90 wt. %, or not more than 85 wt. %, or not more than 70 wt. % . . . ” etc.; and “at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight . . . ” means the same as “at least 1 wt. %, or at least 2 wt. %, or at least 3 wt. % . . . ” etc.; and “at least 5, 10, 15, 20 and/or not more than 99, 95, 90 weight percent” means the same as “at least 5 wt. %, or at least 10 wt. %, or at least 15 wt. % or at least 20 wt. % and/or not more than 99 wt. %, or not more than 95 wt. %, or not more than 90 weight percent . . . ” etc.
All concentrations or amounts are by weight unless otherwise stated.
Turning now to
As shown in
As used herein, the term “chemical recycling” refers to a waste plastic recycling process that includes a step of chemically converting waste plastic polymers into lower molecular weight polymers, oligomers, monomers, and/or non-polymeric molecules (e.g., hydrogen and carbon monoxide) that are useful by themselves and/or are useful as feedstocks to another chemical production process or processes. A “chemical recycling facility,” is a facility for producing a recycle content product via chemical recycling of waste plastic. As used herein, the terms “recycle content” and “r-content” mean being or comprising a composition that is directly and/or indirectly derived from waste plastic.
As used herein, the term “directly derived” ‘means having at least one physical component originating from waste plastic, while “indirectly derived” means having an assigned recycle content that i) is attributable to waste plastic, but ii) that is not based on having a physical component originating from waste plastic.
Chemical recycling facilities are not mechanical recycling facilities. As used herein, the terms “mechanical recycling” and “physical recycling” refer to a recycling process that includes a step of melting waste plastic and forming the molten plastic into a new intermediate product (e.g., pellets or sheets) and/or a new end product (e.g., bottles). Generally, mechanical recycling does not substantially change the chemical structure of the plastic being recycled. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the chemical recycling facilities described herein may be configured to receive and process waste streams from and/or that are not typically processable by a mechanical recycling facility.
Although described herein as being part of a single chemical recycling facility, it should be understood that one or more of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the partial oxidation (POX) gasification facility 50, and the energy recovery facility 80, or any of the other facility 90 such as solidification or separation, may be located in a different geographical location and/or be operated by a different commercial entity. Each of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the partial oxidation (POX) gasification facility 50, the energy recovery facility 80, or any other facility 90 may be operated by the same entity, while, in other cases, one or more of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the partial oxidation (POX) gasification facility 50, a solidification facility, the energy recovery facility 80, and one or more other facility 90 such as separation or solidification, may be operated by a different commercial entity.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility 10 may be a commercial-scale facility capable of processing significant volumes of mixed plastic waste. As used herein, the term “commercial scale facility” refers to a facility having an average annual feed rate of at least 500 pounds per hour, averaged over one year. The average feed rate to the chemical recycling facility (or to any one of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the POX gasification facility 50, the energy recovery facility 80, and any other facility 90) can be at least 750, at least 1,000, at least 1,500, at least 2,000, at least 2,500, at least 3,000, at least 3,500, at least 4,000, at least 4,500, at least 5,000, at least 5,500, at least 6,000, at least 6,500, at least 7,500, at least 10,000, at least 12,500, at least 15,000, at least 17,500, at least 20,000, at least 22,500, at least 25,000, at least 27,500, at least 30,000 or at least 32,500 pounds per hour and/or not more than 1,000,000, not more than 750,000, not more than 500,000, not more than 450,000, not more than 400,000, not more than 350,000, not more than 300,000, not more than 250,000, not more than 200,000, not more than 150,000, not more than 100,000, not more than 75,000, not more than 50,000, or not more than 40,000 pounds per hour. When a facility includes two or more feed streams, the average annual feed rate is determined based on the combined weight of the feed streams.
Additionally, it should be understood that each of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the POX gasification facility 50, the energy recovery facility 80, and any other facility 90 may include multiple units operating in series or parallel. For example, the pyrolysis facility 60 may include multiple pyrolysis reactors/units operating in parallel and each receiving a feed comprising waste plastic. When a facility is made up of multiple individual units, the average annual feed rate to the facility is calculated as the sum of the average annual feed rates to all of the common types of units within that facility.
Additionally, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility 10 (or any one of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the POX gasification facility 50, the energy recovery facility 80, and any other facility 90) may be operated in a continuous manner. Additionally, or in the alternative, at least a portion of the chemical recycling facility 10 (or any of the preprocessing facility 20, the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the POX gasification facility 50, the energy recovery facility 80, and any other facility 90) may be operated in a batch or semi-batch manner. In some cases, the facility may include a plurality of tanks between portions of a single facility or between two or more different facilities to manage inventory and ensure consistent flow rates into each facility or portion thereof.
In addition, two or more of the facilities shown in
Regarding (i), examples of suitable utility services include, but are not limited to, steam systems (co-generation and distribution systems), cooling water systems, heat transfer fluid systems, plant or instrument air systems, nitrogen systems, hydrogen systems, non-residential electrical generation and distribution, including distribution above 8000V, non-residential wastewater/sewer systems, storage facilities, transport lines, flare systems, and combinations thereof.
Regarding (ii), examples of service groups and facilities include, but are not limited to, emergency services personnel (fire and/or medical), a third-party vendor, a state or local government oversight group, and combinations thereof. Government oversight groups can include, for example, regulatory or environmental agencies, as well as municipal and taxation agencies at the city, county, and state level.
Regarding (iii), the boundary may be, for example, a fence line, a property line, a gate, or common boundaries with at least one boundary of a third-party owned land or facility.
Regarding (iv), the conduit may be a fluid conduit that carries a gas, a liquid, a solid/liquid mixture (e.g., slurry), a solid/gas mixture (e.g., pneumatic conveyance), a solid/liquid/gas mixture, or a solid (e.g., belt conveyance). In some cases, two units may share one or more conduits selected from the above list. Fluid conduits may be used to transport process streams or utilities between the two units. For example, an outlet of one facility (e.g., the solvolysis facility 30) may be fluidly connected via a conduit with an inlet of another facility (e.g., the POX gasification facility 50). In some cases, an interim storage system for the materials being transported within the conduit between the outlet of one facility and the inlet of another facility may be provided. The interim storage system may comprise, for example, one or more tanks, vessels (open or closed), buildings, or containers that are configured to store the material carried by the conduit. In some cases, the interim storage between the outlet of one facility and the inlet of another can be not more than 90, not more than 75, not more than 60, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2 days or not more than 1 day.
Turning again to
As used herein, the terms “mixed plastic waste” and “MPW” refer to a mixture of at least two types of waste plastics including, but not limited to the following plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one or more polyolefins (PO), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, MPW includes at least two distinct types of plastic, with each type of plastic being present in an amount of at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the MPW.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, MPW comprises at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent PET and/or at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 weight percent PO, based on the total weight of plastic in the MPW. In one embodiment or more embodiments, MPW may also include minor amounts of one or more types of plastic components other than PET and PO (and optionally PVC) that total less than 50, less than 45, less than 40, less than 35, less than 30, less than 25, less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, or less than 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the MPW.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the MPW comprises at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent PET, based on the total weight of the stream. Alternatively, or in addition, the MPW comprises not more than 99.9, not more than 99, not more than 97, not more than 92, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 5 weight percent PET, based on the total weight of the stream.
The MPW stream can include non-PET components in an amount of at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 and/or not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 7 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. Non-PET components can be present in an amount between 0.1 and 50 weight percent, 1 and 20 weight percent, or 2 and 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. Examples of such non-PET components can include, but are not limited to, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, inerts (such as rocks, glass, sand, etc.), plastic inerts (such as titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, etc.), olefins, adhesives, compatibilizers, biosludge, cellulosic materials (such as cardboard, paper, etc.), and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, all or a portion of the MPW can originate from a municipal source or comprise municipal waste. The municipal waste portion of the MPW can include, for example, PET in an amount of from 45 to 95 weight percent, 50 to 90 weight percent, or 55 to 85 weight percent, based on the total weight of the municipal waste stream (or portion of the stream).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, all or a portion of the MPW can originate from a municipal recycling facility (MRF) and may include, for example, PET in an amount of from 65 to 99.9 weight percent, 70 to 99 weight percent, or 80 to 97 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. The non-PET components in such streams may include, for example, other plastics in an amount of at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 weight percent and/or not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream, or such may be present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 22 weight percent, 2 to 15 weight percent, or 5 to 12 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the non-PET components can include other plastics in an amount in the range of from 2 to 35 weight percent, 5 to 30 weight percent, or 10 to 25 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream, particularly when, for example, the MPW includes colored sorted plastics.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, all or a portion of the MPW can originate from a reclaimer facility and may include, for example, PET in an amount of from 85 to 99.9 weight percent, 90 to 99.9 weight percent, or 95 to 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. The non-PET components in such streams may include, for example, other plastics in an amount of at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 7, or at least 10 weight percent and/or not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream, or such may be present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 22 weight percent, 2 to 15 weight percent, or 5 to 12 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
As used herein, the term “plastic” may include any organic synthetic polymers that are solid at 25° C. and 1 atmosphere of pressure. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the polymers may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 75, or at least 100, or at least 125, or at least 150, or at least 300, or at least 500, or at least 1000, or at least 5,000, or at least 10,000, or at least 20,000, or at least 30,000, or at least 50,000 or at least 70,000 or at least 90,000 or at least 100,000 or at least 130,000 Daltons. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymers can be at least 300, or at least 500, or at least 1000, or at least 5,000, or at least 10,000, or at least 20,000, or at least 30,000 or at least 50,000, or at least 70,000, or at least 90,000, or at least 100,000, or at least 130,000, or at least 150,000, or at least 300,000 Daltons.
Examples of suitable plastics can include, but are not limited to, aromatic and aliphatic polyesters, polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylobutadienestyrene (ABS), cellulosics, epoxides, polyamides, phenolic resins, polyacetal, polycarbonates, polyphenylene-based alloys, poly(methyl methacrylate), styrene-containing polymers, polyurethane, vinyl-based polymers, styrene acrylonitrile, thermoplastic elastomers other than tires, and urea containing polymers and melamines.
Examples of polyesters can include those having repeating aromatic or cyclic units such as those containing a repeating terephthalate, isophthalate, or naphthalate units such as PET, modified PET, and PEN, or those containing repeating furanate repeating units. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is also an example of a suitable polyester. As used herein, “PET” or “polyethylene terephthalate” refers to a homopolymer of polyethylene terephthalate, or to a polyethylene terephthalate modified with one or more acid and/or glycol modifiers and/or containing residues or moieties of other than ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, such as isophthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, diethylene glycol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD), cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), propylene glycol, isosorbide, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propane diol, and/or neopentyl glycol (NPG).
Also included within the definition of the terms “PET” and “polyethylene terephthalate” are polyesters having repeating terephthalate units (whether or not they contain repeating ethylene glycol-based units) and one or more residues or moieties of a glycol including, for example, TMCD, CHDM, propylene glycol, or NPG, isosorbide, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propane diol, and/or diethylene glycol, or combinations thereof. Examples of polymers with repeat terephthalate units can include, but are not limited to, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and copolyesters thereof. Examples of aliphatic polyesters can include, but are not limited to, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactones, and polyethylene adipates. The polymer may comprise mixed aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters including, for example, mixed terephthalates/adipates.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may comprise at least one type of plastic that has repeat terephthalate units with such a plastic being present in an amount of at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 and/or not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be present in the range of from 1 to 45 weight percent, 2 to 40 weight percent, or 5 to 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. Similar amounts of copolyesters having multiple cyclohexane dimethanol moieties, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol moieties, or combinations thereof may also be present.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may comprise at least one type of plastic that has repeat terephthalate units with such a plastic being present in an amount of at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, or at least 90 and/or not more than 99.9, not more than 99, not more than 97, not more than 95, not more than 90, or not more than 85 weigh percent, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be present in the range of from 30 to 99.9 weight percent, 50 to 99.9 weight percent, or 75 to 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment of in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may comprise terephthalate repeat units in an amount of at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, or at least 45 and/or not more than 75, not more than 72, not more than 70, not more than 60, or not more than 65 weight percent, based on the total weight of the plastic in the waste plastic stream, or it may include terephthalate repeat units in an amount in the range of from 1 to 75 weight percent, 5 to 70 weight percent, or 25 to 75 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
Examples of specific polyolefins may include low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), atactic polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, crosslinked polyethylene, amorphous polyolefins, and the copolymers of any one of the aforementioned polyolefins. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may include polymers including linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polymethylpentene, polybutene-1, and copolymers thereof. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may comprise flashspun high density polyethylene.
The waste plastic may include thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic can include at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 and/or not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2 weight percent of one or more thermosetting polymers, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be present in an amount of 0.1 to 45 weight percent, 1 to 40 weight percent, 2 to 35 weight percent, or 2 to 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
Alternatively, or in addition, the waste plastic may include at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 and/or not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2 weight percent of cellulose materials, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 45 weight percent, 1 to 40 weight percent, or 2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. Examples of cellulose materials may include cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, as well as regenerated cellulose such as viscose. Additionally, the cellulose materials can include cellulose derivatives having an acyl degree of substitution of less than 3, not more than 2.9, not more than 2.8, not more than 2.7, or not more than 2.6 and/or at least 1.7, at least 1.8, or at least 1.9, or from 1.8 to 2.8, or 1.7 to 2.9, or 1.9 to 2.9.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may comprise STYROFOAM or expanded polystyrene.
The waste plastic may originate from one or more of several sources. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may originate from plastic bottles, diapers, eyeglass frames, films, packaging materials, carpet (residential, commercial, and/or automotive), textiles (clothing and other fabrics) and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) fed to the chemical recycling facility may include one or more plastics having or obtained from plastics having a resin ID code numbered 1-7 with the chasing arrow triangle established by the SPI. The waste plastic may include one or more plastics that are not generally mechanically recycled. Such plastics can include, but are not limited to, plastics with the resin ID code 3 (polyvinyl chloride), resin ID code 5 (polypropylene), resin ID code 6 (polystyrene), and/or resin ID code 7 (other). In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, plastics having at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 of the resin ID codes 3-7 or 3, 5, 6, 7, or a combination thereof may be present in the waste plastic in an amount of at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least 40 and/or not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, or not more than 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of all plastics, or it could be in an amount of 0.1 to 90 weight percent, 1 to 75 weight percent, or 2 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastics.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 and/or not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 5 weight percent of the total plastic components in the waste plastic fed to the chemical recycling facility may comprise plastics not having a resin ID code 3, 5, 6, and/or 7 (e.g., where a plastic is not classified). At least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 and/or not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 5 weight percent of the total plastic components in the waste plastic fed to the chemical recycling facility 10 may comprise plastics not having a resin ID code 4-7, or it can be in the range of 0.1 to 60 weight percent, 1 to 55 weight percent, or 2 to 45 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic components.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) fed to the chemical recycling facility may comprise plastic that is not classified as resin ID codes 3-7 or ID codes 3, 5, 6, or 7. The total amount of plastic not classified as resin ID code 3-7 or ID codes 3, 5, 6, or 7 plastics in the waste plastic can be at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, or not more than 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the waste plastic stream, or it can be in the range of from 0.1 to 95 weight percent, 0.5 to 90 weight percent, or 1 to 80 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the waste plastic stream.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises plastics having or obtained from plastics having at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four different kinds of resin ID codes.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises multi-component polymers. As used herein, the term “multi-component polymers” refers to articles and/or particulates comprising at least one synthetic or natural polymer combined with, attached to, or otherwise physically and/or chemically associated with at least one other polymer and/or non-polymer solid. The polymer can be a synthetic polymer or plastic, such as PET, olefins, and/or nylons. The non-polymer solid can be a metal, such as aluminum, or other non-plastic solids as described herein. The multi-component polymers can include metalized plastics.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises multi-component plastics in the form of multi-layer polymers. As used herein, the term “multi-layer polymers” refers to multi-component polymers comprising PET and at least one other polymer and/or non-polymer solid physically and/or chemically associated together in two or more physically distinct layers. A polymer or plastic is considered a multi-layered polymer even though a transition zone may exist between two layers, such as may be present in adhesively adhered layers or co-extruded layers. An adhesive between two layers is not deemed to be a layer. The multi-layer polymers may comprise a layer comprising PET and a one or more additional layers at least one of which is a synthetic or natural polymer that is different from PET, or a polymer which has no ethylene terephthalate repeating units, or a polymer which has no alkylene terephthalate repeating units (a “non-PET polymer layer”), or other non-polymer solid.
Examples of non-PET polymer layers include nylons, polylactic acid, polyolefins, polycarbonates, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol, and/or other plastics or plastic films associated with PET-containing articles and/or particulates, and natural polymers such as whey proteins. The multi-layer polymers may include metal layers, such as aluminum, provided that at least one additional polymer layer is present other than the PET layer. The layers may be adhered with adhesive bonding or other means, physically adjacent (i.e., articles pressed against the film), tackified (i.e., the plastics heated and stuck together), co-extruded plastic films, or otherwise attached to the PET-containing articles. The multi-layer polymers may comprise PET films associated with articles containing other plastics in the same or similar manner. The MPW may comprise multi-component polymers in the form of PET and at least one other plastic, such as polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene) and/or other synthetic or natural polymers, combined in a single physical phase. For example, the MPW comprises a heterogenous mixture comprising a compatibilizer, PET, and at least one other synthetic or natural polymer plastic (e.g., non-PET plastic) combined in a single physical phase. As used herein, the term “compatibilizer” refers to an agent capable of combining at least two otherwise immiscible polymers together in a physical mixture (i.e., blend).
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, or not more than 0.1 weight percent nylons, on a dry plastic basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises from 0.01 to 20, from 0.05 to 10, from 0.1 to 5, or from 1 to 2 weight percent nylons, on a dry plastic basis.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises not more than 40, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent multi-component plastics, on a dry plastic basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises from 0.1 to 40, from 1 to 20, or from 2 to 10 weight percent multi-component plastics, on a dry plastic basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises not more than 40, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent multi-layer plastics, on a dry plastic basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW comprises from 0.1 to 40, from 1 to 20, or from 2 to 10 weight percent multi-layer plastics, on a dry plastic basis.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW feedstock to the chemical recycling facility 10 in stream 100 comprises not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 12, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of biowaste materials, with the total weight of the MPW feedstock taken as 100 weight percent on a dry basis. The MPW feedstock comprises from 0.01 to 20, from 0.1 to 10, from 0.2 to 5, or from 0.5 to 1 weight percent of biowaste materials, with the total weight of the MPW feedstock taken as 100 weight percent on a dry basis. As used herein, the term “biowaste” refers to material derived from living organisms or of organic origin. Exemplary biowaste materials include, but are not limited to, cotton, wood, saw dust, food scraps, animals and animal parts, plants and plant parts, and manure.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW feedstock comprises not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 12, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of manufactured cellulose products, with the total weight of the MPW feedstock taken as 100 weight percent on a dry basis. The MPW feedstock comprises from 0.01 to 20, from 0.1 to 10, from 0.2 to 5, or from 0.5 to 1 weight percent of manufactured cellulose products, with the total weight of the MPW feedstock taken as 100 weight percent on a dry basis. As used herein, the term “manufactured cellulose products” refers to nonnatural (i.e., manmade or machine-made) articles, and scraps thereof, comprising cellulosic fibers. Exemplary manufactured cellulose products include, but are not limited to, paper and cardboard.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) fed to the chemical recycling facility can include at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.05, at least 0.1, or at least 0.25 weight percent and/or not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.75, or not more than 0.5 weight percent of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based on the total weight of plastics in the waste plastic feed.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) fed to the chemical recycling facility can include at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 2, at least 4, or at least 6 weight percent and/or not more than 25, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2.5 weight percent of non-plastic solids. Non-plastic solids may include inert filler materials (e.g., calcium carbonate, hydrous aluminum silicate, alumina trihydrate, calcium sulfate), rocks, glass, and/or additives (e.g., thixotropes, pigments and colorants, fire retardants, suppressants, UV inhibitors & stabilizers, conductive metal or carbon, release agents such as zinc stearate, waxes, and silicones).
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW may comprise at least 0.01, at least 0.1, at least 0.5, or at least 1 and/or not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 25, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2.5 weight percent of liquids, based on the total weight of the MPW stream or composition. The amount of liquids in the MPW can be in the range of from 0.01 to 25 weight percent, from 0.5 to 10 weight percent, or 1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the MPW stream 100.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the MPW may comprise at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, or at least 55 and/or not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, or not more than 35 weight percent of liquids, based on the total weight of the waste plastic. The liquids in the waste plastic can be in the range of from 35 to 65 weight percent, 40 to 60 weight percent, or 45 to 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the waste plastic.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the amount of textiles (including textile fibers) in the MPW stream in line 100 can be at least 0.1 weight percent, or at least 0.5 weight percent, or at least 1 weight percent, or at least 2 weight percent, or at least 5 weight percent, or at least 8 weight percent, or at least 10 weight percent, or at least 15 weight percent, or at least 20 weight percent material obtained from textiles or textile fibers, based on the weight of the MPW. The amount of textiles (including textile fibers) in the MPW in stream 100 is not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.1, not more than 0.05, not more than 0.01, or not more than 0.001 weight percent, based on the weight of the MPW stream 100. The amount of textiles in the MPW stream 100 can be in the range of from 0.1 to 50 weight percent, 5 to 40 weight percent, or 10 to 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the MPW stream 100.
The MPW introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10 may contain recycle textiles. Textiles may contain natural and/or synthetic fibers, rovings, yarns, nonwoven webs, cloth, fabrics and products made from or containing any of the aforementioned items. Textiles can be woven, knitted, knotted, stitched, tufted, may include pressed fibers such as in felting, embroidered, laced, crocheted, braided, or may include nonwoven webs and materials. Textiles can include fabrics, and fibers separated from a textile or other product containing fibers, scrap or off-spec fibers or yarns or fabrics, or any other source of loose fibers and yarns. A textile can also include staple fibers, continuous fibers, threads, tow bands, twisted and/or spun yarns, gray fabrics made from yarns, finished fabrics produced by wet processing gray fabrics, and garments made from the finished fabrics or any other fabrics. Textiles include apparels, interior furnishings, and industrial types of textiles. Textiles can include post-industrial textiles (pre-consumer) or post-consumer textiles or both.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, textiles can include apparel, which can generally be defined as things humans wear or made for the body. Such textiles can include sports coats, suits, trousers and casual or work pants, shirts, socks, sportswear, dresses, intimate apparel, outerwear such as rain jackets, cold temperature jackets and coats, sweaters, protective clothing, uniforms, and accessories such as scarves, hats, and gloves. Examples of textiles in the interior furnishing category include furniture upholstery and slipcovers, carpets and rugs, curtains, bedding such as sheets, pillow covers, duvets, comforters, mattress covers; linens, tablecloths, towels, washcloths, and blankets. Examples of industrial textiles include transportation (auto, airplane, train, bus) seats, floor mats, trunk liners, and headliners; outdoor furniture and cushions, tents, backpacks, luggage, ropes, conveyor belts, calendar roll felts, polishing cloths, rags, soil erosion fabrics and geotextiles, agricultural mats and screens, personal protective equipment, bullet proof vests, medical bandages, sutures, tapes, and the like.
The nonwoven webs that are classified as textiles do not include the category of wet laid nonwoven webs and articles made therefrom. While a variety of articles having the same function can be made from a dry or wet laid process, an article made from a dry laid nonwoven web is classified as a textile. Examples of suitable articles that may be formed from dry laid nonwoven webs as described herein can include those for personal, consumer, industrial, food service, medical, and other end uses. Specific examples can include, but are not limited to, baby wipes, flushable wipes, disposable diapers, training pants, feminine hygiene products such as sanitary napkins and tampons, adult incontinence pads, underwear, or briefs, and pet training pads. Other examples include a variety of different dry or wet wipes, including those for consumer (such as personal care or household) and industrial (such as food service, health care, or specialty) use. Nonwoven webs can also be used as padding for pillows, mattresses, and upholstery, and batting for quilts and comforters. In the medical and industrial fields, nonwoven webs of the present invention may be used for consumer, medical, and industrial face masks, protective clothing, caps, and shoe covers, disposable sheets, surgical gowns, drapes, bandages, and medical dressings.
Additionally, nonwoven webs as described herein may be used for environmental fabrics such as geotextiles and tarps, oil and chemical absorbent pads, as well as building materials such as acoustic or thermal insulation, tents, lumber and soil covers and sheeting. Nonwoven webs may also be used for other consumer end use applications, such as for, carpet backing, packaging for consumer, industrial, and agricultural goods, thermal or acoustic insulation, and in various types of apparel.
The dry laid nonwoven webs as described herein may also be used for a variety of filtration applications, including transportation (e.g., automotive or aeronautical), commercial, residential, industrial, or other specialty applications. Examples can include filter elements for consumer or industrial air or liquid filters (e.g., gasoline, oil, water), including nanofiber webs used for microfiltration, as well as end uses like tea bags, coffee filters, and dryer sheets. Further, nonwoven webs as described herein may be used to form a variety of components for use in automobiles, including, but not limited to, brake pads, trunk liners, carpet tufting, and under padding.
The textiles can include single type or multiple type of natural fibers and/or single type or multiple type of synthetic fibers. Examples of textile fiber combinations include all natural, all synthetic, two or more type of natural fibers, two or more types of synthetic fibers, one type of natural fiber and one type of synthetic fiber, one type of natural fibers and two or more types of synthetic fibers, two or more types of natural fibers and one type of synthetic fibers, and two or more types of natural fibers and two or more types of synthetic fibers.
Natural fibers include those that are plant derived or animal derived. Natural fibers can be cellulosics, hemicellulosics, and lignins. Examples of plant derived natural fibers include hardwood pulp, softwood pulp, and wood flour; and other plant fibers including those in wheat straw, rice straw, abaca, coir, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, bagasse, kapok, papyrus, ramie, rattan, vine, kenaf, abaca, henequen, sisal, soy, cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, bagasse, Sabai grass, milkweed floss fibers, pineapple leaf fibers, switch grass, lignin-containing plants, and the like. Examples of animal derived fibers include wool, silk, mohair, cashmere, goat hair, horsehair, avian fibers, camel hair, angora wool, and alpaca wool.
Synthetic fibers are those fibers that are, at least in part, synthesized or derivatized through chemical reactions, or regenerated, and include, but are not limited to, rayon, viscose, mercerized fibers or other types of regenerated cellulose (conversion of natural cellulose to a soluble cellulosic derivative and subsequent regeneration) such as lyocell (also known as TENCEL™), Cupro, Modal, acetates such as polyvinyl acetate, polyamides including nylon, polyesters such as PET, olefinic polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene, polycarbonates, poly sulfates, poly sulfones, polyethers such as polyether-urea known as Spandex or elastane, polyacrylates, acrylonitrile copolymers, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, sulfopolyester fibers, and combinations thereof.
Prior to entering the chemical recycling facility, the textiles can be size reduced via chopping, shredding, harrowing, confrication, pulverizing, or cutting to make size reduced textiles. The textiles can also be densified (e.g., pelletized) prior to entering the chemical recycling facility. Examples of processes that densify include extrusion (e.g., into pellets), molding (e.g., into briquettes), and agglomerating (e.g., through externally applied heat, heat generated by frictional forces, or by adding one or more adherents, which can be non-virgin polymers themselves). Alternatively, or in addition, the textiles can be in any of the forms mentioned herein and may be exposed to one or more of the previously mentioned steps in the pre-processing facility 20 prior to being processed in the remaining facilities of the chemical recycling facility 10 shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and one or more polyolefins (PO) in combination make up at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) fed to the chemical recycling facility in stream 100 of
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic can comprise at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of PET, based on the total weight of the plastic in the waste plastic introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic can comprise at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40 and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, or not more than 35 weight percent PO, based on the total weight of the plastic in the waste plastic, or PO can be present in an amount in the range of from 5 to 75 weight percent, 10 to 60 weight percent, or 20 to 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the waste plastic introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10.
The waste plastic (e.g., MPW) introduced into the chemical recycling facility may be provided from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to, municipal recycling facilities (MRFs) or reclaimer facilities or other mechanical or chemical sorting or separation facilities, manufacturers or mills or commercial production facilities or retailers or dealers or wholesalers in possession of post-industrial and pre-consumer recyclables, directly from households/businesses (i.e., unprocessed recyclables), landfills, collection centers, convenience centers, or on docks or ships or warehouses thereon. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the source of waste plastic (e.g., MPW) does not include deposit state return facilities, whereby consumers can deposit specific recyclable articles (e.g., plastic containers, bottles, etc.) to receive a monetary refund from the state. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the source of waste plastic (e.g., MPW) does include deposit state return facilities, whereby consumers can deposit specific recyclable articles (e.g., plastic containers, bottles, etc.) to receive a monetary refund from the state. Such return facilities are commonly found, for example, in grocery stores.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic may be provided as a waste stream from another processing facility, for example a municipal recycling facility (MRF) or reclaimer facility, or as a plastic-containing mixture comprising waste plastic sorted by a consumer and left for collection at a curbside, or at a central convenience station. In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises one or more MRF products or co-products, reclaimer co-products, sorted plastic-containing mixtures, and/or PET-containing waste plastic from a plastic article manufacturing facility comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, or at least 90 weight percent PET and/or not more than 99.9, not more than 99, not more than 98, not more than 97, not more than 96, or not more than 95 weight percent PET, on a dry plastics basis, or it can be in the range of from 10 to 99.9 weight percent, 20 to 99 weight percent, 30 to 95 weight percent, or 40 to 90 weight percent PET, on a dry plastics basis.
In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of a PET-containing reclaimer coproduct or plastic-containing mixture comprising at least 1, at least 10, at least 30, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, or at least 90 weight percent and/or not more than 99.9, not more than 99, or not more than 90 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis, or it can be in the range of from 1 to 99.9 weight percent, 1 to 99 weight percent, or 10 to 90 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis. Reclaimer facilities may also include processes that produce high purity PET (at least 99 or at least 99.9 weight percent) reclaimer co-products but in a form that is undesirable to mechanical recycling facilities. As used herein, the term “reclaimer co-product” refers to any material separated or recovered by the reclaimer facility that is not recovered as a clear rPET product, including colored rPET. The reclaimer co-products described above and below are generally considered to be waste products and may sent to landfills.
In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of reclaimer wet fines comprising at least 20, at least 40, at least 60, at least 80, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent and/or not more than 99.9 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis. In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of colored plastic-containing mixture comprising at least 1, at least 10, at least 20, at least 40, at least 60, at least 80, or at least 90 and/or not more than 99.9 or not more than 99 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis. In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of eddy current waste stream comprising metal and at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 10, at least 20, at least 40, at least 60, or at least 80 weight percent and/or not more than 99.9, not more than 99, or not more than 98 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis. In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of reclaimer flake reject comprising at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 10, at least 20, at least 40, at least 60, or at least 80 weight percent and/or not more than 99.9, not more than 99, or not more than 98 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis, or it could be in the range of from 0.1 to 99.9 weight percent, 1 to 99 weight percent, or 10 to 98 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis. In one or more of such embodiments, the waste plastic comprises a quantity of dry fines comprising at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 95, at least 99, at least 99.9 weight percent PET, on a dry plastic basis.
The chemical recycling facility 10 may also include infrastructure for receiving waste plastic (e.g., MPW) as described herein to facilitate delivery of the waste plastic by any suitable type of vehicle including, for example, trains, trucks, and/or ships. Such infrastructure may include facilities to assist with offloading the waste plastic from the vehicle, as well as storage facilities and one or more conveyance systems for transporting the waste plastic from the offloading zone to the downstream processing zones. Such conveyance systems may include, for example, pneumatic conveyors, belt conveyors, bucket conveyors, vibrating conveyors, screw conveyors, cart-on-track conveyors, tow conveyors, trolley conveyors, front-end loaders, trucks, and chain conveyors.
The waste (e.g., MPW) introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10 may be in several forms including, but not limited to, whole articles, particulates (e.g., comminuted, pelletized, fiber plastic particulates), bound bales (e.g., whole articles compressed and strapped), unbound articles (i.e., not in bales or packaged), containers (e.g., box, sack, trailer, railroad car, loader bucket), piles (e.g., on a concrete slab in a building), solid/liquid slurries (e.g., pumped slurry of plastics in water), and/or loose materials conveyed physically (e.g., particulates on a conveyor belt) or pneumatically (e.g., particulates mixed with air and/or inert gas in a convey pipe).
As used herein, the term “waste plastic particulates” refers to waste plastic having a D90 of less than 1 inch. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic particulates can be MPW particulates. A waste plastic or MPW particulate can include, for example, comminuted plastic particles that have been shredded or chopped, or plastic pellets. When whole or nearly whole articles are introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10 (or preprocessing facility 20), one or more comminuting or pelletizing steps may be used therein to form waste plastic particulates (e.g., MPW particulates). Alternatively, or in addition, at least a portion of the waste plastic introduced into the chemical recycling facility 10 (or preprocessing facility 20) may already be in the form of particulates.
The general configuration and operation of each of the facilities that may be present in the chemical recycling facility shown in
As shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) may be provided in bales of unsorted or presorted plastic, or in other large, aggregated forms. The bales or aggregated plastics undergo an initial process in which they are broken apart. Plastic bales can be sent to a debaler machine that comprises, for example, one or more rotating shafts equipped with teeth or blades configured to break the bales apart, and in some instances shred, the plastics from which the bales are comprised. In one or more other embodiments, the bales or aggregated plastics can be sent to a guillotine machine where they are chopped into smaller sized pieces of plastic. The debaled and/or guillotined plastic solids can then be subjected to a sorting process in which various non-plastic, heavy materials, such as glass, metal, and rocks, are removed. This sorting process can be performed manually or by a machine. Sorting machines may rely upon optical sensors, magnets, eddy currents, pneumatic lifts or conveyors that separate based on drag coefficient, or sieves to identify and remove the heavy materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic feedstock comprises plastic solids having a D90 that is greater than one inch, greater than 0.75 inch, or greater than 0.5 inch, such as used containers. Alternatively, or in addition, the waste plastic feedstock may also comprise a plurality of plastic solids that, at one time, had at least one dimension of greater than one inch, but the solids may have been compacted, pressed, or otherwise aggregated into a larger unit, such as a bale. In such embodiments wherein at least a portion, or all, of the plastic solids have at least one dimension greater than one inch, greater than 0.75 inch, or 0.5 inch, the feedstock may be subjected to a mechanical size reduction operation, such as grinding/granulating, shredding, guillotining, chopping, or other comminuting process to provide MPW particles having a reduced size. Such mechanical size reduction operations can include a size reduction step other than crushing, compacting, or forming plastic into bales.
In one or more other embodiments, the waste plastic may already have undergone some initial separation and/or size-reduction process. In particular, the waste plastic may be in the form of particles or flakes and provided in some kind of container, such as a sack or box. Depending upon the composition of these plastic solids and what kind of preprocessing they may have been subjected to, the plastic feedstock may bypass the debaler, guillotine, and/or heavies removal station and proceed directly to the granulating equipment for further size reduction.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the debaled or broken apart plastic solids may be sent to comminution or granulating equipment in which the plastic solids are ground, shredded, or otherwise reduced in size. The plastic materials can be made into particles having a D90 particle size of less than 1 inch, less than ¾ inch, or less than ½ inch. In one or more other embodiments, the D90 particle size of the plastic materials exiting the granulating equipment is from 1/16 inch to 1 inch, ⅛ inch to ¾ inch, ¼ inch to ⅝ inch, or ⅜ inch to ½ inch.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the unprocessed or partially processed waste plastic provided to the chemical recycling facility may comprise various organic contaminants or residues that may be associated with the previous use of the waste plastic. For example, the waste plastic may comprise food or beverage soils, especially if the plastic material was used in food or beverage packaging. Accordingly, the waste plastic may also contain microorganism contaminants and/or compounds produced by the microorganisms. Exemplary microorganisms that may be present on the surfaces of the plastic solids making up the waste plastic include E. coli, salmonella, C. dificile, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens.
Various microorganisms can produce compounds that cause malodors. Exemplary odor-causing compounds include hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol, putrescine, cadaverine, trimethylamine, ammonia, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, propanoic acid, and/or butyric acid. Thus, it can be appreciated that the waste plastic could present odor nuisance concerns. Therefore, in one or more embodiments, the waste plastic may be stored within an enclosed space, such as a shipping container, enclosed railcar, or enclosed trailer until it can be processed further. In certain embodiments, the unprocessed or partially processed waste plastic, once it reaches the site where processing (e.g., comminuting, washing, and sorting) of the waste plastic is to occur, can be stored with the enclosed spaces for no more than one week, no more than 5 days, no more than 3 days, no more than 2 days, or no more than 1 day.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the preprocessing facility 20 may also include equipment for or the step of treating the waste plastic with a chemical composition that possesses antimicrobial characteristics, thereby forming treated particulate plastic solids. In some embodiments, this may include treating the waste plastic with sodium hydroxide, high pH salt solutions (e.g., potassium carbonate), or other antimicrobial composition.
Additionally, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic (e.g., MPW) may optionally be washed to remove inorganic, non-plastic solids such as dirt, glass, fillers and other non-plastic solid materials, and/or to remove biological components such as bacteria and/or food. The resulting washed waste plastic may also be dried to a moisture content of not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, or not more than 0.25 weight percent water (or liquid), based on the total weight of the waste plastic. The drying can be done in any suitable manner, including by the addition of heat and/or air flow, mechanical drying (e.g., centrifugal), or by permitting evaporation of the liquid to occur over a specified time.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the preprocessing facility 20 or step of the chemical recycling process or facility 10 may include at least one separation step or zone. The separation step or zone may be configured to separate the waste plastic stream into two or more streams enriched in certain types of plastics. Such separation is particularly advantageous when the waste plastic fed to the preprocessing facility 20 is MPW.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the separation zone 22 (see
When the enriched or depleted component is a solid, concentrations are on an undiluted dry solids weight basis; when the enriched or depleted component is a liquid, concentrations are on an undiluted dry liquid weight basis; and when the enriched or depleted component is a gas, concentrations are on an undiluted dry gas weight basis. In addition, enriched and depleted can be expressed in mass balance terms, rather than as a concentration. As such, a stream enriched in a specific component can have a mass of the component that is greater than the mass of the component in a reference stream (e.g., feed stream or other product stream), while a stream depleted in a specific component can have a mass of the component that is less than the mass of the component in a reference stream (e.g., feed stream or other product stream).
Referring again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, when a MPW stream 100 is fed to the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22), the PET-enriched stream may be enriched in concentration or mass of PET relative to the concentration or mass of PET in the MPW stream, or the PET-depleted stream, or both, on an undiluted solids dry weight basis. For example, if the PET-enriched stream is diluted with liquid or other solids after separation, the enrichment would be on the basis of a concentration in the undiluted PET-enriched stream, and on a dry basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the PET-enriched stream 112 has a percent PET enrichment relative to the MPW feed stream (Feed-Based % PET Enrichment), the PET-depleted product stream 114 (Product-Based % PET Enrichment), or both that is at least 10, at least 20, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 80, at least 100, at least 125, at least 150, at least 175, at least 200, at least 225, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1000% as determined by the formula:
where PETe is the concentration of PET in the PET-enriched product stream 112 on an undiluted dry weight basis;
PETm is the concentration of PET in the MPW feed stream 100 on a dry weight basis; and
PETd is the concentration of PET in the PET-depleted product stream 114 on a dry weight basis.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, when a stream comprising MPW 100 is fed to the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22), the PET-enriched stream is also enriched in halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At), and/or halogen-containing compounds, such as PVC, relative to the concentration or mass of halogens in the MPW feed stream 100, or the PET-depleted product stream 114, or both. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the PET-enriched stream 112 has a percent PVC enrichment relative to the MPW feed stream 100 (Feed-Based % PVC Enrichment), the PET-depleted product stream (Product-Based % PVC Enrichment), or both that is at least 1, at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 80, at least 100, at least 125, at least 150, at least 175, at least 200, at least 225, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, or at least 500% as determined by the formula:
where PVCe is the concentration of PVC in the PET-enriched product stream 112 on an undiluted dry weight basis;
PVCm is the concentration of PVC in the MPW feed stream 100 on an undiluted dry weight basis; and
where PVCd is the concentration of PVC in the PET-depleted product stream 114 on an undiluted dry weight basis.
In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, when a MPW stream 100 is fed to the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22), the PET-depleted stream 114 is enriched in polyolefins relative to the concentration or mass of polyolefins in the MPW feed stream 100, the PET-enriched product stream 112, or both, on an undiluted solids dry basis. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the PET-depleted stream 114 has a percent polyolefin enrichment relative to the MPW feed stream 100 (Feed-Based % PO Enrichment), or relative to the PET-enriched product stream 112 (Product-Based % PO Enrichment), or both that is at least 10, at least 20, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 80, at least 100, at least 125, at least 150, at least 175, at least 200, at least 225, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1000% as determined by the formula:
where POd is the concentration of polyolefins in the PET-depleted product stream 114 on an undiluted dry weight basis;
POm is the concentration of PO in the MPW feed stream 100 on a dry weight basis; and
POe is the concentration of PO in the PET-enriched product stream 112 on a dry weight basis.
In one embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments, when a MPW stream 100 is fed to the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22), the PET-depleted stream 114 is also depleted in halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At), and/or halogen-containing compounds, such as PVC, relative to the concentration or mass of halogens in the MPW stream 100, the PET-enriched stream 112, or both. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the PET-depleted stream 114 has a percent PVC depletion, relative to the MPW feed stream 100 (Feed-Based % PVC Depletion) or the PET-enriched product stream 112 (Product-Based % PVC Depletion) that is at least 1, at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, or at least 90% as determined by the formula:
where PVCm is the concentration of PVC in the MPW feed stream 100 on an undiluted dry weight basis;
PVCd is the concentration of PVC in the PET-depleted product stream 114 on an undiluted dry weight basis; and
PVCe is the concentration of PVC in the PET-enriched product stream 112 on an undiluted dry weight basis.
The PET-depleted stream 114 is depleted in PET relative to the concentration or mass of PET in the MPW stream 100, the PET-enriched stream 112, or both. In one embodiment or in combination with any of the mentioned embodiments, the PET-depleted stream 114 has a percent PET depletion, relative to the MPW feed stream 100 (Feed-Base % PET Depletion) or the PET-enriched product stream 112 (Product-Based % PET Depletion) that is at least 1, at least 3, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, or at least 90% as determined by the formula:
where PETm is the concentration of PET in the MPW feed stream 100 on an undiluted dry weight basis;
PETd is the concentration of PET in the PET-depleted product stream 114 on an undiluted dry weight basis; and
PETe is the concentration of PET in the PET-enriched product stream 112 on an undiluted dry weight basis.
The percentage enrichment or depletion in any of the above embodiments can be an average over 1 week, or over 3 days, or over 1 day, and the measurements can be conducted to reasonably correlate the samples taken at the exits of the process to MPW bulk from which the sample of MPW is taking into account the residence time of the MPW to flow from entry to exit. For example, if the average residence time of the MPW is 2 minutes, then the outlet sample would be taken two minutes after the input sample, so that the samples correlate to one another.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-enriched stream exiting the separation zone 22 or the preprocessing facility 20 may include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, at least 99, at least 99.5, or at least 99.9 weight percent PET, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-enriched stream 112. The PET-enriched stream 112 may also be enriched in PVC and can include, for example, at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5 and/or not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 3 weight percent of halogens, including PVC, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-enriched stream, or it can be in the range of 0.1 to 10 weight percent, 0.5 to 8 weight percent, or 1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-enriched stream. The PET-enriched stream may include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 99, or at least 99.5 weight percent of the total amount of PET introduced into the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22).
The PET-enriched stream 112 may also be depleted in PO and/or heavier plastics such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA 12, PA 46, PA 66), polyacrylamide (PARA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polycarbonate polybutylene terephthalate blends (PC/PBT), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polyethersulfone (PESU), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamide imide (PAI), polyethylenimine (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyglycolides (poly(glycolic acid), PGA), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), thermoplastic styrenic elastomers (TPS), amorphous thermoplastic polyimide (TPI), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), glass fiber-reinforced PET, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyphthalamide (PPA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), any of which may include carbon, glass, and/or mineral fillers, and which have a density higher than PET and PVC.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-enriched stream 112 may comprise not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5 weight percent PO, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-enriched stream 112. The PET-enriched stream 112 may comprise not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of the total amount of PO introduced into the preprocessing facility 20 (or separation zone 22). The PET-enriched stream 112 may comprise not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1 weight percent of components other than PET, based on the total weight of the PET-enriched stream 112.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the PET-enriched stream 112 can include not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, or not more than 0.1 weight percent of adhesives on a dry basis. Typical adhesives include carpet glue, latex, styrene butadiene rubber, and the like. Additionally, the PET-enriched stream 112 can include not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, or not more than 0.1 weight percent plastic fillers and solid additives on a dry basis. Exemplary fillers and additives include silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, talc, silica, glass, glass beads, alumina, and other solid inerts, which do not chemically react with the plastics or other components in the processes described herein.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-depleted (or PO-enriched) stream 114 exiting the separation zone 22 or the preprocessing facility 20 may include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, at least 99, or at least 99.5 weight percent PO, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-depleted (or PO-enriched) stream 114. The PET-depleted (or PO-enriched stream) may be depleted in PVC and can include, for example, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.1, not more than 0.05, or not more than 0.01 weight percent of halogens, including chorine in PVC, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-depleted (or PO-enriched) stream. The PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream may include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 99, or at least 99.9 weight percent of the total amount of PO introduced into the preprocessing facility 20 or separation facility 22.
The PO-enriched stream 114 may also be depleted in PET and/or other plastics, including PVC. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-depleted (or PO-enriched stream) may comprise not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5 weight percent PET, based on the total weight of plastic in the PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream. The PO-enriched (or PET-depleted) stream 114 may comprise not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of the total amount of PET introduced into the preprocessing facility.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream 114 may also comprise not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1 weight percent of components other than PO, based on the total weight of PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream 114. The PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream 114 comprises not more than 4, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, or not more than 0.1 weight percent of adhesives, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream 114 may have a melt viscosity of at least 1, at least 5, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, at least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500, or at least 10,000 poise, measured using a Brookfield R/S rheometer with V80-40 vane spindle operating at a shear rate of 10 rad/s and a temperature of 350° C.
Alternatively, or in addition, the PET-depleted or PO-enriched stream may have a melt viscosity of not more than 25,000, not more than 24,000, not more than 23,000, not more than 22,000, not more than 21,000, not more than 20,000, not more than 19,000, not more than 18,000, or not more than 17,000 poise, (measured at 10 rad/s and 350° C.). Or the stream may have a melt viscosity in the range of from 1 to 25,000 poise, 500 to 22,000 poise, or 1000 to 17,000 poise (measured at 10 rad/s and 350° C.).
Any suitable type of separation device, system, or facility may be employed to separate the waste plastic into two or more streams enriched in certain types of plastics such as, for example, the PET-enriched stream 112 and the PO-enriched stream 114. Examples of suitable types of separation include mechanical separation and density separation, which may include sink-float separation and/or centrifugal density separation.
As used herein, the term “sink-float separation” refers to a density separation process where the separation of materials is primarily caused by floating or sinking in a selected liquid medium, while the term “centrifugal density separation” refers to a density separation process where the separation of materials is primarily caused by centrifugal forces. In general, the term “density separation process” refers to a process for separating materials based, at least in part, upon the respective densities of the materials into at least a higher-density output and a lower-density output and includes both sink-float separation and centrifugal density separation.
When sink-float separation is used, the liquid medium can comprise water. Salts, saccharides, and/or other additives can be added to the liquid medium, for example to increase the density of the liquid medium and adjust the target separation density of the sink-float separation stage. The liquid medium can comprise a concentrated salt solution. In one or more such embodiments, the salt is sodium chloride. In one or more other embodiments, however, the salt is a non-halogenated salt, such as acetates, carbonates, citrates, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, and/or sulfates. The liquid medium can comprise a concentrated salt solution comprising sodium bromide, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate, potassium acetate, potassium bromide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, calcium chloride, cesium chloride, iron chloride, strontium chloride, zinc chloride, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and/or silver nitrate. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the salt is a caustic component. The salt may comprise sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or potassium carbonate. The concentrated salt solution may have a pH of greater than 7, greater than 8, greater than 9, or greater than 10.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the liquid medium can comprise a saccharide, such as sucrose. The liquid medium can comprise carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichlorobenzene, dimethyl sulfate, and/or trichloro ethylene. The particular components and concentrations of the liquid medium may be selected depending on the desired target separation density of the separation stage. The centrifugal density separation process may also utilize a liquid medium as described above to improve separation efficiency at the target separation density.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic separation methods comprise at least two density separation stages. In certain such embodiments, the methods generally comprise introducing waste plastic particulates into the first density separation stage and feeding an output from the first density separation stage into the second density separation stage. The density separation stages can be any system or unit operation that performs a density separation process, as defined herein. At least one of the density separation stages comprises a centrifugal force separation stage or a sink-float separation stage. Each of the first and second density separation stages comprises a centrifugal force separation stage and/or a sink-float separation stage.
To produce a PET-enriched material stream, one of the density separation stages may comprise a low-density separation stage and the other generally comprises a high-density separation stage. As defined herein, the low-density separation stage has a target separation density less than the target separation density of the high-density separation stage. The low-density separation stage has a target separation density less than the density of PET, and the high-density separation stage has a target separation density greater than the density of PET.
As used herein, the term “target separation density” refers to a density above which materials subjected to a density separation process are preferentially separated into the higher-density output and below which materials are separated in the lower-density output. The target separation density specifies a density value, wherein it is intended that all plastics and other solid materials having a density higher than the value are separated into the higher-density output and all plastics and other solid materials having a density lower than the value are separated into the lower-density output. However, the actual separation efficiency of the materials in a density separation process may depend on various factors, including residence time and relative closeness of the density of a particular material to the target density separation value, as well as factors related to the form of the particulate such as, for example, area-to-mass ratio, degree of sphericity, and porosity.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the low-density separation stage has a target separation density that is less than 1.35, less than 1.34, less than 1.33, less than 1.32, less than 1.31, or less than 1.30 g/cc and/or at least 1.25, at least 1.26, at least 1.27, at least 1.28, or at least 1.29 g/cc. The high-density separation stage has a target separation density that is at least 0.01, at least 0.025, at least 0.05, at least 0.075, at least 0.1, at least 0.15, or at least 0.2 g/cc greater than the target separation density of the low-density separation stage. The target separation density of the high-density separation stage is at least 1.31, at least 1.32, at least 1.33, at least 1.34, at least 1.35, at least 1.36, at least 1.37, at least 1.38, at least 1.39, or at least 1.40 g/cc and/or not more than 1.45, not more than 1.44, not more than 1.43, not more than 1.42, or not more than 1.41 g/cc. The target separation density of the low-density separation stage is in the range of 1.25 to 1.35 g/cc and the target separation density of said high-density separation stage is in the range of 1.35 to 1.45 g/cc.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, and as discussed above, a heavies removal stage 196 may comprise a sorting process in which various non-plastic, heavy materials, such as glass, dirt, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and rocks, are removed. All or a portion of the removed materials may comprise a heavies-enriched stream comprising vitrification materials 198. The removed materials may comprise less than fifty percent (50%) by weight of plastic material(s). For example, the heavies-enriched stream 198 may comprise between four and fifty percent (4-50%) by weight of plastic materials.
“Vitrification materials” include non-plastic materials having melting points greater than 1000° C., which do not vaporize below 1500° C., and which, upon cooling, form amorphous (non-crystalline) solids for immobilizing or encapsulating leachable materials. Such vitrification materials may include, but are not limited to: glass, sand, calcium carbonate, aluminum, coal slag, igneous rocks, granite, basalt, gabbro, andesite, diorite, rhyolite, feldspar, olivine, quartz, obsidian, pyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole, mica and soot. “Leachable materials” may comprise toxic contaminants such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver mercury, sodium chloride, copper, and nickel.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a density separation process may be fed a heavies-depleted stream, and may produce at least a high density particulate plastic stream and a low density particulate plastic solids stream. For example, the first density separator 200 of
The high density particulate plastic stream may have a higher average particulate plastic solids density than the low density particulate plastic solids stream. Moreover, the density separation process may produce a medium density particulate plastic solids stream having an average particulate plastic solids density in between that of the high density and low density particulate plastic streams.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, two or more of such particulate plastic streams may be combined following one or more stages (e.g., as implemented at least in part by density separators 200, 202 in the system of
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the medium density particulate plastic stream may be a PET-enriched stream and/or a halogen-enriched stream, and one or both of the low and high density particulate plastic stream(s) may be a PET-depleted stream and/or a halogen-depleted stream.
Further, the concentration of PET in each PET-depleted stream of a separation stage (e.g., as implemented at least in part by density separators 200, 202 in the system of
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, each PET-enriched stream is depleted in lighter plastic components, for example polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like, which generally have notably lower densities than PET and PVC and can thus be separated from the PET and PVC in one or more density separation stage(s) (e.g., as implemented at least in part by density separators 200, 202 in the system of
Although they comprise different compositions, each of the PET-enriched stream(s) and the PET-depleted stream(s) may comprise at least 90 weight percent plastic materials. However, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, it is possible that a high density particulate plastic solids stream produced from a high-density separation stage having a target separation density of at least 1.31, at least 1.32, at least 1.33, at least 1.34, at least 1.35, at least 1.36, at least 1.37, at least 1.38, at least 1.39, or at least 1.40 g/cc and/or not more than 1.45, not more than 1.44, not more than 1.43, not more than 1.42, or not more than 1.41 g/cc, and/or within the ranges of 1.31 to 1.45 or 1.35 to 1.41, may comprise less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, or less than 50% by weight of plastic material(s), and may comprise one or more vitrification materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the PET-enriched stream comprises not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 1 weight percent polyolefins on a dry basis. Additionally, other plastic and non-plastic components from the MPW may be separated from the PET (and PVC) by density separation or other separation methods. For example, the PET-enriched stream comprises not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, or not more than 0.1 weight percent of adhesives on a dry basis. Further, one or more of the PET-depleted stream(s) may each comprise at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 98 weight percent polyolefins on a dry plastic basis.
One or more of the high density, medium density and low density particulate plastic streams may, alone or as combined, include or be enriched in one or more vitrification materials. One or more of such particulate plastic streams may, during or after the density separation process, be rinsed with water, dried and/or stored for use in downstream plastic chemical recycling processes, for example as depicted in
Referring again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of a PET-enriched stream 112 from the preprocessing facility 20 may be introduced into a solvolysis facility 30. As noted above, the PET-enriched stream may include, comprise and/or be enriched in one or more vitrification materials.
As used herein, the term “solvolysis” or “ester solvolysis” refers to a reaction by which an ester-containing feed is chemically decomposed in the presence of a solvent to form a principal carboxyl product and a principal glycol product. A “solvolysis facility” is a facility that includes all equipment, lines, and controls necessary to carry out solvolysis of waste plastic and feedstocks derived therefrom.
When the ester being subjected to solvolysis comprises PET, the solvolysis performed in the solvolysis facility may be PET solvolysis. As used herein, the term “PET solvolysis” refers to a reaction by which a polyester terephthalate-containing feed is chemically decomposed in the presence of a solvent to form a principal terephthalyl product and a principal glycol product. As used herein, the term “principal terephthalyl” refers to the main or key terephthalyl product being recovered from the solvolysis facility. As used herein, the term “principal glycol” refers to the main glycol product being recovered from the solvolysis facility. As used herein, the term “glycol” refers to a component comprising two or more —OH functional groups per molecule. As used herein, the term “terephthalyl” refers to a molecule including the following group:
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the principal terephthalyl product comprises a terephthalyl, such as terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate (or oligomers thereof), while the principal glycol comprises a glycol, such as ethylene glycol and/or diethylene glycol. The main steps of a PET solvolysis facility 30 according to one or more embodiments of the present technology are generally shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the principal solvent used in solvolysis comprises a chemical compound having at least one —OH group. Examples of suitable solvents can include, but are not limited to, (i) water (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “hydrolysis”), (ii) alcohols (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “alcoholysis”), such as methanol (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “methanolysis”) or ethanol (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “ethanolysis”), (iii) glycols such as ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “glycolysis”), or (iv) ammonia (in which case the solvolysis may be referred to as “ammonolysis”).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvolysis solvent can include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least or at least 99 weight percent of the principal solvent, based on the total weight of the solvent stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvent may comprise not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of other solvents or components, based on the total weight of the solvent stream.
When the solvolysis facility 30 utilizes a glycol, such as ethylene glycol, as the principal solvent, the facility may be referred to as a glycolysis facility. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility of
When a solvolysis facility utilizes methanol as the principal solvent, the facility may be referred to as a methanolysis facility. The chemical recycling facility of
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the stream of recycle content glycol 154 (r-glycol) withdrawn from the solvolysis facility 30 may comprise at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of the principal glycol formed in the solvolysis facility. It may also include not more than 99.9, not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, or not more than 75 weight percent of the principal glycol (such as EG), and/or may include at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 weight percent and/or not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, or not more than 15 weight percent of components other than the principal glycol, based on the total weight of the stream, or these may be present in amounts in the range of from 0.5 to 45 weight percent, 1 to 40 weight percent, or 2 to 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. The r-glycol may be present in the stream 154 in an amount in the range of from 45 to 99.9 weight percent, 55 to 99.9 weight percent, or 80 to 99.9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream 154.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the stream of recycle content principal terephthalyl (r-terephthalyl) 158 withdrawn from the solvolysis facility may comprise at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of the principal terephthalyl (such as DMT) formed in the solvolysis facility 30. It may also include not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, or not more than 75 weight percent of the principal terephthalyl, or the principal terephthalyl may be present in an amount of 45 to 99 weight percent, 50 to 90 weight percent, or 55 to 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. Additionally, or in the alternative, the stream can include at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 7, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 weight percent and/or not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, or not more than 15 weight percent of components other than the principal terephthalyl, based on the total weight of the stream. The r-terephthalyl (or terephthalyl) may be present in the stream 154 in an amount in the range of from 45 to 99.9 weight percent, 55 to 99.9 weight percent, or 80 to 99.9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream 154.
In addition to providing a recycle content principal glycol stream, a recycle content principal terephthalyl stream, the solvolysis facility may also provide one or more solvolysis coproduct streams, shown as stream 110 in
Solvolysis coproducts can comprise a heavy organic solvolysis coproduct stream or a light organic solvolysis coproduct stream. As used herein, the term “heavy organic solvolysis coproduct” refers to a solvolysis coproduct with a boiling point higher than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl product of the solvolysis facility, while the term “light organics solvolysis coproduct” refers to a solvolysis coproduct with a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl product of the solvolysis facility. One or more solvolysis coproduct streams may be enriched in one or more vitrification materials.
When the solvolysis facility is a methanolysis facility, one or more methanolysis coproducts may be withdrawn from the facility. As used herein, the term “methanolysis coproduct” refers to any compound from a methanolysis facility that is not DMT, EG, or methanol. Methanolysis coproduct streams can comprise at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of one or more solvolysis coproducts, based on the total weight of the stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, methanolysis coproduct streams can comprise a heavy organic methanolysis coproduct or light organic methanolysis coproduct. As used herein, the term “heavy organic methanolysis coproduct” refers to a methanolysis coproduct with a boiling point greater than DMT, while the term “light methanolysis coproduct” refers to a methanolysis coproduct with a boiling point less than DMT.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvolysis facility may produce at least one heavy organic solvolysis coproduct stream. The heavy organic solvolysis coproduct stream may include at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of organic compounds having a boiling point higher than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (such as DMT) produced from the solvolysis facility 30, based on the total weight of organics in the stream.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the solvolysis facility may produce at least one light organics solvolysis coproduct stream. The light organics solvolysis coproduct stream may include at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of organic compounds having a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (such as DMT) produced from the solvolysis facility 30, based on the total weight of organics in the stream.
Turning again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 percent of the non-PET components separated from the PET-containing stream comprise polyolefins such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene. As indicated generally by the dashed lines in
As shown in
The non-PET components may be removed from the solvolysis (or methanolysis) facility 30 as generally shown in
The polyolefin present in the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream may comprise predominantly polyethylene, predominantly polypropylene, or a combination of polyethylene and polypropylene. The polyolefin in the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream comprises at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 95, at least 97, at least 98, or at least 99 weight percent of polyethylene, based on the total weight of the polyolefin in the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140. Alternatively, the polyolefin in the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream comprises at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 95, at least 97, at least 98, or at least 99 weight percent of polypropylene, based on the total weight of the polyolefin in the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140.
The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream comprises not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.75, not more than 0.50, not more than 0.25, not more than 0.10, or not more than 0.05 weight percent of PET, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140. Additionally, the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream comprises at least 0.01, at least 0.05, at least 0.10, at least 0.50, at least 1, or at least 1.5 and/or not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2 weight percent of components other than polyolefin, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140.
Overall, the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 comprises at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of organic compounds, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140. The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 can include at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 10, or at least 15 and/or not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of inorganic components, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140.
The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream can comprise at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 18, at least 20, at least 22, or at least 25 weight percent and/or not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2 weight percent of one or more non-reactive solids, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140. Non-reactive solids refer to solid components that do not chemically react with PET. Examples of non-reactive solids include, but are not limited to, sand, dirt, glass, plastic fillers, and combinations thereof. Further, the non-reactive solids of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream comprise, and/or the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream may be enriched in, one or more vitrification materials.
The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 comprises at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 750, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 5000, at least 7500 ppm by weight or at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 weight percent) and/or not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of one or more fillers, based on the total weight of the polyolefin-coproduct stream 140. The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 can include fillers in an amount of 100 ppm to 50 weight percent, 500 ppm to 10 weight percent, or 1000 ppm to 5 weight percent.
Examples of fillers can include, but are not limited to, thixotropic agents such as fumes silica and clay (kaolin), pigments, colorants, fire retardants such as alumina trihydrate, bromine, chlorine, borate, and phosphorous, suppressants such as wax based materials, UV inhibitors or stabilizers, conductive additives such as metal particles, carbon particles, or conductive fibers, release agents such as zinc stearate, waxes, and silicones, calcium carbonate, and calcium sulfate.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 can have a density of at least 0.75, at least 0.80, at least 0.85, at least 0.90, at least 0.95, at least 0.99 and/or not more than 1.5, not more than 1.4, not more than 1.3, not more than 1.2, not more than 1.1, not more than 1.05, or not more than 1.01 g/cm3, measured at a temperature of 25° C. The density can be from 0.80 to 1.4, from 0.90 to 1.2, or 0.95 to 1.1 g/cm3. When removed from the non-PET separation zone 208, the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 may have a temperature of at least 200, at least 205, at least 210, at least 215, at least 220, at least 225, at least 230, or at least 235° C. and/or not more than 350, not more than 340, not more than 335, not more than 330, not more than 325, not more than 320, not more than 315, not more than 310, not more than 305, or not more than 300° C. The polyolefin-containing coproduct stream 140 can comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components boiling higher than the principal terephthalyl or DMT, based on the total weight of the stream.
As discussed in further detail herein, all or a portion of the polyolefin-containing coproduct stream may be introduced into one or more downstream chemical recycling facilities alone or in combination with one or more other coproduct streams, streams resulting from one or more of the other downstream chemical recycling facilities, and/or streams of waste plastic, including mixed plastic waste that is unprocessed, partially processed, and/or processed.
Turning again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvolysis process can be a low-pressure solvolysis process and the pressure in the solvolysis reactor (or reaction zone) 210 can be within 5, within 10, within 15, within 20, within 25, within 30, within 35, within 40, within 45, or within 50 psi of atmospheric, or it may be within 55, within 75, within 90, within 100, within 125, within 150, within 200, or within 250 psi of atmospheric. The pressure in the solvolysis reactor (or reaction zone) 210 can be within 0.35, within 0.70, within 1, within 1.4, within 1.75, within 2, within 2.5, within 2.75, within 3, within 3.5, within 3.75, within 5, or within 6.25 bar gauge (bar) and/or not more than 6.9, not more than 8.6, or not more than 10.35 bar of atmospheric. The pressure in the solvolysis reactor (or reaction zone) 210 can be at least 100 psig (6.7 barg), at least 150 psig (10.3 barg), at least 200 psig (13.8 barg), at least 250 psig (17.2 barg), at least 300 psig (20.7 barg), at least 350 psig (24.1 barg), at least 400 psig (27.5 barg) and/or not more than 725 psig (50 barg), not more than 650 psig (44.7 barg), not more than 600 psig (41.3 barg), not more than 550 psig (37.8 barg), not more than 500 psig (34.5 barg), not more than 450 psig (31 barg), not more than 400 psig (27.6 barg), or not more than 350 psig (24.1 barg).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvolysis process carried out in reaction zone 210 or facility 30 can be a high-pressure solvolysis process and the pressure in the solvolysis reactor can be at least 50 barg (725 psig), at least 70 barg (1015 psig), at least 75 barg (1088 psig), at least 80 barg (1161 psig), at least 85 barg (1233 psig), at least 90 barg (1307 psig), at least 95 barg (1378 psig), at least 100 barg (1451 psig), at least 110 barg (1596 psig), at least 120 barg (1741 psig), or at least 125 barg (1814 psig) and/or not more than 150 barg (2177 barg), not more than 145 barg (2104 psig), not more than 140 barg (2032 psig), not more than 135 barg (1959 psig), not more than 130 barg (1886 psig), or not more than 125 barg (1814 psig).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the average residence time of the reaction medium in the reaction zone 210 can be at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, or at least 15 minutes and/or not more than 12, not more than 11, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, not more than 5, or not more than 4 hours. At least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 percent of the total weight of PET introduced into the solvolysis or methanolysis facility 30 can be decomposed upon leaving the reaction zone 210 in the reactor effluent stream 144.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a reactor purge stream 142 may be removed from the reaction zone 210 and at least a portion may be passed to one or more downstream facilities within the chemical recycling facility 10 as a reactor purge coproduct stream 142. The reactor purge coproduct stream 142 may have a boiling point higher than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (or DMT in the case or methanolysis) produced from the solvolysis facility 30.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 comprises at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of the principal terephthalyl, based on the total weight of the stream 142. When the solvolysis facility is a methanolysis facility, the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 may comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of DMT, based on the total weight of the stream 142.
In addition, the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 may include at least 100 ppm and not more than 25 weight percent of one or more non-terephthalyl solids, based on the total weight of the stream 142. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the total amount of non-terephthalyl solids in the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 can be at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 7000, at least 8000, at least 9000, at least 10,000, or at least 12,500 ppm and/or not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20, not more than 18, not more than 15, not more than 12, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 has a total solids content of at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 750, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, at least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500 ppm by weight or at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 8, at least 10, or at least 12 weight percent and/or not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20, not more than 17, not more than 15, not more than 12, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent or not more than 7500, not more than 5000, or not more than 2500 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the stream.
Examples of solids can include, but are not limited to, non-volatile catalyst compounds. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the reactor purge coproduct stream can include at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 750, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 7500, at least 10,000, or at least 12,500 ppm and/or not more than 60,000, not more than 50,000, not more than 40,000, not more than 35,000, not more than 30,000, not more than 25,000, not more than 20,000, not more than 15,000, or not more than 10,000 ppm of non-volatile catalyst metals.
Examples of suitable non-volatile catalyst metals can include, but are not limited to, titanium, zinc, manganese, lithium, magnesium, sodium, methoxide, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, tin, residual esterification or ester exchange catalysts, residual polycondensation catalysts, aluminum, depolymerization catalysts, and combinations thereof. Further, the reactor purge coproduct stream may be enriched in one or more vitrification materials.
As discussed in further detail herein, all or a portion of the reactor purge coproduct stream 142 may be introduced into one or more downstream chemical recycling facilities alone or in combination with one or more other coproduct streams, streams resulting from one or more of the other downstream chemical recycling facilities, and/or streams of waste plastic, including mixed plastic waste that is unprocessed, partially processed, and/or processed.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, as generally shown in
As shown in
Also withdrawn from the heavy organics separation zone 240 is a terephthalyl bottoms coproduct stream (also called “terephthalyl column bottoms coproduct stream” or “terephthalyl sludge coproduct stream” or “terephthalyl dregs coproduct stream”) coproduct stream 160 may also be removed from the heavy organics separation zone 240. When the solvolysis facility is a methanolysis facility, the stream can be referred to as a DMT bottoms coproduct stream, a DMT column bottoms coproduct stream, a DMT sludge coproduct stream, or a DMT dregs stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, this coproduct stream can include, for example, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 92, at least 95, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 99.5 weight percent of oligomers comprising moieties of the polyester undergoing solvolysis, based on the total weight of the composition such as, for example, PET oligomers. As used herein, the terms “polyester moieties” or “moieties of polyester,” refer to portions or residues of a polyester, or reaction products of the polyester portions or residues. These oligomers can have a number average chain length of at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 monomer units (acid+glycol) and/or not more than 30, not more than 27, not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20, not more than 17, not more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10 monomer units (acid+glycol) and may include moieties of the polyester being processed (e.g., PET).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the terephthalyl column bottoms (or the DMT column bottoms) coproduct stream 160 may comprise oligomers and at least one substituted terephthalyl component. As used herein, the term “substituted terephthalyl” refers to a terephthalyl component having at least one substituted atom or group. The terephthalyl column bottoms coproduct stream 160 can include at least 1, at least 100, at least 500 parts per billion by weight, or at least 1, at least 50, at least 1000, at least 2500, at least 5000, at least 7500, or at least 10,000 parts per million by weight, or at least 1, at least 2, or at least 5 weight percent and/or not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.1, not more than 0.05, or not more than 0.01 weight percent of substituted terephthalyl components, based on the total weight of the terephthalyl column bottoms coproduct stream 160. Further, the terephthalyl bottoms coproduct stream may be in one or more vitrification materials.
As discussed in further detail herein, all or a portion of the terephthalyl column bottoms coproduct stream 160 may be introduced into one or more downstream chemical recycling facilities alone or in combination with one or more other coproduct streams, streams resulting from one or more of the other downstream chemical recycling facilities, and/or streams of waste plastic, including mixed plastic waste that is unprocessed, partially processed, and/or processed.
Referring again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a solvent stream 150 withdrawn from the light organics separation zone 230 can include at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of the principal solvent, based on the total weight of the stream 150. When the solvolysis facility 30 is a methanolysis facility, this stream 150 may comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of methanol, based on the total weight of the stream. All or a portion of the stream may be recycled back to one or more locations within the solvolysis facility for further use.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least one light organics solvolysis coproduct stream 152 (also referred to as a “light organics” stream) can also be withdrawn from the light organics separation zone 230 and may include at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components with a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (or DMT) that are not the principal glycol (or ethylene glycol) or the principal solvent (or methanol). Additionally, or in the alternative, the coproduct stream can comprise not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1 weight percent of components with a boiling point higher than the boiling point of DMT and the stream 152 itself can have a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (or DMT).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a light organics solvolysis coproduct stream 152 may be produced in the solvolysis facility that comprises the principal solvent (e.g., methanol). For example, the light organics coproduct stream 152 can include at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, or at least 55 weight percent and/or not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, or not more than 30 weight percent of the principal solvent.
In addition, this coproduct stream 152 may also include acetaldehyde in an amount of at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 50, at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 750, or at least 1000 ppm and/or not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.1, or not more than 0.05 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coproduct stream, or the acetaldehyde can be present in an amount of 1 ppm to 50 weight percent, 50 ppm to 0.5 weight percent, or 100 ppm to 0.05 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coproduct stream.
Further, the light organics coproduct stream 152 may also include para-dioxane (or p-dioxane) in amount of at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 50, at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 750, or at least 1000 ppm and/or not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.1, or not more than 0.05 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coproduct stream, or the p-dioxane can be present in an amount of 1 ppm to 50 weight percent, 50 ppm to 0.5 weight percent, or 100 ppm to 0.05 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coproduct stream.
This light organics coproduct stream 152 may further include at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl acetate, silicates, 2,5-methyl dioxolane, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-pentenal, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-pentenol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone (DIPK), isobutyl isobutyrate, methyl formate, n-butanol, acetic acid, dibutyl ether, heptane, dibutyl terephthalate, dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,1-dimethoxy-2-butene, 1,1-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-propanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, alpha-methyl styrene, diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol formal, dimethoxydimethyl silane, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ketone, EG benzoate, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, methoxytrimethylsilane, methyl 4-ethylbenzoate, methyl caprylate, methyl glycolate, methyl lactate, methyl laurate, methyl methoxyethyl terephthalic acid, methyl nonanoate, methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl-4-acetyl benzoate, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, styrene, trimethylsilanol, 1,1-dimethyoxy-2-butene, 4-methyl morpholine, 1,3,3-trimethoxypropane, methyl myristate, dimethyl adipate, n-methyl-caprolactam, dimethyl azelate, neopentyl glycol, and combinations thereof.
As discussed in further detail herein, all or a portion of the light organics coproduct stream or streams may be introduced into one or more downstream chemical recycling facilities alone or in combination with one or more other coproduct streams, streams resulting from one or more of the other downstream chemical recycling facilities, and/or streams of waste plastic, including mixed plastic waste (unprocessed, partially processed, or processed).
Additionally, a stream predominantly comprising the principal glycol 154 may also be withdrawn from the light organics separation zone 230. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the stream of principal glycol 154 (such as ethylene glycol) can include at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of the principal glycol, based on the total weight of the stream 154. The principal glycol stream 154 may also include recycle content, such that the principal glycol product stream 154 has a recycle content of at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. The principal glycol (or ethylene glycol) can comprise r-glycol (or r-ethylene glycol).
As shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 can comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components with a boiling point higher than the boiling point of the principal glycol (e.g., ethylene glycol) and lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl. The glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 can comprise not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1 weight percent of components with a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the principal glycol (e.g., ethylene glycol). The glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 can have a boiling point higher than the boiling point of the principal glycol (e.g., EG) and lower than the boiling point of the principal terephthalyl (e.g., DMT). Further, the glycol bottoms coproduct stream may be enriched in one or more vitrification materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the glycol bottoms coproduct stream 156 can comprise the principal glycol and at least one other glycol. For example, the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 can comprise at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, or at least 8 and/or not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10 weight percent of the primary glycol (or ethylene glycol), based on the total weight of the coproduct stream 156. The principal glycol (or ethylene glycol) may be present as itself (in a free state) or as a moiety in another compound.
Examples of other possible principal glycols (depending on the PET or other polymer being processed) may include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, propane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methylpentanediol-(2,4), 2-methylpentanediol-(1,4), 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-diol-(1,3), 2-ethylhexanediol-(1,3), 2,2-diethylpropane-diol-(1,3), hexanediol-(1,3), 1,4-di-(hydroxyethoxy)-benzene, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-propane, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclobutane, 2,2,4,4 tetramethylcyclobutanediol, 2,2-bis-(3-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxypropoxyphenyl)-propane, isosorbide, hydroquinone, BDS-(2,2-(sulfonylbis)4,1-phenyleneoxy))bis(ethanol), and combinations thereof. The other glycol may not be or comprise ethylene glycol. Moieties of these glycols may also be present in any oligomers of polyester in this or other coproduct streams. Additionally, other non-terephthalyl and/or non-glycol components may also be present in these streams. Examples of such components include, isophthalates and other acid residues that boil higher than the principal terephthalyl.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the glycol other than the principal glycol (or ethylene glycol in the case of methanolysis) can be present in the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 in an amount of at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 and/or not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, or not more than 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of glycols in the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the weight ratio of the at least one glycol other than the principal glycol to the principal glycol in the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 is at least 0.5:1, at least 0.55:1, at least 0.65:1, at least 0.70:1, at least 0.75:1, at least 0.80:1, at least 0.85:1, at least 0.90:1, at least 0.95:1, at least 0.97:1, at least 0.99:1, at least 1:1, at least 1.05:1, at least 1.1:1, at least 1.15:1, at least 1.2:1, at least or at least 1.25:1. Additionally, or in the alternative, the weight ratio of the at least one glycol other than the principal glycol to the principal glycol in the glycol column bottoms coproduct stream 156 is not more than 5:1, not more than 4.5:1, not more than 4:1, not more than 3.5:1, not more than 3:1, not more than 2.5:1, not more than 2:1, not more than 1.5:1, not more than 1.25:1, or not more than 1:1, or in the range of from 0.5:1 to 5:1, from 0.70:1 to 3:1, or 0.80:1 to 2.5:1.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvolysis facility 30 may produce two or more coproduct streams, which can include two or more heavy organic coproduct streams, two or more light organic coproduct streams, or combinations of light and heavy organic coproduct streams. All or a portion of one or more of the solvolysis coproduct stream or streams (shown as stream 110 in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, two or more (or portions of two or more) solvolysis coproduct streams may be introduced into the same downstream processing facility, while, in other cases, two or more (or portions of two or more) solvolysis coproduct streams may be introduced into different downstream processing facilities. In some embodiments, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, at least 99 weight percent, or all, of a single coproduct stream may be introduced into one downstream facility, while, in other embodiments, the stream may be divided amongst two or more downstream facilities, such that not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, or not more than 30 weight percent of a single coproduct stream may be introduced into one of the downstream processing facilities.
Referring again to
As shown in
Referring again to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion or all of one or more coproduct streams from the solvolysis system may also be introduced directly into the liquification system.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise a sorted waste plastic stream that is enriched in PO and contains low amounts of PET and PVC, such as the PO-enriched waste plastic stream. For example, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise at least 10, at least 15, at least 25, at least 50, at least 75, or at least 90 and/or not more than 99, not more than 98, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, or not more than 30 weight percent of one or more polyolefins, based on the total weight of the stream. Additionally, or in the alternative, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise not more than 25, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1, or not more than 0.5 weight percent of PET and/or PVC, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise an unsorted waste plastic stream that comprises a notable amount of PET. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 80, or not more than 70 weight percent of PET, based on the total weight of the stream. Additionally, or in the alternative, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or at least 30 and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 80, or not more than 70 weight percent of one or more polyolefins, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise of at least 50, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of one or more solid waste plastics, based on the total weight of the feed stream being introduced into the liquification system 40. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the plastic stream being fed into the liquification system comprises a very high solids content.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can be in the form of a slurry and comprise one or more slurry-forming liquids, such as water. In such embodiments, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system 40 can comprise at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 and/or not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, or not more than 5 weight percent of one or more slurry-forming liquids, based on the total weight of the feed stream being introduced into the liquification system 40.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the plastic stream fed into the liquification system and/or another stream fed into the liquification system can comprise one or more vitrification materials.
When added to the liquification system 40, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of the plastic (usually waste plastic) undergoes a reduction in viscosity. In some cases, the reduction in viscosity can be facilitated by heating (e.g., addition of steam directly or indirectly contacting the plastic), while, in other cases, it can be facilitated by combining the plastic with a solvent capable of dissolving it.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic added to the liquification system may be at least partially dissolved by contacting the plastic with at least one solvent. Generally, the dissolving step may be carried at a pressure and temperature sufficient to at least partially dissolve the solid waste plastic. Examples of suitable solvents can include, but are not limited to, alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerin, pyrolysis oil, motor oil, and water. As shown in
When used, the solvent may be present in an amount of at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40. Additionally, or in the alternative, the solvent may be present in an amount of not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, or not more than 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40. For example, the overall feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40 may comprise 1 to 50, 2 to 40, or 5 to 30 weight percent of one or more solvents.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solvent can comprise a stream withdrawn from one or more other facilities within the chemical recycling facility. For example, the solvent can comprise a stream withdrawn from at least one of the solvolysis facility 30, the pyrolysis facility 60, and the cracking facility 70. The solvent can be or comprise at least one of the solvolysis coproducts described herein or can be or comprise pyrolysis oil. The solvent can be derived from a pyrolysis oil via line 143 (see
When combined with the PO-enriched plastic stream 114 as generally shown in
Additionally, at least a portion of the pyrolysis oil stream 143 withdrawn from the pyrolysis facility 60 can be combined with the PO-enriched plastic stream 114 to form a liquified plastic. Although shown as being introduced directly into the liquification system 40, all or a portion of the pyrolysis oil stream 143 may be combined with the PO-enriched plastic stream 114 prior to introduction into the liquification system 40, or after the PO-enriched plastic stream 114 exits the liquification system 40. When used, the pyrolysis oil can be added at one or more locations described herein, alone or in combination with one or more other solvent streams.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic added to the liquification system 40 may be depolymerized such that, for example, the number average chain length of the plastic is reduced by contact with a depolymerization agent. Generally, the depolymerizing step may be carried at a pressure and temperature sufficient to at least partially liquefy the solid waste plastic. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least one of the previously-listed solvents used for dissolving may also be used as a depolymerization agent, while, in one or more other embodiments, the depolymerization agent can include an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid, citric acid, butyric acid, formic acid, lactic acid, oleic acid, oxalic, stearic acid, tartaric acid, and/or uric acid) or inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid (for polyolefin). The depolymerization agent may reduce the melting point and/or viscosity of the polymer by reducing its number average chain length.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the waste plastic added to the liquification system may be contacted with a plasticizer in the liquification system to reduce the viscosity of the plastic. In such embodiments, the plasticizing step may be carried out in a heated vessel, such as the melt tank described below, and/or in a mixer under agitation, such as a calendaring mixer and/or an extruder. During the plasticizing step, the plasticizers may be incorporated into the plastic while it is being liquefied in the liquification vessel. Plasticizers for polyethylene include, for example, dioctyl phthalate, dioctyl terephthalate, glyceryl tribenzoate, polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of up to 8,000 Daltons, sunflower oil, paraffin wax having molecular weight from 400 to 1,000 Daltons, paraffinic oil, mineral oil, glycerin, EPDM, and EVA. Plasticizers for polypropylene include, for example, dioctyl sebacate, paraffinic oil, isooctyl tallate, plasticizing oil (Drakeol 34), naphthenic and aromatic processing oils, and glycerin. Plasticizers for polyesters include, for example, polyalkylene ethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or their mixtures) having molecular weight in the range from 400 to 1500 Daltons, glyceryl monostearate, octyl epoxy soyate, epoxidized soybean oil, epoxy tallate, epoxidized linseed oil, polyhydroxyalkanoate, glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, pentamethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, etc.), phthalates, terephthalates, trimellitate, and polyethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexoate). When used, the plasticizer may be present in an amount of at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, or at least 5 weight percent and/or not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be in a range of from 0.1 to 10 weight percent, 0.5 to 8 weight percent, or 1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40.
Further, one or more of the methods of liquefying the waste plastic stream can also include adding at least one liquification agent to the plastic before, during, or after the liquification process. Such liquification agents may include for example, emulsifiers and/or surfactants, and may serve to more fully blend the liquified plastic into a single phase, particularly when differences in densities between the plastic components of a mixed plastic stream result in multiple liquid or semi-liquid phases. When used, the liquification agent may be present in an amount of at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, or at least 5 weight percent and/or not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40, or it can be in a range of from 0.1 to 10 weight percent, 0.5 to 8 weight percent, or 1 to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the liquification system 40.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream to one or more of the downstream chemical recycling facilities from the liquification system 40, such as the melt tank system 312, can comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of one or more solvolysis coproduct streams, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the downstream processing facility or facilities. For example, the feed streams 116, 118, 120, and 122 to each of the POX facility 50, the pyrolysis facility 60, the cracking facility 70, the energy recovery facility 80, and/or any other facility 90 of the chemical recycling facility 10 may include PO-enriched waste plastic and an amount of one or more solvolysis coproducts described herein.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the feed stream to the pyrolysis facility 60, the POX facility 50, the cracking facility 70, the energy recovery facility 80, and/or any other facility 90 can comprise not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of one or more solvolysis coproduct streams, based on the total weight of the feed stream introduced into the downstream processing facility or facilities.
Alternatively, or in addition, the liquified (or reduced viscosity) plastic stream withdrawn from the liquification system 40, such as the melt tank system 312, can include at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of polyolefins, based on the total weight of the stream, or the amount of polyolefins can be in the range of from 1 to 95 weight percent, 5 to 90 weight percent, or 10 to 85 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the liquified plastic stream exiting the liquification system 40 can have a viscosity of less than 3,000, less than 2,500, less than 2,000, less than 1,500, less than 1,000, less than 800, less than 750, less than 700, less than 650, less than 600, less than 550, less than 500, less than 450, less than 400, less than 350, less than 300, less than 250, less than 150, less than 100, less than 75, less than 50, less than 25, less than 10, less than 5, or less than 1 poise as measured using a Brookfield R/S rheometer with V80-40 vane spindle operating at a shear rate of 10 rad/s and a temperature of 350° C. Additionally, or in the alternative, the viscosity (measured at 350° C. and 10 rad/s and expressed in poise) of the liquified plastic stream exiting the liquification zone is not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 75, not more than 50, not more than 25, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 1 percent of the viscosity of the PO-enriched stream introduced into the liquification zone.
As shown in
Furthermore, while in the melt tank system 312, at least a portion of the halogens present in the plastic feed stream 114 can be removed from the plastic feed stream. More particularly, in one or more embodiments, the liquification system can also contain equipment for removing halogens from the waste plastic feed stream. For example, when the waste plastic is heated in the melt tank system 312, halogen enriched gases can evolve. The evolved halogen-enriched gases 164 may be disengaged from the resulting liquified plastic material, which results in a liquefied (i.e., molten) plastic stream 161 with a reduced halogen content. As shown in
As also shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the liquification system 40 includes a melt tank 312 and a heater. The melt tank 312 receives the waste plastic feed, such as PO-enriched waste plastic stream 114, and the heater heats the waste plastic. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the melt tank 312 can include one or more continuously stirred tanks. When one or more rheology modification agents (e.g., solvents, depolymerization agents, plasticizers, and blending agents) are used in the liquification system 40, such rheology modification agents can be added to and/or mixed with the PO-enriched plastic in or prior to the melt tank 312 via line 141 and/or line 143.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the heater (not shown in
As shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, and as depicted in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, and as shown in
The two-phase medium formed in the stripper 330 can then be flowed (e.g., by gravity) through the disengagement vessel 320, where a halogen-enriched gaseous phase 162 is disengaged from a halogen-depleted liquid phase. Alternatively, as shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a first portion of the halogen-depleted liquid phase discharged from an outlet of the disengagement vessel can be returned to the melt tank 312 via line 159, while a second portion of the halogen-depleted liquid phase can be discharged from the liquification system as the dehalogenated, liquified plastic stream 161. The disengaged halogen-enriched gaseous stream 162 can be removed from the liquification system 40 for further processing and/or disposal.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the halogen-depleted molten waste plastic exiting the liquification system 40, such as the melt tank system 312, can have a halogen content of less than 500, less than 400, less than 300, less than 200, less than 100, less than 50, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1, less than 0.5, or less than 0.1 ppmw.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the halogen content of the liquified plastic stream exiting the liquification system 40, such as the melt tank system 312, is not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 75, not more than 50, not more than 25, not more than 10, or not more than 5 percent by weight of the halogen content of the waste plastic stream introduced into the liquification system 40.
As shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility may not include a liquification zone and/or may not include a dehalogenation zone.
At least a portion of the halogen-depleted liquified waste plastic from the liquification system (e.g., melt tank system) may be introduced, optionally together with one or more vitrification materials, into a downstream POX gasifier at a POX gasification facility to produce a syngas composition and/or a downstream pyrolysis reactor at a pyrolysis facility to produce pyrolysis vapors (i.e., pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis oil) and pyrolysis residue. These processes are described below in greater detail.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility 10 generally depicted in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a feed stream to the pyrolysis facility may comprise at least one of one or more solvolysis coproduct streams as described previously, a PO-enriched stream of waste plastic, and combinations thereof. One or more of the feed streams may comprise one or more vitrification materials. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more of these streams may be introduced into the pyrolysis facility continuously or one or more of these streams may be introduced intermittently. When multiple types of feed streams are present, each may be introduced separately or all or a portion of the streams may be combined so that the combined stream may be introduced into the pyrolysis facility. The combining, when performed, may take place in a continuous or batch manner. The feed introduced into the pyrolysis facility can be in the form of liquified plastic (e.g., liquefied, plasticized, depolymerized, or combinations thereof), plastic pellets or particulates, or a slurry thereof.
In general, and as depicted in
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis gas” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is gaseous at 25° C. at 1 atm. As used herein, the term “pyrolysis oil” or “pyoil” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is liquid at 25° C. and 1 atm. As used herein, the term “pyrolysis residue” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is not pyrolysis gas or pyrolysis oil and that comprises predominantly pyrolysis char and pyrolysis heavy waxes. As used herein, the term “pyrolysis char” refers to a carbon-containing composition obtained from pyrolysis that is solid at 200° C. and 1 atm. As used herein, the term “pyrolysis heavy waxes,” refers to C20+ hydrocarbons obtained from pyrolysis that are not pyrolysis char, pyrolysis gas, or pyrolysis oil.
Pyrolysis is a process that involves the chemical and thermal decomposition of the introduced feed. Although all pyrolysis processes may be generally characterized by a reaction environment that is substantially free of oxygen, pyrolysis processes may be further defined, for example, by the pyrolysis reaction temperature within the reactor, the residence time in the pyrolysis reactor, the reactor type, the pressure within the pyrolysis reactor, and the presence or absence of pyrolysis catalysts.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis reactor can be, for example, a film reactor, a screw extruder, a tubular reactor, a tank, a stirred tank reactor, a riser reactor, a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary kiln, a vacuum reactor, a microwave reactor, or an autoclave. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, and as shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis reaction can involve heating and converting the feedstock in an atmosphere that is substantially free of oxygen or in an atmosphere that contains less oxygen relative to ambient air. For example, the atmosphere within the pyrolysis reactor may comprise not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, or not more than 0.5 percent of oxygen gas based on the interior volume of the reactor.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a lift gas and/or a feed gas may be used to introduce the feedstock into the pyrolysis reactor and/or facilitate various reactions within the pyrolysis reactor. For instance, the lift gas and/or the feed gas may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or steam. The lift gas and/or feed gas may be added with the waste plastic prior to introduction into the pyrolysis reactor and/or may be added directly to the pyrolysis reactor. The lift gas and/or feed gas can include steam and/or a reducing gas such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and combinations thereof.
Furthermore, the temperature in the pyrolysis reactor can be adjusted so as to facilitate the production of certain end products. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor, including the pyrolysis film reactors, can be at least 325° C., at least 350° C., at least 375° C., at least 400° C., at least 425° C., at least 450° C., at least 475° C., at least 500° C., at least 525° C., at least 550° C., at least 575° C., at least 600° C., at least 625° C., at least 650° C., at least 675° C., at least 700° C., at least 725° C., at least 750° C., at least 775° C., or at least 800° C.
Additionally or alternatively, the pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor, including the pyrolysis film reactors, can be not more than 1,100° C., not more than 1,050° C., not more than 1,000° C., not more than 950° C., not more than 900° C., not more than 850° C., not more than 800° C., not more than 750° C., not more than 700° C., not more than 650° C., not more than 600° C., not more than 550° C., not more than 525° C., not more than 500° C., not more than 475° C., not more than 450° C., not more than 425° C., or not more than 400° C. More particularly, the pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor can range from 325 to 1,100° C., 350 to 900° C., 350 to 700° C., 350 to 550° C., 350 to 475° C., 425 to 1,100° C., 425 to 800° C., 500 to 1,100° C., 500 to 800° C., 600 to 1,100° C., 600 to 800° C., 650 to 1,000° C., or 650 to 800° C.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the residence times of the feedstocks within the pyrolysis reactor, including the pyrolysis film reactors, can be at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 1.2, at least 1.3, at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 seconds. Alternatively, the residence times of the feedstocks within the pyrolysis reactor can be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 45, at least 60, at least 75, or at least 90 minutes. Additionally, or alternatively, the residence times of the feedstocks within the pyrolysis reactor can be less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, less than 1, or less than 0.5 hours. Furthermore, the residence times of the feedstocks within the pyrolysis reactor can be less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, less than 10, less than 9, less than 8, less than 7, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1 seconds. More particularly, the residence times of the feedstocks within the pyrolysis reactor can range from 0.1 to 10 seconds, 0.5 to 10 seconds, 30 minutes to 4 hours, or 30 minutes to 3 hours, or 1 hour to 3 hours, or 1 hour to 2 hours.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pressure within the pyrolysis reactor can be maintained at a pressure of at least 0.1, at least 0.2, or at least 0.3 bar and/or not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1.5, or not more than 1.1 bar. The pressure within the pyrolysis reactor can be maintained at atmospheric pressure or within the range of 0.1 to 100 bar, or 0.1 to 60 bar, or 0.1 to 30 bar, or 0.1 to 10 bar, or 1.5 bar, 0.2 to 1.5 bar, or 0.3 to 1.1 bar. The pressure within the pyrolysis reactor can be at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, or at least 70 bar and/or not more than 100, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, or not more than 60 bar. As used herein, the term “bar” refers to gauge pressure, unless otherwise noted.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a pyrolysis catalyst may be introduced into the feed stream prior to introduction into the pyrolysis reactor and/or introduced directly into the pyrolysis reactor. The catalyst can be homogenous or heterogeneous and may include, for example, certain types of zeolites and other mesostructured catalysts. In some embodiments, the pyrolysis reaction may not be catalyzed (e.g., carried out in the absence of a pyrolysis catalyst), but may include a non-catalytic, heat-retaining inert additive, such as sand, in the reactor in order to facilitate the heat transfer. Such catalyst-free pyrolysis processes may be referred to as “thermal pyrolysis.”
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis reaction in the pyrolysis reactor may occur in the substantial absence of a pyrolysis catalyst, at a temperature in the range of 350 to 600° C., at a pressure ranging from 0.1 to 100 bar, and at a residence time of 0.2 seconds to 4 hours, or 0.5 hours to 3 hours.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 weight percent of the pyrolysis oil, which may be in the form of vapors in the pyrolysis effluent upon exiting the heated reactor; however, these vapors may be subsequently condensed into the resulting pyrolysis oil. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, or not more than 25 weight percent of the pyrolysis oil, which may be in the form of vapors in the pyrolysis effluent upon exiting the heated reactor. The pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise in the range of 20 to 99 weight percent, 25 to 80 weight percent, 30 to 85 weight percent, 30 to 80 weight percent, 30 to 75 weight percent, 30 to 70 weight percent, or 30 to 65 weight percent of the pyrolysis oil, based on the total weight of the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, or at least 80 weight percent of the pyrolysis gas. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, or not more than 45 weight percent of the pyrolysis gas. The pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise 1 to 90 weight percent, 10 to 85 weight percent, 15 to 85 weight percent, 20 to 80 weight percent, 25 to 80 weight percent, 30 to 75 weight percent, or 35 to 75 weight percent of the pyrolysis gas, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 weight percent of the pyrolysis residue. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis effluent may comprise not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, or not more than 5 weight percent of the pyrolysis residue. The pyrolysis effluent may comprise in the range of 0.1 to 25 weight percent, 1 to 15 weight percent, 1 to 8 weight percent, or 1 to 5 weight percent of the pyrolysis residue, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis effluent or pyrolysis vapors may comprise not more than 15, not more than 14, not more than 13, not more than 12, not more than 11, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, or not more than 0.5 weight percent of free water. As used herein, “free water” refers to water previously added (as liquid or steam) to the pyrolysis unit and water generated in the pyrolysis unit.
The pyrolysis system described herein may produce a pyrolysis effluent that can be separated into a pyrolysis oil stream 174, a pyrolysis gas stream 172, and a pyrolysis residue stream 176, each of which may be directly used in various downstream applications based on their formulations. The various characteristics and properties of the pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas, and pyrolysis residue are described below. It should be noted that, while all of the following characteristics and properties may be listed separately, it is envisioned that each of the following characteristics and/or properties of the pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and/or pyrolysis residue are not mutually exclusive and may be combined and present in any combination.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil may predominantly comprise hydrocarbons having from 4 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule (e.g., C4 to C30 hydrocarbons). As used herein, the term “Cx” or “Cx hydrocarbon,” refers to a hydrocarbon compound including “x” total carbons per molecule, and encompasses all olefins, paraffins, aromatics, heterocyclic, and isomers having that number of carbon atoms. For example, each of normal, iso, and tert-butane and butene and butadiene molecules would fall under the general description “C4.” The pyrolysis oil may have a C4-C30 hydrocarbon content of at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent based on the total weight of the pyrolysis oil stream 174.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil can predominantly comprise C5 to C30 hydrocarbons, C5 to C25 hydrocarbons, C5 to C22 hydrocarbons, or C5 to C20 hydrocarbons. For example, the pyrolysis oil may comprise at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of C5 to C30 hydrocarbons, C5 to C25 hydrocarbons, C5 to C22 hydrocarbons, or C5 to C20 hydrocarbons, based on the total weight of the pyrolysis oil.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil may have a C5-C12 hydrocarbon content of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, or at least 55 weight percent based on the total weight of the pyrolysis oil. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis oil may have a C5-C12 hydrocarbon content of not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, or not more than 50 weight percent. The pyrolysis oil may have a C5-C12 hydrocarbon content in the range of 10 to 95 weight percent, 20 to 80 weight percent, or 35 to 80 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil may also include various amounts of olefins and aromatics depending on reactor conditions and whether or not a catalyst is employed. The pyrolysis oil comprises at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least 40 weight percent of olefins and/or aromatics based on the total weight of the pyrolysis oil. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis oil may include not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 1 weight percent of olefins and/or aromatics. As used herein, the term “aromatics” refers to the total amount (in weight) of any compounds containing an aromatic moiety, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil may have a paraffin (e.g., linear or branch alkanes) content of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, or at least 65 weight percent based on the total weight of the pyrolysis oil. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis oil may have a paraffin content of not more than 99, not more than 97, not more than 95, not more than 93, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, or not more than 30 weight percent. The pyrolysis oil may have a paraffin content in the range of 25 to 90 weight percent, 35 to 90 weight percent, or 50 to 80 weight percent.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis oil may have a mid-boiling point of at least 75° C., at least 80° C., at least 85° C., at least 90° C., at least 95° C., at least 100° C., at least 105° C., at least 110° C., or at least 115° C. and/or not more than 250° C., not more than 245° C., not more than 240° C., not more than 235° C., not more than 230° C., not more than 225° C., not more than 220° C., not more than 215° C., not more than 210° C., not more than 205° C., not more than 200° C., not more than 195° C., not more than 190° C., not more than 185° C., not more than 180° C., not more than 175° C., not more than 170° C., not more than 165° C., not more than 160° C., not more than 155° C., not more than 150° C., not more than 145° C., not more than 140° C., not more than 135° C., not more than 130° C., not more than 125° C., or not more than 120° C., as measured according to ASTM D-5399. The pyrolysis oil may have a mid-boiling point in the range of 75 to 250° C., 90 to 225° C., or 115 to 190° C. As used herein, “mid-boiling point” refers to the median boiling point temperature of the pyrolysis oil, where 50 percent by volume of the pyrolysis oil boils above the mid-boiling point and 50 percent by volume boils below the mid-boiling point.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the boiling point range of the pyrolysis oil may be such that at least 90 percent of the pyrolysis oil boils off at a temperature of 250° C., of 280° C., of 290° C., of 300° C., or of 310° C., as measured according to ASTM D-5399.
Turning to the pyrolysis gas, the pyrolysis gas can have a methane content of at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 and/or not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, or not more than 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the pyrolysis gas. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis gas can have a methane content in the range of 1 to 50 weight percent, 5 to 50 weight percent, or 15 to 45 weight percent.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis gas can have a C3 and/or C4 hydrocarbon content (including all hydrocarbons having 3 or 4 carbon atoms per molecule) of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, or at least 60 and/or not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, or not more than 65 weight percent based on the total weight of the pyrolysis gas. The pyrolysis gas can have a C3 hydrocarbon content, a C4 hydrocarbon content, or combined C3 and C4 hydrocarbon content in the range of 10 to 90 weight percent, 25 to 90 weight percent, or 25 to 80 weight percent.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis gas can make up at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, or at least 50 weight percent of the total effluent from the pyrolysis reactor and the pyrolysis gas can have a combined ethylene and propylene content of at least 25, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 75 percent by total weight of the pyrolysis gas.
Turning to the pyrolysis residue, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis residue comprises at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, or at least 85 weight percent of C20+ hydrocarbons based on the total weight of the pyrolysis residue. As used herein, “C20+ hydrocarbon” refers to hydrocarbon compounds containing at least 20 total carbons per molecule, and encompasses all olefins, paraffins, and isomers having that number of carbon atoms.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis residue comprises at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent of carbon-containing solids based on the total weight of the pyrolysis residue. Additionally, or alternatively, the pyrolysis residue comprises not more than 99, not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, not more than 5, or not more than 4 weight percent of carbon-containing solids. As used herein, “carbon-containing solids” refer to carbon-containing compositions that are derived from pyrolysis and are solid at 25° C. and 1 atm. The carbon-containing solids comprise at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, or at least 90 weight percent of carbon based on the total weight of the carbon-containing solids. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the pyrolysis residue may additionally be enriched in one or more vitrification materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of the pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and pyrolysis residue may be routed to one or more of the other chemical processing facilities, including, for example, the energy recovery facility 80, the partial oxidation facility 50, one or more of the other facilities 90 discussed previously, and the cracking facility 70. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the pyrolysis gas stream 172 and/or at least a portion of the pyrolysis oil (pyrolysis oil) stream 174 can be introduced into the energy recovery facility 80, the cracking facility 70, the POX gasification facility 50, and combinations thereof, while the pyrolysis residue stream 176 may be introduced into the POX gasification facility 50 and/or the energy recovery facility 80.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the pyrolysis gas stream 172, pyrolysis oil stream 174, and/or pyrolysis residue stream 176 may be routed to one or more separation facilities (not shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of one or more streams from the pyrolysis facility 60, or from one or more of the other facilities shown in
Turning now to
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a feed stream 119 to the cracking facility 70 may comprise at least one of (i) one or more solvolysis coproduct streams 110 as described previously, (ii) a PO-enriched stream of waste plastic 114, and (iii) a pyrolysis stream (e.g., pyrolysis gas 172 and/or pyrolysis oil 174). One or more of these streams may be introduced into the cracking facility 70 continuously or one or more of these streams may be introduced intermittently. When multiple types of feed streams are present, each may be introduced separately or all, or a portion of, the streams may be combined so that the combined stream may be introduced into the cracking facility 70. The combining, when performed, may take place in a continuous or batch manner. The feed stream or streams introduced into the cracking facility 70 can be in the form of a predominantly gas stream, a predominantly liquid stream, or combinations thereof.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the cracker feed stream 119 can include at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, or not more than 20 weight percent of a hydrocarbon feed other than pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis oil, based on the total weight of the cracker feed stream 119, or it can include a hydrocarbon feed other than pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis oil in an amount of from 5 to 95 weight percent, 10 to 90 weight percent, or 15 to 85 weight percent, based on the total weight of the cracker feed stream 119.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 may comprise a predominantly C2 to C4 hydrocarbon containing composition. As used herein, the term “predominantly C2 to C4 hydrocarbon,” refers to a stream or composition containing at least 50 weight percent of C2 to C4 hydrocarbon components. Examples of specific types of C2 to C4 hydrocarbon streams or compositions include propane, ethane, butane, and LPG. The cracker feed stream 119 may comprise at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, in each case wt. % based on the total weight of the feed, and/or not more than 100, or not more than 99, or not more than 95, or not more than 92, or not more than 90, or not more than 85, or not more than 80, or not more than 75, or not more than 70, or not more than 65, or not more than 60, in each case weight percent C2 to C4 hydrocarbons or linear alkanes, based on the total weight of the feed. The cracker feed stream 119 can comprise predominantly propane, predominantly ethane, predominantly butane, or a combination of two or more of these components.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 may comprise a predominantly C5 to C22 hydrocarbon containing composition. As used herein, “predominantly C5 to C22 hydrocarbon” refers to a stream or composition comprising at least 50 weight percent of C5 to C22 hydrocarbon components. Examples include gasoline, naphtha, middle distillates, diesel, kerosene.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 may comprise at least 20, or at least 25, or at least 30, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 45, or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, in each case wt. % and/or not more than 100, or not more than 99, or not more than 95, or not more than 92, or not more than 90, or not more than 85, or not more than 80, or not more than 75, or not more than 70, or not more than 65, or not more than 60, in each case weight percent C5 to C22, or C5 to C20 hydrocarbons, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can include C5 to C22 in an amount in the range of from 20 to 100 weight percent, 25 to 95 weight percent, or 30 to 85 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 may have a C15 and heavier (C15+) content of at least 0.5, or at least 1, or at least 2, or at least 5, in each case weight percent and/or not more than 40, or not more than 35, or not more than 30, or not more than 25, or not more than 20, or not more than 18, or not more than 15, or not more than 12, or not more than 10, or not more than 5, or not more than 3, in each case weight percent, based on the total weight of the feed, or it can be in the range of from 0.5 to 40 weight percent, 1 to 35 weight percent, or 2 to 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed to the cracker furnace can comprise vacuum gas oil (VGO), hydrogenated vacuum gas oil (HVGO), or atmospheric gas oil (AGO). The cracker feed stream 119 can comprise at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, or at least 90 and/or not more than 99, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, or not more than 50 weight percent of at least one gas oil, based on the total weight of the stream, or it can be present in an amount in the range of from 5 to 99 weight percent, 10 to 90 weight percent, or 15 to 85 weight percent, or 5 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream 119.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 can be cracked in a gas furnace. A gas furnace is a furnace having at least one coil which receives (or operated to receive or configured to receive), at the inlet of the coil at the entrance to the convection zone, a predominately vapor-phase feed (more than 50% of the weight of the feed is vapor) (“gas coil”). The gas coil can receive a predominately C2-C4 feedstock, or a predominately a C2-C3 feedstock, to the inlet of the coil in the convection section, or alternatively, having at least one coil receiving more than 50 wt. % ethane and/or more than 50% propane and/or more than 50% LPG, or in any one of these cases at least 60 wt. %, or at least 70 wt. %, or at least 80 wt. %, based on the weight of the cracker feed to the coil, or alternatively based on the weight of the cracker feed to the convection zone.
The gas furnace may have more than one gas coil. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least 25% of the coils, or at least 50% of the coils, or at least 60% of the coils, or all the coils in the convection zone or within a convection box of the furnace are gas coils. The gas coil receives, at the inlet of the coil at the entrance to the convection zone, a vapor-phase feed in which at least 60 wt. %, or at least 70 wt. %, or at least 80 wt. %, or at least 90 wt. %, or at least 95 wt. %, or at least 97 wt. %, or at least 98 wt. %, or at least 99 wt. %, or at least 99.5 wt. %, or at least 99.9 wt. % of feed is vapor.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream can be cracked in a split furnace. A split furnace is a type of gas furnace. A split furnace contains at least one gas coil and at least one liquid coil within the same furnace, or within the same convection zone, or within the same convection box. A liquid coil is a coil which receives, at the inlet of coil at the entrance to the convection zone, a predominately liquid phase feed (more than 50% of the weight of the feed is liquid) (“liquid coil”).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 can be cracked in a thermal gas cracker.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker feed stream 119 can be cracked in a thermal steam gas cracker in the presence of steam. Steam cracking refers to the high-temperature cracking (decomposition) of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam. When present, steam may be introduced via a line.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, when two or more streams from the chemical recycling facility 10 shown in
Turning now to
As shown in
The radiant section 848 is the section of the furnace 820 into which heat is transferred into the heater tubes primarily by radiation from the high-temperature gas. The radiant section 848 also includes a plurality of burners 856 for introducing heat into the lower portion of the furnace 820. The furnace 820 includes a fire box 854 which surrounds and houses the tubes 852b within the radiant section 848 and into which the burners 856 are oriented. The cross-over section 850 includes piping for connecting the convection 846 and radiant 848 sections and may transfer the heated cracker stream from one section to the other within or external to the interior of the furnace 820.
As hot combustion gases ascend upwardly through the furnace stack, the gases may pass through the convection section 846, wherein at least a portion of the waste heat may be recovered and used to heat the cracker stream passing through the convection section 846. The cracking furnace 820 may have a single convection (preheat) section and a single radiant section, while, in other embodiments, the furnace may include two or more radiant sections sharing a common convection section. At least one induced draft (I.D.) fan 860 near the stack may control the flow of hot flue gas and heating profile through the furnace 820, and one or more heat exchangers 861 may be used to cool the furnace effluent. A liquid quench (not shown) may be used in addition to, or alternatively with, the exchanger 861 (e.g., transfer line heat exchanger or TLE) on the outlet of the furnace shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, when introduced into the cracker facility 70, the pyrolysis gas 172 may be introduced into the inlet of the cracker furnace 820, or all or a portion of the pyrolysis gas may be introduced downstream of the furnace outlet, at a location upstream of or within the separation zone 840 of the cracker facility 70. When introduced into or upstream of the separation zone 840, the pyrolysis gas can be introduced upstream of the last stage of compression, or prior to the inlet of at least one fractionation column in the fractionation section of the separation zone 840.
Prior to entering the cracker facility 70, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a stream of raw pyrolysis gas from a pyrolysis facility may undergo one or more separation steps to remove one or more components from the stream. Examples of such components can include, but are not limited to, halogens, aldehydes, oxygenated compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, carbon dioxide, water, vaporized metals, and combinations thereof. The pyrolysis gas stream 172 introduced into the cracker facility 70 comprises at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, or at least 5 and/or not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of one or more aldehyde components, based on the total weight of the pyrolysis gas stream 172.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracker facility 70 may comprise a single cracking furnace, or it can have at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or at least 8 or more cracking furnaces operated in parallel. Any one or each furnace(s) may be gas cracker, or a liquid cracker, or a split furnace. The furnace can be a gas cracker receiving a cracker feed stream containing at least 50 wt. %, or at least 75 wt. %, or at least 85 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % ethane, propane, LPG, or a combination thereof through the furnace, or through at least one coil in a furnace, or through at least one tube in the furnace, based on the weight of all cracker feed to the furnace.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the cracking furnace 820 can be a liquid or naphtha cracker receiving a cracker feed stream containing at least 50 wt. %, or at least 75 wt. %, or at least 85 wt. % liquid (when measured at 25° C. and 1 atm) hydrocarbons having a carbon number from C5-C22.
The heated cracker stream 119 then passes through the cracking furnace 820, wherein the hydrocarbon components therein are thermally cracked to form lighter hydrocarbons, including olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and/or butadiene. The residence time of the cracker stream the furnace 820 can be at least 0.15, or at least 0.2, or at least 0.25, or at least 0.3, or at least 0.35, or at least 0.4, or at least 0.45, in each case seconds and/or not more than 2, or not more than 1.75, or not more than 1.5, or not more than 1.25, or not more than 1, or not more than 0.9, or not more than 0.8, or not more than 0.75, or not more than 0.7, or not more than 0.65, or not more than 0.6, or not more than 0.5, in each case seconds, or it can be in the range of from 0.15 to 2 seconds, 0.20 to 1.75 seconds, or 0.25 to 1.5 seconds.
The temperature of the cracked olefin-containing effluent 125 withdrawn from the furnace outlet can be at least 640, or at least 650, or at least 660, or at least 670, or at least 680, or at least 690, or at least 700, or at least 720, or at least 730, or at least 740, or at least 750, or at least 760, or at least 770, or at least 780, or at least 790, or at least 800, or at least 810, or at least 820, in each case ° C. and/or not more than 1000, or not more than 990, or not more than 980, or not more than 970, or not more than 960, or not more than 950, or not more than 940, or not more than 930, or not more than 920, or not more than 910, or not more than 900, or not more than 890, or not more than 880, or not more than 875, or not more than 870, or not more than 860, or not more than 850, or not more than 840, or not more than 830, in each case ° C., in the range of from 730 to 900° C., 750 to 875° C., or 750 to 850° C.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the yield of olefin—ethylene, propylene, butadiene, or combinations thereof—can be at least 15, or at least 20, or at least 25, or at least 30, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 45, or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, in each case percent. As used herein, the term “yield” refers to the mass of product produced from the mass of feedstock/mass of feedstock x 100%. The olefin-containing effluent stream comprises at least 30, or at least 40, or at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 99, in each case weight percent of ethylene, propylene, or ethylene and propylene, based on the total weight of the effluent stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the olefin-containing effluent stream 125 can comprise at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, or at least 90 weight percent of C2 to C4 olefins. The stream 125 may comprise predominantly ethylene, predominantly propylene, or predominantly ethylene and propylene, based on the total weight of the olefin-containing effluent stream 125. The weight ratio of ethylene-to-propylene in the olefin-containing effluent stream 125 can be at least 0.2:1, at least 0.3:1, at least 0.4:1, at least 0.5:1, at least 0.6:1, at least 0.7:1, at least 0.8:1, at least 0.9:1, at least 1:1, at least 1.1:1, at least 1.2:1, at least 1.3:1, at least 1.4:1, at least 1.5:1, at least 1.6:1, at least 1.7:1, at least 1.8:1, at least 1.9:1, or at least 2:1 and/or not more than 3:1, not more than 2.9:1, not more than 2.8:1, not more than 2.7:1, not more than 2.5:1, not more than 2.3:1, not more than 2.2:1, not more than 2.1:1, not more than 2:1, not more than 1.7:1, not more than 1.5:1, or not more than 1.25:1.
Upon exiting the cracker furnace outlet, the olefin-containing effluent stream 125 may be cooled rapidly (e.g., quenched) in order to prevent production of large amounts of undesirable by-products and to minimize fouling in downstream equipment. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the temperature of the olefin-containing effluent from the furnace can be reduced by 35 to 485° C., 35 to 375° C., or 90 to 550° C. to a temperature of 500 to 760° C. during the quench or cooling step.
The resulting cooled effluent stream can be then separated in a vapor-liquid separator, and the vapor can be compressed in a gas compressor having, for example, between 1 and 5 compression stages with optional inter-stage cooling and liquid removal. The pressure of the gas stream at the outlet of the first set of compression stages is in the range of from 7 to 20 bar gauge (barg), 8.5 to 18 barg, or 9.5 to 14 barg. The resulting compressed stream is then treated for removal of acid gases, including halogens, CO, CO2, and H2S by contact with an acid gas removal agent. Examples of acid gas removal agents can include, but are not limited to, caustic and various types of amines. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a single contactor may be used, while, in other embodiments, a dual column absorber-stripper configuration may be employed.
The treated compressed olefin-containing stream may then be further compressed in another compressor, optionally with inter-stage cooling and liquid separation. The resulting compressed stream, which has a pressure in the range of 20 to 50 barg, 25 to 45 barg, or 30 to 40 barg. Any suitable moisture removal method can be used including, for example, molecular sieves or other similar process. The resulting stream may then be passed to the fractionation section, wherein the olefins and other components may be separated in to various high-purity product or intermediate streams. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the pyrolysis gas may be introduced prior to and/or after one or more stages of the second compressor. Similarly, the pressure of the pyrolysis gas is within 20, within 50, within 100, or within 150 psi of the pressure of the stream with which it is being combined.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a feed stream from the quench section may be introduced into at least one column within a fractionation section of the separation zone. As used herein, the term “fractionation” refers to the general process of separating two or more materials having different boiling points. Examples of equipment and processes that utilize fractionation include, but are not limited to, distillation, rectification, stripping, and vapor-liquid separation (single stage).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the fractionation section of the cracker facility may include one or more of a demethanizer, a deethanizer, a depropanizer, an ethylene splitter, a propylene splitter, a debutanizer, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “demethanizer,” refers to a column whose light key component is methane. Similarly, “deethanizer,” and “depropanizer,” refer to columns with ethane and propane as the light key component, respectively.
Any suitable arrangement of columns may be used so that the fractionation section provides at least one olefin product stream and at least one paraffin stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the fractionation section can provide at least two olefin streams, such as ethylene and propylene, and at least two paraffin streams, such as ethane and propane, as well as additional streams including, for example, methane and lighter components and butane and heavier components.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the olefin stream withdrawn from the fractionation section can comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent and/or not more than 100, 99, 97, 95, 90, 85, or 80 weight percent of olefins, based on the total weight of the olefin stream. The olefins can be predominantly ethylene or predominantly propylene. The olefin stream can comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent and/or not more than 99, not more than 97, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, or not more than 65 weight percent of ethylene, based on the total weight of olefins in the olefin stream. The olefin stream may comprise at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, or at least 60 weight percent and/or not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, or not more than 45 weight percent of ethylene, based on the total weight of the olefin stream, or it can be present in an amount in the range of from 20 to 80 weight percent, 25 to 75 weight percent, or 30 to 70 weight percent, based on the total weight of the olefin stream.
Alternatively, or in addition, the olefin stream can comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent and/or not more than 99, not more than 97, not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 85, not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, or not more than 65 weight percent of propylene, based on the total weight of olefins in the olefin stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the olefin stream may comprise at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, or at least 60 weight percent and/or not more than 80, not more than 75, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, or not more than 45 weight percent of propylene, based on the total weight of the olefin stream, or it can be present in an amount in the range of from 20 to 80 weight percent, 25 to 75 weight percent, or 30 to 70 weight percent, based on the total weight of the olefin stream.
As the compressed stream passes through the fractionation section, it passed through a demethanizer column, wherein the methane and lighter (CO, CO2, H2) components are separated from the ethane and heavier components. The demethanizer can be operated at a temperature of at least −145, or at least −142, or at least −140, or at least −135, in each case ° C. and/or not more than −120, not more than −125, not more than −130, not more than −135° C. The bottoms stream from the demethanizer column includes at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95 or at least 99, in each case percent of the total amount of ethane and heavier components.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, all or a portion of the stream introduced into the fractionation section can be introduced into a deethanizer column, wherein the C2 and lighter components are separated from the C3 and heavier components by fractional distillation. The deethanizer can be operated with an overhead temperature of at least −35, or at least −30, or at least −25, or at least −20, in each case ° C. and/or not more than −5, not more than −10, not more than −15, not more than −20° C., and an overhead pressure of at least 3, or at least 5, or at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 10, in each case barg and/or not more than 20, or not more than 18, or not more than 17, or not more than 15, or not more than 14, or not more than 13, in each case barg. The deethanizer column recovers at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 99, in each case percent of the total amount of C2 and lighter components introduced into the column in the overhead stream. The overhead stream removed from the deethanizer column comprises at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, in each case weight percent of ethane and ethylene, based on the total weight of the overhead stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the C2 and lighter overhead stream from a deethanizer can be further separated in an ethane-ethylene fractionator column (ethylene fractionator or ethylene splitter). In the ethane-ethylene fractionator column, an ethylene and lighter component stream can be withdrawn from the overhead of the column or as a side stream from the top half of the column, while the ethane and any residual heavier components are removed in the bottoms stream. The ethylene fractionator may be operated at an overhead temperature of at least −45, or at least −40, or at least −35, or at least −30, or at least −25, or at least −20, in each case ° C. and/or not more than −15, or not more than −20, or not more than −25, in each case ° C., and an overhead pressure of at least 10, or at least 12, or at least 15, in each case barg and/or not more than 25, not more than 22, not more than 20 barg. The overhead stream, which may be enriched in ethylene, can include at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 98, or at least 99, in each case weight percent ethylene, based on the total weight of the stream and may be sent to downstream processing unit for further processing, storage, or sale.
The bottoms stream from the ethane-ethylene fractionator may include at least 40, or at least 45, or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 98, in each case weight percent ethane, based on the total weight of the bottoms stream. All or a portion of the recovered ethane may be recycled to the inlet of the cracker furnace as additional feedstock, alone or in combination with the pyrolysis oil and/or pyrolysis gas, as discussed previously.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the compressed stream may be separated in a depropanizer, wherein C3 and lighter components are removed as an overhead vapor stream, while C4 and heavier components exit the column in the liquid bottoms. The depropanizer can be operated with an overhead temperature of at least 20, or at least 35, or at least 40, in each case ° C. and/or not more than 70, 65, 60, 55° C., and an overhead pressure of at least 10, or at least 12, or at least 15, in each case barg and/or not more than 20, or not more than 17, or not more than 15, in each case barg. The depropanizer column recovers at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 99, in each case percent of the total amount of C3 and lighter components introduced into the column in the overhead stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the overhead stream removed from the depropanizer column comprises at least or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 98, in each case weight percent of propane and propylene, based on the total weight of the overhead stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the overhead stream from the depropanizer may be introduced into a propane-propylene fractionator (propylene fractionator or propylene splitter), wherein the propylene and any lighter components are removed in the overhead stream and the propane and any heavier components exit the column in the bottoms stream. The propylene fractionator may be operated at an overhead temperature of at least 20, or at least 25, or at least 30, or at least 35, in each case ° C. and/or not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40° C., and an overhead pressure of at least 12, or at least 15, or at least 17, or at least 20, in each case barg and/or not more than 20, or not more than 17, or not more than 15, or not more than 12, in each case barg. The overhead stream, which is enriched in propylene, can include at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 98, or at least 99, in each case weight percent propylene, based on the total weight of the stream and may be sent to downstream processing unit for further processing, storage, or sale.
The bottoms stream from the propane-propylene fractionator may include at least 40, or at least 45, or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 98, in each case weight percent propane, based on the total weight of the bottoms stream. All or a portion of the recovered propane may be recycled to the cracker furnace as additional feedstock, alone or in combination with pyrolysis oil and/or pyrolysis gas, as discussed previously.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of the compressed stream may be sent to a debutanizer column for separating C4 and lighter components, including butenes, butanes and butadienes, from C5 and heavier (C5+) components. The debutanizer can be operated with an overhead temperature of at least 20, or at least 25, or at least 30, or at least 35, or at least 40, in each case ° C. and/or not more than 60, or not more than 65, or not more than 60, or not more than 55, or not more than 50, in each case ° C. and an overhead pressure of at least 2, or at least 3, or at least 4, or at least 5, in each case barg and/or not more than 8, or not more than 6, or not more than 4, or not more than 2, in each case barg. The debutanizer column recovers at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, or at least 97, or at least 99, in each case percent of the total amount of C4 and lighter components introduced into the column in the overhead stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the overhead stream removed from the debutanizer column comprises at least 30, or at least 35, or at least 40, or at least 45, or at least 50, or at least 55, or at least 60, or at least 65, or at least 70, or at least 75, or at least 80, or at least 85, or at least 90, or at least 95, in each case weight percent of butadiene, based on the total weight of the overhead stream. The bottoms stream from the debutanizer includes mainly C5 and heavier components, in an amount of at least 50, or at least 60, or at least 70, or at least 80, or at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the stream. The debutanizer bottoms stream may be sent for further separation, processing, storage, sale or use. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the overhead stream from the debutanizer, or the C4s, can be subjected to any conventional separation methods such as extraction or distillation processes to recover a more concentrated stream of butadiene.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of one or more of the above streams may be introduced into one or more of the facilities shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility may also comprise a partial oxidation (POX) gasification facility. As used herein, the term “partial oxidation” refers to high temperature conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide), where the conversion is carried out with an amount of oxygen that is less than the stoichiometric amount of oxygen needed for complete oxidation of carbon to CO2. As used herein, the term “partial oxidation (POX) reaction” refers to all reactions occurring within a partial oxidation (POX) gasifier in the conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas, including but not limited to partial oxidation, water gas shift, water gas—primary reactions, Boudouard, oxidation, methanation, hydrogen reforming, steam reforming, and carbon dioxide reforming. The feed to POX gasification can include solids, liquids, and/or gases. A “partial oxidation facility” or “POX gasification facility” is a facility that includes all equipment, lines, and controls necessary to carry out POX gasification of waste plastic and feedstocks derived therefrom.
In the POX gasification facility, the feed stream may be converted to syngas in the presence of a sub-stoichiometric amount of oxygen. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream to the POX gasification facility may comprise one or more of a PO-enriched waste plastic, at least one solvolysis coproduct stream, a pyrolysis stream (including pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and/or pyrolysis residue), and at least one stream from the cracking facility.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream comprises not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent, in each case weight percent of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), based on the total weight of the feed stream. The feed stream may also comprise regulated leachable materials in the amount of at least 0.1, at least 1, at least 2, at least 4, or at least 6 weight percent of the feed and/or not more than 25, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, or not more than 2.5, in each case weight percent based on the total weight of the feed stream.
One or more of these streams may be introduced into the POX gasification facility continuously or one or more of these streams may be introduced intermittently. When multiple types of feed streams are present, each may be introduced separately, or all or a portion of the streams may be combined so that the combined stream may be introduced into the POX gasification facility. The combining, when present, may take place in a continuous or batch manner. The feed stream can be in the form of a gas, a liquid or liquified plastic, solids (usually comminuted), or a slurry.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, and as shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream 116 to the POX gasification facility may comprise at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 99, or at least 99.5 weight percent of a liquefied waste plastic from the liquification system, based on the total weight of the fuel in the gasifier feed stream or based on the total weight of the gasifier feedstock stream. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, the liquefied waste plastic may be introduced into the POX gasification facility at a rate of at least 1,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 40,000, at least 80,000, or at least 120,000 lbs/hour.
The POX gasification facility includes at least one POX gasification reactor. An exemplary POX gasification reactor 52 is shown in
Additionally, or alternatively, POX gasification unit may conduct solid-fed POX gasification. As used herein, “solid-fed POX gasification” refers to a POX gasification process where the feed to the process comprises predominately (by weight) components that are solid at 25° C. and 1 atm.
Gas-fed, liquid-fed, and solid-fed POX gasification processes can be co-fed with lesser amounts of other components having a different phase at 25° C. and 1 atm. Thus, gas-fed POX gasifiers can be co-fed with liquids and/or solids, but only in amounts that are less (by weight) than the amount of gasses fed to the gas-phase POX gasifier; liquid-fed POX gasifiers can be co-fed with gasses and/or solids, but only in amounts (by weight) less than the amount of liquids fed to the liquid-fed POX gasifier; and solid-fed POX gasifiers can be co-fed with gasses and/or liquids, but only in amounts (by weight) less than the amount of solids fed to the solid-fed POX gasifier.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the total feed to a gas-fed POX gasifier can comprise at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components that are gaseous at 25° C. and 1 atm; the total feed to a liquid-fed POX gasifier can comprise at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components that are liquid at 25° C. and 1 atm; and the total feed to a solid-fed POX gasifier can comprise at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of components that are solids at 25° C. and 1 atm.
As generally shown in
In addition to the waste plastic, the gasification feedstock stream may also comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, or at least 50 weight percent of water, based on the total weight of the gasification feedstock stream. Additionally, or in the alternative, the gasification feedstock stream may also comprise not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 9, not more than 8, not more than 7, not more than 6, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of water, based on the total weight of the gasification feedstock stream.
In addition to the waste plastic, the gasification feedstock stream may also comprise at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, or at least 50 weight percent of one or more optional fossil fuels, or such may be present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 50 weight percent, from 20 to 40 weight percent, or from 30 to 35 weight percent, in each case based on the total weight of the gasification feedstock stream.
Additionally, or in the alternative, the gasification feedstock stream may also comprise not more than 99, not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 60, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 20, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, or not more than 1 weight percent of one or more optional fossil fuels, in each case based on the total weight of the gasification feedstock stream.
Such fossil fuels may, for example, comprise solid fuels. Such fossil fuels may, for example, comprise organic materials that are short chain, such as those with a carbon number of less than 12, and are typically oxygenated. Exemplary fossil fuels include, but are not limited to, solid fuels (e.g., coal, petrocoke, waste plastics, etc.), liquid fuels (e.g., liquid hydrocarbons, liquefied plastics, etc.), gas fuels (e.g., natural gas, organic hydrocarbons, etc.) and/or other traditional fuel(s) having a positive heating value including products derived from a chemical synthesis process utilizing a traditional fossil fuel as a feedstock. Other possible fossil fuels may include, but are not limited to, fuel oil and liquid organic waste streams. The fossil fuels may include or contain one or more vitrification materials. As used herein, a “gasification feedstock” or “gasifier feed” refers to all components fed into the gasifier except oxygen.
Also or alternatively, in addition to waste plastic, the gasification feedstock stream may also comprise at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 weight percent, but not more than 20, not more than 18, not more than 16, not more than 14 or not more than 12 weight percent of one or more vitrification materials, or such may be present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 20 weight percent, from 5 to 14 weight percent, or from 7 to 10 weight percent, in each case based on the total weight of the gasification feedstock stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the weight percent of vitrification materials in a gasification feedstock stream can be an average (e.g., median or mean) over 2 weeks (e.g., sampling daily), over 1 week (e.g., sampling daily), over 3 days (e.g., sampling every several hours), or over 1 day (e.g., sampling every hour).
The one or more vitrification materials of the feedstock may be obtained from or introduced with: a stream partly or entirely comprised of non-plastic, heavy materials (e.g., stream 198) removed at the heavies removal stage 196 discussed above; a soot and/or coal slag recycle stream from the POX gasifier or a soot and/or coal slag stream from another POX gasifier; a PO-enriched waste plastic; at least one solvolysis coproduct stream; or a pyrolysis stream (including pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and/or pyrolysis residue). The one or more vitrification materials may at least partly be obtained from external sources not otherwise listed herein and/or not originating with or derived from the mixed plastic waste.
Where introduced with one or more of said PO-enriched waste plastic, solvolysis coproduct and/or pyrolysis stream(s), the one or more vitrification materials may be directly derived from mixed plastic waste by sorting or other means of separation, and/or may have been or may be liberated from a two-phase solid mixture with said mixed plastic waste (e.g., as contrasted with having been liberated from a polymer backbone of one or more waste plastics of the mixed waste plastic). In one or more embodiments, the one or more vitrification materials may be directly derived from, and initially contained in, plastic waste of the mixed waste plastic, for example where such one or more vitrification materials comprise fillers, additives and/or modifiers of the plastic waste of the mixed waste plastic. Additionally, the gasification feedstock stream may comprise soot and/or slag recycled from the same gasification process or gasifier and/or another gasification process, as discussed in more detail below.
TABLE 1 provides a compositional breakdown, in mass percent based on the total weight of each respective waste material, of vitrification materials present in thirteen (13) exemplary waste materials that may contribute to gasification feedstock streams derived, for example, from mixed plastic waste:
The compositions above were obtained by performing standard ash analysis techniques for determining inorganic content of materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification feedstock stream may comprise an oxygen/carbon molar ratio in the range of 0.5 to 1.5, 0.6 to 1.3, or 0.7 to 1.1.
As noted above, the feedstock stream and the oxidizing agent may be sprayed through an injector assembly into the pressurized gasification zone.
As shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the liquefied plastic stream (e.g., molten waste plastic) has a viscosity of less than 3,000, less than 2,800, less than 2,600, less than 2,400, less than 2,200, less than 2,000, less than 1,800, less than 1,500, less than 1,000, less than 500, less than 250, less than 50 poise, less than 10, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1 poise and/or at least 0.1, at least 0.2, or at least 0.5 poise at 350° C. and 10 radians/s immediately prior to being introduced into the injector assembly of the POX gasifier 52, as measured using a Brookfield R/S rheometer with V80-40 vane spindle. For example, the liquefied plastic stream (e.g., molten waste plastic) can have a viscosity of 0.1 to 3,000 poise, 0.1 to 2,600 poise, 0.1 to 1,000 poise, 0.1 to 250 poise, 0.1 to 50 poise, 0.1 to 10 poise, 0.1 to 5 poise, or 0.1 to 1 poise, as measured using a Brookfield R/S rheometer with V80-40 vane spindle operating at a shear rate of 10 rad/s and a temperature of 350° C.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the oxidizing agent in stream 180 comprises an oxidizing gas that can include air, oxygen-enriched air, or molecular oxygen (O2). The oxidizing agent can comprise at least 25, at least 35, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, at least 99, or at least 99.5 mole percent of molecular oxygen based on the total moles of all components in the oxidizing agent stream 180 injected into the reaction (combustion) zone of the gasification reactor 52. The particular amount of oxygen as supplied to the reaction zone can be sufficient to obtain near or maximum yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from the gasification reaction relative to the components in the feed stream 116, considering the amount relative to the feed stream, and the amount of feed charged, the process conditions, and the reactor design.
The oxidizing agent can include other oxidizing gases or liquids, in addition to or in place of air, oxygen-enriched air, and molecular oxygen. Examples of such oxidizing liquids suitable for use as oxidizing agents include water (which can be added as a liquid or as steam) and ammonia. Examples of such oxidizing gases suitable for use as oxidizing agents include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, an atomization enhancing fluid is fed to the gasification zone along with the feedstock and oxidizing agent. As used herein, the term “atomization enhancing fluid” refers to a liquid or gas operable to reduce viscosity to decrease dispersion energy, or increase energy available to assist dispersion. The atomization enhancing fluid may be mixed with the plastic-containing feedstock before the feedstock is fed into the gasification zone or separately added to the gasification zone, for example to an injection assembly coupled with the gasification reactor. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the atomization enhancing fluid is water and/or steam. However, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, steam and/or water is not supplied to the gasification zone.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a gas stream enriched in carbon dioxide or nitrogen (e.g., greater than the molar quantity found in air, or at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, or at least 40 mole percent) is charged into the gasifier. These gases may serve as carrier gases to propel a feedstock to a gasification zone. Due to the pressure within the gasification zone, these carrier gases may be compressed to provide the motive force for introduction into the gasification zone. This gas stream may be compositionally the same as or different than the atomization enhancing fluid. In one or more embodiments, this gas stream also functions as the atomization enhancing fluid.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, a gas stream enriched in hydrogen (H2) (e.g., at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, or at least 90 mole percent is charged into the gasifier. Hydrogen may be added to affect the partial oxidation reactions so as to control the resulting syngas composition.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, no gas stream containing more than 0.01 or more than 0.02 mole percent of carbon dioxide is charged to the gasifier or gasification zone. Alternatively, no gas stream containing more than 77, more than 70, more than 50, more than 30, more than 10, more than 5, or more than 3 mole percent nitrogen is charged to the gasifier or gasification zone. Furthermore, a gaseous hydrogen stream more than 0.1, more than 0.5, more than 1, or more than 5 mole percent hydrogen is not charged to the gasifier or to the gasification zone. Moreover, a stream of methane gas containing more than 0.1, more than 0.5, more than 1, or more than 5 mole percent methane is not charged to the gasifier or to the gasification zone. In certain embodiments, the only gaseous stream introduced to the gasification zone is the oxidizing agent.
The gasification process can be a partial oxidation (POX) gasification reaction, as described previously. Generally, to enhance the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the oxidation process involves partial, rather than complete, oxidization of the gasification feedstock and, therefore, may be operated in an oxygen-lean environment, relative to the amount needed to completely oxidize 100 percent of the carbon and hydrogen bonds. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the total oxygen requirements for the gasifier may be at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 percent in excess of the amount theoretically required to convert the carbon content of the gasification feedstock to carbon monoxide. In general, satisfactory operation may be obtained with a total oxygen supply of 10 to 80 percent in excess of the theoretical requirements. For example, examples of suitable amounts of oxygen per pound of carbon may be in the range of 0.4 to 3.0, 0.6 to 2.5, 0.9 to 2.5, or 1.2 to 2.5 pounds free oxygen per pound of carbon.
Mixing of the feedstock stream and the oxidizing agent may be accomplished entirely within the reaction zone by introducing the separate streams of feedstock and oxidizing agent so that they impinge upon each other within the reaction zone. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the oxidizing agent stream is introduced into the reaction zone of the gasifier as high velocity to both exceed the rate of flame propagation and to improve mixing with the feedstock stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the oxidant may be injected into the gasification zone in the range of 25 to 500, 50 to 400, or 100 to 400 feet per second. These values would be the velocity of the gaseous oxidizing agent stream at the injector-gasification zone interface, or the injector tip velocity. Mixing of the feedstock stream and the oxidizing agent may also be accomplished outside of the reaction zone. For example, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feedstock, oxidizing agent, and/or atomization enhancing fluid can be combined in a conduit upstream of the gasification zone or in an injection assembly coupled with the gasification reactor.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification feedstock stream, the oxidizing agent, and/or the atomization enhancing fluid can optionally be preheated to a temperature of at least 200° C., at least 300° C., or at least 400° C. However, the gasification process employed does not require preheating the feedstock stream to efficiently gasify the feedstock and a pre-heat treatment step may result in lowering the energy efficiency of the process.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the type of gasification technology employed may be a partial oxidation entrained flow gasifier that generates syngas. This technology is distinct from fixed bed (alternatively called moving bed) gasifiers and from fluidized bed gasifiers. An exemplary gasifier that may be used in depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,544,291, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure. However, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, other types of gasification reactors may also be used within the scope of the present technology.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification feedstock stream, the oxidizing agent, and/or the atomization enhancing fluid may be injected with one or more vitrification materials into a gasification reaction zone or chamber of a partial oxidation entrained flow gasifier. A hot gas stream is produced in the reaction zone, which may be refractory lined, at high temperature and pressure generating a molten slag, ash, soot, and gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and, optionally, other gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen (depending on the fuel source and reaction conditions).
The hot gas stream produced in the reaction zone is cooled using a syngas cooler or in a quench water bath at the base of the gasifier which also solidifies ash and slag and separates solids from the gases. The quench water bath also acts as a seal to maintain the internal temperature and pressure in the reactor while the slag, soot and ash are removed into a lock hopper. The cooled product gas stream removed from the gasifier (the raw syngas stream) is further treated with a scrubber to remove remaining solids, and then further treated to remove acid gas (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) after optionally further cooling and shifting the ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen.
Slag is substantially molten ash or molten ash which has solidified into glassy particles and remains within the gasifier. In one or more embodiments, slag, while molten, does not accumulate at the bottom of the reaction zone but rather runs down the sides of the refractory and into a zone below the reaction zone, such as a quench zone, to solidify the slag into, for example, beads of fused mineral matter.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the molten slag and one or more vitrification materials accumulate into a pool of water in the quench zone at the bottom part of the reactor to cool and solidify those residues. In one or more embodiments, the leachable materials present in the feed to the gasifier are present with and become encapsulated by the one or more vitrification materials introduced to the gasifier during the cooling process of the vitrification materials at the bottom part of the reactor.
The particulate matter gathered in the bottom part of the reactor, or the quench zone, may be predominately slag (e.g. above 80 weight percent slag, based on the total weight of particular matter gathered in the bottom part of the reactor) and the remainder may be char and/or ash. Desirably, only trace amounts of tar or no tar is present in the gasifier, or in the quench zone, or in the gasification zone, or present in the hot raw syngas within the gasifier, or present in the raw syngas discharged from the gasifier (which can be determined by the amount of tar condensing from the syngas stream when cooled to a temperature below 50° C.). Trace amounts are less than 0.1 weight percent (or less than 0.05 weight percent, or less than 0.01 weight percent) of solids present in the gasifier, or less than 0.05 volume percent, or not more than 0.01 volume percent, or not more than 0.005 volume percent, or not more than 0.001 volume percent, or not more than 0.0005 volume percent, or not more than 0.0001 volume percent in the raw syngas stream discharged from the gasifier.
The total amount of char (or incompletely converted carbon in the feedstock) and slag generated in the gasifier or by the process is desirably not more than 20 weight percent, or not more than 17 weight percent, or not more than 15 weight percent, or not more than 13 weight percent, or not more than 10 weight percent, or not more than 9 weight percent, or not more than 8.9 weight percent, or not more than 8.5 weight percent, or not more than 8.3 weight percent, or not more than 8 weight percent, or not more than 7.9 weight percent, or not more than 7.5 weight percent, or not more than 7.3 weight percent, or not more than 7 weight percent, or not more than 6.9 weight percent, or not more than 6.5 weight percent, or not more than 6.3 weight percent, or not more than 6 weight percent, or not more than 5.9 weight percent, or not more than 5.5 weight percent, or such may be present in an amount in the range of from 5.5 to 20 weight percent, or from 7 to 13 weight percent, or from 8 to 10 weight percent, in each case based on the total weight of the solids in the feedstock stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the same values apply with respect to the total amount of ash, slag, and char generated in the gasifier or by the process, based on the weight of the solids in the feedstock stream. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the same values apply with respect to the total amount of ash, slag, char and tar generated in the gasifier or by the process, based on the weight of the solids in the feedstock stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the slag is discharged from the gasifier as a solid. Slag is cooled and solidified within the gasifier in a quench zone within the shell of the gasifier, and is discharged from the gasifier shell as a solid. The same applies to ash and char. These solids discharged from the gasifier are accumulated into a lock hopper which can then be emptied. The lock hopper is generally isolated from the gasifier and the quench zone within the gasifier.
All or part of the emptied solids, which may include soot, slag and/or one or more vitrification materials and/or leachable materials (whether free, contained in and/or encapsulated within solidified vitrification materials) may be disposed of and/or recycled to form a part of the feed to the gasifier. In one or more embodiments, the solid slag, soot and/or one or more vitrification materials and/or leachable materials (whether free, contained in and/or encapsulated within solidified vitrification materials) are introduced with feed to a melt tank of a liquification system, as discussed in more detail above, and/or to other processes prior to re-introduction to the gasifier.
The vitrification materials introduced into the gasifier according to embodiments of the present invention perform important roles in capturing and/or encapsulating leachable materials and/or in connection with recycled streams to the melt tank or the like, making better and more efficient use of vitrification materials present in mixed plastic waste and/or generated by other chemical recycling facilities, and reducing the costs of safely disposing of waste streams containing such vitrification materials.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier/gasification reactor can be non-catalytic, meaning that the gasifier/gasification reactor does not contain a catalyst bed and the gasification process is non-catalytic, meaning that a catalyst is not introduced into the gasification zone as a discrete unbound catalyst. Furthermore, in an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification process may not be a slagging gasification process; that is, operated under slagging conditions (well above the fusion temperature of ash) such that a molten slag is formed in the gasification zone and runs along and down the refractory walls.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification zone, and optionally all reaction zones in the gasifier/gasification reactor, may be operated at a temperature of at least 1000° C., at least 1100° C., at least 1200° C., at least 1250° C., or at least 1300° C. and/or not more than 2500° C., not more than 2000° C., not more than 1800° C., or not more than 1600° C. The reaction temperature may be autogenous. Advantageously, the gasifier operating in steady state mode may be at an autogenous temperature and does not require application of external energy sources to heat the gasification zone.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasification zone, and optionally all reaction zones in the gasifier/gasification reactor, may comprise a sidewall temperature of at least 1000° C., at least 1100° C., at least 1200° C., at least 1250° C., or at least 1300° C. and/or not more than 2500° C., not more than 2000° C., not more than 1800° C., not more than 1600° C., or not more than 1500° C.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier may comprise a single burner or a plurality of burners to provide the necessary heat. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments, the gasifier may comprise an opposed burner configuration, such as an opposed multi-burner configuration. Additionally, or in the alternative, the gasifier may comprise a maximum flame temperature in the range of 1,800 to 3,000° C.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier is a predominately gas fed gasifier.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier is a non-slagging gasifier or operated under conditions not to form a slag.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier may comprise a fixed bed gasifier.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier may not be under negative pressure during operations, but rather can be under positive pressure during operation.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the gasifier may be operated at a pressure within the gasification zone (or combustion chamber) of at least 200 psig (1.38 MPa), 300 psig (2.06 MPa), 350 psig (2.41 MPa), 400 psig (2.76 MPa), 420 psig (2.89 MPa), 450 psig (3.10 MPa), 475 psig (3.27 MPa), 500 psig (3.44 MPa), 550 psig (3.79 MPa), 600 psig (4.13 MPa), 650 psig (4.48 MPa), 700 psig (4.82 MPa), 750 psig (5.17 MPa), 800 psig (5.51 MPa), 900 psig (6.2 MPa), 1000 psig (6.89 MPa), 1100 psig (7.58 MPa), or 1200 psig (8.2 MPa). Additionally or alternatively, the gasifier may be operated at a pressure within the gasification zone (or combustion chamber) of not more than 1300 psig (8.96 MPa), 1250 psig (8.61 MPa), 1200 psig (8.27 MPa), 1150 psig (7.92 MPa), 1100 psig (7.58 MPa), 1050 psig (7.23 MPa), 1000 psig (6.89 MPa), 900 psig (6.2 MPa), 800 psig (5.51 MPa), or 750 psig (5.17 MPa).
Examples of suitable pressure ranges include 300 to 1000 psig (2.06 to 6.89 MPa), 300 to 750 psig (2.06 to 5.17 MPa), 350 to 1000 psig (2.41 to 6.89 MPa), 350 to 750 psig (2.06 to 5.17 MPa), 400 to 1000 psig (2.67 to 6.89 MPa), 420 to 900 psig (2.89 to 6.2 MPa), 450 to 900 psig (3.10 to 6.2 MPa), 475 to 900 psig (3.27 to 6.2 MPa), 500 to 900 psig (3.44 to 6.2 MPa), 550 to 900 psig (3.79 to 6.2 MPa), 600 to 900 psig (4.13 to 6.2 MPa), 650 to 900 psig (4.48 to 6.2 MPa), 400 to 800 psig (2.67 to 5.51 MPa), 420 to 800 psig (2.89 to 5.51 MPa), 450 to 800 psig (3.10 to 5.51 MPa), 475 to 800 psig (3.27 to 5.51 MPa), 500 to 800 psig (3.44 to 5.51 MPa), 550 to 800 psig (3.79 to 5.51 MPa), 600 to 800 psig (4.13 to 5.51 MPa), 650 to 800 psig (4.48 to 5.51 MPa), 400 to 750 psig (2.67 to 5.17 MPa), 420 to 750 psig (2.89 to 5.17 MPa), 450 to 750 psig (3.10 to 5.17 MPa), 475 to 750 psig (3.27 to 5.17 MPa), 500 to 750 psig (3.44 to 5.17 MPa), or 550 to 750 psig (3.79 to 5.17 MPa).
Generally, the average residence time of gases in the gasifier reactor can be very short to increase throughput. Since the gasifier may be operated at high temperature and pressure, substantially complete conversion of the feedstock to gases can occur in a very short time frame. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the average residence time of the gases in the gasifier can be not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, or not more than 7 seconds.
To avoid fouling downstream equipment from the gasifier, and the piping in-between, the resulting raw syngas stream 127 may have a low or no tar content. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the syngas stream discharged from the gasifier may comprise not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1, not more than 0.5, not more than 0.2, not more than 0.1, or not more than 0.01 weight percent of tar based on the weight of all condensable solids in the syngas stream. For purposes of measurement, condensable solids are those compounds and elements that condense at a temperature of 15° C. and 1 atm. Examples of tar products include naphthalenes, cresols, xylenols, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, phenols, benzene, toluene, pyridine, catechols, biphenyls, benzofurans, benzaldehydes, acenaphthylenes, fluorenes, naphthofurans, benzanthracenes, pyrenes, acephenanthrylenes, benzopyrenes, and other high molecular weight aromatic polynuclear compounds. The tar content can be determined by GC-MSD.
Generally, the raw syngas stream discharged from the gasification vessel includes such gases as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide and can include other gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen depending on the fuel source and reaction conditions.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the raw syngas stream (the stream discharged from the gasifier and before any further treatment by way of scrubbing, shift, or acid gas removal) can have the following composition in mole percent on a dry basis and based on the moles of all gases (elements or compounds in gaseous state at 25° C. and 1 atm) in the raw syngas stream:
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the syngas comprises a molar hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio of 0.7 to 2, 0.7 to 1.5, 0.8 to 1.2, 0.85 to 1.1, or 0.9 to 1.05.
The gas components can be determined by Flame Ionization Detector Gas Chromatography (FID-GC) and Thermal Conductivity Detector Gas Chromatography (TCD-GC) or any other method recognized for analyzing the components of a gas stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the recycle content syngas can have a recycle content of at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of the syngas stream.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility may also comprise an energy recovery facility. As used herein, an “energy recovery facility” is a facility that generates energy (i.e., thermal energy) from a feedstock via chemical conversion (e.g., combustion) of the feedstock. At least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 percent of the total energy generated from combustion can be recovered and used in one or more other processes and/or facilities.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the feed stream introduced into the energy recovery facility 80 (
Any type of energy recovery facility may be used. In some embodiments, the energy recovery facility may comprise at least one furnace or incinerator. The incinerator may be gas-fed, liquid-fed, or solid-fed, or may be configured to accept a gas, liquid, or solid. The incinerator or furnace may be configured to thermally combust at least a portion of the hydrocarbon components in the feed stream with an oxidizing agent. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the oxidizing agent comprises at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, or at least 25 and/or not more than 95, not more than 90, not more than 80, not more than 70, not more than 65, not more than 60, not more than 55, not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, or not more than 25 mole percent oxygen, based on the total moles of oxidizing agent. Other components of the oxidizing agent can include, for example, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide. In other embodiments, the oxidizing agent comprises air.
In the energy recovery facility, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of the feed introduced therein can be combusted to form energy and combustion gases such as water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the feed may be treated to remove compounds such as sulfur and/or nitrogen-containing compounds, to minimize the amount of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the combustion gases.
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of the energy generated may be used to directly or indirectly heat a process stream. For example, at least a portion of the energy may be used to heat water to form steam, or to heat steam and form superheated steam. At least a portion of the energy generated may be used to heat a stream of heat transfer medium (such as, for example, THERMINOL®), which itself, when warmed, may be used to transfer heat to one or more process streams. At least a portion of the energy may be used to directly heat a process stream.
In some embodiments, the process stream heated with at least a portion of the energy from the energy recovery facility may be a process stream from one or more of the facilities discussed herein, including, for example, at least one of a solvolysis facility, a pyrolysis facility, a cracker facility, a POX gasification facility, a solidification facility. The energy recovery facility 80 may be in a separate geographical area or in its own separate facility, while, in one or more other embodiments, at least a portion of the energy recovery facility 80 may be located in or near one of the other facilities. For example, an energy recovery facility 80 within a chemical recycling facility 10 as shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical processing facility 10 generally shown in
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the chemical recycling facility 10 may also comprise a solidification facility. As used herein, the term “solidification” refers to causing a non-solid material to become a solid material through a physical means (e.g., cooling) and/or chemical means (e.g., precipitation). A “solidification facility” is a facility that includes all equipment, lines, and controls necessary to carry out solidification of a feedstock derived from waste plastic.
A feed stream introduced into the solidification facility may originate from one or more locations within the chemical recycling facility 10. For example, the feed stream to the solidification facility may comprise at least one of one or more solvolysis coproduct streams, a stream from the pyrolysis facility including pyrolysis oil (pyrolysis oil) and/or pyrolysis residue, a predominantly liquid stream from one or more facilities, and combinations thereof. Definitions for pyrolysis oil and pyrolysis residue are provided herein. One or more of these streams may be introduced into the solidification facility continuously or one or more of these streams may be introduced intermittently. When multiple types of feed streams are present, each may be introduced separately, or all, or a portion, of the streams may be combined so that the combined stream may be introduced into the solidification facility. The combining, when performed, may take place in a continuous or batch manner.
The solidification facility may include a cooling zone for cooling and at least partially solidifying the feed stream, followed by an optional size reduction zone. Upon leaving the cooling zone, all or a portion of stream may be a solidified material. In some cases, the solidified material can be in the form of sheets, blocks, or chunks, or it may be in the form of flakes, tablets, pastilles, particles, pellets, micropellets, or a powder. When the feed stream is only partially solidified, the stream withdrawn from the cooling zone may comprise both a solid and a liquid phase. At least a portion of the solid phase may be removed and all or a portion of the liquid phase may be withdrawn from the solidification facility and introduced into another facility, optionally within the chemical recycling facility (such as, for example, the solvolysis facility).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the solidification facility may also include a size reduction zone for reducing the size of the solid material and forming a plurality of particles. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, the size reduction may include comminuting, smashing, breaking, or grinding/granulating larger pieces or chunks of solidified material to form the particles. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the feed stream to the solidification facility may be at least partially cooled before being pelletized via conventional pelletization devices. Regardless of how the particles are formed, the resulting solids can have an a D90 particle size of at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 150, at least 250, at least 350, at least 450, at least 500, at least 750 microns, or at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, or at least 10 mm and/or not more than 50, not more than 45, not more than 40, not more than 30, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, not more than 20, not more than 15, not more than 10, not more than 5, not more than 2, not more than 1 mm or not more than 750, not more than 500, not more than 250, or not more than 200 microns. The solids may comprise a powder. The solids may comprise pellets of any shape. The solids can have a recycle content of at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the solids.
The solids withdrawn from the solidification facility may be routed to one or more (or two or more) of the pyrolysis facility, the energy recovery facility, and/or the POX gasification facility. The solids can be in the form of solids or may be melted or otherwise at least partially liquified prior to or during transport. In some embodiments, the solids may be combined with a liquid to form a slurry and the slurry may be introduced into one or more chemical recycling facilities as described herein. Examples of suitable liquids can include, but are not limited to, water, alcohols, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of the solids can be heated to at least partially melt or liquify the solids and the resulting melt can be introduced into one or more of facilities described above. Optionally, at least a portion of the solids may be sent to an industrial landfill (not shown).
In an embodiment or in combination with any embodiment mentioned herein, at least a portion of one of the streams within the chemical recycling facility 10 shown in
Weight percentages expressed on the MPW are the weight of the MPW as fed to the first stage separation and prior to addition of any diluents/solutions such as salt or caustic solutions.
It should be understood that the following is not intended to be an exclusive list of defined terms. Other definitions may be provided in the foregoing description, such as, for example, when accompanying the use of a defined term in context.
As used herein, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” mean one or more.
As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
As used herein, the term “caustic” refers to any basic solution (e.g., strong bases, concentrated weak bases, etc.) that can be used in the technology as a cleaning agent, for killing pathogens, and/or reducing odors.
As used herein, the term “centrifugal density separation” refers to a density separation process where the separation of materials is primarily cause by centrifugal forces.
As used herein, the term “chemical recycling” refers to a waste plastic recycling process that includes a step of chemically converting waste plastic polymers into lower molecular weight polymers, oligomers, monomers, and/or non-polymeric molecules (e.g., hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) that are useful by themselves and/or are useful as feedstocks to another chemical production process(es).
As used herein, the term “chemical recycling facility” refers to a facility for producing a recycle content product via chemical recycling of waste plastic. A chemical recycling facility can employ one or more of the following steps: (i) preprocessing, (ii) solvolysis, (iii) pyrolysis, (iv) cracking, and/or (v) POX gasification.
As used herein, the term “co-located” refers to the characteristic of at least two objects being situated on a common physical site, and/or within one mile of each other.
As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” are open-ended transition terms used to transition from a subject recited before the term to one or more elements recited after the term, where the element or elements listed after the transition term are not necessarily the only elements that make up the subject.
As used herein, the term “conducting” refers to the transport of a material in a batchwise and/or continuous manner.
As used herein, the term “cracking” refers to breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler molecules by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
As used herein, the term “D90” refers to a specified diameter where ninety percent of a distribution of particles has a smaller diameter than the specified diameter and ten percent has a larger diameter than the specified diameter. To ensure that a representative D90 value is obtained, the sample size of the particles should be at least one pound. To determine a D90 for particles in a continuous process, testing should be performed on at least 5 samples that are taken at equal time intervals over at least 24 hours. Testing for D90 is performed using high-speed photography and computer algorithms to generate a particle size distribution. One suitable particle size analyzer for determining D90 values is the Model CPA 4-1 Computerized Particle Analyzer from W.S Tyler of Mentor, Ohio.
As used herein, the term “diameter” means the maximum chord length of a particle (i.e., its largest dimension).
As used herein, the term “density separation process” refers to a process for separating materials based, at least in part, upon the respective densities of the materials. Moreover, the terms “low-density separation stage” and “high-density separation stage” refer to relative density separation processes, wherein the low-density separation has a target separation density less than the target separation density of the high-density separation stage.
As used herein, the term “depleted” refers to having a concentration (on a dry weight basis) of a specific component that is less than the concentration of that component in a reference material or stream.
As used herein, the term “directly derived” refers to having at least one physical component originating from waste plastic.
As used herein, the term “enriched” refers to having a concentration (on a dry weight basis) of a specific component that is greater than the concentration of that component in a reference material or stream. Unless otherwise specified, the reference material(s) or stream(s) include one or more of a feed to the process stage and the other product(s) of the process stage.
As used herein, the term “halide” refers to a composition comprising a halogen atom bearing a negative charge (i.e., a halide ion).
As used herein, the term “halogen” or “halogens” refers to organic or inorganic compounds, ionic, or elemental species comprising at least one halogen atom.
As used herein, the terms “having,” “has,” and “have” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” provided above.
As used herein, the term “heavy organic methanolysis coproduct” refers to a methanolysis coproduct with a boiling point greater than DMT.
As used herein, the term “heavy organic solvolysis coproduct” refers to a solvolysis coproduct with a boiling point greater than the principal terephthalyl product of the solvolysis facility.
As used herein, the terms “including,” “include,” and “included” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” provided above.
As used herein, the term “indirectly derived” refers to having an assigned recycle content i) that is attributable to waste plastic, but ii) that is not based on having a physical component originating from waste plastic.
As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to the characteristic of an object or objects being by itself or themselves and separate from other materials, in motion or static.
As used herein, the term “light organic methanolysis coproduct” refers to a methanolysis coproduct with a boiling point less than DMT.
As used herein, the term “light organics solvolysis coproduct” refers to a solvolysis coproduct with a boiling point less than the principal terephthalyl product of the solvolysis facility.
As used herein, the term “methanolysis coproduct” refers to any compound withdrawn from a methanolysis facility that is not dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), ethylene glycol (EG), or methanol.
As used herein, the terms “mixed plastic waste” and “MPW” refer to a mixture of at least two types of waste plastics including, but not limited to the following plastic types: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one or more polyolefins (PO), and polyvinylchloride (PVC).
As used herein, a “molten feed” refers to a substantially liquid feed that contains at least one component that is in substantially liquid form and has been heated above its melt temperature and/or glass transition temperature.
As used herein, a “molten waste plastic” refers to a waste plastic in substantially liquid form that has been heated above its melt temperature and/or glass transition temperature.
As used herein, the term “partial oxidation (POX) gasification” or “POX” refers to high temperature conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas, (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide), where the conversion is carried out in the presence of a less than stoichiometric amount of oxygen. The feed to POX gasification can include solids, liquids, and/or gases.
As used herein, the term “partial oxidation (POX) reaction” refers to all reactions occurring within a partial oxidation (POX) gasifier in the conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas, including but not limited to partial oxidation, water gas shift, water gas—primary reactions, Boudouard, oxidation, methanation, hydrogen reforming, steam reforming, and carbon dioxide reforming.
As used herein, the term “partial oxidation” refers to high temperature conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide), where the conversion is carried out with an amount of oxygen that is less than stoichiometric amount of oxygen needed for complete oxidation of carbon to CO2.
As used herein, “PET” means a homopolymer of polyethylene terephthalate, or polyethylene terephthalate modified with modifiers or containing residues or moieties of other than ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, such as isophthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, diethylene glycol, TMCD (2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol), CHDM (cyclohexanedimethanol), propylene glycol, isosorbide, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propane diol, and/or NPG (neopentylglycol), or polyesters having repeating terephthalate units (and whether or not they contain repeating ethylene glycol based units) and one or more residues or moieties of TMCD (2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol), CHDM (cyclohexanedimethanol), propylene glycol, or NPG (neopentylglycol), isosorbide, isophthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propane diol, and/or diethylene glycol, or combinations thereof.
As used herein, the term “overhead” refers to the physical location of a structure that is above a maximum elevation of quantity of particulate plastic solids within an enclosed structure.
As used herein, the term “partial oxidation (POX) gasification facility” or “POX Facility” refers to a facility that includes all equipment, lines, and controls necessary to carry out POX gasification of waste plastic.
As used herein, the term “partially processed waste plastic” means waste plastic that has been subjected to at least on automated or mechanized sorting, washing, or comminuted step or process. Partially processed waste plastics may originate from, for example, municipal recycling facilities (MRFs) or reclaimers. When partially processed waste plastic is provided to the chemical recycling facility, one or more preprocessing steps may me skipped.
As used herein, the term “PET solvolysis” refers to a reaction by which a polyester terephthalate-containing plastic feed is chemically decomposed in the presence of a solvent to form a principal terephthalyl product and/or a principal glycol product.
As used herein, the term “physical recycling” (also known as “mechanical recycling”) refers to a waste plastic recycling process that includes a step of melting waste plastic and forming the molten plastic into a new intermediate product (e.g., pellets or sheets) and/or a new end product (e.g., bottles). Generally, physical recycling does not substantially change the chemical structure of the plastic, although some degradation is possible.
As used herein, the term “predominantly” means more than 50 percent by weight. For example, a predominantly propane stream, composition, feedstock, or product is a stream, composition, feedstock, or product that contains more than 50 weight percent propane.
As used herein, the term “preprocessing” refers to preparing waste plastic for chemical recycling using one or more of the following steps: (i) comminuting, (ii) particulating, (iii) washing, (iv) drying, and/or (v) separating.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis” refers to thermal decomposition of one or more organic materials at elevated temperatures in an inert (i.e., substantially oxygen free) atmosphere.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis char” refers to a carbon-containing composition obtained from pyrolysis that is solid at 200° C. and 1 atm.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis gas” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is gaseous at 25° C.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis heavy waxes” refers to C20+ hydrocarbons obtained from pyrolysis that are not pyrolysis char, pyrolysis gas, or pyrolysis oil.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis oil” or “pyoil” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is liquid at 25° C. and 1 atm.
As used herein, the term “pyrolysis residue” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is not pyrolysis gas or pyrolysis oil and that comprises predominantly pyrolysis char and pyrolysis heavy waxes.
As used herein, the term “recycle content” and “r-content” refer to being or comprising a composition that is directly and/or indirectly derived from waste plastic.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code” refers to the set of symbols and associated number (1 through 7) appearing on plastic products that identify the plastic resin out of which the product is made, developed originally in 1988 in the United States but since 2008 has been administered by ASTM International.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 1” refers to plastic products made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Such plastic products may include soft drink bottles, mineral water bottles, juice containers, and cooking oil containers.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 2” refers to plastic products made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Such plastic products may include milk jugs, cleaning agent and laundry detergent containers, shampoo bottles, and soap containers.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 3” refers to plastic products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such plastic products may include fruit and sweets trays, plastic packing (bubble foil), and food wrap.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 4” refers to plastic products made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Such plastic products may include shopping bags, light weight bottles, and sacks.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 5” refers to plastic products made from polypropylene (PP). Such plastic products may include furniture, auto parts, industrial fibers, luggage, and toys.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 6” refers to plastic products made from polystyrene (PS). Such plastic products may include toys, hard packing, refrigerator trays, cosmetic bags, costume jewelry, CD cases, vending cups, and clamshell containers.
As used herein, the term “resin ID code 7” refers to plastic products made from plastics other than those defined as resin ID codes 1-6, including but not limited to, acrylic, polycarbonate, polyactic fibers, nylon, and fiberglass. Such plastic products may include bottles, headlight lenses, and safety glasses.
As used herein, the term “separation efficiency” refers to the degree of separation between at two or more phases or components as defined in
As used herein, the term “sink-float density separation” refers to a density separation process where the separation of materials is primarily caused by floating or sinking in a selected liquid medium.
As used herein, the term “solvolysis” or “ester solvolysis” refers to a reaction by which an ester-containing feed is chemically decomposed in the presence of a solvent to form a principal carboxyl product and/or a principal glycol product. Examples of solvolysis include, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, and ammonolysis.
As used herein, the term “solvolysis coproduct” refers to any compound withdrawn from a solvolysis facility that is not the principal carboxyl (terephthalyl) product of the solvolysis facility, the principal glycol product of the solvolysis facility, or the principal solvent fed to the solvolysis facility.
As used herein, “sparging” refers to injecting a gaseous material into a predominantly liquid medium at multiple locations.
As used herein, the term “terephthalyl” refers to a molecule including the following group:
As used herein, the term “principal terephthalyl” refers to the main or key terephthalyl product being recovered from the solvolysis facility.
As used herein, the term “glycol” refers to a component comprising two or more —OH functional groups per molecule.
As used herein, the term “principal glycol” refers to the main glycol product being recovered from the solvolysis facility.
As used herein, the term “target separation density” refers to a density above which materials subjected to a density separation process are preferentially separated into the higher-density output and below which materials are separated in the lower-density output.
As used herein, the terms “waste plastic” and “plastic waste” refer to used, scrap, and/or discarded plastic materials. The waste plastic fed to the chemical recycling facility may be unprocessed or partially processed.
As used herein, the term “unprocessed waste plastic” means waste plastic that has not be subjected to any automated or mechanized sorting, washing, or comminuting. Examples of unprocessed waste plastic include waste plastic collected from household curbside plastic recycling bins or shared community plastic recycling containers.
As used herein, the phrase “at least a portion” includes at least a portion and up to and including the entire amount or time period.
As used herein, the term “waste plastic particulates” refers to waste plastic having a D90 of less than 1 inch.
As used herein, the term “predominantly” means at least 50 weight percent of something, based on its total weight. For example, a composition comprising “predominantly” component A includes at least 50 weight percent of component A, based on the total weight of the composition.
As used herein, “downstream” means a target unit operation, vessel, or equipment that:
is in fluid (liquid or gas) communication, or in piping communication, with an outlet stream from the radiant section of a cracker furnace, optionally through one or more intermediate unit operations, vessels, or equipment, or
was in fluid (liquid or gas) communication, or in piping communication, with an outlet stream from the radiant section of a cracker furnace, optionally through one or more intermediate unit operations, vessels, or equipment, provided that the target unit operation, vessel, or equipment remains within the battery limits of the cracker facility (which includes the furnace and all associated downstream separation equipment).
The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only and should not be used in a limiting sense to interpret the scope of the present invention. Modifications to the exemplary embodiments, set forth above, could be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as it pertains to any apparatus not materially departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2021/026984 | 4/13/2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63008902 | Apr 2020 | US |
