Patent Application
20210190795
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing submitted via EFS-Web and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 1, 2021, is named SequenceListing.txt, and is 113 KB in size.
The current invention is in the field of recombinant antibody technology, especially in the field of tailor made antibodies. Herein is reported a method for the prediction of the in vivo half-life of an antibody based on the retention time determined on an FcRn affinity chromatography column.
Human immunoglobulins of the class G (IgGs) contain two antigen binding (Fab) regions that convey specificity for the target antigen and a constant region (Fc-region) that is responsible for interactions with Fc receptors ([1,2]). Human IgGs of subclasses 1, 2 and 4 have an average serum half-life of 21 days, which is longer than that of any other known serum protein ([3]). This long half-life is predominantly mediated by the interaction between the Fc-region and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) ([4,5]). This is one of the reasons, why IgGs or Fc-containing fusion proteins are used as a widespread class of therapeutics.
The neonatal Fc receptor FcRn is a membrane-associated receptor involved in both IgG and albumin homeostasis, in maternal IgG transport across the placenta and in antigen-IgG immune complex phagocytosis ([6,9]). Human FcRn is a heterodimer consisting of the glycosylated class I major histocompatibility complex-like protein (α-FcRn) and a β2 microglobulin (β2m) subunit ([10]). FcRn binds to a site in the CH2-CH3 region of the Fc-region ([11-14]) and two FcRn molecules can bind to the Fc-region simultaneously ([15,16]). The affinity between the FcRn and the Fc-region is pH dependent, showing nanomolar affinity at endosomal pH of 5-6 and negligible binding at a physiological pH of 7.4 ([13,17,18]). The underlying mechanism conveying long half-life to IgGs can be explained by three fundamental steps. First, IgGs are subject to unspecific pinocytosis by various cell types ([19,20]). Second, IgGs encounter and bind FcRn in the acidic endosome at a pH of 5-6, thereby protecting IgGs from lysosomal degradation ([11,21]). Finally, IgGs are released in the extracellular space at physiological pH of 7.4 [4]. This strict pH-dependent bind-and-release mechanism is critical for IgG recycling and any deviation of the binding characteristics at different pH values may strongly influence circulation half-life of IgGs ([22]).
The Fab regions have also been suggested to contribute to FcRn binding ([23-25]), in addition to the specific interaction of the Fc-region with FcRn. For example, Fab-mediated residual binding at neutral pH was correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of a set of therapeutic antibodies, indicating that IgGs with excessive binding to FcRn at pH 7.3 suffer from reduced terminal half-life ([24]). Recently, Schlothauer et al. ([25]) have described a novel pH-gradient FcRn affinity chromatography method that closely mimics physiological conditions for the dissociation between FcRn and IgGs. Furthermore, they showed that IgGs with identical Fc-regions differ in their dissociation from FcRn, thereby indicating the influence of the Fab region on FcRn binding.
However, the underlying mechanism how the Fab region influences FcRn binding is still not elucidated.
Analytical FcRn affinity chromatography for functional characterization of monoclonal antibodies is reported by Schlothauer, T., et al. ([25]). Wang, W., et al. ([24]) report monoclonal antibodies with identical Fc sequences can bind to FcRn differentially with pharmacokinetic consequences. Importance of neonatal FcR in regulating the serum half-life of therapeutic proteins containing the Fc domain of human IgG1 is reported by Suzuki, T., et al. ([23]). Igawa, T., et al. ([37]) report reduced elimination of IgG antibodies by engineering the variable region. Engineering the Fc-region of immunoglobulins G to modulate in vivo antibody levels is reported by Vaccaro, C., et al. ([22]). Prabhat, P., et al. ([40]) report elucidation of intracellular recycling pathways leading to exocytosis of the Fc receptor, FcRn, by using multifocal plane microscopy. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and immunogenicity comparability assessment strategies for monoclonal antibodies is reported by Putnam, W. S., et al. ([36]). Boswell, C. A., et al. ([38]) report effects of charge on antibody tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic characteristics and biodistribution of radioiodinated chimeric TNT-1, -2, and -3 monoclonal antibodies after chemical modification with biotin is reported by Khawli, L. A., et al. ([35]).
In WO 2013/120929 Fc-receptor based affinity chromatography is reported. In US 2011/0111406 a method for binding antigen-binding molecules to the antigens multiple times is reported. In US 2014/0013456 histidine engineered light chain antibodies and genetically modified non-human animals for generating the same are reported.
The influence of the Fab region on FcRn interactions has recently been discussed ([23,24,25]).
However, antibodies having the same Fc-regions do not simply have to have a similar PK profile. An additional contribution of the Fab region to FcRn binding has been reported, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown ([47], [24], [25]).
In addition to the specific interaction of the Fc region with FcRn, the Fab regions have also been suggested to contribute to the FcRn-IgG interaction ([37,24,25]).
Post published Li, B., et al. ([48]) report that framework selection can influence pharmacokinetics of a humanized therapeutic antibody through differences in molecule charge.
Sampei, Z., et al. ([49]) report identification and multidimensional optimization of an asymmetric bispecific IgG antibody mimicking the function of factor VIII cofactor activity.
Wang et al. ([24]) reported that IgGs with different target specificities and Fab regions but identical Fc sequences can have different FcRn affinities. Fab-mediated residual binding at near physiological pH was correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of a set of therapeutic antibodies indicating that IgGs with excessive binding to FcRn at pH 7.3 suffer from reduced terminal half-lives.
Recently, Schlothauer et al. ([25]) have described a novel pH-gradient FcRn affinity chromatography method that closely mimics physiological conditions for the dissociation between FcRn and IgG. Furthermore, they showed that IgGs with identical Fc regions differ in their dissociation from FcRn in vitro, thereby indicating the influence of the Fab region on FcRn-IgG interaction.
Benson, J. M., et al. ([50]) report the discovery and mechanism of Ustekinumab: A human monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 for treatment of immunmediated disorders.
The amino acid sequences of the antibody Briakinumab are reported in WO 2013/087911 (SEQ ID NO: 39 and SEQ ID NO: 40), of the antibody Ustekinumab in WO 2013/087911 (SEQ ID NO: 37 and SEQ ID NO: 38) and of the antibody Bevacizumab in Drug Bank entry DB00112.
It has been found that the charge distribution in the Fv domain influences antibody-FcRn binding and results in additional interactions between the antibody and the FcRn. This changes the FcRn binding characteristics, especially with respect to the dissociation of the antibody-FcRn complex at pH 7.4, thereby reducing FcRn-dependent terminal half-life of the antibody.
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction influencing the in vivo half-life of the antibody comprising the following steps:
The antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction is an interaction between the Fab-region of an antibody with the FcRn. This interaction occurs, if present at all, after the antibody has been bound by the FcRn. Thus, the establishment of this interaction is a two-step process. In the first step an antibody-FcRn complex, to be more precise an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex, is formed. The second step after the antibody-Fc-FcRn complex has been formed is the establishment of the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction. As can be seen from this, only with a full-length antibody these two interactions, i.e. the antibody-Fc-FcRn interaction and the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction, can be established.
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-FcRn complex influencing the in vivo half-life comprising the following steps:
Another aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the relative in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
In one embodiment the antibody of the IgG class is an antibody of the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 subclass. In one embodiment the antibody of the IgG class is an antibody of the IgG1, IgG3 or IgG4 subclass. In one embodiment the antibody of the IgG class is an antibody of the IgG1 or IgG4 subclass. In one embodiment the antibody of the IgG class is an antibody of the IgG1 subclass. In one embodiment the antibody of the IgG class is an antibody of the IgG4 subclass.
A further aspect as reported herein is a method for determining an increase or a decrease in the vivo half-life of a variant antibody relative to its parent antibody comprising the following steps:
Another aspect as reported herein is a method for selecting an antibody with increased or decreased in the vivo half-life relative to a reference antibody comprising the following steps:
Another aspect as reported herein is a method for selecting an antibody without antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction influencing the vivo half-life of the antibody:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing an antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for increasing the in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the step of:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction influencing the in vivo half-life of the antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction influencing the in vivo half-life of the antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the relative in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining an increase or a decrease of the vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
In one embodiment the antibody is a full length antibody.
In one embodiment of all aspects the positive linear pH gradient is from about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.8.
In one embodiment of all aspects the salt is selected from sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium citrate, or potassium citrate.
In one embodiment of all aspects the salt is sodium chloride.
In one embodiment of all aspects the first salt concentration is between 50 mM and 200 mM.
In one embodiment of all aspects the first salt concentration is about 140 mM.
In one embodiment of all aspects the second salt concentration is between 300 mM and 600 mM.
In one embodiment of all aspects the second salt concentration is about 400 mM.
In one embodiment of all aspects the retention times that are substantially different in step a) and step b) differ by at least 5%.
In one embodiment of all aspects the retention times that are substantially different in step a) and step b) differ by at least 10%.
In one embodiment of all aspects the retention times that are substantially different in step a) and step b) differ by at least 15%.
In one embodiment of all aspects if the retention times are substantially different in step a) and step b) the retention time in step a) is bigger/longer than in step b).
In one embodiment of all aspects if the retention times are substantially different in step a) and step b) the retention time in step b) is smaller/shorter than in step a).
In one embodiment of all aspects if the retention times are substantially different in step a) and step b) the retention times are proportional to one above the square root of the salt concentration (˜1/SQRT(c(salt))).
In one embodiment of all aspects the parent or reference antibody is the anti-IL-1R antibody with SEQ ID NO: 01 (heavy chain) and SEQ ID NO: 02 (light chain) for the subclass IgG1 and the anti-IL-1R antibody with SEQ ID NO: 03 (heavy chain) and SEQ ID NO: 04 (light chain) for the subclass IgG4.
In one embodiment of all aspects the parent or reference antibody is the anti-HER2 antibody with SEQ ID NO: 36 (heavy chain) and SEQ ID NO: 37 (light chain) for the subclass IgG1 and the anti-HER2 antibody with SEQ ID NO: 38 (heavy chain) and SEQ ID NO: 39 (light chain) for the subclass IgG4.
In one embodiment of all aspects the parent or reference antibody is Ustekinumab with light and heavy chain amino acid sequence as depicted in
In one embodiment of all aspects the FcRn affinity chromatography column comprises a non-covalent complex of a neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin (b2m).
In one embodiment of all aspects the FcRn affinity chromatography column comprises a covalent complex of a neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin (b2m).
In one embodiment of all aspects the complex of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin (b2m) is bound to a solid phase.
In one embodiment of all aspects the solid phase is a chromatography material.
In one embodiment of all aspects the complex of a neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin (b2m) is biotinylated and the solid phase is derivatized with streptavidin.
In one embodiment of all aspects the beta-2-microglobulin is from the same species as the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn).
In one embodiment of all aspects the beta-2-microglobulin is from a different species as the FcRn.
In one embodiment of all aspects the FcRn is selected from human FcRn, cynomolgus FcRn, mouse FcRn, rat FcRn, sheep FcRn, dog FcRn, pig FcRn, minipig FcRn, and rabbit FcRn.
In one embodiment of all aspects the antibody is a monospecific antibody or antibody fragment of fusion polypeptide, or a bispecific antibody or antibody fragment of fusion polypeptide, or a trispecific antibody or antibody fragment of fusion polypeptide, or a tetraspecific antibody or antibody fragment of fusion polypeptide.
In one embodiment the antibody is an antibody of the class IgG. In one embodiment the antibody is an antibody of the subclass IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In one embodiment the antibody is an antibody of the subclass IgG1 or IgG4.
Combining the results of the structural analysis of the FcRn-mAb (mAb=monoclonal antibody) interaction leads to the conclusion that the Fv domain and especially the light chain variable domain (VL) provides the main influence on the FcRn-mAb dissociation. This finding was unexpected because the Fv domain is distant from the cognate FcRn-binding site.
Antibodies did not show differences in pH 6.0 affinity, therefore the Fab region seems to have no influence on pH 6.0 binding. In contrast, the dissociation between FcRn and the antibodies was influenced by the Fab region.
FcRn-IgG dissociation pHs in vitro correlated linearly with in vivo terminal half-lives. In conclusion, these findings support the assumption that antibodies showing slower dissociation at higher pH values are transported back into the cell and are subsequently degraded instead of being released back to blood circulation.
It has been found that the charge distribution in the Fv domain influences antibody-FcRn binding and results in additional interactions between the antibody and the FcRn. This changes the FcRn binding characteristics, especially with respect to the dissociation of the antibody-FcRn complex at pH 7.4, thereby reducing FcRn-dependent terminal half-life of the antibody.
The terms “a” and “an” denote one or two or three or four or five or six and up to 109.
The term “about” denotes a range of +/−20% of the thereafter following numerical value. In one embodiment the term about denotes a range of +/−10% of the thereafter following numerical value. In one embodiment the term about denotes a range of +/−5% of the thereafter following numerical value.
The term “comprising” also includes the term “consisting of”.
The term “alteration” denotes the mutation (substitution), insertion (addition), modification (derivatization), or deletion of one or more amino acid residues in a parent antibody or fusion polypeptide, e.g. a fusion polypeptide comprising at least an FcRn binding portion of an Fc-region, to obtain a modified antibody or fusion polypeptide. The term “mutation” denotes that the specified amino acid residue is substituted for a different amino acid residue. For example the mutation L234A denotes that the amino acid residue lysine at position 234 in an antibody Fc-region (polypeptide) is substituted by the amino acid residue alanine (substitution of lysine with alanine)(numbering according to the EU index).
The term “amino acid mutation” denotes the substitution of at least one existing amino acid residue with another different amino acid residue (=replacing amino acid residue). The replacing amino acid residue may be a “naturally occurring amino acid residues” and selected from the group consisting of alanine (three letter code: ala, one letter code: A), arginine (arg, R), asparagine (asn, N), aspartic acid (asp, D), cysteine (cys, C), glutamine (gln, Q), glutamic acid (glu, E), glycine (gly, G), histidine (his, H), isoleucine (ile, I), leucine (leu, L), lysine (lys, K), methionine (met, M), phenylalanine (phe, F), proline (pro, P), serine (ser, S), threonine (thr, T), tryptophan (trp, W), tyrosine (tyr, Y), and valine (val, V). The replacing amino acid residue may be a “non-naturally occurring amino acid residue”. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,207, WO 98/48032, WO 03/073238, US 2004/0214988, WO 2005/35727, WO 2005/74524, Chin, J. W., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 9026-9027; Chin, J. W. and Schultz, P. G., ChemBioChem 11 (2002) 1135-1137; Chin, J. W., et al., PICAS United States of America 99 (2002) 11020-11024; and, Wang, L. and Schultz, P. G., Chem. (2002) 1-10 (all entirely incorporated by reference herein).
The term “amino acid insertion” denotes the (additional) incorporation of at least one amino acid residue at a predetermined position in an amino acid sequence. In one embodiment the insertion will be the insertion of one or two amino acid residues. The inserted amino acid residue(s) can be any naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue.
The term “amino acid deletion” denotes the removal of at least one amino acid residue at a predetermined position in an amino acid sequence.
The term “antibody” herein is used in a broad sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies and multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies, trispecific antibodies) so long as they are full length antibodies and exhibit the desired antigen- and/or FcRn-binding activity.
The term “binding (to an antigen)” denotes the binding of an antibody in an in vitro assay. In one embodiment binding is determined in a binding assay in which the antibody is bound to a surface and binding of the antigen to the antibody is measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Binding means e.g. a binding affinity (KD) of 10−8 M or less, in some embodiments of 10−13 to 10−8 M, in some embodiments of 10−13 to 10−9 M.
Binding can be investigated by a BIAcore assay (GE Healthcare Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden). The affinity of the binding is defined by the terms ka (rate constant for the association of the antibody from the antibody/antigen complex), kd (dissociation constant), and KD (kd/ka).
The term “buffer substance” denotes a substance that when in solution can level changes of the pH value of the solution e.g. due to the addition or release of acidic or basic substances.
The term “CH2-domain” denotes the part of an antibody heavy chain polypeptide that extends approximately from EU position 231 to EU position 340 (EU numbering system according to Kabat). In one embodiment a CH2 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 05: APELLGG PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVWDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQ E STYRWSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAK.
The term “CH3-domain” denotes the part of an antibody heavy chain polypeptide that extends approximately from EU position 341 to EU position 446. In one embodiment the CH3 domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 06: GQPREPQ VYTLPPSRDE LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPG.
The “class” of an antibody refers to the type of constant domain or constant region possessed by its heavy chain. There are five major classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. The heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively.
An “effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.
The term “Fc-fusion polypeptide” denotes a fusion of a binding domain (e.g. an antigen binding domain such as a single chain antibody, or a polypeptide such as a ligand of a receptor) with an antibody Fc-region that exhibits the desired target- and/or protein A and/or FcRn-binding activity.
The term “Fc-region of human origin” denotes the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain of human origin that contains at least a part of the hinge region, the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain. In one embodiment, a human IgG heavy chain Fc-region extends from Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. In one embodiment the Fc-region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 07. However, the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc-region may or may not be present. Unless otherwise specified herein, numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc-region or constant region is according to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat, E. A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991), NIH Publication 91 3242. The Fc-region is composed of two heavy chain Fc-region polypeptides, which can be covalently linked to each other via the hinge region cysteine residues forming inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
The term “FcRn” denotes the human neonatal Fc-receptor. FcRn functions to salvage IgG from the lysosomal degradation pathway, resulting in reduced clearance and increased half-life. The FcRn is a heterodimeric protein consisting of two polypeptides: a 50 kDa class I major histocompatibility complex-like protein (α-FcRn) and a 15 kDa β2-microglobulin (32m). FcRn binds with high affinity to the CH2-CH3 portion of the Fc-region of IgG. The interaction between IgG and FcRn is strictly pH dependent and occurs in a 1:2 stoichiometry, with one IgG binding to two FcRn molecules via its two heavy chains (Huber, A. H., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 230 (1993) 1077-1083). FcRn binding occurs in the endosome at acidic pH (pH<6.5) and IgG is released at the neutral cell surface (pH of about 7.4). The pH-sensitive nature of the interaction facilitates the FcRn-mediated protection of IgGs pinocytosed into cells from intracellular degradation by binding to the receptor within the acidic environment of endosomes. FcRn then facilitates the recycling of IgG to the cell surface and subsequent release into the blood stream upon exposure of the FcRn-IgG complex to the neutral pH environment outside the cell.
The term “FcRn binding portion of an Fc-region” denotes the part of an antibody heavy chain polypeptide that extends approximately from EU position 243 to EU position 261 and approximately from EU position 275 to EU position 293 and approximately from EU position 302 to EU position 319 and approximately from EU position 336 to EU position 348 and approximately from EU position 367 to EU position 393 and EU position 408 and approximately from EU position 424 to EU position 440. In one embodiment one or more of the following amino acid residues according to the EU numbering of Kabat are altered F243, P244, P245 P, K246, P247, K248, D249, T250, L251, M252, 1253, S254, R255, T256, P257, E258, V259, T260, C261, F275, N276, W277, Y278, V279, D280, V282, E283, V284, H285, N286, A287, K288, T289, K290, P291, R292, E293, V302, V303, S304, V305, L306, T307, V308, L309, H310, Q311, D312, W313, L314, N315, G316, K317, E318, Y319, I336, S337, K338, A339, K340, G341, Q342, P343, R344, E345, P346, Q347, V348, C367, V369, F372, Y373, P374, S375, D376, 1377, A378, V379, E380, W381, E382, S383, N384, G385, Q386, P387, E388, N389, Y391, T393, S408, S424, C425, S426, V427, M428, H429, E430, A431, L432, H433, N434, H435, Y436, T437, Q438, K439, and S440 (EU numbering).
The term “full length antibody” denotes an antibody having a structure substantially similar to a native antibody structure. A full length antibody comprises two full length antibody light chains comprising a light chain variable domain and a light chain constant domain and two full length antibody heavy chains comprising a heavy chain variable domain, a first constant domain, a hinge region, a second constant domain and a third constant domain. A full length antibody may comprise further domains, such as e.g. additional scFv or a scFab conjugated to one or more of the chains of the full length antibody. These conjugates are also encompassed by the term full length antibody.
The term “hinge region” denotes the part of an antibody heavy chain polypeptide that joins the CH1 domain and the CH2 domain, e. g. from about position 216 to position about 230 according to the EU numbering system of Kabat. In one embodiment the hinge region is a shortened hinge region comprising residues 221 to 230 according to the EU numbering system of Kabat. The hinge region is normally a dimeric molecule consisting of two polypeptides with identical amino acid sequence. The hinge region generally comprises about 25 amino acid residues and is flexible allowing the antigen binding regions to move independently. The hinge region can be subdivided into three domains: the upper, the middle, and the lower hinge domain (Roux, et al., J. Immunol. 161 (1998) 4083).
The terms “host cell”, “host cell line”, and “host cell culture” are used interchangeably and refer to cells into which exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced, including the progeny of such cells. Host cells include “transformants” and “transformed cells,” which include the primary transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard to the number of passages. Progeny may not be completely identical in nucleic acid content to a parent cell, but may contain mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened or selected for in the originally transformed cell are included herein.
The term “derived from” denotes that an amino acid sequence is derived from a parent amino acid sequence by introducing alterations at at least one position. Thus a derived amino acid sequence differs from the corresponding parent amino acid sequence at at least one corresponding position (numbering according to Kabat EU index for antibody Fc-regions). In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence differs by one to fifteen amino acid residues at corresponding positions. In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence differs by one to ten amino acid residues at corresponding positions. In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence differs by one to six amino acid residues at corresponding positions. Likewise a derived amino acid sequence has a high amino acid sequence identity to its parent amino acid sequence. In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence has 80% or more amino acid sequence identity. In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence has 90% or more amino acid sequence identity. In one embodiment an amino acid sequence derived from a parent amino acid sequence has 95% or more amino acid sequence identity.
The term “human Fc-region polypeptide” denotes an amino acid sequence which is identical to a “native” or “wild-type” human Fc-region polypeptide. The term “variant (human) Fc-region polypeptide” denotes an amino acid sequence which derived from a “native” or “wild-type” human Fc-region polypeptide by virtue of at least one “amino acid alteration”. A “human Fc-region” is consisting of two human Fc-region polypeptides. A “variant (human) Fc-region” is consisting of two Fc-region polypeptides, whereby both can be variant (human) Fc-region polypeptides or one is a human Fc-region polypeptide and the other is a variant (human) Fc-region polypeptide.
In one embodiment the human Fc-region polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or of a human IgG2 Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 08, or of a human IgG3 Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 09, or of a human IgG4 Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 10. In one embodiment the Fc-region polypeptide is derived from an Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10 and has at least one amino acid mutation compared to the Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10. In one embodiment the Fc-region polypeptide comprises/has from about one to about ten amino acid mutations, and in one embodiment from about one to about five amino acid mutations. In one embodiment the Fc-region polypeptide has at least about 80% homology with a human Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10. In one embodiment the Fc-region polypeptide has least about 90% homology with a human Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10. In one embodiment the Fc-region polypeptide has at least about 95% homology with a human Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10.
The Fc-region polypeptide derived from a human Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08 or 09, or 10 is defined by the amino acid alterations that are contained. Thus, for example, the term P329G denotes an Fc-region polypeptide derived human Fc-region polypeptide with the mutation of proline to glycine at amino acid position 329 relative to the human Fc-region polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 07, or 08, or 09, or 10.
For all heavy chain positions discussed in the present invention, numbering is according to the EU index. The EU index or EU index as in Kabat or Kabat EU index or EU numbering scheme refers to the numbering of the EU antibody (Edelman, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 63 (1969) 78-85, hereby entirely incorporated by reference). The numbering of the light chain residues is according to the Kabat nomenclature (Kabat, E. A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991), NIH Publication 91 3242).
A human IgG1 Fc-region polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with the mutations L234A, L235A has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with Y349C, T366S, L368A and Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with 354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with L234A, L235A mutations and Y349C, T366S, L368A. Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a L234A, L235A and S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G mutation has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with L234A, L235A mutations and P329G mutation has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G mutation and Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G mutation and S354C, T366W mutation has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with L234A, L235A, P329G and Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG1 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with L234A, L235A, P329G mutations and S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with S228P and L235E mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with S228P, L235E mutations and P329G mutation has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a S228P, L235E and S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a S228P, L235E and Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G mutation has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G and Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a P329G and S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a S228P, L235E, P329G and Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
A human IgG4 Fc-region derived Fc-region polypeptide with a S228P, L235E, P329G and S354C, T366W mutations has the following amino acid sequence:
An alignment of the different human Fc-regions is shown below (EU numbering):
A “humanized” antibody refers to a chimeric antibody comprising amino acid residues from non-human HVRs and amino acid residues from human FRs. In certain embodiments, a humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the HVRs (e.g., the CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human antibody, and all or substantially all of the FRs correspond to those of a human antibody. A humanized antibody optionally may comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region derived from a human antibody. A “humanized form” of an antibody, e.g., a non-human antibody, refers to an antibody that has undergone humanization.
An “individual” or “subject” is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, domesticated animals (e.g. cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and horses), primates (e.g., humans and non-human primates such as monkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g., mice and rats). In certain embodiments, the individual or subject is a human.
An “isolated” antibody is one which has been separated from a component of its natural environment. In some embodiments, an antibody is purified to greater than 95% or 99% purity as determined by, for example, electrophoretic (e.g., SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillary electrophoresis) or chromatographic (e.g., size exclusion chromatography or ion exchange or reverse phase HPLC). For review of methods for assessment of antibody purity, see, e.g., Flatman, S. et al., J. Chrom. B 848 (2007) 79-87.
An “isolated” nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid molecule that has been separated from a component of its natural environment. An isolated nucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily contain the nucleic acid molecule, but the nucleic acid molecule is present extrachromosomally or at a chromosomal location that is different from its natural chromosomal location.
The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical and/or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies, e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising during production of a monoclonal antibody preparation, such variants generally being present in minor amounts. In contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animals containing all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methods and other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies being described herein.
“Native antibodies” refer to naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecules with varying structures. For example, native IgG antibodies are heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains that are disulfide-bonded. From N- to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a variable region (VH), also called a variable heavy domain or a heavy chain variable domain, followed by three constant domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3). Similarly, from N- to C-terminus, each light chain has a variable region (VL), also called a variable light domain or a light chain variable domain, followed by a constant light (CL) domain. The light chain of an antibody may be assigned to one of two types, called kappa (u) and lambda (k), based on the amino acid sequence of its constant domain.
The term “negative linear pH gradient” denotes a pH gradient starting at a high (i.e. neutral or alkaline) pH value and ending at a lower (i.e. neutral or acidic) pH value. In one embodiment the negative linear pH gradient starts at a pH value of about 8.8 and ends at a pH value of about 5.5.
The term “non-naturally occurring amino acid residue” denotes an amino acid residue, other than the naturally occurring amino acid residues as listed above, which can be covalently bound to the adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. Examples of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues are norleucine, ornithine, norvaline, homoserine. Further examples are listed in Ellman, et al., Meth. Enzym. 202 (1991) 301-336. Exemplary method for the synthesis of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues are reported in, e. g., Noren, et al., Science 244 (1989) 182 and Ellman et al., supra.
The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered.
A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.
The term “plasmid”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. The term includes the plasmid as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure as well as the plasmid incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced. Certain plasmids are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked. Such plasmids are referred to herein as “expression plasmid”.
The term “positive linear pH gradient” denotes a pH gradient starting at a low (i.e. more acidic) pH value and ending at a higher (i.e. less acidic, neutral or alkaline) pH value. In one embodiment the positive linear pH gradient starts at a pH value of about 5.5 and ends at a pH value of about 8.8.
The term “recombinant antibody”, as used herein, denotes all antibodies (chimeric, humanized and human) that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means. This includes antibodies isolated from a host cell such as a NS0 or CHO cell or from an animal (e.g. a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes or antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression plasmid transfected into a host cell. Such recombinant antibodies have variable and constant regions in a rearranged form. The recombinant antibodies as reported herein can be subjected to in vivo somatic hypermutation. Thus, the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germ line VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germ line repertoire in vivo.
A “solid phase” denotes a non-fluid substance, and includes particles (including microparticles and beads) made from materials such as polymer, metal (paramagnetic, ferromagnetic particles), glass, and ceramic; gel substances such as silica, alumina, and polymer gels; capillaries, which may be made of polymer, metal, glass, and/or ceramic; zeolites and other porous substances; electrodes; microtiter plates; solid strips; and cuvettes, tubes or other spectrometer sample containers. A solid phase component of an assay is distinguished from inert solid surfaces in that a “solid support” contains at least one moiety on its surface, which is intended to interact chemically with a molecule. A solid phase may be a stationary component, such as a chip, tube, strip, cuvette, or microtiter plate, or may be non-stationary components, such as beads and microparticles.
Microparticles can also be used as a solid support for homogeneous assay formats. A variety of microparticles that allow both non-covalent or covalent attachment of proteins and other substances may be used. Such particles include polymer particles such as polystyrene and poly (methylmethacrylate); gold particles such as gold nanoparticles and gold colloids; and ceramic particles such as silica, glass, and metal oxide particles. See for example Martin, C. R., et al., Analytical Chemistry-News & Features, May 1 (1998) 322A-327A, which is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment the solid support is sepharose.
The term “substantially the same” denotes that two values, e.g. the retention times on an FcRn affinity chromatography column of two different antibodies, are within 5% of each other, i.e. they differ by less than 5%. For example, a first retention time of 80 minutes and a second retention time of 84 minutes are substantially the same, whereas a retention time of 80 minutes and a retention time of 85 minutes are not substantially the same, these retention times are different. In one embodiment substantially the same denotes that two values are within 3.5% of each other, i.e. they differ by 3.5% or less. In one embodiment substantially the same denotes that two values are within 2.5% of each other, i.e. they differ by 2.5% or less. The smaller of the two values is taken as basis for this calculation.
As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating”) refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. In some embodiments, antibodies or Fc-region fusion polypeptides as reported herein are used to delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of a disease.
The term “valent” as used within the current application denotes the presence of a specified number of binding sites in a (antibody) molecule. As such, the terms “bivalent”, “tetravalent”, and “hexavalent” denote the presence of two binding site, four binding sites, and six binding sites, respectively, in a (antibody) molecule. The bispecific antibodies as reported herein as reported herein are in one preferred embodiment “bivalent”.
The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refer to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding of the antibody to its antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of an antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four framework regions (FRs) and three hypervariable regions (HVRs)(see, e.g., Kindt, T. J. et al. Kuby Immunology, 6th ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., N.Y. (2007), page 91). A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively. See, e.g., Portolano, S. et al., J. Immunol. 150 (1993) 880-887; Clackson, T. et al., Nature 352 (1991) 624-628).
The terms “variant”, “modified antibody”, and “modified fusion polypeptide” denotes molecules which have an amino acid sequence that differs from the amino acid sequence of a parent molecule. Typically such molecules have one or more alterations, insertions, or deletions. In one embodiment the modified antibody or the modified fusion polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least a portion of an Fc-region which is not naturally occurring. Such molecules have less than 100% sequence identity with the parent antibody or parent fusion polypeptide. In one embodiment the variant antibody or the variant fusion polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that has from about 75% to less than 100% amino acid sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of the parent antibody or parent fusion polypeptide, especially from about 80% to less than 100%, especially from about 85% to less than 100%, especially from about 90% to less than 100%, and especially from about 95% to less than 100%. In one embodiment the parent antibody or the parent fusion polypeptide and the variant antibody or the variant fusion polypeptide differ by one (a single), two or three amino acid residue(s).
The invention is based, at least in part, on the finding that the charge distribution in the Fv domain influences antibody-FcRn binding and results in additional interactions between the antibody and the FcRn. This changes the FcRn binding characteristics, especially with respect to the dissociation of the antibody-FcRn complex at pH 7.4, thereby reducing FcRn-dependent terminal half-life of the antibody.
The neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) is important for the metabolic fate of antibodies of the IgG class in vivo. The FcRn functions to salvage wild-type IgG from the lysosomal degradation pathway, resulting in reduced clearance and increased half-life. It is a heterodimeric protein consisting of two polypeptides: a 50 kDa class I major histocompatibility complex-like protein (α-FcRn) and a 15 kDa β2-microglobulin (β2m). FcRn binds with high affinity to the CH2-CH3 portion of the Fc-region of an antibody of the class IgG. The interaction between an antibody of the class IgG and the FcRn is pH dependent and occurs in a 1:2 stoichiometry, i.e. one IgG antibody molecule can interact with two FcRn molecules via its two heavy chain Fc-region polypeptides (see e.g. [16]).
Thus, an IgGs in vitro FcRn binding properties/characteristics are indicative of its in vivo pharmacokinetic properties in the blood circulation.
In the interaction between the FcRn and the Fc-region of an antibody of the IgG class different amino acid residues of the heavy chain CH2- and CH3-domain are participating. The amino acid residues interacting with the FcRn are located approximately between EU position 243 and EU position 261, approximately between EU position 275 and EU position 293, approximately between EU position 302 and EU position 319, approximately between EU position 336 and EU position 348, approximately between EU position 367 and EU position 393, at EU position 408, and approximately between EU position 424 and EU position 440. More specifically the following amino acid residues according to the EU numbering of Kabat are involved in the interaction between the Fc-region and the FcRn: F243, P244, P245 P, K246, P247, K248, D249, T250, L251, M252, 1253, S254, R255, T256, P257, E258, V259, T260, C261, F275, N276, W277, Y278, V279, D280, V282, E283, V284, H285, N286, A287, K288, T289, K290, P291, R292, E293, V302, V303, S304, V305, L306, T307, V308, L309, H310, Q311, D312, W313, L314, N315, G316, K317, E318, Y319, I336, S337, K338, A339, K340, G341, Q342, P343, R344, E345, P346, Q347, V348, C367, V369, F372, Y373, P374, S375, D376, 1377, A378, V379, E380, W381, E382, S383, N384, G385, Q386, P387, E388, N389, Y391, T393, S408, S424, C425, S426, V427, M428, H429, E430, A431, L432, H433, N434, H435, Y436, T437, Q438, K439, and S440.
Site-directed mutagenesis studies have proven that the critical binding sites in the Fc-region of IgGs for FcRn are Histidine 310, Histidine 435, and Isoleucine 253 and to a lesser extent Histidine 433 and Tyrosine 436 (see e.g. Kim, J. K., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 2819-2825; Raghavan, M., et al., Biochem. 34 (1995) 14649-146579; Medesan, C., et al., J Immunol. 158 (1997) 2211-2217).
Methods to increase IgG binding to FcRn have been performed by mutating IgG at various amino acid residues: Threonine 250, Methionine 252, Serine 254, Threonine 256, Threonine 307, Glutamic acid 380, Methionine 428, Histidine 433, and Asparagine 434 (see Kuo, T. T., et al., J. Clin. Immunol. 30 (2010) 777-789).
In some cases antibodies with reduced half-life in the blood circulation are desired. For example, drugs for intravitreal application should have a long half-life in the eye and a short half-life in the circulation of the patient. Such antibodies also have the advantage of increased exposure to a disease site, e.g. in the eye.
Different mutations that influence the FcRn binding and therewith the half-life in the blood circulation are known. Fc-region residues critical to the mouse Fc-mouse FcRn interaction have been identified by site-directed mutagenesis (see e.g. Dall'Acqua, W. F., et al. J. Immunol 169 (2002) 5171-5180). Residues I253, H310, H433, N434, and H435 (EU numbering according to Kabat) are involved in the interaction (Medesan, C., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 26 (1996) 2533-2536; Firan, M., et al., Int. Immunol. 13 (2001) 993-1002; Kim, J. K., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24 (1994) 542-548). Residues I253, H310, and H435 were found to be critical for the interaction of human Fc with murine FcRn (Kim, J. K., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 2819-2825). Residues M252Y, S254T, T256E have been described by Dall'Acqua et al. to improve FcRn binding by protein-protein interaction studies (Dall'Acqua, W. F., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 23514-23524). Studies of the human Fc-human FcRn complex have shown that residues I253, S254, H435, and Y436 are crucial for the interaction (Firan, M., et al., Int. Immunol. 13 (2001) 993-1002; Shields, R. L., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 6591-6604). In Yeung, Y. A., et al. (J. Immunol. 182 (2009) 7667-7671) various mutants of residues 248 to 259 and 301 to 317 and 376 to 382 and 424 to 437 have been reported and examined. Exemplary mutations and their effect on FcRn binding are listed in the following Table 1.
It has been found that the charge distribution in the Fv domain influences antibody-FcRn binding and can result in additional interactions between the antibody and the FcRn. This changes the FcRn binding characteristics, especially with respect to the dissociation of the antibody-FcRn complex at pH7.4, thereby influencing (reducing) FcRn-dependent terminal half-life of the antibody.
The human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important role in IgG catabolism. An IgGs in vitro FcRn binding properties/characteristics are indicative of its in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Such in vitro methods would be of great value during antibody development as repeated in vivo studies can be avoided (reduced animal experiments, time and costs).
IgG-FcRn interactions can be analyzed using plasmon surface resonance (SPR) assays (Wang, W., et al., Drug Metab. Disp. 39 (2011) 1469-1477; Datta-Mannan, A., et al., Drug Metab. Disp. 40 (2012) 1545-1555; Vaughn, D. E. and Bjorkman, P. J., Biochemistry 36 (1997) 9374-9380; Raghavan, M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 11200-11204; Martin, W. L. and Bjorkman, P. J., Biochemistry 38 (1999) 12639-12647).
Calorimetric and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation methods have also been described for assessing IgG binding affinity to FcRn (Huber, A. H., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 230 (1993) 1077-1083; Pollastrini, J., et al., Anal. Biochem. 414 (2011) 88-98).
In addition of being complex assays, several studies investigating the correlation between in vitro FcRn binding parameters determined by SPR and the serum half-life of antibodies in vivo failed so far to demonstrate such correlation despite improved binding reaction conditions and appropriate modeling (Gurbaxani, B., et al., Mol. Immunol. 43 (2006) 1462-1473; Gurbaxani, B. M. and Morrison, S. L., Mol. Immunol. 43 (2006) 1379-1389; Gurbaxani, B., Clin. Immunol. 122 (2007) 121-124).
Engineering of the Fc-region of IgG1 to improve affinity of IgG1 to FcRn at pH 6 and at neutral pH as measured by SPR technology did not result in improved pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys (Yeung, Y. A., et al., J. Immunol. 182 (2009) 7663-7671). However, only modest increases in pH 6 FcRn affinity in the N434A IgG variant without concomitant significant binding to FcRn at pH 7.4 resulted in improved pharmacokinetics in primates demonstrating the importance of the FcRn release at pH 7.4 (see Yeung, Y. A., above).
For example, SPR analysis of the IgG-FcRn interaction provides a qualitative result indicating expected or aberrant binding properties of a sample but does neither give a hint for the cause of aberrant binding nor a quantitative estimation of the amount of antibody with aberrant binding.
An FcRn affinity chromatography method using a positive linear gradient elution has been reported in WO 2013/120929.
Specific manipulation of the Fc-region is known to affect PK parameters by altering interaction between the Fc-region and FcRn and has been used to design therapeutic antibodies with specific PK properties [33,34].
Although the influence of the Fab region on FcRn interactions has recently been discussed when antibodies of the same wild-type human Fc-region sequences but different Fab regions showed differences in FcRn affinity and altered PK. The mechanism of this interaction remained unclear [23,24].
To show the influencing factors of the Fab region to FcRn-mediated IgG homeostasis the antibody pair Briakinumab (Ozespa™) and Ustekinumab (Stelara™) were used as a model system. Both Briakinumab and Ustekinumab are fully human monoclonal IgG1 antibodies. They bind to the same human p40-subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) [26] and they are not cross-reactive to the corresponding mouse IL-12 and IL-23 [27,28]. Briakinumab and Ustekinumab are an IgG1κ antibody with variable heavy and light chain domains of the VH5 and Vκ1D germline families and an IgG1λ antibody with variable heavy and light chain domains of the VH3 and Vλ1 germline families, respectively. In addition to different variable domains, Briakinumab and Ustekinumab show differences in several allotype-specific amino acids in the constant domains (see
Briakinumab exhibits a non-uniform charge distribution at physiological pH of 7.4 (see e.g. the published crystal structure of Ustekinumab [27] and a homology model of Briakinumab). Briakinumab shows a large positively charged region on the Fv domain (see
FcRn binding affinity of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab at pH 6.0 is comparable, i.e. both values differ at most by one order or magnitude, in one embodiment at most 5-fold, whereas the dissociation from the FcRn is very different. Using variants of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab, it could be shown that the interaction is predominantly electrostatic and correlates with the extent of a positively charged region (see below).
d) pH-Dependent FcRn-IgG Interaction
Ten variants of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab have been synthesized and characterized with respect to their FcRn binding properties by FcRn affinity chromatography (see Table 2). In the variants the variable regions have been modified and tested for FcRn pH 6 binding affinity and FcRn dissociation using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and FcRn affinity chromatography (see Table 3), respectively.
The FcRn binding affinities at pH 6 fell in a narrow range for all eleven antibodies (see Table 3). The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was calculated relative to Ustekinumab (Ustekinumab=1.0). Briakinumab had a relative KD of 0.2 and the nine variants ranged between Briakinumab and Ustekinumab. Thus, it can be concluded that different terminal in vivo half-life are not caused by different FcRn binding at pH6.0.
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex influencing the in vivo half-life of the antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the relative in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining an increase or a decrease of the vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
The elution profiles of the twelve antibodies were analyzed using an FcRn affinity column with positive linear pH gradient elution (see
Variant antibodies mAb 5 and mAb 6 bear Ustekinumab CDRs (heavy and light chain parts) on the Briakinumab framework and vice versa. Grafting Ustekinumab CDRs on Briakinumab (mAb 5) shifted the retention time of mAb 5 close to that of Ustekinumab. Grafting Briakinumab CDRs on Ustekinumab (mAb 6) described/presented an elution profile which was still close to Ustekinumab.
A strong retention time shift from Briakinumab in the direction of Ustekinumab was observed for mAb 9 that is a Briakinumab variant in which three positively charged residues in the light chain CDRs were mutated to alanine residues.
Three and five positively charged residues in the heavy chain of Briakinumab were mutated in mAb 7 and mAb 8, respectively. In these variants the retention time shifted relative to Briakinumab. MAb 3, comprising the HCs of Ustekinumab and the LCs of Briakinumab, as well as mAb 2 containing the Fv domain of Briakinumab on the Ustekinumab constant domains both eluted close to Briakinumab.
Taken together, the data shows that the Fv domain influences FcRn dissociation and not FcRn binding (at pH 6.0).
The FcRn column retention times were aligned with isoelectric points and net charges of the antibodies. No correlation between the FcRn column retention times and the isoelectric points or the net charges of the Fv domains at lysosomal pH 6.0 or physiological pH 7.4 can be seen (see Table 3). However, the measured FcRn column retention times increased with the extent of positively charged regions, especially around the light chain variable domains (see
One aspect as reported herein is a method for increasing the in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the step of:
Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;
Acidic and basic amino acid residues together for the group of charged amino acid residues.
FcRn column retention times were also determined in a different set up with increased ionic strength in the mobile phase, i.e. in the presence of increased salt concentrations. Charge-mediated interactions are known to be weakened under high ionic strength conditions, whereas hydrophobic interactions are typically strengthened by salt. It has been found that the FcRn column retention time of Briakinumab was shortened in the presence of salt and was proportional to the inverse square root of the ionic strength as suggested by the Debye-Hückel law of charge screening [32]. The retention time of Ustekinumab remained essentially unaffected (see
Summarizing the above, FcRn affinity chromatography of the engineered variants showed that antibodies with the same Fv domain (mAb 1 & mAb 2) and the same LC (mAb 3 & mAb 4) elute at nearly identical FcRn column retention times. Furthermore, grafting Ustekinumab CDRs on Briakinumab (mAb 5) shifts the elution pH close to that of Ustekinumab. Thus, the light chain CDRs provide the main influence on Briakinumab's FcRn binding.
Grafting Briakinumab CDRs on Ustekinumab (mAb 6) presented an elution profile which was still close to Ustekinumab. Thus, without being bound by this theory it could be that the antibody-FcRn interaction is more affected by disrupting the large positively charged region of Briakinumab than by creating a smaller positively charged region. As suggested by the MD simulation (see below), a direct, stabilizing interaction between a positively charged Fv region and a negatively charged region on FcRn is readily feasible. Thus, FcRn-Fv interaction may lead to a slower-than-normal dissociation of the FcRn-IgG complex under physiological conditions.
Previous studies have discussed net charge to be a driving force for altered pharmacokinetic properties by affecting the electrostatic interaction between the antibody and negatively charged groups on the surface of endothelial cells [35,36]. For example, Igawa et al. [37] observed that IgG4 antibodies with lower isoelectric points (pI) due to engineering in the variable region have a lower rate of fluid-phase pinocytosis and in turn a reduced elimination rate. Furthermore, Boswell et al. [38] proposed the pI differences needed to be at least of one unit to influence PK.
The pIs of Briakinumab, Ustekinumab, mAb 8 and mAb 9 vary between 9.3 and 9.7. Therefore, it can be assumed that the influence on fluid-phase pinocytosis is minimal due to pI differences. However, Briakinumab's shorter FcRn column retention times under high ionic strength conditions (see above) as well as the higher electrostatic contribution to the FcRn-Fv interaction compared to Ustekinumab in the MD simulation (see below) show that specifically located charge may be the main influencing factor on the FcRn-IgG interaction. The influence of charge in the Fv domain was analyzed using mutants which have three (mAb 7) and five (mAb 8) positively charged residues in the HC of Briakinumab mutated as well as Briakinumab with three positively charged residues mutated in the light chain CDRs (mAb 9). MAb 7 and mAb 8 show small retention time shifts in the direction of Ustekinumab confirming a charge-mediated interaction, whereas mAb 9 shows a high retention time shift in the direction of Ustekinumab. Thus, specifically located charge(s) in the light chain CDRs strongly influence FcRn dissociation.
To assess whether the effect of mutated charged residues in the variable domains of Briakinumab on FcRn binding translates into modulated in vivo PK properties PK studies in human FcRn-transgenic mice were conducted. Briakinumab and Ustekinumab, together with two variants of Briakinumab (mAb 8 and mAb 9), which had FcRn column retention times between Briakinumab and Ustekinumab, were tested. The distribution and elimination processes of the four antibodies are in agreement with other IgG PK studies (see
In the PK experiments the terminal half-life was examined, which is exclusively calculated in the elimination phase where FcRn recycling dominates [39]. The terminal half-life of the four antibodies correlate linearly with the in vitro FcRn column elution pH: The higher the FcRn column elution pH the shorter the terminal half-life, thereby demonstrating that the FcRn column is a predictive/sensitive tool for in vitro FcRn dissociation. The correlation between terminal half-life and the FcRn column elution pH confirms the importance of the fast FcRn-IgG dissociation at physiological pH.
Without being bound by this theory the FcRn-IgG complex is built in the endosomes at pH 6.0, therefore, less binding results in less IgG-recycling and faster clearance. By exocytosis the FcRn-IgG complex is released to the plasma membrane, where the dissociation of the IgG and the FcRn has to take place at a physiological pH of 7.4 within a short period of time [40]. Consequently, dissociation at physiological pH is also important for a prolonged half-life [22,40].
Thus, it has been found that the dissociation at higher pH-values indicates a slower dissociation from the FcRn. This could without being bound by this theory lead to degradation of the antibodies in the lysosome instead of releasing the antibodies back to blood circulation.
Thus, it has been found that charge in the Fv domain of an IgG affects the terminal half-life by altering the interaction between the IgG and FcRn. The structural parts of the Fab which interact with FcRn have been located and it has been demonstrated that the interaction is charge-mediated. The PK study revealed a linear correlation between the in vitro FcRn-IgG dissociation and the terminal half-life in vivo.
A homology model of a human FcRn-Fc complex was generated using the published rat FcRn structure as a template. The position of the Fv domains of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab was modeled based on the crystal structure of a complete IgG1 (PDB code 1HZH). These homology models contain two copies of FcRn (α-FcRn with β2m) on one complete IgG molecule (see
In summary, it has been found that the intrinsic flexibility of Fab arms of FcRn-IgG complexes structurally allows a direct, stabilizing interaction of the Fv domain with the tip of FcRn.
g.i) Elution with Linear Positive pH Gradient at Different Salt Concentrations
Herein is reported a method comprising the following two steps:
The second salt concentration is generally higher/bigger than the first salt concentration, so that these concentrations are not about identical, i.e. they differ by at least 10%, in one embodiment by at least 20%.
With this method it is possible to determine the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex in a simple chromatography method by comparing the retention times obtained in the presence of different salt concentrations (see
For antibody/reference antibody pairs different relations with respect to their retention times on an FcRn affinity chromatography column and therewith with respect to their FcRn interaction exist:
The antibody can be a variant antibody of a parent antibody in which case the reference antibody is the parent antibody.
In one case the reference antibody is an antibody that has substantially the same retention time as its Fc-region after IdeS cleavage or papain cleavage.
In order to provide therapeutic regimens to treat the diversity of diseases known today and also those that will be revealed in the future a need for tailor made antibodies as well as Fc-region containing polypeptides exists.
To tailor make the FcRn binding characteristics of an antibody the residues involved in FcRn interaction are modified and the resulting modified antibodies have to be tested. If the required characteristics are not met the same process is performed again.
Thus, it would be advantageous to provide a method that predicts the changes in the characteristic properties of a modified antibody based on a simple chromatographical method and which does not require in vivo studies to analyze the changes of the characteristics in the modified antibody.
In some cases antibodies with extended half-life are desired. For example, drugs with an extended half-life in the circulation of a patient in need of a treatment require decreased dosing or increased dosing intervals. Such antibodies also have the advantage of increased exposure to a disease site, e. g. a tumor.
The in vivo half-life correlates with the retention time on an FcRn affinity chromatography column. This is especially true if the interaction between the antibody and the FcRn is almost solely mediated by the residues in the antibody Fc-region. But if residues outside the antibody Fc-region, e.g. in the antibody-Fab, also interact with the FcRn this correlation has to be further confirmed. This can be done with the method as reported herein exploiting the change in retention time in an FcRn affinity chromatography method with a positive linear pH gradient elution in the presence of low and high salt concentrations or of the intact antibody and the Fv-region cleaved antibody (=Fc-region). If the retention time is substantially not affected by the change from low to high salt concentration or by the cleavage of the Fc-region then no antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction is present and a higher retention time on the FcRn affinity chromatography column correlates with an increased half-life in vivo. But if the retention time is affected, especially if it is reduced, by a change from low to high salt concentrations or by cleavage of the Fc-region then the in vivo half-life correlates differently to the retention time on the FcRn affinity chromatography column, i.e. a longer retention time on the FcRn affinity chromatography column correlates to a shorter in vivo half-life due to reduced antibody-FcRn dissociation at physiological pH and, without being bound by this theory, an increased lysosomal degradation of the antibody.
The herein used FcRn affinity chromatography column comprises a matrix and matrix bound chromatographical functional groups, wherein the matrix bound chromatographical functional group comprises a non-covalent complex of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin.
Generally, starting point for the method as reported herein is a parent or reference antibody that is characterized by its binding to the FcRn.
One aspect as reported herein is the use of a method as reported herein for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex influencing the in vivo half-life comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex influencing the in vivo half-life comprising the following steps:
Variant antibodies show either increased or decreased binding to FcRn when compared to a parent antibody polypeptide or compared to a reference antibody, and, thus, have a modified half-life compared to the parent/reference antibody in serum.
Generally, Fc-region variants with increased affinity for the FcRn (i.e. increased retention time on an FcRn column compared to a parent antibody or reference antibody) are predicted at first to have longer serum half-life compared to those with decreased affinity for the FcRn (i.e. with reduced retention time on an FcRn column compared to a parent antibody or reference antibody).
This predicted in vivo half-life has to be confirmed thereafter. For this confirmation the method as reported herein can be used.
Antibody variants with increased in vivo half-life have applications in methods of treating mammals, especially humans, where long half-life of the administered antibody is desired, such as in the treatment of a chronic disease or disorder.
Antibody variants with decreased affinity for the FcRn have applications in methods of treating mammals, especially humans, where a short half-life of the administered antibody or fusion polypeptide is desired, such as in vivo diagnostic imaging.
It is very likely that antibody variants with decreased FcRn binding affinity will be able to cross the placenta and, thus, can be used in the treatment of diseases or disorders in pregnant women especially of unborn children. In addition, reduced FcRn binding affinity may be desired for those drugs intended for application/transport to the brain, kidney, and/or liver.
One aspect as reported herein is the use of a method as reported herein for identifying antibodies that exhibit reduced transport across the epithelium of kidney glomeruli from the vasculature.
One aspect as reported herein is the use of a method as reported herein for identifying antibodies that exhibit reduced transport across the blood brain barrier from the brain into the vascular space.
In one embodiment of all aspects as reported herein the FcRn is selected from human FcRn, cynomolgus FcRn, mouse FcRn, rat FcRn, sheep FcRn, dog FcRn, pig FcRn, minipig FcRn, and rabbit FcRn.
In one embodiment of all aspects as reported herein the beta-2-microglobulin is from the same species as the FcRn.
In one embodiment of all aspects as reported herein the beta-2-microglobulin is from a different species as the FcRn.
In one embodiment the parent antibody comprises at least one binding domain and at least one Fc-region. In one embodiment the parent antibody comprises two binding domains and two Fc-regions.
In one embodiment the parent antibody comprises at least one binding domain that specifically binds to a target which mediates a biological effect (in one embodiment a ligand capable of binding to a cell surface receptor or a cell surface receptor capable of binding a ligand) and mediates transmission of a negative or positive signal to a cell. In one embodiment the parent antibody comprises at least one binding domain specific for an antigen targeted for reduction or elimination (in one embodiment a cell surface antigen or a soluble antigen) and at least one Fc-region.
Antibodies specifically binding to a target can be raised in mammals by multiple subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of the relevant antigen (e.g. purified antigen, cells or cellular extracts comprising such antigens, or DNA encoding for such antigen) and optionally an adjuvant.
In one embodiment the antibody is a full length antibody.
In one embodiment the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
In one embodiment the parent antibody is a bispecific antibody.
In one embodiment the parent antibody is a chimeric antibody.
In one embodiment of all previous aspects the pH is a gradient from about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.8.
In general the soluble extracellular domain of FcRn (SEQ ID NO: 33 for human FcRn) with C-terminal His-Avi Tag (SEQ ID NO: 34) was co-expressed with β2-microglobulin (SEQ ID NO: 35 for human beta-2-microglobulin) in mammalian cells. The non-covalent FcRn-microglobulin complex was biotinylated and loaded onto streptavidin derivatized sepharose.
In one embodiment of all aspects as reported herein the non-covalent complex of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin is bound to a solid phase.
In one embodiment the conjugation of the non-covalent complex to the solid phase is performed by chemically binding via N-terminal and/or ε-amino groups (lysine), ε-amino groups of different lysins, carboxy-, sulfhydryl-, hydroxyl-, and/or phenolic functional groups of the amino acid backbone of the antibody, and/or sugar alcohol groups of the carbohydrate structure of the antibody.
In one embodiment the non-covalent complex is conjugated to the solid phase via a specific binding pair. In one embodiment the non-covalent complex is conjugated to biotin and immobilization to a solid support is performed via solid support immobilized avidin or streptavidin.
A specific binding pair (first component/second component) is in one embodiment selected from streptavidin or avidin/biotin, antibody/antigen (see, for example, Hermanson, G. T., et al., Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press (1996)), lectin/polysaccharide, steroid/steroid binding protein, hormone/hormone receptor, enzyme/substrate, IgG/Protein A and/or G, etc.
In principle any buffer substance can be used in the methods as reported herein.
Fc residues critical to the mouse Fc-mouse FcRn interaction have been identified by site-directed mutagenesis (see e.g. Dall'Acqua, W. F., et al. J. Immunol 169 (2002) 5171-5180). Residues I253, H310, H433, N434, and H435 (EU numbering according to Kabat) are involved in the interaction (Medesan, C., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 26 (1996) 2533; Firan, M., et al., Int. Immunol. 13 (2001) 993; Kim, J. K., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 24 (1994) 542). Residues I253, H310, and H435 were found to be critical for the interaction of human Fc with murine FcRn (Kim, J. K., et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (1999) 2819). Residues M252Y, S254T, T256E have been described by Dall'Acqua et al. to improve FcRn binding by protein-protein interaction studies (Dall'Acqua, W. F., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 23514-23524). Studies of the human Fc-human FcRn complex have shown that residues I253, S254, H435, and Y436 are crucial for the interaction (Firan, M., et al., Int. Immunol. 13 (2001) 993; Shields, R. L., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 6591-6604). In Yeung, Y. A., et al. (J. Immunol. 182 (2009) 7667-7671) various mutants of residues 248 to 259 and 301 to 317 and 376 to 382 and 424 to 437 have been reported and examined.
In one embodiment a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer substance is used, such as e.g. phosphoric acid or salts thereof, acetic acid or salts thereof, citric acid or salts thereof, morpholine or salts thereof, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or salts thereof, histidine or salts thereof, glycine or salts thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) or salts thereof, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or salts thereof.
In one embodiment the buffer substance is selected from phosphoric acid or salts thereof, or acetic acid or salts thereof, or citric acid or salts thereof, or histidine or salts thereof.
In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of from 10 mM to 500 mM. In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of from 10 mM to 300 mM. In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of from 10 mM to 250 mM. In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of from 10 mM to 100 mM. In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of from 15 mM to 50 mM. In one embodiment the buffer substance has a concentration of about 20 mM.
An exemplary starting solution for the positive linear pH gradient comprises in one embodiment 20 mM MES and 140 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 5.5.
An exemplary final solution for the positive linear pH gradient comprises in one embodiment 20 mM TRIS and 140 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 8.8.
During the gradient a mixture of the starting solution and the final solution is applied to the FcRn affinity chromatography column, whereby the positive linear gradient starts with 100% of the starting solution (i.e. pure starting solution), thereafter the fraction of the starting solution is reduced from 100% to 0% and the fraction from the final solution is increased from 0% to 100% so that after the positive linear pH gradient 100% of the final solution is applied to the column.
In one embodiment the starting and the final solution comprises an additional salt. In one embodiment the additional salt is selected from sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium citrate, or potassium citrate. In one embodiment the solutions comprise of from 50 mM to 1000 mM of the additional salt. In one embodiment the solutions comprise of from 50 mM to 750 mM of the additional salt.
In one embodiment the solutions comprise of from 50 mM to 500 mM of the additional salt. In one embodiment the solution comprise of from 50 mM to 750 mM of the additional salt. In one embodiment the solution comprise about 140 mM to about 400 mM of the additional salt.
In one embodiment the starting and the final solution comprises sodium chloride. In one embodiment the starting and the final solution comprises of about 140 mM to about 400 mM sodium chloride.
It has been found that the kind of salt and buffer substance influences the retention time and the resolution. An optimal salt concentration for binding of antibodies to FcRn can be determined (140 mM NaCl). If the salt concentration is higher (400 mM) binding to FcRn is reduced due to interference with the charge interactions by the increase of the ionic strength of the solution and a shorter retention time is obtained.
Thus, in the method as reported herein the solutions used in step a) and step b) as well as the gradient applied in step a) and step b) as well as the loading of the column in step a) and step b) as well as the dimension of the column and the amount of FcRn affinity chromatography material in step a) and step b) as well as the FcRn affinity ligand density in the FcRn affinity chromatography material in step a) and step b) as well as the conjugation of the FcRn to the solid phase in step a) and step b) as well as the nature of the b2m and FcRn in step a) and step b) are the same or even identical. Thus, in the method as reported herein the FcRn affinity chromatography in step a) and step b) are performed under identical conditions except for the concentration of the salt, which is different between step a) and step b). In one embodiment the second salt concentration is bigger than the first salt concentration. In one embodiment the second salt concentration is at least twice the first salt concentration.
As can be seen from
Eight antibodies were analyzed as complete antibody and after cleavage with the enzyme IdeS. The cleavage was controlled by SDS page and analytical SEC. Fc-region and antibody-Fab were separated by preparative SEC.
In general the retention time of antibodies having a wild-type Fc-region (IgG1 or IgG2 or IgG4) varies between 45 and 49 min. (tested with 35 therapeutic antibodies against 36 antigens, data not shown) under the conditions of Example 5. If the conditions of Example 2 are used the retention time is increased to about 85 min as the gradient is longer.
In general the retention time in the methods and uses as reported herein is depending on steepness of the pH gradient and the employed salt concentration. If the wild-type antibody is used as reference and a weaker binding is indicated by a shorter retention time (=earlier elution) whereas a stronger binding is indicated by a longer retention time (=later elution).
Different mutants in the Fc-region of the IgG behave different on the FcRn column, displaying modified retention times.
For example the anti-IGF-1R antibody mutant YTE shows an increased retention time (see
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the relative in vivo half-life of an antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is the use of the method as reported herein for determining the relative in vivo half-life of an antibody wherein the method comprises the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining an increase or a decrease in the vivo half-life of a variant antibody relative to its parent antibody comprising the following steps:
One aspect as reported herein is the use of a method as reported herein for determining an increase or a decrease in the vivo half-life of a variant antibody relative to its parent antibody wherein the method comprises the following steps:
It has been found that antibodies that showed a late elution from the FcRn column, i.e. that had a longer retention time on the FcRn column and that showed no antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction had a longer half-life in vivo (see Example 6).
One aspect as reported herein is the use of a method as reported herein for determining the in vivo half-life of an antibody.
The set of in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted with wild-type IgG and IgG variants with YTE-mutations in the Fc-region allowed to show a semi-quantitative correlation of the findings in the FcRn affinity chromatography with those of the in vivo phamacokinetic studies with mice transgenic for human FcRn (Spiekerman, G. M., et al. J. Exp. Med. 196 (2002) 303-310; Dall'Acqua, W. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 23514-23524). The YTE-mutation leads to a significantly prolonged half-life and slower plasma clearance. The longer in vivo half-life corresponded to a longer retention time in the FcRn chromatography. An extended half-life of an Fc-engineered trastuzumab variant recently was shown to have enhanced in vitro binding to FcRn as measured by flow cytometry (Petkova, S. B., et al., It. Immunol. 18 (2006) 1759-1769). A variant of the anti-VEGF IgG1 antibody Bevacizumab with 11-fold improved FcRn affinity was shown to have a five-fold extended half-life in human FcRn transgenic mice and a three-fold longer half-life in cynomolgus monkeys (Zalevsky, J., et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 28 (2010) 157-159).
It has been shown that the antibody format had no impact on the binding to FcRn column. This was shown for the knob-into-hole format and for several bispecific antibody formats. Thus, the method as reported herein can be used for the evaluation of new antibody formats.
In one embodiment the complex is mono-biotinylated.
In one embodiment the chromatography material comprising a non-covalent complex of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and beta-2-microglobulin as ligand has a stability of at least 100 cycles in the methods and uses as reported herein. A cycle is a pH gradient from the first pH value to the second pH value of the respective method or use whereby for regeneration of the material no further change of conditions is required than the final conditions of the method or use. Thus, in one embodiment a cycle is a pH gradient from about pH value pH 5.5 to about pH value pH 8.8.
g.ii) Elution with Linear Positive pH Gradient at the Same Salt Concentration of the Antibody and its Fc-Region
Herein is reported a method comprising the following two steps:
With this method it is possible to determine the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex in a simple chromatography method by comparing the retention times of the antibody and its Fc-region. The Fc-region e.g. can be obtained by enzymatic cleavage with the enzyme IdeS or papain, or can be produced recombinantly. This is important as antibody-Fab-FcRn interactions influence the in vivo half-life of the antibody.
For antibody/antibody-Fc-region pairs different relations with respect to their retention times on an FcRn affinity chromatography column and likewise with respect to their FcRn interaction exist:
In case the antibody in question is a variant antibody further aspects have to be considered: in the variant antibody the antibody-Fc-FcRn interaction as well as the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction can be changed due to the introduced modifications with respect to the parent antibody.
Thus, the following possible relations between a parent antibody, a variant antibody and their respective Fc-regions exist (see
In one case the reference antibody is an antibody that has substantially the same retention time as its Fc-region after IdeS cleavage or papain cleavage.
As outlined above the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction can have an influence on the in vivo half-life of the antibody. Also as outlined above the antibody-Fc-FcRn interaction can have an influence on the in vivo half-life of the antibody. Thus, both interactions have to be accounted for.
For example, Ropeenian and Akilesh (Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7 (2007) 715-725) report that, for example, the humanized IgG1 antibody hu4D5 (Herceptin; Genentech; an ERBB2-specific monoclonal antibody) variant Asn434Ala (N434A) and the triply substituted variant Thr307Ala/Asn434Ala/Glu380Ala (T307A/N434A/Q380A) bind human FcRn with 3-fold and 12-fold higher affinity, respectively, than the wild-type hu4D5 antibody at pH 6.0. Unexpectedly, in FcRn transgenic humanized mice, the half-lives of these two variant antibodies were essentially equivalent. This discrepancy may be explained according to Ropeenian and Akilesh by the increased affinity of the triply substituted variant for FcRn at pH 7.4. Fc-region mutations that improve the binding affinity at pH 7.4, as well as at pH 6.0, may actually accelerate the clearance of the antibody in vivo rather than prolong its half-life.
Thus, it has further to be considered if the retention time of the Fc-region of the variant antibody is longer than a critical retention time. Without being bound by this theory this results in the effect that the interaction at pH 7.4 is increased so much that the dissociation of the antibody-FcRn complex at pH 7.4 is reduced leading to increased degradation of the antibody (see
One aspect of the current invention is a method for selecting an antibody comprising the following steps (see
In one embodiment the elution is by a positive linear pH gradient at a constant salt concentration or by using a linear salt gradient at a constant pH value.
In one embodiment the antibody is a variant antibody of a parent antibody and the reference antibody is the parent antibody. In one embodiment the variant antibody has amino acid alterations in the antibody-Fab or/and in the antibody-Fc-region.
g.iii) Elution with a Salt Gradient
Herein is reported a method comprising the following steps:
It has been found that beside an elution with a pH gradient at a constant salt concentration also the elution with a salt gradient at a constant pH value can be used to determine whether antibody-Fab-FcRn interactions in an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex are present or not.
As already outlined above the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction is a secondary interaction that is established, if present at all, after an antibody-Fc-FcRn complex has been formed.
Both interactions, i.e. the antibody-Fc-FcRn and the antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction, are charge mediated non-covalent interactions.
One aspect as reported herein is a method for determining the presence of antibody-Fab-FcRn interaction influencing the in vivo half-life of the antibody comprising the following steps:
In one embodiment the first pH value is 5.5. In one embodiment the second pH value is 8.8.
In one embodiment the salt gradient in step a) and step b) are identical.
In one embodiment the salt gradient is a sodium chloride gradient.
In one embodiment the salt gradient is from 0 mM to 250 mM salt.
Another molecule without charge patch in the CDRs is chosen to create a positive charge patch in the LC-CDRs to verify the findings reported above that positive charge at this position influences FcRn binding affinity of antibodies in general.
Bevacizumab was chosen because it had only little charge in the LC-CDRs. The three basic amino acid residues that were identified using Briakinumab are the arginine residues R27, R55 and R94. In the Bevacizumab amino acid sequence aspartic acid D27, leucine L54 and threonine T93 are exchanged into lysine residues to create a positive charge patch (see
The FcRn affinity chromatogram of Bevacizumab-wild-type and the Bevacizumab-mutant are shown in
Bevacizumab-wild-type has a retention time of 84.7 minutes, whereas Bevacizumab-mutant elutes after 86.9 minutes. Thus, the positive charge patch in the Fv of Bevacizumab causes a retention time shift of 2.2 minutes. The results indicate that charge in the Fv of an IgG1 influences FcRn binding affinity in general, especially the dissociation from the FcRn is influenced.
and by selecting
The following examples, figures and sequences are provided to aid the understanding of the present invention, the true scope of which is set forth in the appended claims. It is understood that modifications can be made in the procedures set forth without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The antibodies used in the experiments were Ustekinumab (CNTO 1275, Stelaram), CAS Registry Number 815610-63-0, variable domains in SEQ ID NO: 42 and 43), Briakinumab (ABT 874, J 695, Ozespa™, variable domains in SEQ ID NO: 40 and 41) as well as ten variants and mutants of Ustekinumab and Briakinumab, hereafter referred to as mAb 1 to mAb 10, respectively. In total 12 IgGs were investigated (see Table 2).
Synthetic genes were produced for Ustekinumab, Briakinumab, mAb 5 and mAb 6 at Geneart (Life technologies GmbH, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to exchange specific amino acids to produce mAb 1, mAb 2, mAb 7, mAb 8 and mAb 9. MAb 3 was transfected with plasmids encoding Ustekinumab heavy chains and Briakinumab light chains and mAb 4 vice versa.
The monoclonal antibodies used herein were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells (see below) and purification was performed by protein A chromatography using standard procedures (see below).
The biochemical characterization included size exclusion chromatography (Waters BioSuite™ 250 7.8×300 mm, eluent: 200 mM KH2PO4, 250 mM KCl, pH 7.0) and analysis of the molecular weight distribution using the BioAnalyzer 2100 (Agilent technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA).
Fc fragments were obtained by IdeS digestion of antibodies within 30 minutes at 37° C. using the FabRICATOR-Kit (GENOVIS, Lund, Sweden).
For the expression of the above described antibodies, variants of expression plasmids for transient expression (e.g. in HEK293-F) cells based either on a cDNA organization with or without a CMV-Intron A promoter or on a genomic organization with a CMV promoter were applied.
Beside the antibody expression cassette the plasmids contained:
The transcription unit of the antibody gene was composed of the following elements:
The fusion genes comprising the antibody chains were generated by PCR and/or gene synthesis and assembled by known recombinant methods and techniques by connection of the according nucleic acid segments e.g. using unique restriction sites in the respective plasmids. The subcloned nucleic acid sequences were verified by DNA sequencing. For transient transfections larger quantities of the plasmids were prepared by plasmid preparation from transformed E. coli cultures (Nucleobond AX, Macherey-Nagel).
Standard cell culture techniques were used as described in Current Protocols in Cell Biology (2000), Bonifacino, J. S., Dasso, M., Harford, J. B., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. and Yamada, K. M. (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The antibodies were generated by transient transfection with the respective plasmids (e.g. encoding the heavy chain, as well as the corresponding light chain) using the HEK293-F system (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, HEK293-F cells (Invitrogen) growing in suspension either in a shake flask or in a stirred fermenter in serum-free FreeStyle™ 293 expression medium (Invitrogen) were transfected with a mix of the respective expression plasmids and 293fectin™ or fectin (Invitrogen). For 2 L shake flask (Corning) HEK293-F cells were seeded at a density of 1*106 cells/mL in 600 mL and incubated at 120 rpm, 8% CO2. The day after the cells were transfected at a cell density of ca. 1.5*106 cells/mL with ca. 42 mL mix of A) 20 mL Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) with 600 μg total plasmid DNA (1 μg/mL) encoding the heavy chain, respectively and the corresponding light chain in an equimolar ratio and B) 20 ml Opti-MEM+1.2 mL 293 fectin or fectin (2 μL/mL). According to the glucose consumption glucose solution was added during the course of the fermentation. The supernatant containing the secreted antibody was harvested after 5-10 days and antibodies were either directly purified from the supernatant or the supernatant was frozen and stored.
The antibodies were purified from cell culture supernatants by affinity chromatography using MabSelectSure-Sepharose (GE Healthcare, Sweden), hydrophobic interaction chromatography using butyl-Sepharose (GE Healthcare, Sweden) and Superdex 200 size exclusion (GE Healthcare, Sweden) chromatography.
Briefly, sterile filtered cell culture supernatants were captured on a MabSelectSuRe resin equilibrated with PBS buffer (10 mM Na2HPO4, 1 mM KH2PO4, 137 mM NaCl and 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4), washed with equilibration buffer and eluted with 25 mM sodium citrate at pH 3.0. The eluted antibody fractions were pooled and neutralized with 2 M Tris, pH 9.0. The antibody pools were prepared for hydrophobic interaction chromatography by adding 1.6 M ammonium sulfate solution to a final concentration of 0.8 M ammonium sulfate and the pH adjusted to pH 5.0 using acetic acid. After equilibration of the butyl-Sepharose resin with 35 mM sodium acetate, 0.8 M ammonium sulfate, pH 5.0, the antibodies were applied to the resin, washed with equilibration buffer and eluted with a linear gradient to 35 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0. The antibody containing fractions were pooled and further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex 200 26/60 GL (GE Healthcare, Sweden) column equilibrated with 20 mM histidine, 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.0. The antibody containing fractions were pooled, concentrated to the required concentration using Vivaspin ultrafiltration devices (Sartorius Stedim Biotech S.A., France) and stored at −80° C.
Purity and antibody integrity were analyzed after each purification step by CE-SDS using microfluidic Labchip technology (Caliper Life Science, USA). Five μl of protein solution was prepared for CE-SDS analysis using the HT Protein Express Reagent Kit according manufacturer's instructions and analyzed on LabChip GX system using a HT Protein Express Chip. Data were analyzed using LabChip GX Software.
The functional characterization includes analysis of the interaction with the target (human IL-12) to test if Briakinumab and Ustekinumab were produced correctly and the target binding is still functional. The mAb variants were modified in the Fab region and it is tested if these modifications alter the target binding. Furthermore the interaction of the antibodies used in the mouse PK study with mouse IL-12/-23 are analyzed to exclude target-mediated clearance effects in the mouse study. In addition binding levels to mouse Fcγ receptor I (muFcγRI) are measured because stronger binding to mouse FcγRI could lead to a faster decrease in a PK study due to faster uptake into antigen presenting cells.
Interaction with Human IL-12
Briakinumab, Ustekinumab and the variants have structural differences in the Fab region that can influence IL-12 binding, therefore the results of all mAbs are presented in detail.
ELISA
The absorbance-concentration curves of the variants with cross-over exchanges (mAb 1-6) and with modified charge distribution (mAb 7-10) are shown in
Briakinumab variants with modified charge distribution (mAb 7-9) bind IL-12 in a range of 30% relative to Briakinumab indicating similar IL-12 binding. Only mAb 10 shows reduced IL-12 binding with 63% binding compared to Briakinumab.
surface plasmon resonance SPR was used to confirm the results of the target specific ELISA. Ustekinumab and Briakinumab have nearly identical association rate constant (ka) (ka(Briakinumab) 8*105 1/Ms vs. ka(Ustekinumab) 9*105 1/Ms). The dissociation of IL-12 and the mAbs is very slow, therefore calculation of the dissociation rate constant (kd) and subsequently of the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) may differ from the actual values. Despite the limitation of the method in this setting, the calculated values can give a general evaluation and can be used to confirm the ELISA results. Briakinumab and Ustekinumab bind IL-12 with high affinity and the KD is in a low nM-range (KD(Briakinumab)=0.2 nM vs. KD (Ustekinumab)=0.07 nM). The measured affinity of Briakinumab with ka, kd and KD values of 8*105 1/Ms, 6*10-5 1/s and 70 pM, respectively, are in agreement with literature data (ka 5*105 1/Ms, kd5.1*10−5 1/s, KD=100 pM) ([51]). The high affinity of Ustekinumab to IL-12 is also described in literature ([52]).
Table 12 summarizes the calculated kinetic parameters of the target interaction. Monoclonal antibodies with exchanged Fv domains (mAb land mAb 2) and mAbs with modified charge distributions (mAb 7-10) have affinities to IL-12 similar to Briakinumab and Ustekinumab. MAb 3 and mAb 5 do not bind to IL-12 and mAb 4 and mAb 6 show very weak binding to IL-12. The data is in agreement with the ELISA results.
The KD was calculated relative to Ustekinumab (Ustekinumab=1.0). For evaluation of the KD values, the affinity of the mAbs and FcRn was assessed to be similar to the Ustekinumab-FcRn affinity if differences were smaller than one decimal power to the Ustekinumab-FcRn KD. KDS were assessed to be different if KD differences were bigger than one decimal power to the Ustekinumab-FcRn KD. The FcRn affinities at pH 6.0 fell in a narrow range for all mAbs. Briakinumab had a relative KD of 0.2 and the variants ranged between Briakinumab and Ustekinumab except for mAb 10 that had a relative KD of 1.1.
The dissociation of FcRn and the mAbs was analyzed by SPR and FcRn affinity chromatography.
For evaluation of the KD values, KD values below 1 μM were assessed to show moderate affinity, between 1-5 μM to show weak affinity and above 5 μM to show no binding to FcRn. Briakinumab and Ustekinumab showed similar affinities at pH 6.0. Ustekinumab showed very weak affinity at pH 6.6 and no affinity at pH 6.8. In contrast, Briakinumab showed a moderate affinity up to pH 6.8, weak affinity at pH 7.0 and no binding at pH 7.2.
The biochemical characterization of all antibodies showed no striking differences between Briakinumab, Ustekinumab and the variants.
The F(ab′)2 fragment and the Fc-region fragment were prepared by incubation for 30 min. at 37° C. using the FabRICATOR-Kit (GENOVIS, Lund, Sweden). The resulting cleavage products F(ab′)2 and Fc-region were separated on a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column (Superdex 200, GE Healthcare, Zurich, Switzerland) using an ÄKTA Explorer chromatography system (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and the peak fractions were pooled. Molecular weight standards on the same column served to identify the two cleavage products based on their retention times.
The binding properties of the antibodies to FcRn were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology using a BIAcore T100 instrument (BIAcore AB, Uppsala, Sweden). This system is well established for the study of molecular interactions. It allows a continuous real-time monitoring of ligand/analyte bindings and thus the determination of kinetic parameters in various assay settings. SPR-technology is based on the measurement of the refractive index close to the surface of a gold coated biosensor chip. Changes in the refractive index indicate mass changes on the surface caused by the interaction of immobilized ligand with analyte injected in solution. If molecules bind to an immobilized ligand on the surface the mass increases, in case of dissociation the mass decreases. In the current assay, the FcRn receptor was immobilized onto a BIAcore CM5-biosensor chip (GE Healthcare Bioscience, Uppsala, Sweden) via amine coupling to a level of 400 Response units (RU). The assay was carried out at room temperature with PBS, 0.05% Tween20 pH 6.0 (GE Healthcare Bioscience) as running and dilution buffer. 200 nM of native or oxidized antibody samples were injected at a flow rate of 50 pI/min at room temperature. Association time was 180 s, dissociation phase took 360 s. Regeneration of the chip surface was reached by a short injection of HBS-P, pH 8.0. Evaluation of SPR-data was performed by comparison of the biological response signal height at 180 s after injection and at 300 s after injection. The corresponding parameters are the RU max level (180 s after injection) and late stability (300 s after end of injection).
The steady state binding levels and the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) for huFcRn and the IgGs were determined at pH 6.0 using a BIAcore T100 SPR instrument (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). Human FcRn was immobilized on a BIAcore CM5-biosensor chip (GE Healthcare Bioscience) via amine-coupling to a level of 50 response units (RU). For mAb 5 and mAb 6, a CM4-biosensor chip was used. The assay was performed using PBS with 0.05% Tween20 (both from Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) adjusted to pH 6.0 as running and dilution buffer at room temperature. A concentration series of the samples was prepared in a range of 1500 nM to 23 nM and each sample was injected at a flow rate of 5 μL/min. Association and dissociation times of 600 and 360 seconds were used, respectively. The chip was regenerated by injection of PBS containing 0.05% Tween20 at pH 7.5. The equilibrium dissociation constant KD was calculated as steady state affinity and normalized to the KD of Ustekinumab.
B6.Cg-Fcgrttm1Dcr Tg(FCGRT)276Dcr mice deficient in mouse FcRn α-chain gene, but hemizygous transgenic for a human FcRn α-chain gene (muFcRn−/− huFcRn tg+/−, line 276) were used for the pharmacokinetic studies [39]. Mouse husbandry was carried out under specific pathogen free conditions. Mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me., USA) (female, age 4-10 weeks, weight 17-22 g at time of dosing). All animal experiments were approved by the Government of Upper Bavaria, Germany (permit number 55.2-1-54-2532.2-28-10) and performed in an AAALAC accredited animal facility according to the European Union Normative for Care and Use of Experimental Animals. The animals were housed in standard cages and had free access to food and water during the whole study period.
A single dose of antibody was injected i.v. via the lateral tail vein at a dose level of 10 mg/kg. The mice were divided into 3 groups of 6 mice each to cover 9 serum collection time points in total (at 0.08, 2, 8, 24, 48, 168, 336, 504 and 672 hours post dose). Each mouse was subjected twice to retro-orbital bleeding, performed under light anesthesia with Isoflurane™ (CP-Pharma GmbH, Burgdorf, Germany); a third blood sample was collected at the time of euthanasia. Blood was collected into serum tubes (Microvette 500Z-Gel, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). After 2 h incubation, samples were centrifuged for 3 min at 9.300 g to obtain serum. After centrifugation, serum samples were stored frozen at −20° C. until analysis.
Concentrations of Ustekinumab, Briakinumab, mAb 8 and mAb 9 in murine serum were determined by specific enzyme-linked immunoassays. Biotinylated Interleukin 12 specific to the antibodies and digoxigenin-labeled anti-human-Fc mouse monoclonal antibody (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany) were used for capturing and detection, respectively. Streptavidin-coated microtiter plates (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany) were coated with biotinylated capture antibody diluted in assay buffer (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany) for 1 h. After washing, serum samples were added at various dilutions followed by another incubation step for 1 h. After repeated washings, bound human antibodies were detected by subsequent incubation with detection antibody, followed by an anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP; Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany). ABTS (2,2′Azino-di[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonate]; Roche Diagnostics, Germany) was used as HRP substrate to form a colored reaction product. Absorbance of the resulting reaction product was read at 405 nm with a reference wavelength at 490 nm using a Tecan sunrise plate reader (Männedorf, Switzerland).
All serum samples, positive and negative control samples were analyzed in duplicates and calibrated against reference standard.
PK Analysis The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using WinNonlin™ 1.1.1 (Pharsight, Calif., USA).
Briefly, area under the curve (AUC0-inf) values were calculated by logarithmic trapezoidal method due to non-linear decrease of the antibodies and extrapolated to infinity using the apparent terminal rate constant λz, with extrapolation from the observed concentration at the last time point.
Plasma clearance was calculated as Dose rate (D) divided by AUC0-inf. The apparent terminal half-life (T½) was derived from the equation T½=ln2/λz.
Outlying serum concentrations were detected using the Nalimov outlier test and were excluded from further analysis.
The Tukey's honest significant test (Tukey's HSD test) was used as statistical test for analysis of statistically significant differences in the terminal half-life.
Calculation of pH-Dependent Net Charge
pH dependent net charge (“titration curves”) were calculated with the open-source program EMBOSS iep assuming all cysteines involved in disulfide bridges.
A homology model for the Briakinumab Fab fragment was generated using modeller 9v7 using PDB structure 1AQK [41] as a template. The isopotential surfaces for Briakinumab and Ustekinumab Fabs were calculated from this model (Briakinumab) or the crystal structure of Ustekinumab (PDB ID 3HMX), respectively. Structures were protonated using the “prepare protein” protocol with CHARMm force field in DiscoveryStudio Pro, Version 3.5 (Accelrys Inc., San Diego, USA) at pH 7.4 and an ionic strength of 0.145 M. The electrostatic potential was calculated with the “electrostatic potential” protocol in DiscoveryStudio Pro, which invokes the DelPhi program [42].
Homology models of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab as complete IgGs were built using DiscoveryStudio Pro, Version 3.5 with the crystal structure of a complete IgG1 (PDB ID 1HZH) without glycans as a template. This simplification was considered appropriate because in-vitro, glycosylation does not have a significant effect on FcRn binding [43]. The Fab domains in this template were replaced by the Fab structures described above after alignment of their CH1 and CL domains. A homology model of human FcRn was built with DiscoveryStudio Pro using the rat FcRn-Fc complex (PDB ID 1I1A) as a template. Missing residues were built with the “prepare protein” script of DiscoveryStudio Pro. The homology model of the human FcRn was modeled to both heavy chains of the Briakinumab and Ustekinumab IgG models by superimposing the C-alpha atoms of the rat Fc domains within 5 Å around the FcRn with their homologous counterparts on the human Fc-region. For the MD simulation, a disulfide bond in the FcRn:Fc interface (between residue 108 in FcRn and residue 255 in Fc, Figure S1) was introduced to prevent dissociation of the complex during the time of simulation. The resulting structures represent a complete IgG bearing two copies of the FcRn/β2 mg heterodimer.
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the IgG-FcRn complexes were performed with GROMACS 4.6.2 simulation software package (available at www.gromacs.org) [44], essentially as described by Kortkhonjia et al. [45]. The simulations were performed in parallel on 160 processors of a computer cluster running the Linux operating system. The OPLSAA force field [46] was used and the structures were fully solvated with approx. 128'000 TIP3 water molecules. Chloride or sodium atoms were added to neutralize the overall charge of the system. A truncated octahedron with periodic boundary conditions was used with a 7.5 Angstrom border around the protein. Electrostatic interactions were calculated using PME summation with real-space electrostatic cut-off of 1.0 nm. The Lennard-Jones potential was cut off at 1.0 nm. LINCS was used to constrain all protein bond lengths, allowing a time-step of 2 fs. The temperature was kept constant at 300 K using the V-rescale algorithm. Following energy minimization (target: maximum force <1000 kJ/mol/nm), a 30 ps equilibration was performed before a trajectory was simulated over a length of 100 ns.
The electrostatic contribution to the non-bonded interactions between the FcRn and the Fab domain which approaches the FcRn in the MD trajectory was calculated with DiscoveryStudio Pro. For the energy calculation, the protein was protonated at pH 7.4, an ionic strength of 145 mM and a temperature of 37° C. with same settings as described above. Structures were minimized with a maximum of 1000 steps of the “smart minimizer” protocol before interaction energies were calculated using the “calculate interaction energy” protocol with the CHARMm force field in DiscoveryStudio Pro. Implicit waters and the GBMV electrostatics model were used. This calculation was performed at the beginning of the trajectory (0 ns) and at 96 to 100 ns in 1 ns intervals.
FcRn was transiently expressed by transfection of HEK293 cells with two plasmids containing the coding sequence of FcRn and of beta-2-microglobulin. The transfected cells were cultured in shaker flasks at 36.5° C., 120 rpm (shaker amplitude 5 cm), 80% humidity and 7% CO2. The cells were diluted every 2-3 days to a density of 3 to 4*105 cells/ml.
For transient expression, a 141 stainless steel bioreactor was started with a culture volume of 8 l at 36.5° C., pH 7.0±0.2, pO2 35% (gassing with N2 and air, total gas flow 200 ml min−1) and a stirrer speed of 100-400 rpm. When the cell density reached 20*105 cells/ml, 10 mg plasmid DNA (equimolar amounts of both plasmids) was diluted in 400 ml Opti-MEM (Invitrogen). 20 ml of 293fectin (Invitrogen) was added to this mixture, which was then incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and subsequently transferred into the fermenter. From the next day on, the cells were supplied with nutrients in continuous mode: a feed solution was added at a rate of 500 ml per day and glucose as needed to keep the level above 2 g/l. The supernatant was harvested 7 days after transfection using a swing head centrifuge with 1 l buckets: 4000 rpm for 90 minutes. The supernatant (13 L) was cleared by a Sartobran P filter (0.45 μm+0.2 μm, Sartorius) and the FcRn beta-2-microglobulin complex was purified therefrom.
3 mg FcRn were solved/diluted in 5.3 mL 20 mM sodium dihydrogenphosphate buffer containing 150 mM sodium chloride and added to 250 μl PBS and 1 tablet complete protease inhibitor (complete ULTRA Tablets, Roche Diagnostics GmbH). FcRn was biotinylated using the biotinylation kit from Avidity according to the manufacturer instructions (Bulk BIRA, Avidity LLC). The biotinylation reaction was done at room temperature overnight.
The biotinylated FcRn was dialyzed against 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer comprising 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 at 4° C. overnight to remove excess of biotin.
For coupling to streptavidin sepharose, one gram streptavidin sepharose (GE Healthcare, United Kingdom) was added to the biotinylated and dialyzed FcRn and incubated at 4° C. overnight. The FcRn derivatized sepharose was filled in a 1 ml XK column (GE Healthcare, United Kingdom) and the FcRn column then was equilibrated with 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt buffer containing 140 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5.
The receptor derivatized sepharose was filled in a 1 ml XK column (GE Healthcare) and the FcRn column then was equilibrated with 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer containing 140 mM NaCl, pH 5.5.
The samples were prepared in 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, 140 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5. Each sample contained 30 μg mAb per injection. Antibodies were eluted by a linear pH gradient from pH 5.5 to 8.8 within 120 minutes using 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, 140 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5 and 20 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane TRIS, 140 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.8 as eluents and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. FcRn column chromatography shows binding at acidic pH (pH 5.5-6.0) and release at higher pH values. For complete elution of the antibodies, the pH is increased in the gradient up to pH 8.8.
The chromatograms were integrated manually by using the Chromeleon software (Dionex, Germany). The experiments were performed at room temperature. The elution profile was obtained by continuous measurement of the absorbance at 280 nm. To determine the elution pH at particular retention times, samples were collected every 5 minutes and the pH was measured offline.
The receptor derivatized sepharose was filled in a 1 ml XK column (GE Healthcare) and the FcRn column then was equilibrated with 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer containing 400 mM NaCl, pH 5.5.
The samples were prepared in 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, 400 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5. Each sample contained 30 μg mAb per injection. Antibodies were eluted by a linear pH gradient from pH 5.5 to 8.8 within 120 minutes using 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, 400 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.5 and 20 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane TRIS, 400 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.8 as eluents and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. FcRn column chromatography shows binding at acidic pH (pH 5.5-6.0) and release at higher pH values. For complete elution of the antibodies, the pH is increased in the gradient up to pH 8.8. The chromatograms were integrated manually by using the Chromeleon software (Dionex, Germany). The experiments were performed at room temperature. The elution profile was obtained by continuous measurement of the absorbance at 280 nm. To determine the elution pH at particular retention times, samples were collected every 5 minutes and the pH was measured offline.
The receptor derivatized sepharose was filled in a 1 ml XK column (GE Healthcare) and the FcRn column then was equilibrated with 10 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, pH 7.8.
The samples were prepared in 10 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, pH 7.8. Each sample contained 30 μg mAb per injection. Antibodies were eluted by a linear salt gradient from 0 nM to 250 nM sodium chloride within 60 minutes using 10 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, pH 7.8 and 10 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) sodium salt, 250 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.8 as eluents and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The experiments were performed at room temperature. The elution profile was obtained by continuous measurement of the absorbance at 280 nm. The chromatograms were integrated manually by using the Chromeleon software (Dionex, Germany).
The receptor derivatized sepharose was filled in a 1 ml XK column (GE Healthcare) and the FcRn column then was equilibrated with 20 mM 2-(N-morpholine)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, pH 5.5.
Antibody or fusion protein samples containing 50 to 100 μg of protein were adjusted to pH 5.5 and applied to the FcRn column using ÄKTA explorer 10 XT or Dionex Summit (Dionex, Idstein, Germany). The column with 5 cm bed height was then washed with 5-10 column volumes of equilibration buffer 20 mM MES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 5.5. The affinity-bound Fc-containing proteins were eluted with a pH gradient to 20 mM Tris/HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.8, in 30 column volumes. For complete elution of modified antibodies, the pH was increased in the gradient up to pH 8.8. The experiments were carried out at room temperature. The elution profile was obtained by continuous measurement of the absorbance at 280 nm. The time taken for an analyte peak, X, to reach the detector after sample injection was called the retention time.
In vivo half-life was measured in human FcRn transgenic C57BL/6J mice after single i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg (n=8) and compared to the retention time on the FcRn column (see Table 15). It was found that antibodies that showed a late elution from the FcRn column had a longer half-life in FcRn transgenic mice.
The clarified supernatants containing hexahis-tagged proteins were loaded on a Ni-NTA affinity chromatography resin (Qiagen, Hanbrechtikon, Switzerland) at 4° C. After wash steps with 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer comprising 500 mM NaCl at pH 7.4 and containing 20 mM respectively 100 mM imidazole, proteins were eluted at a flow rate of 2 ml/min using batch elution with the same buffer containing 300 mM imidazole on an ÄKTA Prime chromatography system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). Fractions were pooled and further purified in sodium phosphate buffer containing 500 mM NaCl on size exclusion chromatography (Superdex™ 200, GE Healthcare, Zurich, Switzerland). Purified proteins were quantified using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Technologies, Wilmington, Del.) and analyzed by SDS PAGE on NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gels in MES buffer under denaturing and reducing conditions.
In the following Table 16 retention times of exemplary human antibodies on affinity columns comprising FcRn from Cynomolgus monkey are given. Data were obtained using the following conditions: Elution buffer: 20 mM TRIS/HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.5. Further description: see Example 2. The term YTE-mutant denotes the triple mutant M252Y/S254T/T256E.
In the following Table 17 retention times of exemplary human antibodies on murine FcRn are given. Data were obtained using the following conditions: 1.2 mg receptor coupled on 1 ml Sepharose. Elution buffer: 20 mM TRIS/HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.5. Further description: see Example 2. The YTE-mutants are not included in this table as they could not have been eluted unless the pH of the elution buffer had been adjusted to 9.5.
Cynomolgus FcRn affinity column behaves similar as human FcRn affinity column concerning binding of humanized antibodies. On the other hand binding of humanized antibodies to murine FcRn column is stronger than to human FcRn affinity column as can be seen by later retention.
The F(ab′)2 fragment and the Fc-region fragment were prepared by cleavage of the full-length antibody 1:1 diluted with 100 mM Tris, pH 8.0, by adding 1 μg IdeS cysteine protease per 50 μg antibody and incubation for 2 h at 37° C. The resulting cleavage products F(ab′)2 and Fc were separated on a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column (Superdex 200, GE Healthcare, Zurich, Switzerland) using an ÄKTA Explorer chromatography system (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) and the peak fractions were pooled. Molecular weight standards on the same column served to identify the two cleavage products based on their retention times.
Retention times of full-length antibodies varied notably. In contrast, the retention times of the respective Fc portions of all tested antibodies virtually did not differ from each other (<1%).
When plasmin was used for cleavage of the full-length antibodies, the same findings were obtained (data not shown).
All procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (www.aaalac.org). The study was authorized by the Regional Council of Oberbayern, Germany.
Male and female C57BL/6J mice (background); mouse FcRn deficient, but hemizygous transgenic for human FcRn (huFcRn (276) −/tg (30, 31) were used throughout the pharmacokinetic study.
At the time of administration, the animals weighed between 17 and 25 g. The respective antibody was given as a single intravenous bolus injection via the tail vein. Due to limited blood volume of mice, three groups of four male and four female animals each were required to cover nine sampling time points, i.e. three sampling time points per animal. Blood samples were taken in group 1 at 5 min, 24 hours and 336 hours, in group 2 at 2 hours, 168 hours and 504 hours and in group 3 at 8 hours, 48 hours and 672 hours after administration. Blood samples of about 100 μL were obtained by retrobulbar puncture and stored at room temperature for 60 min. to allow clotting. Serum samples of at least 40 μL were obtained by centrifugation at 9,300×g at 4° C. for 3 min and immediately frozen and stored at −20° C. until assayed.
Serum concentrations of the human therapeutic antibodies in murine serum were determined by an antigen-captured enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for the antigen binding region (Fab) of the administered antibody and its variants. All reagents or samples were incubated at room temperature on a shaker at 400 rpm. Each washing step included three cycles. Briefly, streptavidin-coated microtiter plates were coated with biotinylated antibody diluted in assay buffer. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline-polysorbate 20 (Tween20), serum samples in various dilutions were added and incubated for 1 h. After washing, bound human therapeutic antibodies were detected by subsequent incubation with human Fcγ-specific monoclonal antibody Fab fragments conjugated with digoxigenin that do not cross react with mouse IgG. After washing, an anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was added and incubated for 1 h. After washing, ABTS (2,2′Azino-di[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonate; Roche Diagnostics, Germany) was added as HRP substrate to form a colored reaction product. Absorbance of the resulting reaction product was read at 405 nm with a reference wavelength at 490 nm. All serum samples and positive or negative control samples were analyzed in replicates and calibrated against reference standard.
The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis, using the pharmacokinetic evaluation program WinNonlin™ (Pharsight, St. Louis, Mo., USA), version 5.2.1. Briefly, the area under the concentration/time curve AUC(0-672) was calculated by linear trapezoidal rule (with linear interpolation) from time 0 to infinity. The apparent terminal half-life (T1/2) was derived from the equation: T1/2=ln2/λz. Total body clearance (CL) was calculated as dose/AUC. Statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the wild-type antibody and its variants were determined by ANOVA analysis.
The pharmacokinetic study in C57BL/6J mice deficient for mouse FcRn, but hemizygous transgenic for human FcRn (huFcRn (276) −/tg) showed that the YTE mutation enhanced pharmacokinetics of the antibody. At a level of statistical significance, the YTE mutant had a 1.74-fold higher AUC(0-672), a 1.95-fold slower clearance and a 2.2-fold longer terminal half-life in comparison with wild-type antibody (Table 14).
All procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (www.aaalac.org). The study was authorized by the Regional Council of Oberbayern, Germany.
Male and female C57BL/6J mice (background); mouse FcRn deficient, but hemizygous transgenic for human FcRn (huFcRn (276) −/tg (30, 31) were used throughout the pharmacokinetic study.
Four antibodies were used in the in vivo study: Briakinumab, Ustekinumab, mAb 8, and mAb 9.
The respective antibody was given as a single intravenous bolus injection (10 mg/kg). Due to limited blood volume of mice, three groups of six animals each were required to cover nine sampling time points. The last sampling point was four weeks after administration.
The results are shown in
To confirm that differences in the terminal half-lives in human FcRn transgenic mice were caused by different FcRn-mAb interactions, a second in vivo study in FcRn knockout mice was conducted. In order to reduce the number of mice used in this study, only three antibodies were used: Briakinumab, Ustekinumab and mAb 9.
After i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg antibody the clearance of all antibodies is much faster in FcRn knockout mice than in human FcRn transgenic mice due to missing FcRn-mediated IgG-recycling. Division in alpha and beta phase is not clearly definable because antibodies are eliminated very fast. It can be demonstrated that Briakinumab has a different pharmacokinetic behavior with faster distribution in the first hours after administration compared to Ustekinumab and mAb 9. These findings were also observed in human FcRn transgenic mice indicating that the distribution process in the first hours after administration is not FcRn-mediated.
The following PK parameters were calculated and summarized: AUC0-inf, Cl, VSS and T1/2.
Ustekinumab and mAb 9 are comparable regarding AUC0-inf, Cl, VSS and T1/2. Briakinumab has a smaller AUC0-inf, faster Cl and smaller T1/2 than Ustekinumab and mAb 9. The calculation of the Tin might differ from the actual value, because time points after 3 and 4 days would have been needed to calculate the terminal half-lives more precisely.
The statistical analysis of the terminal half-lives was calculated using the Tukey HSD Test. A statistical significance could be detected between the terminal half-lives of Briakinumab and Ustekinumab and of Briakinumab and mAb 9.
The formation of ADAs was tested by detection of drug/ADA immune complexes. In FcRn knockout mice administration of 10 mg/kg Briakinumab resulted in formation of Briakinumab/ADA immune complexes after about 168-192 hours (7-8 days).
After administration of mAb 9, drug/ADA immune complexes were also first detected after about 168 hours (7 days, Table 28). After administration of Ustekinumab, no Ustekinumab/ADA complexes were detected in FcRn knockout mice (Table 27 Table 27). The concentration-time curves of Briakinumab and mAb 9 show no rapid decrease due to ADA formation. Ustekinumab and mAb 9 have very similar concentration-time curves indicating that ADA formation after mAb 9 administration does not influence PK.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14161103.8 | Mar 2014 | EP | regional |
| 14165987.0 | Apr 2014 | EP | regional |
This application claims priority to and is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/271,091, filed Sep. 20, 2016, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/055482, filed Mar. 17, 2015, which in turn claims priority from European Application No. 14165987.0, filed on Apr. 25, 2014 and European Application No. 14161103.8, filed on Mar. 21, 2014. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15271091 | Sep 2016 | US |
| Child | 17158431 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/EP2015/055482 | Mar 2015 | US |
| Child | 15271091 | US |
