Patent Grant
7301974
This application is the national phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP01/003853 which has an International filing date of May 8, 2001, which designated the United States of America.
The present invention relates to a wavelength monitoring device that is used for optical fiber communications and that discriminates and monitors the wavelength of an optical signal emitted from a semiconductor laser by using a uniaxial birefringent crystal.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical communications have been used for optical communication systems using optical fibers. In DWDM optical communications, in order to multiplex light rays emitted from various semiconductor lasers it is necessary to stabilize the wavelengths of those light rays with a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, a wavelength monitoring device that discriminates and monitors the wavelength of a light ray emitted from each semiconductor laser is used. A prior art wavelength monitoring device utilizes the dependence of the intensities of polarized components (an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray) of light passing through a uniaxial birefringent crystal upon the wavelength of the light. Two uniaxial birefringent crystals that exhibit opposite temperature characteristics against temperature changes are arranged in series in order to provide a temperature compensation function for the wavelength monitoring device.
A brief explanation will be made as to a uniaxial birefringent crystal that is used as a wavelength discriminating filter in the prior art wavelength monitoring device.
A birefringent crystal has optical anisotropy. Particularly, in the case of a uniaxial birefringent crystal, light passing through this crystal is separated into a polarized component (i.e., an ordinary ray) that vibrates in a direction of n0 perpendicular to a plane that consists of an optical axis of the crystal (referred to as C axis from here on) and a laser optical axis of an incident optical signal that is the direction in which the optical signal is traveling and that is determined dependently upon an optical system, and a polarized component (i.e., an extraordinary ray) that vibrates in a direction of ne perpendicular to both the direction of n0 and the laser optical axis. The uniaxial birefringent crystal has different refractive indices for the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray.
In the prior art wavelength monitoring device, two uniaxial birefringent crystals having opposite temperature characteristics are arranged in series along the direction of the optical axis of incident light so that their crystal cut-out surfaces are perpendicular to the optical axis of the incident light. Each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals has a C axis that is parallel to the crystal cut-out surface thereof and is inclined at 45 degrees against a y axis, which is a vertical direction, and toward an x axis, which is a horizontal axis, in an xy plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the incident light. The optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser has a polarized component that vibrates in the direction of the x axis, and passes through the two uniaxial birefringent crystals. In this case, an extraordinary ray vibrates in the direction of the C axis. Because each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals has different refractive indices for an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray, a phase difference occurs between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray and the intensities of the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray are determined according to this phase difference. The intensity of a predetermined polarized wave, which is detected by a photodiode of the wavelength monitoring device and is included in the optical signal that originates from the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray, changes dependently upon the wavelength of the optical signal because the phase difference changes dependently upon the wavelength of the optical signal. Therefore, the prior art wavelength monitoring device in which two uniaxial birefringent crystals having opposite temperature characteristics are arranged in series can monitor the wavelength of an optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser without being affected by temperature changes of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals.
However, a problem with the prior art wavelength monitoring device constructed as mentioned above is that the two uniaxial birefringent crystals have to be accurately positioned with respect to each other and the optical axis of the incident optical signal, and it is therefore difficult to assemble the prior art wavelength monitoring device.
In the prior art wavelength monitoring device, though the adjustment of the length of each uniaxial birefringent crystal in the direction of the optical axis of the incident optical signal can implement temperature compensation, the temperature compensation cannot be carried out in a wide temperature range. Therefore, another problem is that the prior art wavelength monitoring device cannot carry out temperature compensation in a range of operating temperatures of the semiconductor laser.
A further problem is that when a wavelength range of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, the center of the wavelength range being a reference wavelength, shifts due to a change in the ambient temperature, for example, the wavelength discriminating characteristic of the wavelength monitoring device degrades and the wavelength monitoring device cannot accurately monitor the wavelength of the optical signal.
The present invention is proposed to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wavelength monitoring device that can accurately monitor the wavelength of light without being affected by temperature changes and that can be easily assembled.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a wavelength monitoring device that can accurately monitor the wavelength of light in a wide temperature range and without being affected by temperature changes.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wavelength monitoring device that can always monitor the wavelength of light with an excellent wavelength discrimination characteristic even if a wavelength range of an optical signal emitted from a semiconductor laser shifts.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a wavelength monitoring device includes a semiconductor laser for emitting an optical signal that travels along a laser optical axis, a single birefringent crystal having a crystal optical axis inclined against a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis and toward the laser optical axis, for receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for outputting an optical signal having a polarized wave component of intensity corresponding to a wavelength of the received optical signal, and a detecting means for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal.
As a result, the wavelength discriminating filter that consists of the single birefringent crystal can have a temperature compensation function and monitor the wavelength of the optical signal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal to pass therethrough, and a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal with reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a temperature compensating condition on which the birefringent crystal outputs the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray which have a phase difference corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal regardless of temperature changes of the birefringence crystal is determined by a difference between a refractive index of the birefringence crystal for the extraordinary ray and a refractive index of the birefringence crystal for the ordinary ray, a change in the refractive index difference that occurs with a temperature change of the birefringent crystal, and a linear thermal expansion coefficient of the birefringent crystal in a direction of the laser optical axis for the optical signal, and the refractive index difference, the change in the refractive index difference, and the linear thermal expansion coefficient change dependently upon an angle between the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely have a temperature compensation function by using the wavelength discriminating filter that consists of the single birefringent crystal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the temperature compensating condition of the birefringence crystal shows that a product of the refractive index difference and the linear thermal expansion coefficient is equal to the change in the refractive index difference with sign reversed.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely have a temperature compensation function by using the single birefringent crystal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the birefringence crystal is formed of tellurium dioxide, and an angle between the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis is 21.1 degrees.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely have a wavelength discriminating filter function by using the single birefringent crystal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the birefringence crystal has a length measured in a direction of the laser optical axis that changes along a specific direction in a plane, and the length of the birefringence crystal for the optical signal is adjusted by placing the birefringence crystal at a specific position along the specific direction so that the intensity of the optical signal detected by the detecting means changes with change in the wavelength of the optical signal.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted most optimally.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the device further includes a lens for converging the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser to the birefringence crystal, and the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal converged by the lens and detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can control the wavelength of the optical signal to a desired one at all times.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a Brewster plate for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring an intensity of the p-polarized component of the optical signal that has passed through the Brewster plate.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in size and cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the polarizer is integral with the birefringence crystal.
As a result, the mechanical strengths of the birefringent crystal and the polarizer can be improved. Furthermore, the arrangement of the birefringent crystal and the polarizer is facilitated, and the assembly of the wavelength monitoring device is therefore facilitated.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the polarizer and the birefringence crystal are arranged so that they show an inverted letter V.
As a result, the occurrence of return light to the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal output from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, deterioration of the light emission characteristic of the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, a glass plate for allowing the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough to provide a phase shift identical to that provided to the optical signal by the polarizer to the optical signal, and a secondary photo detector for receiving the optical signal that has passed through the glass plate and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
A phase shift due to an occurrence of resonance can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystal, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, the polarizer having a height that is adjusted so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystal, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, the polarizer being arranged adjacent to the main photo detector so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal that has passed through the polarizer, a base carrier on which the polarizer and the main photo detector are arranged, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, the secondary photo detector being arranged above the polarizer so as not to receive a component of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a wavelength monitoring device includes a semiconductor laser for emitting an optical signal that travels along a laser optical axis, a birefringence crystalline unit provided with a first birefringence crystal having an optical axis inclined against a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis and toward the laser optical axis, and a second birefringence crystal arranged in series with the first birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, the second birefringence crystal having an optical axis inclined against a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis and toward the laser optical axis, the birefringence crystalline unit receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, the second birefringence crystal providing a phase shift due to a temperature change thereof to the optical signal passing therethrough so that a phase shift provided to the optical signal passing through the first birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the first birefringence crystal can be cancelled, and the birefringence crystalline unit then outputting an optical signal having a polarized wave component of intensity corresponding to a wavelength of the received optical signal, and a detecting means for detecting and monitoring an intensity of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal to pass therethrough, and a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely monitor the wavelength of the optical signal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit has both an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and characterized in that a temperature compensating condition on which the birefringent crystalline unit outputs the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray which have a phase difference corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output thereby regardless of temperature changes of the first and second birefringence crystals is determined by a refractive index difference between a refractive index of the first birefringence crystal for the extraordinary ray and a refractive index of the first birefringence crystal for the ordinary ray, a change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the first birefringence crystal, a linear thermal expansion coefficient of the first birefringence crystal in a direction of the laser optical axis, a quadratic differential value of the change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal with respect to temperature, a length of the first birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, a refractive index difference between a refractive index of the second birefringence crystal for the extraordinary ray and a refractive index of the second birefringence crystal for the ordinary ray, a change in the refractive index difference of the second birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the second birefringence crystal, a linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, a quadratic differential value of the change in the refractive index difference of the second birefringence crystal with respect to temperature, and a length of the second birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, and characterized in that the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal, the change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal with respect to temperature change dependently upon an angle between the optical axis of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the laser optical axis, and the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal, the change in the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal with respect to temperature change dependently upon an angle between the principal axis of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the temperature compensating condition of the birefringence crystalline unit shows that a value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal by the length of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal is equal to a value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal by the length of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal, with sign reversed, and that a first value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal, the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal with respect to temperature by the length of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal is equal to a second value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal, the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal with respect to temperature by the length of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal, with sign reversed.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the device further includes a lens for converging the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser to the birefringence crystalline unit, and the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal converged by the lens and detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can control the wavelength of the optical signal to a desired one at all times.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a Brewster plate for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the p-polarized component of the optical signal that has passed through the Brewster plate.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in size and cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the polarizer is integral with the birefringence crystalline unit.
As a result, the mechanical strengths of the birefringent crystalline unit and the polarizer can be improved. Furthermore, the arrangement of the birefringent crystalline unit and the polarizer is facilitated, and the assembly of the wavelength monitoring device is therefore facilitated.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the first and second birefringence crystals of the birefringence crystalline unit are arranged so that they show an inverted letter V.
As a result, the occurrence of return light to the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal output from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, deterioration of the light emission characteristic of the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, a glass plate for allowing the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to provide a phase shift identical to that provided to the optical signal by the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for receiving the optical signal passing through the glass plate and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
A phase shift due to an occurrence of resonance can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystalline unit, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, the polarizer having a height that is adjusted so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystalline unit, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, the polarizer being arranged adjacent to the main photo detector so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal that has passed through the polarizer, a base carrier on which the polarizer and the main photo detector are arranged, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, the secondary photo detector being arranged above the polarizer so as not to receive a component of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a wavelength monitoring device includes a semiconductor laser for emitting an optical signal that travels along a laser optical axis, a birefringence crystal having a cut-out surface parallel to a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis, and an optical axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a directional vector inclined against a first axis in the plane toward a direction of the laser optical axis by a crystal cut-out angle, the birefringence crystal being rotated about the first axis by only a certain adjustment angle so that a normal to the crystal cut-out surface is inclined against the direction of the laser optical axis and toward a direction of a second axis perpendicular to both the first axis and the laser optical axis by only the certain adjustment angle, and the birefringence crystal receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and outputting an optical signal having a polarized wave component of intensity corresponding to a wavelength of the received optical signal, and a detecting means for detecting and monitoring an intensity of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal to pass therethrough, and a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely monitor the wavelength of the optical signal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the crystal cut-out angle of the birefringence crystal and an adjustment angle range in which the certain adjustment angle can be set for arrangement of the birefringence crystal are determined so that an order indicating a number of vibrations of an electric field of the optical signal in the birefringence crystal is made to change by one.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be surely adjusted.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the birefringence crystal is formed of YVO4, LiNbO3, CaCO3, TiO2 or SiO2, the crystal cut-out angle is set to a value ranging from 3 to 4 degrees, and an adjustment angle range in which the certain adjustment angle can be set for arrangement of the birefringence crystal is set to a range of 10 degrees.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted most optimally.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the birefringence crystal has a length measured in a direction of the laser optical axis that changes along a specific direction in the plane, and the length of the birefringence crystal is adjusted by placing the birefringence crystal at a specific position along the specific direction so that the intensity of the optical signal detected by the detecting means changes with change in the wavelength of the optical signal.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted most optimally.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the device further includes a lens for converging the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser to the birefringence crystal, and the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal converged by the lens and detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can control the wavelength of the optical signal to a desired one at all times.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a Brewster plate for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring an intensity of the p-polarized component of the optical signal that has passed through the Brewster plate.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in size and cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the polarizer is integral with the birefringence crystal.
As a result, the mechanical strengths of the birefringent crystal and the polarizer can be improved. Furthermore, the arrangement of the birefringent crystal and the polarizer is facilitated, and the assembly of the wavelength monitoring device is therefore facilitated.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the polarizer and the birefringence crystal are arranged so that they show an inverted letter V.
As a result, the occurrence of return light to the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal output from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, deterioration of the light emission characteristic of the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, a glass plate for allowing the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough to provide a phase shift identical to that provided to the optical signal by the polarizer to the optical signal, and a secondary photo detector for receiving the optical signal that has passed through the glass plate and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
A phase shift due to an occurrence of resonance can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystal, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, the polarizer having a height that is adjusted so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, a base carrier on which the birefringence crystal, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal, the polarizer being arranged adjacent to the main photo detector so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystal to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal that has passed through the polarizer, a base carrier on which the polarizer and the main photo detector are arranged, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, the second photo detector being arranged above the polarizer so as not to receive a component of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a wavelength monitoring device includes a semiconductor laser for emitting an optical signal that travels along a laser optical axis thereof, a birefringence crystalline unit provided with a first birefringence crystal and a second birefringence crystal arranged in series with the first birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, the first birefringence crystal having a cut-out surface parallel to a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis, and an optical axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a directional vector inclined against a first axis in the plane toward a direction of the laser optical axis by a first crystal cut-out angle, the first birefringence crystal being rotated about the first axis by only a first adjustment angle so that a normal to the crystal cut-out surface is inclined against the direction of the laser optical axis and toward a direction of a second axis perpendicular to both the first axis and the laser optical axis by only the first adjustment angle, the second birefringence crystal having a cut-out surface parallel to a plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis, and an optical axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a directional vector inclined against the first axis in the plane toward a direction of the laser optical axis by a second crystal cut-out angle, the second birefringence crystal being rotated about the first axis by only a second adjustment angle so that a normal to the crystal cut-out surface is inclined against the direction of the laser optical axis and toward the direction of the second axis by only the second adjustment angle, the birefringence crystalline unit receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, the second birefringence crystal providing a phase shift due to a temperature change thereof to the optical signal passing therethrough so that a phase shift provided to the optical signal passing through the first birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the first birefringence crystal can be cancelled, and the birefringence crystalline unit then outputting an optical signal having a polarized wave component of intensity corresponding to a wavelength of the received optical signal, and a detecting means for detecting and monitoring an intensity of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal to pass therethrough, and a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can surely monitor the wavelength of the optical signal.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the first crystal cut-out angle of the first birefringence crystal of the birefringence crystalline unit and an adjustment angle range in which the first adjustment angle can be set for arrangement of the first birefringence crystal, and the second crystal cut-out angle of the second birefringence crystal of the birefringence crystalline unit and an adjustment angle range in which the second adjustment angle can be set for arrangement of the second birefringence crystal are determined so that an order indicating a number of vibrations of an electric field of the optical signal propagating in the first and second birefringence crystals is made to change by one.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted most optimally.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the optical signal output from the birefringent crystalline unit has both an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and a temperature compensating condition on which the birefringent crystalline unit outputs the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray which have a phase difference corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output thereby regardless of temperature changes of the first and second birefringence crystals is determined by a refractive index difference between a refractive index of the first birefringence crystal for the extraordinary ray and a refractive index of the first birefringence crystal for the ordinary ray, a change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the first birefringence crystal, a linear thermal expansion coefficient of the first birefringence crystal in a direction of the laser optical axis, a quadratic differential value of the change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal with respect to temperature, a length of the first birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, a refractive index difference between a refractive index of the second birefringence crystal for the extraordinary ray and a refractive index of the second birefringence crystal for the ordinary ray, a change in the refractive index difference of the second birefringence crystal due to a temperature change of the second birefringence crystal, a linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second birefringence crystal with respect to the direction of the laser optical axis, a quadratic differential value of the change in the refractive index difference of the second birefringence crystal with respect to temperature, a length of the second birefringence crystal with respect to the laser optical axis, and characterized in that the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal, the change in the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the first birefringence crystal change dependently upon an angle between the optical axis of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the laser optical axis, and the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal, the change in the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the quadratic differential value of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal change dependently upon an angle between the optical axis of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the temperature compensating condition of the birefringence crystalline unit shows that a value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal by the length of the first uniaxial birefringence crystal of the birefringence crystalline unit is equal to a value obtained by multiplying a sum of a product of the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal and the change in the refractive index difference of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal by the length of the second uniaxial birefringence crystal of the birefringence crystalline unit, with sign reversed.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range and with a high degree of reliability.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the device further includes a lens for converging the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser to the birefringence crystalline unit, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal converged by the lens and detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can control the wavelength of the optical signal to a desired one at all times.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a Brewster plate for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis, and a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the p-polarized component of the optical signal that has passed through the Brewster plate.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for receiving the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit at an incident angle equal to a Brewster's angle, and for allowing a p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough and reflecting an s-polarized component of the optical signal, the optical signal including an ordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to a plane including both the crystal optical axis and the laser optical axis and an extraordinary ray vibrating in a direction perpendicular to both the vibrating direction of the ordinary ray and the laser optical axis.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in size and cost.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the polarizer is integral with the birefringence crystalline unit.
As a result, the mechanical strengths of the birefringent crystalline unit and the polarizer can be improved. Furthermore, the arrangement of the birefringent crystalline unit and the polarizer is facilitated, and the assembly of the wavelength monitoring device is therefore facilitated.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the polarizer and the birefringence crystalline unit are arranged so that they show an inverted letter V.
As a result, the occurrence of return light to the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal output from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
As a result, deterioration of the light emission characteristic of the semiconductor laser can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal to pass therethrough, the polarized wave component having the intensity corresponding to the wavelength of the optical signal, a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component that has passed through the polarizer, a glass plate for allowing the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough to provide a phase shift identical to that provided to the optical signal by the polarizer to the optical signal, and a secondary photo detector for receiving the optical signal that has passed through the glass plate and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal.
A phase shift due to an occurrence of resonance can be prevented.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, abase carrier on which the birefringence crystalline unit, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, the polarizer having a height that is adjusted so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a main photo detector for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, a secondary photo detector arranged above the main photo detector, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, abase carrier on which the birefringence crystalline unit, the main photo detector and the secondary photo detector are arranged, and a polarizer placed on the base carrier, for allowing the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough so that the main photo detector detects the intensity of the polarized light component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit, the polarizer being arranged adjacent to the main photo detector so that the secondary photo detector does not receive a component of the optical signal, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the detecting means includes a polarizer for allowing the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringence crystalline unit to pass therethrough, a main photo detector for detecting the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal that has passed through the polarizer, a base carrier on which the polarizer and the main photo detector are arranged, and a secondary photo detector for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and for detecting an intensity of the optical signal, the secondary photo detector being arranged above the polarizer so as not to receive a component of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser, which is reflected from the base carrier after passing through the polarizer.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device can monitor the intensity of the optical signal with precision.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a wavelength monitoring device includes a semiconductor laser for emitting an optical signal that travels along a laser optical axis thereof, a birefringent crystal unit having a length in a direction of the laser optical axis which changes along a specific direction that differs from the direction of the laser optical axis, the birefringent crystal unit receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser and being arranged at a specific position in a specific direction so as to output an optical signal having a polarized wave component of intensity corresponding to a wavelength of the optical signal on a condition that the intensity of the polarized wave component changes dependently upon a change in the wavelength of the optical signal, and a detecting means for detecting and monitoring the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal unit.
As a result, a wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser can be adjusted.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the birefringent crystal unit is a single birefringent crystal.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device whose wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser is adjusted is easily provided.
In the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the birefringent crystal unit is a pair of birefringent crystals that exhibit opposite temperature characteristics, a ratio of lengths of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals being kept constant along a specific direction, and the two uniaxial birefringent crystals being shaped and arranged at specific positions on a condition that the ratio of the lengths of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals is determined so that a phase difference between an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray of the optical signal output from the birefringent crystal unit is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals.
As a result, the wavelength monitoring device has an adjusted wavelength discriminating characteristic and a temperature compensation function.
In order to explain the present invention in greater detail, the preferred embodiments will be described below with reference to the accompanying figures.
In
Reference numeral 4 denotes a polarizer that allows only a polarized component (i.e., a p-polarized component) that vibrates in the direction of the x axis, which is included in the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray of the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, to pass therethrough. This p-polarized component has an intensity that changes dependently upon the phase difference between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray. In other words, the intensity of the p-polarized component changes dependently on the wavelength of the incident light. As an alternative, the polarizer 4 can be the one that allows only a polarized component (i.e., an s-polarized component) that vibrates in the direction of the y axis, which is included in the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray of the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, to pass therethrough. In this case, the intensity of the s-polarized component changes dependently upon the wavelength of the incident light (i.e., the phase difference between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray).
Reference numeral 5 denotes a first photodiode (i.e., a main photo detector) for receiving the optical signal that has passed through the polarizer 4, and for detecting the intensity (e.g., a photo electric current value) of the optical signal and for monitoring it as an optical signal intensity S1, reference numeral 6 denotes a second photodiode (i.e., a secondary photo detector) placed above the first photodiode 5, for directly receiving the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 that reaches the second photodiode without passing through the polarizer 4, and detecting the intensity (e.g., a photo electric current value) of the optical signal and for monitoring it as an optical signal intensity S2, and reference numeral 7 denotes a base carrier on which the semiconductor laser 1, the lens 2, the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, the polarizer 4, the first photodiode 5, and the second photodiode 6 are arranged.
Because the phase difference between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystal, the intensity of the p-polarized component (or the intensity of the s-polarized component) that has passed through the polarizer 4 is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystal. Therefore the optical signal intensity S1 detected by the first photodiode is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystal, and changes dependently upon the wavelength of the incident light. In other words, the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 has a temperature compensation function.
Next, prior to an explanation of an operation of the wavelength monitoring device of embodiment 1, an explanation will be made to as to the reason why the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 having a crystal cut-out surface parallel to the xy plane perpendicular to the laser optical axis and having a C axis that is inclined at a certain angle other than 90 degrees against the laser optical axis meets a temperature compensation condition, with reference to accompanying figures.
Because the refractive index n0 for the ordinary ray is kept constant independently upon the direction of the laser light vector, and the refractive index for the extraordinary ray depends on the angle φc between the laser light vector and the C axis, the refractive index for the extraordinary ray can be shown by ne (φc). The refractive index ne (φc) is given by the following equation (2):
where ne=ne(90°) and is the refractive index of a polarized component that vibrates in a direction parallel to the C axis. The phase difference δ between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray that is caused based on the difference between the refractive index n0 and the refractive index ne (φc) is given by the following equation (3), where the length (or the thickness) of the birefringent crystal in the laser light traveling direction is L, ne(φc)−n0=Δn, and the wavelength of the laser light is λ.
When an angle between a straight line formed by the xy plane and a plane including both the C axis and the laser optical axis (i.e., a straight line that is included in the xy plane and is inclined at 45 degrees against the y axis and toward the x axis) and the polarization direction of the incident light (i.e., the direction of the x axis) is show by θ, the polarization of the laser light that has passed through the birefringent crystal is given by the following equation (4) with a Jones matrix:
The angle θ is 45 degrees in this embodiment. Assuming that the laser light that travels in the direction of the z axis and is incident upon the birefringent crystal is p-polarized light, the direction in which the laser light vibrates is the direction of the x axis. Therefore, a normalized electric field vector of the laser light incident upon the birefringent crystal is shown by {1,0}, and an electric field component Etx (i.e., an electric field of the p-polarized component) in the direction of the x axis of the laser light that has passed through the birefringent crystal and an electric field component Ety (i.e., an electric field of the s-polarized component) in the direction of the y axis (i.e., in the direction of ne) are given by the following equation (5) by using the equation (4):
The laser light that has passed through the birefringent crystal is incident upon the polarizer 4. The p- or s-polarized component of the laser light incident upon the polarizer 4 passes through the polarizer 4, and is then incident upon the first photodiode 5.
When using the polarizer 4 that allows only the p-polarized component to pass therethrough, the normalized electric field vector of the p-polarized component received by the first photodiode 5 is {cos(δ/2),0}, and the intensity Sp of the p-polarized component is given by the following equation (6):
Sp=Cos2(δ/2) (6)
In contrast, when using the polarizer 4 that allows only the s-polarized component to pass therethrough, the normalized electric field vector of the s-polarized component received by the first photodiode 5 is {0,−i sin(δ/2)}, and the intensity Ss of the s-polarized component is given by the following equation (7):
Ss=sin2(δ/2) (7)
This signal intensity varies according to a change in the phase difference δ between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray of the laser light that has passed through the birefringent crystal. Because the phase difference δ changes dependently upon the wavelength of the laser light, the normalized intensity of the received optical signal delivered from the first photodiode 5 depends on the wavelength of the optical signal and exhibits a wavelength characteristic as shown in
where c0 is the speed of light in a vacuum.
Next, a description will be made as to the temperature characteristic of the signal intensity. When the number of antinodes or nodes of the laser light that propagates in the birefringent crystal is m (m is a positive integer), the wavelength λ of the laser light is given by the following equation (9):
By differentiating the equation (9) with respect to the temperature T of the crystal, equation (10) is obtained, where m obtained from the equation (9) is substituted into the equation (10). The equation (10) shows a change in a reference wavelength of the laser light when the temperature of the crystal changes dΔn(φc)/dT shows a change in the refractive index difference Δn of the birefringent crystal when the temperature of the crystal changes, and α(φc) is a linear expansion coefficient of the birefringent crystal.
dΔn(φc)/dT and α(φc) are given by equation (11) and equation (12), respectively. αa shows a linear expansion coefficient of the birefringent crystal in a direction in a plane perpendicular to the C axis, and αc shows a linear expansion coefficient of the birefringent crystal in a direction parallel to the C axis.
α=αacos2φc+αcsin2φc (12)
In order to prevent change in the wavelength of the laser light due to temperature changes, the first term dΔn(φc)/dT and the second term αΔn(φc) in the right parentheses of the equation (10) are determined so that they have an identical absolute value with the sign reversed. Therefore, the temperature compensation condition of the birefringent crystal is given by the following equation (13):
Therefore, the temperature compensation condition of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 is satisfied when the angle φc between the laser light vector and the C axis is so determined as to meet the equation (13). Furthermore, because the refractive index difference Δn(φc) is obtained from the angle φc, the length L of the birefringent crystal is obtained by using the equation (8) when a desired periodicity FSR is specified.
The inventors of this application searched for a material of the uniaxial birefringent crystal that meets the equation (13) on condition that the material can achieve a downsizing of the wavelength monitoring device, and found that tellurium dioxide TeO2 meets the equation (13). This crystal is widely used for acoustic optical switches and so on and has a reliability in the stability of its characteristics in an operating temperature range of −50° C. to 100° C. of the semiconductor laser.
As shown in
Next, a description will be made as to an operation of the wavelength monitoring device of this embodiment 1 of the present invention.
An optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 is converged by the lens 2. An upper part of this converged optical signal is received directly by the second photodiode 6. The second photodiode 6 then detects and monitors the intensity S2 of the received part of the optical signal. An output control circuit (not shown in the figure) constantly controls the light output of the semiconductor laser 1 based on a difference between the optical signal intensity S2 and a predetermined reference optical signal intensity. Furthermore, a lower part of the optical signal converged by the lens 2 passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 formed of tellurium dioxide at the angle φc=21.1 degrees between the optical signal and the C axis. The optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 is separated into an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray. At that time, though the phase difference between the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal changes dependently upon the wavelength of the optical signal, the phase difference is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystal. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the optical signal has a p-polarized component that corresponds to a component that vibrates in the direction of the x axis, which is included in the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal, and an s-polarized component that corresponds to a component that vibrates in the direction of the y axis. These p-polarized component and s-polarized component have intensities (give by the equations (6) and (7)) dependent upon the phase difference δ between the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal, and the phase difference δ depends on the wavelength of the optical signal. Therefore, the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 has a p-polarized component and an s-polarized component having intensities that depend on the wavelength of the optical signal, and the uniaxial birefringent crystal exhibits a wavelength discriminating characteristic. Furthermore, because the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 can keep the phase difference between the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal that has passed therethrough constant regardless of temperature changes thereof, the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 has a temperature compensation function. The polarizer 4 receives the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and allows only the p-polarized component of the optical signal to pass therethrough. The passing-through optical signal that consists of only the p-polarized component is then accepted by the first photodiode 5. The first photodiode 5 detects and monitors the intensity S1 of the optical signal that consists of only the p-polarized component. The wavelength control circuit (not shown in the figure) then calculates a signal intensity ratio S1/S2 from this optical signal intensity S1 and the optical signal intensity S2 detected by the first photodiode 5, and determines whether the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 has a shorter or longer wavelength as compared with a reference wavelength based on a predetermined reference signal intensity ratio. The wavelength control circuit then controls the semiconductor laser 1 so that the emitted optical signal has the desired reference wavelength.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with this embodiment 1, because the single uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 (formed of tellurium dioxide TeO2, for example) is so arranged that the C axis of the crystal is inclined at an angle other than 90 degrees against the optical axis of an incident optical signal (the angle between the C axis and the optical axis is 21.1 degrees, for example), and the polarizer 4 is so constructed as to allow only the p-polarized component of the p- and s-polarized components of the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 to pass therethrough, the single uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 can have a temperature compensation function (i.e., a function of keeping the phase difference between the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal to be constant regardless of temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystal), and the wavelength monitoring device can detect and monitor the intensity S1 of the optical signal which is dependent upon only the wavelength of the optical signal. Furthermore, the wavelength monitoring device can control the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 to a desired reference wavelength based on the detected optical signal intensity S1.
In addition, because the wavelength monitoring device uses only a single uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, the structure of the semiconductor laser device can be simplified. Furthermore, because the structure of the wavelength monitoring device can be simplified, the reliability of the wavelength monitoring device can be improved.
In this embodiment 1, the wavelength monitoring device uses tellurium dioxide as the uniaxial birefringent crystal, as previously mentioned. As an alternative, the uniaxial birefringent crystal can be formed of any material that meets the temperature compensation condition of the uniaxial birefringent crystal which is given by the equation (13).
Furthermore, in this embodiment 1, the wavelength monitoring device uses the polarizer 4 for allowing the p-polarized component to pass therethrough, as previously mentioned. The wavelength monitoring device can alternatively use a polarizer for allowing the s-polarized component to pass therethrough.
In addition, in this embodiment 1, the C axis of the single uniaxial birefringent crystal is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector on the y axis toward the x axis in the xy plane by a first certain angle of 45 degrees and further inclining the vector toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a second certain angle. The first certain angle is not limited to 45 degrees. In other words, the uniaxial birefringent crystal only has to have a C axis that is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector in a direction different from the direction in which the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 vibrates toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a certain angle.
Furthermore, in this embodiment 1, the wavelength monitoring device uses a uniaxial birefringent crystal, as previously mentioned. However, the birefringent crystal of this embodiment is not limited to a uniaxial one. For example, the birefringent crystal can be a biaxial one.
In
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the first variant of this embodiment 1, because the Brewster plate 11 is so arranged as to receive an incident optical signal at an incident angle equal to Brewster's angle, instead of the polarizer 4, the first variant provides an advantage of being able to reduce the cost of the wavelength monitoring device.
Furthermore, when a plurality of Brewster plates 11 are laminated, the ratio of the p-polarized component to the s-polarized component included in the optical signal passing through the plurality of Brewster plates 11 can be increased (i.e., an extinction ratio can be improved), and the optical signal intensity S2 that depends upon only the wavelength of the optical signal can be detected more accurately.
In the second variant of
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the second variant of this embodiment 1, because the first photodiode 5 is inclined at a certain angle against the optical axis of an incident optical signal so as to receive the incident optical signal at an incident angle equal to Brewster's angle, the second variant provides an advantage of being able to reduce the cost of the wavelength monitoring device. Furthermore, because the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with the second variant of this embodiment 1 doesn't use the polarizer 4, the wavelength monitoring device can decrease in size.
Furthermore, in the second variant of this embodiment 1, the second photodiode 6 can be also inclined at a certain angle against the optical axis of an incident optical signal so as to receive the incident optical signal at an incident angle equal to Brewster's angle. In this case, the reflectivity of the second photodiode 6 for the incident optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 can be reduced.
In addition, in order to improve the polarization characteristic of the first photodiode 5, the receiving face of the first photodiode 5 can be coated.
In the third variant of this embodiment 1, the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and the polarizer 4 are bonded to each other with a bonding adhesive or the like. As an alternative, after contact surfaces of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and the polarizer 4 are ground so that their irregularities are removed, the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and the polarizer 4 are secured to each other without using a bonding adhesive or the like.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the fifth variant of this embodiment 1, because the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 is so placed that an optical signal to be received by the second photodiode 6, as well as an optical signal to be received by the first photodiode 5, passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, light emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 and return light do not resonate with each other in the semiconductor laser 1 and therefore deterioration of the light emission characteristic of the semiconductor laser 1 can be prevented.
In the fifth variant of this embodiment 1, the optical signal that doesn't pass through the polarizer 4 is received by the second photodiode 6. As an alternative, a glass plate 12 can be placed above the polarizer 4, as shown in the figure, so that the optical signal that passes through the glass plate 12 and is received by the second photodiode 6 is in phase with the optical signal that is received by the first photodiode 5. This variant offers an advantage of being able to prevent a phase shift due to an occurrence of resonance.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the sixth variant of this embodiment 1, because the polarizer 4 has a height lower than that of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3, the intensity of the optical signal received by the second photodiode 6 can be detected and monitored accurately.
In the sixth variant of this embodiment 1, the spacing between the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and the polarizer 4 can be expanded so that the polarizer 4 is brought closer to the first photodiode 5. In this case, the sixth variant offers an advantage of being able to further prevent a part of the optical signal that passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 3 and that is scattered from the base carrier 7 from passing through the polarizer 4 and then entering the second photodiode 6.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the seventh variant of this embodiment 1, because the second photodiode 6 is placed above the polarizer 4, the intensity of the optical signal received by the second photodiode 6 can be detected and monitored accurately.
In embodiment 1, a uniaxial birefringent crystal is so determined and placed in the wavelength monitoring device as to meet the temperature compensation condition given by the equation (13). However, when the change dΔn(φc)/dT in the refractive index difference with respect to the temperature of the uniaxial birefringent crystal and/or the linear expansion coefficient α in the equation (13) change dependently upon the temperature of the uniaxial birefringent crystal, there is a possibility that the temperature compensation condition is satisfied at a certain standard temperature, whereas the temperature compensation condition is not satisfied at other temperatures. To solve this problem, in accordance with this embodiment, a temperature compensation condition that temperature compensation is surely implemented for the uniaxial birefringent crystal in a wide temperature range in which a semiconductor laser 1 can operate is newly found, and the temperature compensation condition is applied to a wavelength monitoring device.
In
Next, the reason why the two uniaxial birefringent crystals in accordance with embodiment 2 are arranged in series will be mentioned. When the temperature compensation condition is satisfied at a standard temperature for the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 that consists of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 and the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22. At another temperature different from the standard temperature, dΔn(φc)/dT and/or the linear expansion coefficient α of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 change and the optical signal that passes through the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 has a phase different from that at the standard temperature. Similarly, at another temperature different from the standard temperature, dΔn(φc)/dT and/or the linear expansion coefficient α of the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 change and the optical signal that passes through the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 has a phase different from that at the standard temperature. In accordance with this embodiment, the temperature compensation condition for the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 is determined, two types of uniaxial birefringent crystals that provide temperature-dependent changes of opposite sign for the phase of the optical signal passing through them, respectively, are used as the first and second uniaxial birefringent crystals, and the thickness of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 and that of the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 are determined so that the change in the phase of the optical signal passing through the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 and the change in the phase of the optical signal passing through the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 cancel each other out.
Next, the temperature compensation condition on which the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 has a temperature compensation function in a wide temperature range will be described.
When the two uniaxial birefringent crystals are arranged in series, the following equation (14) corresponding to the equation (10) of embodiment 1 is acquired. In the equation (14), T is the temperature of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22, ΔnA is the difference between the refractive index for the extraordinary ray and the refractive index for the ordinary ray in the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21, ΔnB is the difference between the refractive index for the extraordinary ray and the refractive index for the ordinary ray in the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22, LA is the thickness of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 in the direction of the optical axis of the incident optical signal, LB is the thickness of the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 in the direction of the optical axis of the incident optical signal, αA is the linear expansion coefficient of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21, αB is the linear expansion coefficient of the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22, and λ is the wavelength of the incident optical signal.
Therefore, the following equation (15) indicating the temperature compensation condition and corresponding to the equation (13) of embodiment 1 is acquired:
Furthermore, by using the simultaneous equations (14) and (15), an inherent crystal thickness is obtained when a desired FSR corresponding to the equation (8) of embodiment 1 is specified as follows:
In order to provide a condition on which the equation (14) is established in a wide temperature range even when a temperature change occurs in the uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22, by differentiating the left and right sides of the equation (14) with respect to the temperature T, the second derivative of the wavelength λ with respect to the temperature T is obtained as follows:
It can be determined that the temperature compensation condition shown by the equation (15) is always satisfied independently upon the temperature when the second derivative of the wavelength λ with respect to the temperature T becomes zero. A condition on which the second derivative of the wavelength λ with respect to the temperature T becomes zero is given by the following equation (18):
In order to determine the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 on the condition that the equations (15), (16), and (18) are established at the same time, the angle φc between the laser light vector and the C axis is taken into consideration, as in the case of embodiment 1. When the angle φc between the laser light vector and the C axis is changed, Δn, dΔn/dT, and d2Δn/d2T are changed, too. Therefore, d2ΔnA/d2T+dΔnA/dT*αA*ΔnA and d2ΔnB/d2T+dΔnB/dT*αB*ΔnB in the first term of the equation (18) can be adjusted. The equations (15), (16), and (18) can be transformed into the following equations (19), (20), and (21) by taking the angle φcA between the laser light vector and the C axis of the crystal 21, and the angle φcB between the laser light vector and the C axis of the crystal 2 into consideration:
Therefore, when the uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 are so constructed as to have various characteristics that satisfy the equations (19), (20), and (21), and the angle φcA, the angle φcB, the length LA, and the length LB are so determined as to satisfy the equations (19), (20), and (21), the temperature compensation condition on which the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 that consists of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 can implement temperature compensation over a wide temperature range is provided.
Next, a description will be made as to an operation of the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with embodiment 2 of the present invention.
A lower side half of an optical signal converged by the lens 2 passes through the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 and the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22. In this case, even if a temperature change occurs in the first and second uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22, a temperature-dependent change in the phase of the optical signal which is caused by the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 and a temperature-dependent change in the phase of the optical signal which is caused by the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 22 cancel each other out. Therefore, the optical signal that consists of a p-polarized component and an s-polarized component that have intensities that depends upon only the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range is sent from the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 to a polarizer 4, and only the p-polarized component of the optical signal is then passed through the polarizer 4 and the optical signal intensity S1 of the p-polarized component is detected and monitored by the first photodiode 5.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with this embodiment 2, the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 that consists of the two types of uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 that provide temperature-dependent changes of opposite sign for the phase of an optical signal passing through them, respectively, is arranged so that their C axes are inclined at an angle other than 90 degrees against the optical axis of the optical signal, and the polarizer 4 is so constructed as to allow only a p-polarized component of the optical signal that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 to pass therethrough, the optical signal including the p-polarized component and an s-polarized component. The phase difference δ between the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of the optical signal is kept constant in a wide temperature range regardless of temperature changes of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22. As a result, this embodiment 2 offers an advantage of being able to detect and monitor the optical signal intensity S1 that depends upon only the wavelength of the optical signal in a wide temperature range with a high degree of reliability. Furthermore, embodiment 2 provides another advantage of being able to control the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser to a desired reference wavelength based on the detected optical signal intensity S1.
In this embodiment 2, the C axis of each uniaxial birefringent crystal is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector on the y axis toward the x axis in the xy plane by a first certain angle of 45 degrees and further inclining the vector toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a second certain angle. The first certain angle is not limited to 45 degrees. In other words, each uniaxial birefringent crystal only has to have a C axis that is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector oriented in a direction different from the direction in which the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 vibrates toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a certain angle.
The pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 is used in this embodiment 2. However, each birefringent crystal is not limited to a uniaxial one, and can be a biaxial birefringent crystal.
Next, wavelength monitoring devices according to variants of embodiment 2 will be explained.
In the first variant as shown in
In the third variant of this embodiment 2, the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 and the polarizer 4 are bonded to one another with a bonding adhesive or the like. As an alternative, after contact surfaces of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 and the polarizer 4 are ground so that their irregularities are removed, the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 21 and 22 and the polarizer 4 are secured to one another without using a bonding adhesive or the like.
In the fifth variant as shown in
In accordance with this embodiment, there is provided a wavelength monitoring device that can adjust the wavelength discriminating characteristics of a uniaxial birefringent crystal and a polarizer according to a desired reference wavelength.
Reference numeral 31 denotes a uniaxial birefringent crystal. This uniaxial birefringent crystal has a crystal cut-out surface for receiving an optical signal, the cut-out surface being parallel to an xy plane, and has a C axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a vector on a y axis in the xy plane toward a direction of an x axis by 45 degrees and further inclining the vector in a plane including both the vector and a z axis toward a direction of the z axis by a crystal cut-out angle (e.g., 3 to 4 degrees). The uniaxial birefringent crystal is disposed by being rotated about the y axis by only a specific adjustment angle so that a normal to the cut-out surface of this crystal is in a zx plane and is inclined at the specific adjustment angle that can vary within an angle range against the optical axis of an incident optical signal (e.g., a range from 0 to 10 degrees). The uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 receives a part of the optical signal converged by the lens 2, and emits an optical signal that consists of an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray having a phase difference that depends on the wavelength of the incident light.
First of all, a description will be made as to the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 that can adjust the wavelength discriminating characteristic thereof and the wavelength discriminating characteristic of the polarizer according to a desired reference wavelength.
As shown in
where the angle between the optical axis of the laser light and the C axis is φc.
When the refractive index ne (φc) for the extraordinary ray is determined, the length of the uniaxial birefringent crystal is determined uniquely for an arbitrary periodicity FSR and is given by the following equation (23):
where Lopt is the length (or thickness) of the uniaxial birefringent crystal in the direction of the optical axis of the incident light.
In the uniaxial birefringent crystal, a polarization status changes according to the wavelength λ of the laser light passing through the uniaxial birefringent crystal. This change originates from a phase difference between a polarized component in a direction of ne (i.e., a direction in which the extraordinary ray is traveling) and a polarized component in a direction of no (i.e., a direction in which the ordinary ray is traveling), which is caused when the laser light passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal. Therefore, in order to evaluate the change in the wavelength discriminating characteristic of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 according to the change in the wavelength of the incident laser light, the phase difference, i.e., the number of times (referred to as order in this specification) which the electric field of the laser light propagating in the crystal vibrates only has to be determined. By using the above-mentioned variables, the order δ′ is given by the equation (24):
δ′=Δn·Lopt/λ (24)
The wavelength discriminating characteristic of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 changes, as shown in
While the order changes, as shown in equation (24), dependently upon the refractive index difference Δn and the length Lopt of the crystal, the refractive index difference Δn and the length Lopt of the crystal change and therefore the order also changes when the crystal is rotated about the y axis so that it is inclined against the incident light. In accordance with this embodiment, the wavelength discriminating characteristic of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is made to change by using the fact that the order changes when the cut-out surface of the uniaxial birefringent crystal is inclined against the optical axis of the incident light.
To this end, in accordance with this embodiment, the C axis of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is not inclined toward the direction of the z axis in a plane including both the C axis and the z axis, but is rotated about the y axis by a certain adjustment angle with an adjustment axis of the crystal being the y axis. When the cut-out surface of the crystal is vertically arranged with respect to the optical axis of the incident laser light, the adjustment angle is zero.
Assuming an x′y′z′ coordinate system having an x′z′ plane including both the C axis of the uniaxial birefringent crystal and the z axis, a vector c indicating the C axis with the adjustment angle being zero in this coordinate system is given by the following equation (25):
Because in the xyz coordinate system the x′ axis is inclined at 45 degrees against the x axis in the xy plane, the vector c indicating the C axis (i.e., a directional vector of the C axis) is transformed into a vector in the xyz coordinate system which is given by the following equation (26):
Instead of rotating the crystal about the y axis, when a vector r indicating the optical axis of the incident laser light (i.e., a directional vector of the optical axis) is rotated by (φ,θ), the vector r indicating the optical axis of the incident laser light in the xyz coordinate system is given by the following equation (27):
where φ is an angle between a component of the rotated directional vector r of the optical axis which is projected onto the zx plane and the z axis, and θ is an angle between a component of the rotated directional vector r of the optical axis which is projected onto the yz plane and the z axis.
An angle φc′ between the directional vector r of the laser optical axis and the directional vector c of the C axis when the directional vector r of the laser optical axis is rotated by (φ,θ) is given by the following equation (28) by using the scalar product of these directional vectors.
When the directional vector r of the laser optical axis is rotated by (φ,θ), the refractive index ne(φc′) to which the extraordinary ray of the laser light is subject to is given by the equation (22) in which φc is replaced by φc′. Therefore, by substituting the equation (28) into the equation (22) in which φc is replaced by φc′, the refractive index difference Δn, the length Lopt of the crystal, and the order are obtained for the case where the crystal that is cut out at an arbitrary angle φc with respect to the C axis thereof is rotated by (θ, φ).
A Jones matrix is used for representing polarized light components of the incident laser light when passing through the crystal. When the laser light passing through the crystal has polarized components (Ex,Ey) in the xyz coordinate system, the Jones matrix of the birefringent crystal is given by the following equations (29) and (30).
where ζ is an angle between the direction of the extraordinary ray caused from the incident laser light and the x axis of the laser light.
When the x and y components of a vector e indicating the direction of the extraordinary ray caused from the incident laser light are obtained, ζ can be determined and is given by the following equation (31):
ζ=tan−1(ey/et) (31)
where ex is the x component of the extraordinary ray directional vector e, and ey is the y component of the extraordinary ray directional vector e.
Because the birefringent crystal is a uniaxial one, the extraordinary ray directional vector e is obtained as a normal to both a direction o of the ordinary ray caused from the incident laser light and the direction r of the laser light, and is given by the following equation (32):
e=o×r (32)
The direction o of the ordinary ray is parallel to a normal to a plane including both the C axis directional vector c and the vector r indicating the laser optical axis, and is given by the following equation (33):
ζ is obtained from the equations (31), (32) and (33). Therefore, when a normalized electric field vector of the laser light incident upon the uniaxial birefringent crystal is given by {1,0}, the electric field component Ex in the direction of the x axis (i.e., the electric field of the p-polarized component) and electric field component Ey in the direction of the y axis (i.e., the electric field of the s-polarized component) of the laser light that has passed through the uniaxial birefringent crystal are given by the equation (5), as shown in Embodiment 5, in which the order δ/2 is replaced by an order δ′. When the polarizer 4 is so constructed as to allow only the p-polarized component to pass therethrough, the normalized electric field vector received by the first photodiode 5 is {cos δ′,0} and the intensity Sp is given by Sp=cos2δ′, as in the case of the equation (6). In contrast, when the polarizer 4 is so constructed as to allow only the s-polarized component to pass therethrough, the normalized electric field vector received by the first photodiode 5 is {0, −i sin δ′} and the intensity Ss is given by Sp=sin2δ′, as in the case of the equation (7).
The inventors of this application selected either one of uniaxial birefringent crystals YVO4, LiNbO3, CaCO3, TiO2, and SiO2 as a material of which the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is formed. Each of
It is found from these results that on a condition that the order changes by 1 when the crystal is rotated about the y axis by only the certain adjustment angle (φr) of 10 degrees so that the C axis is inclined toward the direction of the x axis, the C axis angle ranges from 86 degrees to 87 degrees for all the crystals. Therefore, in the wavelength monitoring device of this embodiment, either one of the above-mentioned five crystals having a C axis angle ranging from 86 degrees to 87 degrees is used as a material of which the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is formed, and the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is so disposed that it is rotated about the y axis from a position at which the cut-out surface thereof is perpendicular to the laser optical axis (in this case, the adjustment angle is 0) by only the adjustment angle φr (ranging from 0 degrees to 10 degrees).
Next, a description will be made as to an operation of the wavelength monitoring device of this embodiment.
As previously mentioned, the order is determined dependently upon the adjustment angle φr that is set for the arrangement of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31. Therefore, the adjustment angle φr is determined so that the range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of the optical signal passing through the uniaxial birefringent crystal is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1. For example, the adjustment angle φr is determined so that the range of changes in the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal is maximized. The uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 is rotated about the y axis so that the crystal cut-out surface thereof is inclined at the determined adjustment angle φr other than 90 degrees against the direction of the z axis. After that, the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31 whose wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal is adjusted, then passes through the polarizer 4, and the optical signal intensity S1 of the optical signal is then detected and monitored by the first photodiode 5.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with this embodiment 3, because an adjustment angle φr is determined so that the range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of an optical signal passing through the uniaxial birefringent crystal, which is so cut out that the C axis angle thereof ranges from 86 degrees to 87 degrees, is sufficiently large, and the uniaxial birefringent crystal is rotated about the y axis by only the determined adjustment angle φr, the wavelength monitoring device can exhibit an excellent wavelength discriminating characteristic at any time for an optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 even if the range of wavelengths of the optical signal changes. In addition, in this embodiment 3, the C axis of the uniaxial birefringent crystal is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector on the y axis toward the x axis in the xy plane by a first certain angle of 45 degrees and further inclining the vector toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a second certain angle. The first certain angle is not limited to 45 degrees. In other words, the uniaxial birefringent crystal only has to have a C axis that is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector in a direction different from the direction in which the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 vibrates toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a certain angle.
In this embodiment 3, the wavelength monitoring device can be modified in accordance with any one of the first through seventh variants of embodiment 1.
Furthermore, in this embodiment 3, the wavelength monitoring device uses the uniaxial birefringent crystal 31, as previously mentioned. However, the birefringent crystal of this embodiment is not limited to a uniaxial one. For example, the birefringent crystal can be a biaxial one.
Though the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with embodiment 3 can optimize its wavelength discriminating characteristic, it doesn't implement temperature compensation. In accordance with this embodiment, there is provided a wavelength monitoring device that has not only a function of adjusting its wavelength discriminating characteristic but also a temperature compensation function.
Reference numeral 41 denotes a first uniaxial birefringent crystal. This first uniaxial birefringent crystal has a crystal cut-out surface for receiving an optical signal, the cut-out surface being parallel to an xy plane, and has a C axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a vector on a y axis in the xy plane toward a direction of an x axis by 45 degrees and further inclining the vector in a plane including both the vector and a z axis toward a direction of the z axis by a crystal cut-out angle. The first uniaxial birefringent crystal is rotated about the y axis by only a specific adjustment angle so that a normal to the cut-out surface of this crystal is in a zx surface and is inclined at the specific adjustment angle against the optical axis of an incident optical signal. Reference numeral 42 denotes a second uniaxial birefringent crystal arranged in series with the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21 along the optical axis of the optical signal, and having a temperature characteristic opposite to that of the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 21. This second uniaxial birefringent crystal has a crystal cut-out surface for receiving an optical signal, the cut-out surface being parallel to the xy plane, and has a C axis oriented in a direction determined by inclining a vector on the y axis in the xy plane toward the direction of the x axis by 45 degrees and further inclining the vector in a plane including both the vector and the z axis toward the direction of the z axis by a crystal cut-out angle. The second uniaxial birefringent crystal is rotated about the y axis by only a specific adjustment angle so that a normal to the cut-out surface of this crystal is in the zx surface and is inclined against the optical axis of an incident optical signal at the specific adjustment angle. The first uniaxial birefringent crystal 41 and the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 42 arranged in series form a uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 43 having a temperature compensation function. The uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 43 receives a part of an optical signal converged by a lens 2 and then emits an optical signal that consists of an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray that have a phase difference dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light.
As explained in Embodiment 2, because the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 41 and the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 42 are arranged in series with respect to the optical axis of the incident light, the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 43 has a temperature compensation function. As in the case of embodiment 2, a temperature compensation condition is given by the following equations (34) and (35):
Next, a description will be made as to a procedure for determining a C axis angle (i.e., an angle between the C axis of each crystal and a normal to the cut-out surface of each crystal), the adjustment angle of each crystal, and the length of each crystal, which have to be determined in order to provide the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 43 having a function of adjusting the wavelength discriminating characteristic of each crystal and a temperature compensation function, with reference to
First of all, in step ST1, the C axis angle of each crystal is initially set to 90 degrees (i.e., an angle between a laser light vector indicating the incident light and the C axis of the crystal 41 is set to φcA=90 degrees and an angle between the laser light vector and the C axis of the crystal 41 is set to φcB=90 degrees). In step ST2, a relationship between the adjustment angle and the order is determined based on the C axis angle and a desired FSR. In step ST3, a desired adjustment angle is chosen based on the acquired relationship, and the C axis angle is determined. In step ST4, the length of each of the two crystals 41 and 42 is determined from the determined C axis angle according to the equations (34) and (35). In step ST5, the order is calculated again according to the equation (24) based on the determined length of each crystal, and a desired C axis angle is obtained. If either of the desired C axis angle, the desired adjustment angle, and the length of each crystal differs from a corresponding value previously determined (i.e., if NO in step ST6), steps ST2 to ST5 are repeatedly carried out based on the calculated order and the C axis angle. When the C axis angle, adjustment angle, and length of each crystal are converged to constant values, respectively (i.e., if YES in step ST6), the determining procedure is finished.
Next, a description will be made as to an exemplary case where YVO4 is selected as the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 41 and LiNbO3 is selected as the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 42.
Next, a description will be made as to an operation of the wavelength monitoring device of this embodiment 4.
The adjustment angle φr is determined so that a range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of the optical signal passing through the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from a semiconductor laser 1. Each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 is rotated about the y axis by only the determined adjustment angle φr. For example, the adjustment angle φr is determined so that the range of changes in the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal is maximized. After that, a lower side half of the optical signal converged by the lens 2 passes through the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 41 and the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 42. In this case, even if a temperature change occurs in the first and second uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42, a temperature-dependent change in the phase of the optical signal which is caused by the first uniaxial birefringent crystal 41 and a temperature-dependent change in the phase of the optical signal which is caused by the second uniaxial birefringent crystal 42 cancel each other out. Therefore, the optical signal that consists of a p-polarized component and an s-polarized component that have intensities that depends upon only the wavelength of the optical signal is sent from the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 23 to a polarizer 4, and the only p-polarized component of the optical signal is then passed through the polarizer 4 and the optical signal intensity S1 of the p-polarized component is detected and monitored by a first photodiode 5.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with this embodiment 4, the uniaxial birefringent crystalline unit 43 that consists of the two types of uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 that provide temperature-dependent changes of opposite sign for the phase of an optical signal passing through them, respectively, is formed so that their C axes are inclined at a certain C axis angle against the optical axis of the optical signal, an adjustment angle φr is determined so that a range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of the optical signal passing through the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal, and each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 is rotated about the y axis by only the determined adjustment angle φr. Therefore, even if the range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 changes, the wavelength monitoring device can adjust the wavelength discriminating characteristic so as to excellently discriminate the wavelength of the incident optical signal at all times, and can detect and monitor an optical signal intensity S2 that depends only upon the wavelength of the optical signal with a high degree of reliability without being affected by temperature changes of the uniaxial birefringent crystals.
In this embodiment 4, the C axis of each uniaxial birefringent crystal is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector on the y axis toward the x axis in the xy plane by a first certain angle of 45 degrees and further inclining the vector toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a second certain angle. The first certain angle is not limited to 45 degrees. In other words, each uniaxial birefringent crystal only has to have a C axis that is oriented in a direction of a vector obtained by inclining a vector oriented in a direction different from the direction in which the laser light emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 vibrates toward the z axis in a plane including both the vector and the z axis by a certain angle.
The pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals 41 and 42 is used in this embodiment 4. However, each birefringent crystal is not limited to a uniaxial one, and can be a biaxial birefringent crystal.
In this embodiment 4, the wavelength monitoring device can be modified in accordance with any one of the first through seventh variants of embodiment 2.
In accordance with embodiment 3, the wavelength discriminating characteristic of the wavelength monitoring device is adjusted by rotating the uniaxial birefringent crystal about the y axis by only the adjustment angle. In contrast, in accordance with this embodiment 5, the wavelength discriminating characteristic of a wavelength monitoring device is adjusted by moving a uniaxial birefringent crystal having a thickness that varies along a direction of an x axis in the direction of the x axis.
In
Next, a description will be made as to an operation of the wavelength monitoring device of this embodiment 5.
A desired thickness of the crystal is determined so that a range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of the optical signal passing through the uniaxial birefringent crystal is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal emitted from a semiconductor laser 1. The uniaxial birefringent crystal is appropriately placed with respect to the direction of the x axis so that the incident optical signal passes through a part of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 having the desired thickness. For example, the desired thickness is determined so that the range of changes in the intensity of the polarized wave component of the optical signal is maximized. After that, the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1 passes through the uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 whose wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal is adjusted, then passes through a polarizer 4, and the optical signal intensity S1 of the optical signal is then detected and monitored by a first photodiode 5.
This embodiment is not limited to the exemplary case in which the C axis of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 is in the xy plane that is perpendicular to the optical axis of the incident optical signal, which is the direction in which the incident optical signal is traveling. For example, the C axis of the uniaxial birefringent crystal, 51 is inclined at an angle other than 90 degrees against the optical axis of the incident optical signal, which is the direction in which the incident optical signal is traveling, as in the case of embodiment 1 or embodiment 3.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with this embodiment 5, because a desired thickness of the uniaxial birefringent crystal is determined so that a range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of an optical signal passing through the uniaxial birefringent crystal is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal, and the uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 is appropriately placed with respect to the direction of the x axis so that the optical signal passes through a part of the uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 having the desired thickness, the wavelength monitoring device can exhibit an adjusted wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1.
In accordance with a variant of this embodiment 5, a pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals having opposite temperature characteristics are arranged along the optical axis of an incident optical signal, and each of the two crystals tapers down along the direction of the x axis so that its thickness in the direction of the optical axis of the incident light changes along the direction of the x axis. In this variant, the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is so shaped that the ratio of their thicknesses for the optical signal passing through the crystals is kept constant even if the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is shifted in the direction of the x axis. For example, this pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is combined and arranged so that the cross-sectional shape of each crystal in the xz plane, is a trapezoid and the shorter base (or the longer base) of each trapezoid is located at the same side with respect to the direction of the x axis. On a condition that the phase difference between an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray emitted from the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals having opposite temperature characteristics is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals, the ratio of the thicknesses of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals is determined. Then the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is appropriately arranged at specific positions so that the incident optical signal passes through parts of the uniaxial birefringent crystals having desired thicknesses that can provide an excellent wavelength discriminating characteristic.
As can be seen from the above description, in accordance with the variant of this embodiment 5, because a desired thickness of each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals is determined so that a range of changes in the intensity of a polarized wave component of the optical signal passing through the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is sufficiently large for a given range of changes in the wavelength of the optical signal. The pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals 51 having thicknesses that change along the direction of the x axis with the ratio of them being kept constant is appropriately arranged with respect to the direction of the x axis so that the incident optical signal passes through a part of each uniaxial birefringent crystal 51 having the desired thickness, the wavelength monitoring device can exhibit an adjusted wavelength discriminating characteristic for the optical signal emitted from the semiconductor laser 1.
Furthermore, because the ratio of the thicknesses of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals having opposite temperature characteristics is determined on the condition that the phase difference between the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray emitted from the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals is kept constant regardless of temperature changes of the pair of uniaxial birefringent crystals, the wavelength monitoring device can have a temperature compensation function.
In this embodiment 5, each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals has a thickness in the direction of the optical axis that changes along the direction of the x axis and is placed at a specific position in the direction of the x axis. However, the specific position at which each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals is placed is not limited to the one in the direction of the x axis. In other words, each of the two uniaxial birefringent crystals is a uniaxial birefringent crystal having a thickness that changes along a specific direction other than the direction of the optical axis of the incident light, and can be placed at a specific position in the specific direction.
The uniaxial birefringent crystal is used in this embodiment 5. However, the birefringent crystal is not limited to a uniaxial one, and can be a biaxial birefringent crystal.
As mentioned above, a wavelength monitoring device in accordance with the present invention is suitable for a system that emits light by means of a semiconductor laser and accurately monitors the wavelength of the light without being affected by temperature changes, and that needs to be assembled easily. Furthermore, the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with the present invention is suitable for a system that accurately monitors the wavelength of light in a wide temperature range. Furthermore, the wavelength monitoring device in accordance with the present invention is suitable for a system that always exhibits an excellent wavelength discriminating characteristic when monitoring the wavelength of light even if a range of changes in the light wavelength shifts.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP01/03853 | 5/8/2001 | WO | 00 | 11/7/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO02/091534 | 11/14/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3719414 | Wentz | Mar 1973 | A |
| 4998256 | Ohshima et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5107512 | Shibutani | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5841536 | Dimmick | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5930038 | Swan | Jul 1999 | A |
| 6137619 | Chen et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6486999 | Ackerman et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6567437 | Imaki et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 415 407 | Aug 1990 | EP |
| 0 875 743 | Nov 1998 | EP |
| 4-94230 | Mar 1992 | JP |
| 8-160324 | Jun 1996 | JP |
| 9-218432 | Aug 1997 | JP |
| 9-257567 | Oct 1997 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040165623 A1 | Aug 2004 | US |
