Patent Grant
8975210
The present invention is related to activatable colorants that are activated to produce color. Specifically, the invention is related to web substrates comprising activatable colorants that are mechanically deformed to produce activated colored regions in mechanically induced deformed regions.
A variety of absorbent articles that include different colored regions are available in the market. For instance, absorbent articles such as sanitary napkins and female adult incontinence articles that function to collect fluid discharged from a woman's vagina or urethra sometimes include colored regions to highlight various sections of the absorbent article. For instance the topsheet of the absorbent article may include deformed regions such as apertures proximal the central portion of the absorbent article that are highlighted by color regions that differ in color from portions of the absorbent article remote from the central portion of the absorbent article. Such color regions can be made to provide a perception of depth that corresponds to absorbency. The topsheet may also include other deformed regions such as three dimensional surface structures forming ribs and grooves or tufts in different regions to provide softness and comfort during use. Such three dimensional surfaces can be highlighted by color regions to capture the consumers attentions and enhance the perception of softness. Absorbent articles such as sanitary napkins and diapers have also been known to include decorative designs on other portions of the article such as the backsheet that are appealing to consumers. Such decorative designs can be associated with mechanically deformed regions of the article to highlight functional features such as softness or elasticity.
High speed manufacturing lines can include equipment and processing to produce deformed regions in web substrates during production of articles such as disposable absorbent articles. Such equipment can represent a significant capital cost to manufacturing. Adding printing capability to the manufacturing process in order to highlight the deformed region represents an additional capital cost and complexity in order to register the printing with the deformed regions. For manufacturers to effectively manage the cost, it is advantageous to use existing manufacturing lines to continue manufacturing absorbent articles. In some instances, the approach manufacturers have chosen to provide for colored regions might not be easily adapted to provide for colored regions that coincide with mechanically deformed regions due to the crowded nature of the manufacturing line. Thus, if a manufacturer desires to provide for visual elements on deformed regions of the absorbent article, the manufacturer might have to retool the manufacturing line to provide for additional printing and registration capabilities, thus incurring significant additional capital cost.
With these limitations in mind, there is an unaddressed need for web substrates having mechanically deformed regions that can be manufactured cost effectively using existing manufacturing capability that can be provided with colored regions that coincide with mechanically deformed region. Still further there is a need for providing absorbent articles with colored regions coinciding with deformed regions without requiring additional printing or registration capabilities for registering the colored regions with deformed regions.
Web substrates comprising activatable colorants and at least one deformed region are disclosed where activated color regions are formed coinciding with the deformed regions. The activatable colorant can have both photoreactive and thermochromic material properties such that it first changes color to a first color upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and then changes to a second color upon exposure to heat. The heat can be induced by strain associated with mechanical deformation during formation of the deformed regions. The deformed regions formed by mechanical deformation can include out of plane deformed regions comprising ridges and grooves, rib-like elements, tufts and three dimensional cone shaped apertures. The deformed regions can also include two dimensional apertures and bond sites. For apertures, the activated color regions circumscribe the apertures.
In one embodiment, the web substrate comprising an activatable colorant comprises a plurality of second regions comprising deformed regions separated by a first region comprising an undeformed region. The first region comprises a first activated color region and the plurality of second regions are separated by the first region and change color producing second activated color regions that coincide with the deformed regions. The first activated color regions are formed in response to a first external stimulus comprising electromagnetic radiation and the second activated color regions are formed in response to a second external stimulus comprising heat induced by strain during formation of the deformed regions.
In another embodiment, the web substrate comprises an activatable colorant and at least one deformed region. The activatable colorant changes a first color in response to a first external stimulus comprising electromagnetic radiation forming a first activated color region. At least a portion of the first activated color region changes a second color in response to a second external stimulus comprising heat forming a second activated color region. The heat is preferably induced by strain during formation of the at least one deformed region in the first activated color region. The second activated color region coincides with the deformed region.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
As used herein and in the claims, the term “comprising” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional unrecited elements, compositional components, or method steps.
As used herein, “machine direction” means the path that material, such as a web, follows through a manufacturing process.
As used herein “cross direction” means the path that is perpendicular to the machine direction in the plane of the web.
“Absorbent article” means devices that absorb and/or contain liquid. Wearable absorbent articles are absorbent articles placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain various exudates discharged from the body. Nonlimiting examples of wearable absorbent articles include diapers, pant-like or pull-on diapers, training pants, sanitary napkins, tampons, panty liners, incontinence devices, and the like. For the purpose of this invention, the term “absorbent article” not only includes the wearable portion of the article but also packaging for individual articles such as release paper wrappers (RPW) and applicators such as tampon applicators. Additional absorbent articles include wipes and cleaning products.
“Mechanical activation” is the mechanical deformation of one or more portions of an extensible material (e.g., film, nonwoven, fiber) that results in permanent elongation of the extensible material in the direction of activation in the X-Y plane of the material. Mechanical activation of a laminate that includes an elastic material joined to an extensible material typically results in one or more portions of the extensible material being at least partially permanently elongated, while the elastic material returns substantially to its original dimension. “Mechanically activated” means a material that has been subjected to an activation process. Suitable examples of absorbent articles, absorbent article components and processes for activation can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,156,793; 4,438,167; 5,202,173; 5,254,111; 5,296,184; 5,354,597; 6,258,308; 6,368,444; 6,811,643; 6,821,612; 6,843,949; and 6,794,023.
“Direction of mechanical activation” means the direction in which the material is stretched in the X-Y plane during the mechanical activation process. For laminates comprising elastic materials laminated to extensible nonwovens or films, the direction of mechanical activation is also the direction in which the laminate is capable of stretching after completion of the activation process. For materials that do not exhibit elastic behavior, the direction of mechanical activation refers to the direction of the dimension in the X-Y plane of the material that is increased most as a result of the mechanical activation process. Examples of directions of mechanical activation include the machine direction, the cross direction, the longitudinal direction, the lateral direction, and diagonal direction.
As used herein, the term “nonwoven web” refers to a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in a repeating pattern as in a woven or knitted fabric, which do not typically have randomly oriented fibers. Nonwoven webs or fabrics have been formed from many processes, such as, for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, hydroentangling, airlaid, and bonded carded web processes, including carded thermal bonding. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2). The basis weight of a laminate web is the combined basis weight of the constituent layers and any other added components. Fiber diameters are usually expressed in microns; fiber size can also be expressed in denier, which is a unit of weight per length of fiber. The basis weight of laminate webs suitable for use in the present invention can range from 6 g/m2 to 400 g/m2, depending on the ultimate use of the web. For use as a hand towel, for example, both a first web and a second web can be a nonwoven web having a basis weight of between 18 g/m2 and 500 g/m2.
As used herein, “spunbond fibers” refers to relatively small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced by an externally applied force. Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited on a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and have average diameters (from a sample of at least 10) larger than 7 microns, and more particularly, between about 10 and 40 microns.
As used herein, the term “meltblowing” refers to a process in which fibers are formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity, usually heated, gas (for example air) streams which attenuate the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface, often while still tacky; to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous and are generally smaller than 10 microns in average diameter.
As used herein, the term “polymer” generally includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. In addition, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer” includes all possible geometric configurations of the material. The configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries.
As used herein, the term “monocomponent” fiber refers to a fiber formed from one or more extruders using only one polymer composition. This is not meant to exclude fibers formed from one polymer to which small amounts of additives have been added for coloration, antistatic properties, lubrication, hydrophilicity, etc. These additives, for example titanium dioxide for coloration, are generally present in an amount less than about 5 weight percent and more typically about 2 weight percent.
As used herein, the term “bicomponent fibers” refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two different polymer compositions extruded from separate extruders but spun together to form one fiber. Bicomponent fibers are also sometimes referred to as conjugate fibers or multicomponent fibers. The polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the bicomponent fibers and extend continuously along the length of the bicomponent fibers. The configuration of such a bicomponent fiber may be, for example, a sheath/core arrangement wherein one polymer is surrounded by another, or may be a side-by-side arrangement, a pie arrangement, or an “islands-in-the-sea” arrangement.
As used herein, the term “biconstituent fibers” refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer components arranged in relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibers which start and end at random. Biconstituent fibers are sometimes also referred to as multiconstituent fibers.
As used herein, the term “non-round fibers” describes fibers having a non-round cross-section, and include “shaped fibers” and “capillary channel fibers.” Such fibers can be solid or hollow, and they can be tri-lobal, delta-shaped, and are preferably fibers having capillary channels on their outer surfaces. The capillary channels can be of various cross-sectional shapes such as “U-shaped”, “H-shaped”, “C-shaped” and “V-shaped”. One preferred capillary channel fiber is T-401, designated as 4DG fiber available from Fiber Innovation Technologies, Johnson City, Tenn. T-401 fiber is a polyethylene terephthalate (PET polyester).
“Laminate” means two or more materials that are bonded to one another by methods known in the art, e.g. adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, extrusion lamination.
As used herein, the term “tampon” refers to any type of absorbent structure such as, e.g., an absorbent mass, that can be inserted into the vaginal canal or other body cavity, such as, e.g., for the absorption of fluid therefrom, to aid in wound healing, and/or for the delivery of materials, such as moisture or active materials such as medicaments. In general, the term “tampon” is used to refer to a finished tampon after the compression and/or shaping process.
As used herein, the term “pledget” refers to an absorbent material prior to the compression and/or shaping of the material into a tampon. Pledgets are sometimes referred to as tampon blanks or softwinds.
As used herein, the term “applicator” refers to a device or implement that facilitates the insertion of a feminine hygiene product, such as, e.g., a tampon or pessary, into an external orifice of a mammal. Suitable applicators include, e.g., telescoping, tube and plunger, and compact applicators.
The term “color” as referred to herein includes any primary color, i.e., white, black, red, blue, violet, orange, yellow, green, and indigo as well as any declination thereof or mixture thereof. The term ‘non-color’ or ‘non-colored’ refers to the color white which is further defined as those colors having an L* value of at least 90, an a* value equal to 0±2, and a b* value equal to 0±2.
“Color change” herein means that at least a part of layer including an activatable colorant changes its color in response to an external stimulus. The change in color is visible from outside the layer. A change in color “visible from outside the layer” as used herein means that the color change is detectable by the naked human eye.
“Activatable colorant” means a material which provides a color change in response to an external stimulus.
“External stimulus” means the exposure of the absorbent article to energy from outside the article in the form of pressure, temperature, electromagnetic radiation or combinations thereof.
“Activated color region” means areas containing a colorant that has been activated by external stimulus.
“Deformed region” means a region that has been strained sufficiently to produce distorted regions in the plane and/or out of the plane of the material.
“Visible” means those colors and wavelengths of light that are detectable by the human eye, nominally about 400-700 nanometers in wavelength.
“Electromagnetic radiation” means those areas of the spectrum amenable to industrial applications, such as the ultraviolet through the infrared wavelengths.
“Activatable chemistry” means those chemicals, monomers and polymers which are capable of being affected by an external stimulus.
“Disposable” means absorbent articles that are not intended to be launched or otherwise restored or reused as absorbent articles (i.e., they are intended to be discarded after a single use and, preferably to be recycled, composted or otherwise disposed of in an environmentally compatible manner).
The present invention provides web substrates containing activatable colorants that change color when exposed to external stimuli. The activatable colorant can produce a color change that is reversible or irreversible. However, preferably the activatable colorant according to the present invention produces a color change that is irreversible, thereby providing a permanent visual effect. Sources of activatable colorants include ‘thermochromic’, which means that the color change is induced by a change of temperature, or ‘photoreactive’, which means that the color change is induced by electromagnetic radiation, or ‘piezochromic’, which means that the color change is induced by pressure. Each of these sources of activatable colorants is discussed more fully below. The activatable colorant can also include pH sensitive dyes.
Web substrates can include a combination or blend of two or more activatable colorants where the activatable colorants are the same types but require different levels of external stimuli or the activatable colorants are different types requiring different types of external stimuli. For instance, for substrates including a blend of the same types of activatable colorants, the blend may include two different thermochromic colorants, whereas for substrates including a blend of different types of activatable colorants, the blend might include a thermochromic activatable colorant and a pH sensitive dye. Preferably the web substrate according to the present invention includes a single activatable colorant that is both photoreactive and thermochromic.
The web substrate according to the present invention can also include non activatable colorants in addition to the aforementioned activatable colorants. The non activatable colorant can include TiO2 which is used to increase the opacity of the material. Non activatable colorant can also include a pigment. Pigments can be added to the substrate to provide an initial color which will affect the final color of activated color regions. For instance, a yellow pigment can be added to a substrate having an activatable colorant. If the activatable colorant is ordinarily activated to produce blue, the yellow pigment will cause the activation to produce a green color.
Once activated by an external stimulus, the activatable colorants form activated color regions in the substrate. The activated color regions can comprise uniform colored regions covering large sections or entire areas of the web substrate or nonunifom colored regions comprising varying patterns of colored regions. Alternatively, the activated color regions can include multiple color patterns, zone patterns and multiple shades of a single color. The activatable colorants can also be activated to form activated color regions comprising written text, graphics, and intricate artwork.
The web substrate according to the present invention preferably comprises an activatable colorant that changes to a first color when exposed to a first external stimulus producing a first activated color region and changes to a second color when the first activated color region is subsequently exposed to a second external stimulus producing a second activated color region. Depending on the type of activatable colorant, the first and second external stimuli can comprise heat (which includes heat induced by strain), pressure, electromagnetic radiation, and change in pH. As mentioned above the web substrate according to the present invention preferably comprises an activatable colorant that has both photoreactive and thermochromic properties. The activatable colorant is first activated by a first external stimulus comprising electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light to produce a first activated color region. The first activated color region is subsequently activated by a second external stimulus comprising heat to produce a second activated color region within the first activated color region. The heat is preferably induced by strain.
In a preferred embodiment, the second activated color regions are limited to areas within the first activated color regions. In other words, areas outside the first activated color region that are exposed to the second external stimulus do not change color. For instance, in one embodiment, the substrate can be exposed to a first external stimulus comprising ultraviolet light in a particular pattern such that the first activated color region is limited to certain portions of the substrate. Only those portions forming the first activated color region that are exposed to the second external stimulus comprising heat will change color forming second activated color regions. Portions of the substrate exposed to heat that are outside of the first activated color regions do not change color and therefore, do not form the second activated color region.
As mentioned above, the second external stimulus is preferably heat induced by strain. The strain is preferably caused by mechanical deformation during formation of a deformed region within the first activated color region. Preferably, the second activated color region coincides with the deformed region. The deformed regions formed by mechanical deformation can include out of plane deformed regions comprising ridges and grooves, rib-like elements, tufts, and three dimensional cone shaped apertures. The deformed regions can also include in plane deformed regions comprising mechanically activated regions where the second activated color regions coincide with the mechanically activated regions; bonded regions where the second activated color regions coincide with the bonded regions; or apertures where the second activated color regions circumscribe the apertures. Embodiments illustrating different embodiments of deformed regions and methods of producing deformed regions are discussed more fully below.
The web substrates according to the present invention can comprise films, nonwovens, air laids, fibers, filaments, particles and foams. The activatable colorant can be blended into or coated onto material forming the web substrate and can be disposed throughout or limited to only a portion of the web substrate where a color pattern is desired. The composition used to form the web substrates of the present invention, particularly films and nonwovens can include thermoplastic polymeric and non-thermoplastic polymeric materials. For fibers and nonwovens, thermoplastic polymeric material used in forming fibers must have rheological characteristics suitable for melt spinning. The molecular weight of the polymer must be sufficient to enable entanglement between polymer molecules and yet low enough to be melt spinnable. For melt spinning, thermoplastic polymers have molecular weights below about 1,000,000 g/mol, preferably from about 5,000 g/mol to about 750,000 g/mol, more preferably from about 10,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol and even more preferably from about 50,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol. Unless specified elsewhere, the molecular weight indicated is the number average molecular weight.
The thermoplastic polymeric materials are able to solidify relatively rapidly, preferably under extensional flow, and form a thermally stable fiber structure, as typically encountered in known processes such as a spin draw process for staple fibers or a spunbond continuous fiber process. Preferred polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polypropylene and polypropylene copolymers, polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers, polyester and polyester copolymers, polyamide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, and copolymers thereof and mixtures thereof. Other suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastic starch compositions as described in detail in U.S. publications 2003/0109605A1 and 2003/0091803. Other suitable polymeric materials include ethylene acrylic acid, polyolefin carboxylic acid copolymers, and combinations thereof. Other suitable polymeric materials comprising starch and polymers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,746,766, 6,818,295, and 6,946,506. Common thermoplastic polymer fiber grade materials are preferred, most notably polyester based resins, polypropylene based resins, polylactic acid based resin, polyhydroxyalkonoate based resin, and polyethylene based resin and combination thereof. Most preferred are polyester and polypropylene based resins.
In an alternate embodiment shown in
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Activatable Colorant
As briefly described above, activatable colorants can be ‘photoreactive’, which means that the color change is induced by electromagnetic radiation, ‘thermochromic’, which means that the color change is induced by a change of temperature, or ‘piezochromic’, which means that the color change is induced by pressure. These definitions comprise materials changing color irreversibly, reversibly or quasi-reversibly in response to the respective stimulus. The activatable colorants herein can either be coated onto a web substrate, such as on film or nonwoven, or can form an integral part of the substrate by being added e.g. to the polymeric master batch these components are made of. The activatable colorants herein change their color in response to external stimuli as defined hereinbefore.
c) Photoreactive Materials
Photoreactive materials change color in response to exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The color change can be irreversible providing a permanent change in color or it can be reversible providing a temporary change in color.
Photochromic materials are those that reversibly change color when exposed to light or changes in light intensity. Photochromic materials typically provide a reversible color change transiting from a colorless state to a color state upon exposure to light and back to a colorless state when reversed. Examples for photochromic materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,409; U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,415 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,730,961.
Polychromic materials are those which are capable of generating multiple colors. Compounds based upon diacetylene, X—C≡C—C≡C—Y, when polymerized, are known to take on different color properties. Polymerization is typically achieved by exposure to certain types of radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation. Varying the intensity of the radiation causes differing degrees of polymerization, and different colors.
It is known that these properties can be utilized to achieve multi-color printing. See, for example; U.S. Pat. No. 4,705,742, “Processless Multicolour Imaging”, issued on Nov. 10, 1987, assigned to Gaf Corporation; and WO2006/018640, “Multi-colour printing”, published on Feb. 23, 2006, Sherwood Technologies Ltd. Both of these documents disclose methods of applying coatings comprising various diacetylene compounds to the surface of a substrate for the purpose of irradiating and forming an image on the surface of the substrate.
Particularly preferred materials are those that can be dispersed or blended into the polymeric matrix of the layers, such as those disclosed in PCT publication WO 2009/093028A2 and WO 2009/081385 A2, which are compounds which undergo a color change upon irradiation, and which have the general structure: X—C≡C—C≡C—Y—(CO)n-QZ wherein X is H, alkyl or —Y—(CO)n-QW; each Y is the same or a different divalent alkylene group; Q is O, S or NR; R is H or alkyl; W is H, alkyl or Z; each Z is the same or a different unsaturated alkyl group; and each n is 0 or 1.
Another example of a material of use in the present invention is a thermoplastic material comprising polymer mixed with a charge transfer agent and a photo acid generating agent such as those described in US 2009/0191476 A1. Exposure of the thermoplastic material comprising the charge transfer agent and photo acid generating agent to irradiation will bring about a color change reaction which can be used to create text, artwork, devices or other images and effects.
Web substrates according to the present invention preferably comprise photoreactive materials providing an irreversible, permanent change in color. Examples of photoreactive materials providing permanent color change are described in PCT publication WO 2009093028A2 which describes polychromic substances comprising diacetylene compounds that change color when subjected to irradiation. The type of radiation that performs the color change reaction with the diacetylene compounds includes laser or non-coherent, broadband or monochromatic radiation. Specific radiation types include ultraviolet, near, mid or far infrared, visible, microwave, gamma ray, x-ray or electron beam.
Ultraviolet irradiation is preferred for changing substrates comprising the diacetylene compounds from colorless or low visual color to color on exposure to ultraviolet irradiation, and then change to a color different to the first on subsequent exposure to infrared irradiation and/or heat. Heat can be applied directly, for example with heated tooling or the heat may be induced by strain during mechanical deformation of the web substrate. Methods for producing mechanical deformation are discussed more fully below. Methods of laser irradiation may be preferred for writing text and drawing intricate artwork directly on substrates comprising the diacetylene compounds, as laser imaging can be conveniently controlled by computer with the appropriate software and has superior resolution capability. However, similar effects can be obtained by passing radiation from, for example, an ultraviolet lamp through a mask before it reaches the substrates comprising the diacetylene compound.
Another application describing of photoreactive materials providing permanent color change includes WO 2009/081385 which describes thermoplastic material comprising polychromic substance wherein the polychromic substance is a functionalized diacetylene having a formula which has a general structure that is described therein.
Activation of photoreactive materials is preferably achieved using an ultraviolet lamp. One example is the Coil Clean (CC) Series ultraviolet fixtures available from American Ultraviolet (Lebanon, Ind.). Another UVC exposure unit suitable for use in activation of photoreactive materials consists of a metal enclosure containing 8 UV amalgam lamps and 8 ballasts with individual circuits for individual lamp controls and a fan for cooling lamps to maintain temperature. The lamps are 357 mm in length and are available from American Ultraviolet as part number GML750A.
Other examples of equipment that may be used for activation of photoreactive materials include the J3825 MonoCure Lamphead from Nordson UV Limited (Berkshire UK) and the 270S UV Lamp Assembly and Power Supply by Integrated Technology. The type of lamp within the unit may be changed to vary the spectral output as needed. Examples of relevant bulb types include “H”, “V”, “D” and “Q”.
b) Thermochromic Materials
Thermochromic pigments are organic compounds that effectuate a reversible or irreversible color change when a specific temperature threshold is crossed. A thermochromic pigment may comprise three main components: (i) an electron donating coloring organic compound, (ii) an electron accepting compound and (iii) a solvent reaction medium determining the temperature for the coloring reaction to occur. One example of a commercially available, reversible thermochromic pigment is ‘ChromaZone® Thermobatch Concentrates available from Thermographic Measurements Co. Ltd. Thermochromic pigments and the mechanism bringing about the temperature triggered color change are well-known in the art and are for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,550 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,958. Other examples of thermochromic pigments are described in published US application 2008/0234644A1.
Thermochromic or temperature sensitive color changing fibers are known from the textile field to be used in clothing, sport equipment, etc. The fibers are either produced by blending a thermochromic pigment in the base resin from which the fibers are to be produced, for example a polyolefin, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol etc. or by using a thermochromic coloring liquid for the fibers. The production of temperature sensitive color-changing fibers are disclosed in for example JP2002138322 and JP2001123088. The fibers change color at a selected temperature. The change of color is either reversible or irreversible.
An example of a fiber which can be used according to the invention is a thermochromic fiber which is partly characterized in that the flexural modulus of elasticity of a base resin is within the range of 300-1,500 MPa in the temperature-sensing color-changing fiber. The fiber is formed by melt blending a thermally color-changing pigment in a dispersed state in the base resin of a polyolefin resin and/or the polyolefin resin blended with a thermoplastic resin. The fiber is further described in JP 2002-138322.
Alternatively, the thermosensitive pigment may be of a microcapsule type which is known in the art of thermosensitive pigments.
c) Piezochromic Materials
Any piezochromic materials disclosed in the art are suitable herein as long as they meet the necessary health and safety requirements. An example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,730.
In one example the piezochromic material is thermochromic and responds to a temperature increase caused by applied pressure. In another example the piezochromic material comprises a dye, which is encapsulated into microcapsules. Upon application of pressure these capsules break and release the dye, which then becomes visible. The color intensity is directly linked to the amount of pressure applied. Typical piezochromic materials require a pressure of from 14 to 140 kPa.
Most typically piezochromic activatable colorants change their color in an irreversible fashion after exertion of pressure. This is due to the fact that the color change was achieved by the destruction of microcapsules, in which the substances for achieving the color change were encapsulated.
Activation of the activatable colorant in the web substrate according to the present can be carried out in a variety of different ways. As previously discussed, the external stimuli activating the activatable colorant in the web substrate according to the present invention includes a first external stimulus comprising electromagnetic radiation that is sequentially followed by a second external stimulus comprising heat. The preferred source of electromagnetic radiation is ultraviolet light and the preferred source of heat is that induced by strain during mechanical deformation. For example, a web substrate can be unwound from a supply roll and exposed to an external stimulus comprising electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light to induce color change and form a first activated color region. Regions within the first activated color region are subsequently exposed to heat producing second activated color regions within the first activated color regions.
The heat producing second activated color regions is preferably induced by strain produced during formation of deformed regions in the first activated color region. The second activated color regions coincide with the deformed regions. The deformed regions can include apertures or bonded regions formed in the x-y plane of the web but preferably include elements protruding in a z direction out of the x-y plane of the web. Bonded regions can be produced via thermal bonding, calendaring, ultrasonic bonding and CPW bonding. Apertures can be formed by a mechanical deformation processes such as rotary knife aperturing. Protruding elements can be formed via mechanical deformation processes including, but not limited to, ring rolling, SELF'ing, micro-SELF, and embossing. Mechanical deformation processes are discussed more fully below.
The heat induced by strain during formation of the deformed regions can result in second activated color regions exhibiting a color gradient which is proportional to the degree of deformation. The color gradient can be produced as a result of variable heat that is produced corresponding to variable strain during formation of the deformed regions. For instance, for a three dimensional deformed regions comprising a tuft formed via micro-SELF, the tuft can comprise a color gradient where the base and tip experience minimal color change since these regions experience little, if any, deformation and corresponding strain during formation of the tufts whereas the sides of the tuft experience heavy strain and corresponding heat resulting in major color change,
Mechanical Deformation Processes
Mechanical deformation processes use deformation members comprising counter rotating rolls, intermeshing belts or intermeshing two dimensional plates. The deformation members can be at ambient temperature or heated to an elevated temperature above ambient.
One mechanical deformation process which can be used to produce deformed regions and corresponding heat induced by strain in a web substrate is a process commonly referred to as ring rolling where intermeshing teeth and grooves of deformation members engage and stretch the web interposed therebetween. For ring rolling, the deformation members can be arranged to stretch the web in the cross machine direction or the machine direction depending on the orientation of the teeth and grooves. For instance, for incremental stretching in the cross machine direction CD as shown in
Although the portions of web 34 that lie between the adjacent teeth are locally stretched, the portions of the web that are in contact with the tips of the teeth may not undergo a similar degree of extension. Because of the frictional forces that exist between the surfaces at the rounded outer ends of teeth 52 and the adjacent areas 60 of web 34 that are in contact with the tooth surfaces at the outer ends of the teeth, sliding movement of those portions of the web surfaces relative to the tooth surfaces at the outer ends of the teeth is minimized. Consequently, in some cases, the properties of the web 34 at those areas of the web that are in contact with the surfaces of the tooth tips change only slightly, as compared with the change in web properties that occur at intermediate web sections 58.
Teeth 52 can be generally triangular in cross section having generally rounded tooth tips, as shown in
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the sizes of the respective teeth and grooves can be varied within a wide range and would still be effective to carry out the present invention. In that regard, additional structural details of suitable deformation members according to the present invention are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,793, entitled “Method for Incrementally Stretching Zero Strain Stretch Laminate Sheet in a Non-Uniform Manner to Impart a Varying Degree of Elasticity Thereto,” which issued on Oct. 20, 1992, to Kenneth B. Buell et al.; and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,897 entitled “Method for Incrementally Stretching a Zero Strain Stretch Laminate Sheet to Impart Elasticity Thereto,” which issued on Dec. 1, 1992, to Gerald M. Weber et al. Other Activation patents include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,304, entitled “Absorbent Article with Elasticized Side Panels having Extension Panel,” which issued on Jun. 18, 1996, to Buell; U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,216, entitled “Absorbent Article with Elasticized Side Panels,” which issued on Oct. 7, 1997, to Buell; U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,289, entitled “Garment having Elastomeric Laminate,” which issued on Jun. 18, 1996, to Buell; U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,741, entitled “Absorbent Article with Elastic Feature having a Prestrained Web Portion and Method for Forming Same,” which issued on May 13, 1997, to Buell; U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,155, entitled “Disposable Training Pant having Improved Stretchable Side Panels,” which issued on Jan. 7, 1997, to Nishikawa; U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,433, entitled “Elasticized Disposable Training Pant and Method of making the Same,” which issued on Sep. 21, 1993, to Hasse; U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,401, entitled “Elasticized Disposable Training Pant having Differential Extensibility,” which issued on Sep. 21, 1993, to Hasse; U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,783, entitled “Absorbent Article with Dynamic Elastic Feature Comprising Elasticized Hip Panels,” which issued on Nov. 19, 1996, to Clear; U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,691, entitled “Fastening Tape for a Sanitary Article Particularly Disposable Diaper,” which issued on Jul. 14, 1998, to Schmitt; U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,679, entitled “Method for Sequentially Stretching Zero Strain Stretch Laminate Web to Impart Elasticity thereto Without Rupturing the Web,” which issued on Sep. 1, 1992, to Weber; U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,741, entitled “Diaper with Elastic Waist Band Elastic,” which issued on May 30, 1989, to Sabee; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,313, entitled “Diaper with Elastic Waist Band Elastic,” which issued on Nov. 6, 1989, to Sabee.
Another process for mechanically deforming a web which can produce the deformed regions and corresponding heat induced by strain of the present invention is a process commonly referred to as a “SELF” or “SELF'ing”, where SELF stands for Structural Elastic Like Film. While the process was originally developed for deforming polymer film to have beneficial structural characteristics, it has been found that the SELF'ing process can be used to produce beneficial structures in nonwoven webs.
Referring to
As a web passes through a deformation zone formed by deformation members in a SELF process, the teeth 68 of deformation member 62 presses a portion of the web out of plane to cause permanent, localized Z-direction deformation of the web. But the portion of the web that passes between the notched regions 66 of deformation member 62 and the teeth 68 of deformation member 62 will be substantially unformed in the Z-direction, i.e., the web will not be deformed or stretched in that area to the same degree as that of the toothed regions, and can remain substantially planar, while the portions of the web passing between toothed regions of deformation member 62 and the teeth 52 of deformation member 64 can be deformed or stretched beyond the elastic limit of the nonwoven, resulting in a plurality of deformed, raised, rib-like elements.
Referring now to
In the embodiment shown in
In addition to the surface pattern illustrated in
As shown in
Another process for mechanically deforming a web which can produce deformed regions and corresponding heat induced by strain of the present invention is a process that can best be described as “micro-SELF”. Micro-SELF is a process that is similar in apparatus and method to that of the SELF process described with reference to
As shown in the partial perspective view of
As shown in
The teeth 68 of a micro-SELF deformation member 82 can have a uniform length dimension TL measured generally from the leading edge LE to the trailing edge TE at the tooth tip 96 of about 1.25 mm and are uniformly spaced from one another circumferentially by a distance TD of about 1.5 mm. For making a terry-cloth web from a web having a total basis weight in the range of about 60 to about 100 gsm, teeth 68 can have a length TL ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm and a spacing TD from about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.118 inches (3 mm), a tooth height ranging from about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.200 inches (5 mm), and a pitch between about 0.040 inches (1 mm) and about 0.200 inches (5 mm). Depth of engagement can be from about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.200 inches (5 mm) (up to a maximum equal to tooth height). Of course, depth of engagement, pitch, tooth height, TD, and TL can be varied independently of each other to achieve a desired size, spacing, and area density of web deformations as disclosed in co-pending, commonly owned patent applications US 2004/0265534A1, filed Dec. 16, 2003 and US 2005/0123726A1, filed Nov. 3, 2004.
Using the micro-SELF deformation members according to the present invention, the strain rate in the deformation zone can be controlled to produce web structures exhibiting different tuft and loop formations. For instance, for laminate structure comprising two relatively inextensible materials, the strain rate in the deformation zone can be controlled to vary from low to high as illustrated in the graph in
A process using micro-SELF to form tufts in a web substrate is shown in
Another process for mechanically deforming a web which can produce deformed regions and corresponding second activated color regions according to the present invention is a process that can best be described as “rotary knife aperturing” (RKA). In RKA, a process and apparatus using intermeshing deformation members 92 similar to that described above with respect to SELF or micro-SELF deformation members is utilized, as shown in
In one embodiment of an RKA toothed deformation member, teeth 68 can have a uniform length dimension TL of about 0.049 inches (1.25 mm) measured generally from the leading edge LE to the trailing edge TE at the base 111 of the tooth 68, and a tooth width TW of about 0.012 inches (0.3 mm) which is the longest dimension measured generally perpendicularly to the length dimension at the base. Teeth can be uniformly spaced from one another by a distance TD of about 0.059 inches (1.5 mm). For making a soft, fibrous three-dimensional apertured web from a web having a basis weight in the range of from about 5 gsm to about 200 gsm, teeth 68 can have a length TL ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, a tooth width TW of from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, and a spacing TD from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. Similar to the embodiment previously described in reference to
Of course, E, P, TH, TD and TL can each be varied independently of each other to achieve a desired size, spacing, and area density of apertures (number of apertures per unit area of apertured three-dimensionally apertured web 94). For example, to make apertured films and nonwovens suitable for use in sanitary napkins and other absorbent articles, tooth length TL at the base can range between about 0.08 inches (2.032 mm) to about 0.15 inches (3.81 mm); tooth width TW can range from about 0.02 inches (0.508 mm) to about 0.05 inches (1.27 mm); tooth spacing TD can range from about 0.039 inches (1.0 mm) to about 0.076 inches (1.94 mm); pitch P can range from about 0.044 inches (1.106 mm) to about 0.100 inches (2.54 mm); and tooth height TH can be from about 0.08 inches (2.032 mm) to about 0.27 inches (6.858 mm). Depth of engagement E can be from about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.200 inches (5 mm). The radius of curvature R of the tooth tip 96 shown in
RKA teeth can have other shapes and profiles and the RKA process can be used to aperture fibrous webs, as disclosed in co-pending, commonly owned patent applications US 2005/0064136A1, filed Aug. 6, 2004, US 2006/0087053A1, filed Oct. 13, 2005, and US 2005/021753 filed Jun. 21, 2005.
Another process for mechanically deforming a web which can produce deformed regions comprising apertures according to the present invention is a process which uses a pin roll and a counter roll that rotate in opposite directions to form a nip through which the web substrate is fed as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,319. Pins protrude from the surface of the pin roll and holes are recessed into the counter roll. The pin roll and the counter roll are aligned so that pins of the pin roll mate with the holes of the counter roll. The pins may be heated. The method utilizing the pin roll and counter roll can be used to form apertured webs.
Another process for mechanically deforming a web substrate according to the present invention is embossing. Embossing of webs can provide improvements to the web such as increased bulk. During a typical embossing process, a web is fed through a nip formed between juxtaposed generally axially parallel rolls. Embossing elements on the rolls compress and/or deform the web. The embossed regions of the plies may produce an aesthetic pattern and provide a means for joining and maintaining the plies in face-to-face contacting relationship.
Embossing is typically performed by one of two processes; knob-to-knob embossing or nested embossing. Knob-to-knob embossing typically consists of generally axially parallel rolls juxtaposed to form a nip between the embossing elements on opposing rolls. Nested embossing typically consists of embossing elements of one roll meshed between the embossing elements of the other roll. Examples of knob-to-knob embossing and nested embossing are illustrated in the prior art by U.S. Pat. No. 3,414,459 issued Dec. 3, 1968 to Wells; U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,723 issued Dec. 15, 1970 to Gresham; U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,907 issued Jan. 19, 1971 to Nystrand; U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,366 issued Jan. 2, 1973 to Donnelly; U.S. Pat. No. 3,738,905 issued Jun. 12, 1973 to Thomas; U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,225 issued Feb. 18, 1975 to Nystrand; U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,728 issued Nov. 20, 1984 to Bauernfeind; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,323 issued Nov. 21, 1995 to McNeil; U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,715 issued Jun. 11, 2000 to McNeil; U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,466 Aug. 21, 2001; U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,133 issued May 28, 2002 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,172 B2 issued to Vaughn et al. on Jan. 25, 2005.
The web substrates having activatable colorants according to the present invention are applicable, but not limited to absorbent articles such as diapers, sanitary napkins, tampons, panty liners, incontinence devices, wipes and the like. For absorbent articles, the web substrates having activatable colorants can include topsheets, secondary topsheets, acquisition layers absorbent cores and backsheets. Alternatively, the web substrates can be applicable to various components of the absorbent article such as fasteners, barrier cuffs, and landing zones. In addition to absorbent articles, web substrates having activatable colorants according to the present invention are applicable to trash bags, packaging films and dryer sheets.
The color of the first activated colored region and second activated colored region in a web substrate can be measured by the reflectance spectrophotometer according to the colors L*, a*, and b* values. The L*, a*, and b* values are measured from the surface of a web substrate. The difference in color is calculated using the L*, a*, and b* values by the formula ΔE=[(L*X.−L*Y)2+(a*X.−a*Y)2+(b*X−b*Y)2]½. Herein, the ‘X’ in the equation may represent the first activated colored region or the second activated colored region and ‘Y’ may represent the color of another region against which the color of such region is compared. X and Y should not be the same two points of measurement at the same time. In other words, for any particular comparison of the difference in color, the location of X does not equal (≠) the location of Y.
Where more than two colors are used, the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ values alternately include points of measurement in them also. The key to the ΔE calculation herein is that the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ values should not stem from the same measured point on the viewing surface. In those instances where there is effectively no non-colored portion within the confines of the measurement area, the ‘X’ values should flow from a point different in spatial relationship to the ‘Y’ values.
Reflectance color can be measured using the Hunter Lab LabScan XE reflectance spectrophotometer obtained from Hunter Associates Laboratory of Reston, Va. A web substrate is tested at an ambient temperature between 65° F. and 75° F. and a relative humidity between 50% and 80%.
The spectrophotometer is set to the CIELab color scale and with a D65 illumination. The Observer is set at 10° and the Mode is set at 45/0°. Area View is set to 0.125″ and Port Size is set to 0.20″ for films; Area View is set to 1.00″ and Port Size is set to 1.20″ for nonwovens and other materials. The spectrophotometer is calibrated prior to sample analysis utilizing the black and white reference tiles supplied from the vendor with the instrument. Calibration is done according to the manufacturer's instructions as set forth in LabScan XE User's Manual, Manual Version 1.1, August 2001, A60-1010-862. If cleaning is required of the reference tiles or samples, only tissues that do not contain embossing, lotion, or brighteners should be used (e.g., PUFFS tissue). Any sample point on the absorbent article containing the activated color to be analyzed can be selected.
The web substrate is placed over the sample port of the spectrophotometer with a white tile placed behind the web substrate. The web substrate is to be in a substantially flat condition and free of wrinkles.
The web substrate is removed and repositioned so that a minimum of six readings of color of the web substrate are conducted. If possible (e.g., the size of the activated color on the element in question does not limit the ability to have six discretely different, non-overlapping sample points), each of the readings is to be performed at a substantially different region on the externally visible surface so that no two sample points overlap. If the size of the activated colored region requires overlapping of sample points, only six samples should be taken with the sample points selected to minimize overlap between any two sample points. The readings are averaged to yield the reported L*, a*, and b* values for a specified color on an externally visible surface of an element.
In calculating the CIELab color space volume, V, maximum and minimum L*, a*, and b* values reported are determined for a particular set of regions to be measured. The maximum and minimum L*, a*, and b* values reported are used to calculate the CIELab color space volume, V according to the following formula:
Within the above formula, ΔL* is the difference in L* values between the two colored regions being compared and is calculated by: ΔL*=L*X−L*Y. The Δa* is the difference in a* values between the two colored regions being compared and is calculated by: Δa*=a*X−a*Y. The Δb* is the difference in b* values between the two colored regions being compared and is calculated by: Δb*=b*X−b*Y. The CIELab color space volume can result in a solid substantially ellipsoidal in shape. If ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* are equal, the solid will be spherical. As used herein, a “solid” refers to the mathematical concept of a three-dimensional figure having length, breadth, and height (or depth). An ellipsoidal volume is preferred to calculate volume because an ellipsoid generally requires the dimensional differences of ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* to be relatively more uniform than other solids. Furthermore, it is believed that ellipsoidal volumes are more visually acceptable (i.e., less detectable color mismatch by human perception) than spherical volumes.
In some embodiments, the activated colors of at least two externally visible surfaces of discrete elements will occupy a CIELab color space volume of less than about 200. The externally visible surfaces are analyzed according to the Test Method described above. Upon analysis, the inherent color of an element comprising an externally visible surface will yield L*, a*, and b* coordinates. The CIELab color space volume is then calculated using the formula presented above. The resulting volume can be less than about 200. The resulting volume can be less than about 50.
It should be recognized that the activated colors of more than two discrete colored regions may occupy the aforementioned CIELab color space volumes. In calculating the CIELab color space volume for more than two elements, the CIELab color space volume is calculated using the maximum and minimum L*, a*, and b* from a set of elements. The maximum color values and minimum color values are used to calculate V according to the formula presented above.
Method of Color Measurement:
Each sample was laid flat and face down upon a Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 6300C scanner. The scanner lid was closed completely upon each sample and the sample was scanned. The resulting scanned sample images were saved under the “True Color” setting. Standards were measured the same way using the white and green Hunter tile numbers LX16566. The sample images were analyzed using Image J imaging and analysis software, ten locations within each distinct color region were sampled at random for each sample. Colors were measured in RGB color space. The RGB values were then mathematically transformed to XYZ and then to cieL*a*b* color space using the following algorithms:
Convert RGB to XYZ (Observer=2°, Illuminant=D65)
Reference: “A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet—sRGB” Michael Stokes (Hewlett-Packard), Matthew Anderson (Microsoft), Srinivasan Chandrasekar (Microsoft), Ricardo Motta (Hewlett-Packard) Version 1.10, Nov. 5, 1996 http://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB
1. Convert from 8-bit RGB: Image J measures RGB in 8-bit. This step converts 8-bit to 0-1 scale for sRGB.
var_R=(R/255) //R from 0 to 255
var_G=(G/255) //G from 0 to 255
var_B=(B/255) //B from 0 to 255
2. Linearize RGB values to arrive at standard RGB (sRGB): RGB is a non-linear measurement. In order to linearize the expression in XYZ color-coordinate space this equation is employed.
if (var_R>0.04045) var_R=((var_R+0.055)/1.055)^2.4
else var_R=var_R/12.92
if (var_G>0.04045) var_G=((var_G+0.055)/1.055)^2.4
else var_G=var_G/12.92
if (var_B>0.04045) var_B=((var_B+0.055)/1.055)^2.4
else var_B=var_B/12.92
3. Convert to 0-100 XYZ scale: XYZ is in a 0-100 scale. This converts to that scale.
var_R=var_R*100
var_G=var_G*100
var_B=var_B*100
4. Derived relationship for sRGB to XYZ tristimulus values: This is the multiplication array that describes the relationship between sRGB and XYZ when an object is illuminated with D65.
//Observer.=2°, Illuminant=D65
X=var_R*0.4124+var_G*0.3576+var_B*0.1805
Y=var_R*0.2126+var_G*0.7152+var_B*0.0722
Z=var_R*0.0193+var_G*0.1192+var_B*0.9505
XYZ to cieL*a*b* (Observer=2°, Illuminant=D65)
Reference: ISO Standard 13655 International Organization for Standardization, ISO Geneva. “ISO 13655:1996 Graphic Technology-Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Computation for Graphic Arts Images” (1996).
1. Defines Slope in XYZ Color Coordinate Space
var_X=X/ref_X //ref_X=95.047
var_Y=Y/ref_Y //ref_Y=100.000
var_Z=Z/ref_Z //ref_Z=108.883
2. Current Iso Standard for Converting Between XYZ and L*a*b*
if (var_X>0.008856) var_X=var_X^(⅓)
else var_X=(7.787*var_X)+(16/116)
if (var_Y>0.008856) var_Y=var_Y^(⅓)
else var_Y=(7.787*var_Y)+(16/116)
if (var_Z>0.008856) var_Z=var_Z^(⅓)
else var_Z=(7.787*var_Z)^(16/116)
CIE-L*=(116*var_Y)−16
CIE-a*=500*(var_X−var_Y)
CIE-b*=200*(var_Y−var_Z)
For each sample image, the delta L*, delta a*, and delta b* were calculated between the two distinct color regions using the following formula:
Delta L*=L*color 1−L*color 2
Delta a*=a*color 1−a*color 2
Delta b*=b*color 1−b*color 2
Total color differences (delta E*) between the two distinct color regions for each sample were then calculated using the following formula:
Delta E*=[(Delta L*)2+(Delta a*)2+(Delta b*)2]1/2
The following non-limiting examples are intended to illustrate potential embodiments of the present invention.
A spunbond nonwoven fabric was prepared comprising polypropylene and 2 weight percent Datalase Colour Change Pigment LT. Basis weight of the nonwoven is 62 grams per square meter. As made, the nonwoven is white. A handsheet of this nonwoven material was UV activated to produce a uniform blue color throughout the sample. This was done in a Chromato-Vue C-75 UV darkroom cabinet set to 254 nm with an exposure time of 30 seconds. The nonwoven was subsequently SELFed using a 0.060 inch pitch 13 tooth diamond pattern with a depth of engagement of 0.110 inches at handcrank speed. The resulting material has a plurality of ridges and grooves which are pink, surrounded by undeformed regions that are blue. Color measurements and ΔE values are provided in Table 1.
The same nonwoven as in Example 1 was similarly activated by UV to a uniform purple color via 2 minutes exposure in a Chromato-Vue C-75 UV darkroom cabinet set to 254 nm. Instead of SELFing, the nonwoven was hand cranked through a 0.060 inch pitch micro-SELF unit (similar to that in
The same nonwoven as in Example 1 was similarly activated by UV to a uniform blue color. Instead of SELFing, the nonwoven was hand cranked through 0.100 inch pitch heated rotary knife aperturing tooling at a depth of engagement of 0.150 inches. Both the top and bottom rolls were heated to 270° F. The resulting nonwoven has apertures that are pink around their perimeters while the surrounding nonwoven is blue. Color measurements and ΔE values are provided in Table 1.
A spunbond nonwoven fabric was prepared comprising polypropylene and 0.5 weight percent Datalase Colour Change Pigment HT. Basis weight of the nonwoven is 48 grams per square meter. As made, the nonwoven is white. A hand sheet of this nonwoven material was UV activated to produce a uniform blue color throughout the sample. This was done in a Chromato-Vue C-75 UV darkroom cabinet set to 254 nm with an exposure time of 1 minute. A hand sheet of this nonwoven was hand cranked through 0.100 inch pitch heated rotary knife aperturing tooling at a depth of engagement of 0.150 inches. Both the top and bottom rolls were heated to 270° F. The resulting nonwoven has apertures that are pink around their perimeters while the surrounding nonwoven is blue. Color measurements and ΔE values are provided in Table 1.
The same nonwoven as in Example 1 was similarly activated by UV to a uniform blue color. The nonwoven was then pattern bonded using a Branson ultrasonic scanner. The bond sites turned pink while the remainder of the nonwoven stayed blue. Color measurements and ΔE values are provided in Table 1.
The same nonwoven as in Example 4 was similarly activated by UV to a uniform blue color. The nonwoven was then pattern bonded using a Branson ultrasonic scanner. The bond sites turned pink while the remainder of the nonwoven stayed blue. Color measurements and ΔE values are provided in Table 1.
The same nonwoven as in Example 1 was activated by UV via 2 minutes exposure in a Chromato-Vue C-75 UV darkroom cabinet set to 254 nm. Instead of uniform exposure, a stencil was used to selectively mask some areas from the UV light. The resultant nonwoven had a pattern of white ducks, clouds and suns on a purple background. The nonwoven was subsequently SELF'ed using a 0.060 inch pitch small circle SELF pattern with a depth of engagement of 0.135 inches at hand crank speed. Within the purple regions (which had been exposed to UV), the resulting ridges and grooves turned pink whereas in the white regions that were not exposed to UV, the resulting ridges and grooves remained white. Color measurements and ΔE values for the zone exhibiting the color change are provided in Table 2.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or patent application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
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