Patent Application
20230238204
The present invention relates to an X-ray imaging system in which an electron beam interacts with a target to generate X-ray radiation.
A prior art X-ray system utilizing multiple spots from which X-ray radiation is generated by interaction between an electron beam and a target is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,835,561. In that system, each spot is associated with one of a plurality of collimating elements. The collimating elements are placed in front of the emitting face of the X-ray tube and each collimating element has its aperture axis directed towards the center of a detector array and provides a divergence such that the detector array is just covered. A plurality of pencil beams, one from each collimating aperture, can thus be generated each passing a different portion of the object to be imaged. When the electron beam is scanned across the target, at any given moment there is only a single X-ray pencil beam which passes through the object to the detector array. The number of collimating apertures (corresponding to the number of spots from which X-ray radiation is generated) typically corresponds to the number of pixels in the reconstructed image. The purpose of this prior art system is to provide real-time X-ray imaging of a cardiology patient at a lower radiation exposure than yet earlier systems. While such system can be useful in situations where it is desired to keep X-ray exposure low, e.g. when imaging living bodies, it is less advantageous in situations where a high X-ray power is sought.
In “Scanning-beam digital X-ray (SBDX) system for cardiac angiography” (Proc. SPIE 3659, Medical Imaging 1999; Physics of Medical Imaging, 28 May 1999), authors Solomon et al. disclose an advanced scanning-beam digital X-ray system for cardiac angiography. An electron beam is scanned across a transmission target that is located behind a focused source collimator. The collimator is a grid of apertures whose axes are aligned with the center of a detector array and X-ray beam divergence through the collimator apertures is matched to the detector size.
In “Motionless electromagnetic phase stepping versus mechanical phase stepping in x-ray phase-contrast imaging with a compact source” (Phys. Med. Biol. 60 (2015), p. 3031-3043), authors Harmon et al. disclose X-ray phase contrast imaging and mention that the X-ray focal spot can be shifted by a magnetic field in order to move the spot in a direction perpendicular or parallel, depending on the direction of the magnetic field, to the grating lines.
The present invention is based on the recognition that an improved X-ray imaging system can be obtained if an electron beam is alternately directed to different locations on a target, and a detector array for detecting generated X-ray radiation is configured to perform time resolved photon counting such that photons that are detected during a particular time frame can be attributed to a respective particular location on the target. Thereby, embodiments of the invention can provide higher photon flux without increasing the local thermal load of the target or increasing the spot size.
By ensuring that the electron beam is directed to each respective location for a duration of time that is sufficiently short for thermal equilibrium not to be established, a higher power than what could continuously be deposited at any particular location on the target may be applied. In other words, a period of continuous exposure of any one location on the target should have a duration that is shorter than a time limit.
By further ensuring that the electron beam returns, or at least approximately returns, to a particular location on the target within a sufficiently short time in order for that location not to have cooled significantly since the electron beam was last directed to that location, excessive thermal cycling of the target is avoided and problems related to thermally induced mechanical stress are avoided. In order to determine within what time period the electron beam should return to the same location (i.e. what is considered as a sufficiently short time), a characteristic time scale for each situation can be determined. In other words, a time elapsed between consecutive periods during which the electron beam is directed to each of the first and the second location on the target, respectively, should be shorter than a time limit.
Alternatively, rather than alternately moving the same electron beam between different locations, two separate electron beams can be used that are alternately switched on and off.
The target can be a solid target or a liquid target. A target can be implemented as a transmission target or as a reflection target. In embodiments where the target is implemented as a liquid target, the target is preferably one or more liquid jets. If a single liquid jet is used as the target, then the different locations between which the electron beam is alternately moved are on that liquid jet. A single liquid jet can be implemented as a flat jet used in transmission mode where the electron beam is moved between different locations along a direction substantially perpendicular to a travel direction of the liquid jet. If two or more liquid jets are used as the target, then the different locations between which the electron beam is alternately moved could be on different liquid jets. A solid reflection target may be implemented as a rotating target, i.e. a rotating anode, in such a case the electron beam may be moved between different locations along a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of rotation of the target.
When the X-ray radiation is detected in a time-resolved fashion, each image captured by the detector can be associated with a respective one of the different locations on the target. The images associated with the different locations may then be combined into a single image of an area where the X-ray radiation from the different locations overlap, while maintaining the resolution and sharpness obtained from a single X-ray spot. Hence, at least a first and a second image of the same portion of an object are captured, wherein the first image is captured using X-ray radiation from a first location on the target and the second image is captured using X-ray radiation from a second location on the target. The images are subsequently combined in post processing into a single image of the portion of the object.
In embodiments of the invention using a solid target, the electron beam is preferably alternated between different locations on the target at a sufficiently high rate (short time period or time between successive exposures) so as to emulate a thermal steady state in the target. Thereby, mechanical stress due to thermal cycling is reduced, which in turn may lead to increased service life for the target. In other words, the electron beam is alternated between the different locations at such high rate that any temperature variation during the duty cycle can be neglected. Hence, embodiments of the invention allow an increased power of the electron beam, and thereby of generated X-ray radiation, while at the same time potential problems associated with thermal stress due to temperature cycling of the target material are mitigated.
In embodiments where the electron beam alternates between two distinct locations the duty cycle may conveniently be set at 50% for both locations, i.e. the electron beam dwells at the respective location half of the time (neglecting the time required for moving the electron beam between the two locations). By making the dwell time short the amount of thermal cycling may be limited. However, in embodiments where the electron beam alternates between more than two locations the time between two consecutive exposures will be longer fora given dwell time. In principle the number of locations can be made arbitrarily large, in which case each location will be exposed very seldom. In practice, however, the number of available locations will be limited. Limitations may be related to detector capacity (e.g. how many time stamped values each pixel can save), power supply limitations, or target size. Irrespective of the reason for limiting the number of locations it is advantageous to limit the thermal stress induced in the target due to temperature cycling. It is preferable that not more than 10 μs, such as less than 5 μs, or preferably less than 1 μs, elapse between successive exposures at the respective location. Allowing longer times between exposures will either risk damaging the target by excessive thermal cycling or force a restriction of the applied power to mitigate this risk.
Technology for moving an electron beam between different positions is generally known within the art, e.g. using electrostatic deflection. The electron beam can be moved between different positions at very high rates using existing technology. The upper limit for how fast the electron beam can be alternated between different locations on the target is thus not determined by the available technology for moving the electron beam, but rather by the time resolution of the detector since photons generated from each respective location should be binned together in order to allow the captured images to be combined into a composite image during post processing reconstruction.
In the detailed description below, expressions for a characteristic time scale describing generation and dissipation of heat in the target are derived. Preferably, the electron beam is moved between locations on the target with a time period less than 10 times such characteristic time scale, more preferably less than 5 times such characteristic time scale.
In an alternate embodiment the target may comprise different materials at different locations thus providing an opportunity to image the sample with different X-ray spectra during one run. The output would be at least two images taken with different spectra from only slightly different angles acquired simultaneously at high power. The time-resolved detection may be used to associate each detection event to the respective X-ray spectra, thus energy discrimination in the detector is not required. This may be advantageous as compared to having a plurality of separate X-ray sources and detectors to accomplish this. A typical application for this embodiment would be bone mineral density measurements.
The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, on which
In projection radiography, an image is created by capturing X-ray radiation that has passed through and to varying degrees been absorbed by an object.
where SDD is the source-to-detector distance and SOD is the source-to-object distance. In order to achieve maximum sharpness in the captured image, the spot size of the X-ray source should be as small as possible. Any finite size X-ray source will result in an image un-sharpness given by
where d is the source size, e.g. the diameter of the X-ray spot.
In order to reach short exposure times with sufficient contrast, the total X-ray flux must be sufficiently high. The X-ray flux can be increased by increasing the power of the electron beam impinging on the target. However, increasing the electron beam power while maintaining the size of the electron beam spot will increase the power density delivered to the target. If the power density becomes too high, this may cause permanent damage to the target. Hence, in order to apply more electron beam power to the target and thereby increase the total X-ray flux, it has been required in the prior art to increase the source size. This, on the other hand, leads to reduced image sharpness as discussed above.
Hence, any attempt to increase the total photon flux by increasing the electron beam power and making the X-ray source spot size larger (to limit the peak power delivered to the target) will inevitably result in a reduced image sharpness.
To resolve these seemingly contradictory requirements, embodiments of the present invention use a movable electron beam that is alternately directed to at least a first 110a and a second 110b location on the target 110. From a thermal point of view, this will correspond to using a larger electron spot since the applied power will be distributed over a larger area of the target. However, the image sharpness will not necessarily be adversely affected since the spot size at each location does not need to be increased.
To preserve the high resolution available from a single spot (the spot at 110a or 110b as illustrated in
Any target has some limit for how much power that can continuously be applied on a certain area without damaging the target. A higher power can, however, be applied intermittently provided that the time period during which such higher power is applied is short on a time scale for heating and cooling of the target. The average power applied to a particular location on the target will be the electron beam power (which can be assumed to be constant) times a duty cycle, i.e. the fraction of time that each location on the target is impacted by the electron beam. The total power that may be delivered to the target without causing damage may also limit the power that may be applied to each particular location. This limit may be increased e.g. by providing better cooling of the target.
As an example, consider a target that can handle a continuous thermal load of P0 distributed over a circular spot of diameter D. Assuming that the electron beam is alternately deflected between two different locations with a duty cycle of 50% (i.e. the electron spot is directed at the respective location during 50% of the time) and ignoring the time required for moving the electron beam between the two locations, the electron beam power may be increased by a factor of 2. In this manner, the average power applied to the respective location will still be P0, but the total power delivered to the target will be P0 divided by the duty cycle which equals 2P0. This may be generalized to more than two locations. For a case where the electron beam alternates between n locations, the duty cycle will be 1/n and the maximum total power that can be delivered to the target becomes nP0 (again assuming that the time required for moving the electron beam between locations can be neglected). To be able to achieve the maximum total power without damaging the target, the locations need to be sufficiently spaced apart so that power applied to one location does not contribute to the heating of an adjacent location. Again assuming that the maximum allowed power for spot size D is P0 one may consider the higher power nP0 applied during a short time to be distributed over an effective area of size Deff. By prescribing that the average power density should be the same, it can be seen that Deff must scale as √{square root over (n)}. Thus, the distance between adjacent location may be selected to be larger than √{square root over (n)}D. In cases where the electron beam is moved over the target in a continuous fashion along a closed path, the duty cycle may be approximated as the electron beam spot diameter D divided by the length of the path (L). Thus, the total power delivered to the target in such case will be P0L/D.
To be able to apply higher electron beam power than what can be absorbed continuously by the target at a particular location, the time during which the higher power is applied should be shorter than some time limit. This time limit will depend on the type and characteristic of the target as discussed below.
Depending on the target material used and the power levels involved in various embodiments of the invention, the inventive scheme may introduce issues relating to target lifetime due to repeated cooling and heating of the target material. Such thermal cycling may in some situations give rise to thermally induced mechanical stress which in turn may result in permanent damage to the target. To avoid this, the electron beam can be alternated between different locations on the target at a sufficiently high rate (short time period or time between successive exposures) so as to emulate a thermal steady state in the target. A characteristic time scale for target heating is given by the thermal conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity of the target and the electron beam spot size. It can be assumed that the time scale for target heating depends on the following characteristics
The relevant time scale may be deduced by estimating the amount of energy deposited in the target by the electron beam and the thermal power conducted away by the target. It can be noted that, while the power of the electron beam will influence the temperature levels reached in the target, the characteristic time scale only depends on target properties and the geometry of the electron beam. For a transmission target (a target of a kind where the electron beam impinges on one side and X-ray radiation is collected from an opposite side, i.e. in “transmission”), of a thickness t, the volume in which heat is deposited may be approximated by a cylinder with a (not necessarily circular) cross-sectional area defined by the electron beam spot size and a height defined by the target thickness. For a non-circular spot the electron beam spot size δ may considered as the geometrical average of the spot size. The amount of energy deposited in the target per degree temperature increase may then, ignoring numerical factors, be written as
Cρδ2 t (1)
An increase in temperature within the volume impacted by the electron beam will drive a heat flow from this volume through the area, A, of the envelope surface of the cylinder (for a transmission target heat conduction in the direction of the electron beam may be neglected). The heat needs to travel some average distance, I, to escape from the cylinder; this distance is in an approximation determined by the electron beam spot size. The power conducted away from the volume impacted by the electron beam per degree temperature increase may then, ignoring numerical factors, be written as
By dividing the deposited energy per degree temperature increase according to expression (1) with the dissipated power per degree temperature increase according to expression (2), a characteristic time scale may be written as
In practice, a transmission target is often comprised of a thin film of X-ray generating material, e.g. tungsten, provided on a substrate selected for its thermal and mechanical properties, e.g. diamond. In this case there will be heat transfer also through the end surface of the cylinder impacted by the electron beam. This contribution to the heat transport will depend on the heat transfer from the target material to the substrate material and on the thermal conductivity of the substrate material. Since the substrate is arranged to improve the thermal conductivity, more power will be dissipated per degree temperature increase and the characteristic time scale will thus be shorter than for a similar target provided without a substrate. The estimate provided above can thus be viewed as an upper limit on the characteristic time scale for a transmission target.
For a reflection target (a target of a kind where the electron beam impinges on one side of the target and X-ray radiation is collected from the same side of the target, i.e. in “reflection”), with a finite electron penetration depth h, the volume in which energy from the electron beam is deposited may be approximated by a cylinder with a base area determined by the electron beam spot size and a height given by the penetration depth. Similar to expression (1) above, the energy per degree temperature increase may thus, neglecting any numerical factors, be written as
Cρδ2h (4)
The power driven from this cylinder will go through an area, A, defined by the envelope surface of the cylinder as well as its end surface. The average distance, I, the heat must travel is determined by both the electron beam spot size and the electron penetration depth. The two lengths may be seen as parallel paths so the inverse of the average distance is the sum of the inverse of the two lengths. The dissipated power per degree temperature increase may thus, ignoring any numerical factors, be written as
As for the case of a transmission target, a characteristic time scale may be obtained by the dividing the deposited energy per degree temperature increase according to expression (4) by the dissipated power per degree temperature increase according to expression (5).
where S is a geometrical factor of dimension inverse length given by
For large electron spots where it can be assumed that δ>>h, S reduces to h/δ2 and the time scale is then mainly determined by the penetration depth
For tightly focused electron spots where it can be assumed that h>>δ, S reduces to 1/h and the time scale is then mainly determined by the electron spot size
In this latter case, heat conduction through the end surface of the heated cylinder may be neglected and the situation becomes the same as for a transmission target, and thus the characteristic time scale in this limit is the same as for a transmission target, see expression (3) above.
As a numerical example, assuming the target is made from tungsten having C=130 J/(kg K), ρ=19300 kg/m3, κ=173 W/(m K) and assuming that the electron spot size and the penetration depth are both 5 μm, the expression (6) above gives a characteristic time scale of about 90 ns. For a larger electron beam spot of 20 μm and the same electron penetration depth of 5 μm, the characteristic time scale becomes about 230 ns.
For a liquid jet target the situation is a bit different. The dominating contribution to cooling of the target at the electron beam spot is the flow of target material. The characteristic time scale for this process may written as
where δ is a spot size of the electron beam at the liquid jet target along a travel direction of the liquid jet and vjet is a travel velocity of the liquid jet.
A rotating anode with realistic parameters may in this context be considered as a stationary reflective solid target. To achieve target velocities of the same order as typically used for liquid jets (the order of hundreds of m/s) would require unrealistically large and/or fast spinning anodes. In such applications a line focus is typically used with the longer dimension of the focus perpendicular to the rotation direction. Within the present inventive concept a circular spot moved along a direction perpendicular the rotation direction may be used instead. This may furthermore enable a more advantageous take off angle than normally used with rotating anodes.
To be able to intermittently apply a higher power to a location on the target than a power that the target can withstand under prolonged exposure, the period of continuous exposure of any one location on the target (before the electron beam is moved away from that location) is preferably less than 10 times the characteristic time scale derived above, more preferably less than 5 times the characteristic time scale.
To protect the target from damage due to thermal cycling, it is also preferred that the time period for switching the electron beam between the different locations on the target is preferably less than 10 times the characteristic time scale derived above, more preferably less than 5 times the characteristic time scale. In other words, the time elapsed between consecutive periods during which the electron beam is directed to each of the locations on the target (in other words time elapsed between successive exposures), respectively, is preferably shorter than 10 times, more preferably less than 5 times, the characteristic time scale.
As previously discussed, there is a limit on the electron power that may be applied to each respective electron beam spot location. Provided the maximum allowed continuous power is P0 in an embodiment comprising n locations, the applied power may be set to nP0 when the duty cycle is 1/n. From the above calculations one may assume that the electron beam spot should dwell at each respective location for a time equal to the characteristic time scale τ limited by heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the target, and this would mean that the electron beam should return to each respective location after nτ seconds. At each exposure, an amount of energy τnP0 would be applied to each respective location with a corresponding temperature rise. If instead the dwell time was made shorter than τ then less amount of energy would be applied at each exposure and accordingly the temperature rise would be lower. Provided that the duty cycle and applied power are governed only by the number of locations then the total flux (X-ray photons per second) does not depend on the dwell time. Decreasing the dwell time will mean that the time between successive exposures at each location will also decrease. Preferably the time between consecutive exposures at the same location is less than 10 μs, such as less than 5 μs, such as less than 1 μs.
In an embodiment the characteristic time scale is 90 ns as calculated above. Provided that the electron beam is alternating between two locations and the dwell time is set equal to the characteristic time scale the time between successive exposures will be 180 ns if the time required to move the electron beam between the locations is neglected. If instead the dwell time is set to ten times the characteristic time scale the time between successive exposures will be 1.8 μs.
In an embodiment with a somewhat larger spot size the characteristic time scale is 230 ns. If this spot is alternated between 10 different locations, the time between successive exposures will be 2.3 μs. If this spot is alternated between 100 different locations and the dwell time is set to 100 ns the time between successive exposures will be 10 μs.
An X-ray imaging system 200 according to the present invention is schematically shown in
The various components and parts mentioned above may be located inside a housing 600, with possible exceptions for the voltage supply 700 and the controller 500, which may be located outside the housing 600 as shown in the drawing.
Downstream of the electron optics, the electron beam I may impinge upon the X-ray target 210 to generate X-ray radiation. The X-ray radiation generated by interaction between the electron beam I and the target 210 may be led out from the housing 600, via e.g. an X-ray window 208, in a direction generally towards the sample 220 and the detector array 230.
The system may also optionally comprise a sensor arrangement 240 for measuring/detecting electrons downstream from the target 210. Such sensor may e.g. be a conductive plate connected to ground via an ammeter 242, which provides an approximate measure of the total current carried by the electron beam I downstream of the target 210. It is understood that the controller 500 has access to the actual signal from the ammeter 242.
The size of the detector 230 may determine the available size of the sample position region. Since the invention relies on imaging a sample with X-ray radiation originating from different locations of the target 210, the volume where the X-ray radiation and the field of view of the detector overlap defines the usable sample position region. To avoid limiting image quality by the detector, the pixel size should be small compared the un-sharpness that is necessarily introduced by the finite size of the X-ray source (i.e. spot). However, the required pixel resolution may be determined from the characteristic length scale of the objects intended to be inspected and the magnification of the X-ray imaging system. To sort the incoming X-ray radiation in accordance with its point of origin, the detector must be able to record a timestamp for each detection event or bin together detection events that occur within some time window or set of time windows. The time resolution of the detector should preferably be short compared to the time during which the electron beam is located at each of the respective spot sites. An example of detector technology that may be advantageous is the Timepix3 chip developed within the Medipix collaboration hosted by CERN. In general, detectors that provide for processing capability associated with each pixel may be used to an advantage in the present invention.
Provided the detector creates a timestamp for each detection event, the detection events may be associated with an electron beam position provided these are known at the corresponding times. The electron beam motion may, for example, be pre-defined and known to the post-processing system. The first detection event may then be regarded as starting time of the electron beam motion pattern and the detection events may be mapped onto that pattern. Another embodiment may utilize a trigger signal provided by the X-ray source or the detector marking the start of the sequence. In yet another embodiment the X-ray source generates a protocol of electron beam positions as a function of time that is sent to the post-processing software together with the recordings from the detector. The post-processing software may then sort detection events to electron beam positions based on the times recorded by the X-ray source and the detector respectively. This requires that the X-ray source and the detector measure time on a common scale.
Creation of a high-resolution high-contrast image from two images obtained for two locations of the X-ray spot may be done by translating one of the images with respect to the other by an amount
where b is the distance between the electron beam spot locations on the target. The expression for Δ may be obtained from basic geometry. After the translation, the two images may be added together. The skilled person realizes that adding two images together may be performed in a number of ways and may also include filtering to improve the signal to noise ratio. One example is to sum each individual pixel and divide the results by two. In this way the images are given equal weight and the pixel values are kept within the dynamical range of the original images.
Embodiments where the electron beam moves over the target in a continuous fashion, not necessarily stopping at a particular location, are also included within the inventive concept. An example of such an embodiment comprises an electron beam that is continuously moved back and forth with a pre-determined frequency, e.g. by applying a triangular wave driving signal to a deflection plate. Collecting photons emitted from a moving spot will mean that motion blurring may be introduced, similar to the un-sharpness caused by a finite size X-ray spot as discussed above. The speed of motion of the electron beam should thus be set so that motion blur introduced during the time between readouts from the detector may be considered negligible. In an embodiment where the electron beam is moved between different locations at a constant frequency, images collected at the same frequency will be generated by X-ray radiation emitted from the same locations. Thus, by shifting the positions of these images in post-processing in accordance with the prescribed motion, an image with high resolution and high contrast may be obtained. If the exact timing is not known, i.e. the post processing system does not have access to the electron beam location at a particular time, different assumptions may be tried until the image contrast cannot be further improved. This may be viewed as finding the phase of the electron beam motion when the frequency and amplitude are known.
As an example, consider a set-up for imaging a millimeter-sized object, such as an insect or a flower bud. A triangular wave driving signal applied to a deflection plate may be configured to move the electron beam back and forth between two locations on the target 1 mm apart. The imaging optics may then suitably provide a magnification of about 3 in order to give a decent resolution for propagation-based phase contrast imaging on the above-mentioned Timepix2 chip with 55 μm pixels. A suitable source-to-detector distance may in this case be about 2 m. An electrostatic deflection driven by the triangular driving signal may be set to a frequency of 1 MHz and an amplitude that provides the 1 mm separation between the extremal points of the electron beam on the target, such that the spot moves by 3 μm in the 1.5 ns time precision of the Timepix3 detector. The detected X-ray radiation is then binned in 1 ns larges bins according to their respective time stamps modulo 1 μs. Each bin will then give one image when including the pixel coordinate datum. The images can then be combined in post processing by shifting (i.e. translating) the images following the original triangular driving signal with different phases to find which phase provides the highest contrast.
At least two images taken from different directions may be used to obtain a partial tomographic reconstruction of a sample. Techniques developed for tomosynthesis and computed laminography may be employed since these have been developed for cases where only a limited number of projections are available. The skilled person will realize that it may be advantageous to combine translation and addition of the images as discussed above with different tomographic techniques to extract as much information as possible from the obtained images.
The generated X-ray radiation is directed 302 to a sample position region, which is where a sample to be studied can be placed. The sample position region is located in a region where X-ray radiation generated at the first location overlaps with X-ray radiation generated at the second location. X-ray radiation that has passed through the sample position region is then detected 303 using an X-ray detector array. The detection of X-ray radiation that has passed through the sample position region is correlated 304 with the direction of the electron beam, and an image is created based on the X-ray radiation originating from the first location and from the second location. In embodiments where the electron beam is directed onto the target in accordance with a predetermined pattern, such correlation between the direction of the electron beam and the detected X-ray radiation can be based on the predetermined pattern as described above. In some embodiments there is created a partial tomographic reconstruction based on the X-ray radiation originating from the first location and from the second location.
There is disclosed an X-ray imaging system, comprising a target; an electron beam source configured to provide an electron beam for interaction with the target to generate X-ray radiation; electron optics configured to alternately direct the electron beam to at least a first and a second location on the target; an X-ray detector array configured to receive X-ray radiation generated at the first and second locations on the target; a sample position region for receiving a sample to be exposed to generated X-ray radiation, the sample position region being located in a region where X-ray radiation generated at the first location overlaps with X-ray radiation generated at the second location; and a processing unit coupled to the X-ray detector array, the processing unit being configured to create an image of a sample, positioned in the sample position region, based on the X-ray radiation originating from the first location and from the second location. In embodiments of the invention, the electron beam is moved such that the exposure time for the X-ray radiation generated each time the electron beam is directed to a particular location is sufficiently short. In further embodiments, the electron beam is moved between the locations at a sufficiently short time period such that thermal cycling, and thereby thermally induced mechanical stress, is reduced. A corresponding method is also disclosed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20173258.3 | May 2020 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/061229 | 4/29/2021 | WO |
