by rollers

Industry

CPC
B21D1/02

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Parent Industries

BPERFORMING OPERATIONS TRANSPORTING B21Mechanical metalworking B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING METAL B21D1/00Straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom Stretching sheet metal combined with rolling

Current Industry

B21D1/02by rollers

Industries

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Information Patent Grant
Tensioning pulley set for a straightening line for straightening a...
- Patent number 12,162,055
- Issue date Dec 10, 2024
- VDEh-Betriebsforschungsinstitut GmbH
- Gert Mücke
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Edge leveler with offset rollers
- Patent number 11,779,982
- Issue date Oct 10, 2023
- FuelCell Energy, Inc.
- Benjamin Aldrich
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Control method of a leveling machine and leveling machine
- Patent number 11,752,533
- Issue date Sep 12, 2023
- FAGOR ARRASATE, S. COOP.
- Gorka Iza Gallastegui
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Integrated straightener head modifications and improvements
- Patent number 11,731,182
- Issue date Aug 22, 2023
- Bruce R. Grant
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
System for flattening steel plates
- Patent number 11,623,259
- Issue date Apr 11, 2023
- TAIYUAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Lifeng Ma
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Method and computer program product for setting the bending of at l...
- Patent number 11,596,989
- Issue date Mar 7, 2023
- SCHULER PRESSEN GMBH
- Alexander Seitz
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Dynamic straightening method for left/right tilt
- Patent number 11,559,833
- Issue date Jan 24, 2023
- TAIYUAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Ying Hu
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Flexible duct connector processing system
- Patent number 11,525,601
- Issue date Dec 13, 2022
- Production Products, Inc.
- Richard Christopher Gass
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Grant
Methods and systems for automatically adjusting operational paramet...
- Patent number 11,446,723
- Issue date Sep 20, 2022
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Byron Wade MacDonald
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Edge leveler with offset rollers
- Patent number 11,400,502
- Issue date Aug 2, 2022
- FuelCell Energy, Inc.
- Benjamin Aldrich
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Suspension support bracket and method for manufacturing suspension...
- Patent number 11,247,732
- Issue date Feb 15, 2022
- Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
- Tetsuya Asai
- B60 - VEHICLES IN GENERAL
Information Patent Grant
Method for marking workpieces, and workpiece
- Patent number 11,235,368
- Issue date Feb 1, 2022
- Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung E.V.
- Christoph Zeh
- B22 - CASTING POWDER METALLURGY
Information Patent Grant
Straightening apparatus for metal products and method to replace at...
- Patent number 11,207,723
- Issue date Dec 28, 2021
- Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche SpA
- Paolo Martinello
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
System and method for removing flatness faults from a metal flat pr...
- Patent number 11,179,759
- Issue date Nov 23, 2021
- SMS group GMBH
- Frank Werner
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Roller leveler with upper and lower leveling rollers and method for...
- Patent number 11,173,531
- Issue date Nov 16, 2021
- ARKU MASCHINENBAU GmbH
- Christian Armbruster
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Apparatus and methods to increase the efficiency of roll-forming an...
- Patent number 11,045,850
- Issue date Jun 29, 2021
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Gregory S. Smith
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Straightening system and straightening method
- Patent number 10,994,316
- Issue date May 4, 2021
- Posco
- Gwan-Sik Min
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Device and method for planishing metal product
- Patent number 10,766,061
- Issue date Sep 8, 2020
- PRIMETALS TECHNOLOGIES FRANCE SAS
- Jean-Pierre Chazal
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Dual-stage multi-roll leveler and work roll assembly
- Patent number 10,710,135
- Issue date Jul 14, 2020
- Machine Concepts Inc.
- Guil Bergman
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Straightening apparatus and method of changing rollers thereof
- Patent number 10,603,704
- Issue date Mar 31, 2020
- SMS GROUP GMBH
- Markus Willems
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Direct coupled eccentric driven pilot release straightener
- Patent number 10,569,319
- Issue date Feb 25, 2020
- Bruce R. Grant
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Methods to drive material conditioning machines
- Patent number 10,537,923
- Issue date Jan 21, 2020
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Clarence B. Cox
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Method for producing a motor vehicle component
- Patent number 10,486,221
- Issue date Nov 26, 2019
- Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH
- Georg Frost
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and apparatus to monitor material conditioning machines
- Patent number 10,378,873
- Issue date Aug 13, 2019
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Clarence B. Cox
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Shape correction leveler drive systems
- Patent number 10,363,590
- Issue date Jul 30, 2019
- Guil Bergman
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Methods and apparatus to monitor material conditioning machines
- Patent number 10,357,812
- Issue date Jul 23, 2019
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Gregory S. Smith
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Apparatus and methods to increase the efficiency of roll-forming an...
- Patent number 10,252,306
- Issue date Apr 9, 2019
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Gregory S. Smith
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Device and method for leveling a metal plate
- Patent number 10,137,488
- Issue date Nov 27, 2018
- Allor Manufacturing Inc.
- James Kitson
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Grant
Shape-correcting and rolling method and shape-correcting device for...
- Patent number 10,086,418
- Issue date Oct 2, 2018
- POSCO
- Gil-Ho Song
- C21 - METALLURGY OF IRON
Information Patent Grant
Device and method for leveling a metal plate
- Patent number 10,010,918
- Issue date Jul 3, 2018
- Allor Manufacturing Inc.
- James Kitson
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

Information Patent Application
Straightening machine and method for straightening
- Publication number 20240351084
- Publication date Oct 24, 2024
- SMS group GMBH
- Markus WILLEMS
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
FLATTENING DEVICE
- Publication number 20240207915
- Publication date Jun 27, 2024
- CONTEMPORARY AMPEREX TECHNOLOGY CO., LIMITED
- Xuyong LIU
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
DRAWING AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT FOR METAL PRODUCTS, AND CORRESPONDIN...
- Publication number 20240091837
- Publication date Mar 21, 2024
- M.E.P. MACCHINE ELETTRONICHE PIEGATRICI SPA
- Giorgio del Fabro
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
WAVE ROLL DIE ASSEMBLY
- Publication number 20240001422
- Publication date Jan 4, 2024
- Bradley Keith SHEPPARD
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
DYNAMIC PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE (PID) METHOD FOR PLATE STR...
- Publication number 20240004352
- Publication date Jan 4, 2024
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology
- Ying HU
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
METAL STRIP PRODUCTION BY GRINDING
- Publication number 20240001504
- Publication date Jan 4, 2024
- BERNDORF BAND GMBH
- Johannes Günther SIMMEL
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
STRAIGHTENING MACHINE AND METHOD FOR STRAIGHTENING A METAL STRIP OR...
- Publication number 20230294153
- Publication date Sep 21, 2023
- Kohler Maschinenbau GmbH
- Anton Müllerleile
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
EDGE LEVELER WITH OFFSET ROLLERS
- Publication number 20220305540
- Publication date Sep 29, 2022
- FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.
- Benjamin ALDRICH
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
CONTROL METHOD OF A LEVELING MACHINE AND LEVELING MACHINE
- Publication number 20220274148
- Publication date Sep 1, 2022
- FAGOR ARRASATE, S. COOP.
- Gorka IZA GALLASTEGUI
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR LEVELING A METAL PLATE
- Publication number 20220193744
- Publication date Jun 23, 2022
- Allor Manufacturing, Inc.
- Anthony Allor
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
TENSION ROLLER SET FOR A STRAIGHTENING SYSTEM FOR STRAIGHTENING A S...
- Publication number 20220176432
- Publication date Jun 9, 2022
- VDEH-Betriebsforschungsinstitut GmbH
- Gert Mücke
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STRAIGHTENING WIRE OR STRIP MATERIAL
- Publication number 20220143677
- Publication date May 12, 2022
- EVG Entwicklungs - U. Verwertungs-Gesellschaft M.B.H.
- Arndt MUEHLENFELD
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
DYNAMIC STRAIGHTENING METHOD FOR LEFT/RIGHT TILT
- Publication number 20210354183
- Publication date Nov 18, 2021
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology
- Ying Hu
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTING OPERATIONAL PARAMET...
- Publication number 20210268564
- Publication date Sep 2, 2021
- Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- Byron Wade MACDONALD
- G05 - CONTROLLING REGULATING
Information Patent Application
SYSTEM FOR FLATTENING STEEL PLATES
- Publication number 20210220888
- Publication date Jul 22, 2021
- TAIYUAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Lifeng MA
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
FLEXIBLE DUCT CONNECTOR PROCESSING SYSTEM
- Publication number 20210215386
- Publication date Jul 15, 2021
- PRODUCTION PRODUCTS, INC.
- RICHARD CHRISTOPHER GASS
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
LASER ASSISTED MACHINING OF SHEET MATERIAL
- Publication number 20210162534
- Publication date Jun 3, 2021
- IPG Photonics Corporation
- Leonid C. LEV
- B23 - MACHINE TOOLS METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
Information Patent Application
Aluminum alloy wheel end face correcting equipment
- Publication number 20210154715
- Publication date May 27, 2021
- CITIC DICASTAL CO., LTD
- Jiandong Guo
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR SETTING THE BEND...
- Publication number 20210053097
- Publication date Feb 25, 2021
- Schuler Pressen GmbH
- Alexander SEITZ
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
SHAPE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS, WARPAGE CORRECTION APPARATUS, AND CONT...
- Publication number 20200346264
- Publication date Nov 5, 2020
- PRIMETALS TECHNOLOGIES JAPAN, LTD.
- Takashi YONEKURA
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
ROLLER LEVELER AND METHOD FOR OPERATING SAME
- Publication number 20200269300
- Publication date Aug 27, 2020
- SMS Group GmbH
- Olaf HAUSMANN
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
WARPAGE CORRECTION APPARATUS FOR METAL STRIP AND CONTINUOUS PLATING...
- Publication number 20200261957
- Publication date Aug 20, 2020
- PRIMETALS TECHNOLOGIES JAPAN, LTD.
- Takashi YONEKURA
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
METHOD FOR OPERATING A ROLL STRAIGHTENING MACHINE, AND ROLL STRAIGH...
- Publication number 20200230677
- Publication date Jul 23, 2020
- SMS group GMBH
- Olaf HAUSMANN
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
MULTI-ROLL METAL STRIP LEVELER
- Publication number 20200171559
- Publication date Jun 4, 2020
- Primetals Technologies France SAS
- Sébastien MAILLARD
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
Roller Leveler with Upper and Lower Leveling Rollers and Method for...
- Publication number 20200164421
- Publication date May 28, 2020
- ARKU Maschinenbau GmbH
- Christian Armbruster
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
EDGE LEVELER WITH OFFSET ROLLERS
- Publication number 20200086370
- Publication date Mar 19, 2020
- FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.
- Benjamin ALDRICH
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
SUSPENSION SUPPORT BRACKET AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUSPENSION...
- Publication number 20200079435
- Publication date Mar 12, 2020
- Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
- Tetsuya Asai
- B60 - VEHICLES IN GENERAL
Information Patent Application
APPARATUS AND METHODS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ROLL-FORMING AN...
- Publication number 20190201955
- Publication date Jul 4, 2019
- The Bradbury Company, Inc.
- Gregory S. Smith
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
STRAIGHTENING APPARATUS FOR METAL PRODUCTS AND METHOD TO REPLACE AT...
- Publication number 20190184439
- Publication date Jun 20, 2019
- Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa
- Paolo MARTINELLO
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...
Information Patent Application
STRAIGHTENING MACHINE WITH A MODULAR INTERCHANGEABLE CASETTE SYSTEM
- Publication number 20190001384
- Publication date Jan 3, 2019
- SMS group GMBH
- Frank WERNER
- B21 - MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL PUNCHING...

Industry

Parent Industries

Current Industry

Patents Grantslast 30 patents

Tensioning pulley set for a straightening line for straightening a...

Edge leveler with offset rollers

Control method of a leveling machine and leveling machine

Integrated straightener head modifications and improvements

System for flattening steel plates

Method and computer program product for setting the bending of at l...

Dynamic straightening method for left/right tilt

Flexible duct connector processing system

Methods and systems for automatically adjusting operational paramet...

Edge leveler with offset rollers

Suspension support bracket and method for manufacturing suspension...

Method for marking workpieces, and workpiece

Straightening apparatus for metal products and method to replace at...

System and method for removing flatness faults from a metal flat pr...

Roller leveler with upper and lower leveling rollers and method for...

Apparatus and methods to increase the efficiency of roll-forming an...

Straightening system and straightening method

Device and method for planishing metal product

Dual-stage multi-roll leveler and work roll assembly

Straightening apparatus and method of changing rollers thereof

Direct coupled eccentric driven pilot release straightener

Methods to drive material conditioning machines

Method for producing a motor vehicle component

Methods and apparatus to monitor material conditioning machines

Shape correction leveler drive systems

Methods and apparatus to monitor material conditioning machines

Apparatus and methods to increase the efficiency of roll-forming an...

Device and method for leveling a metal plate

Shape-correcting and rolling method and shape-correcting device for...

Device and method for leveling a metal plate

Patents Applicationslast 30 patents

Straightening machine and method for straightening

FLATTENING DEVICE

DRAWING AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT FOR METAL PRODUCTS, AND CORRESPONDIN...

WAVE ROLL DIE ASSEMBLY

DYNAMIC PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE (PID) METHOD FOR PLATE STR...

METAL STRIP PRODUCTION BY GRINDING

STRAIGHTENING MACHINE AND METHOD FOR STRAIGHTENING A METAL STRIP OR...

EDGE LEVELER WITH OFFSET ROLLERS

CONTROL METHOD OF A LEVELING MACHINE AND LEVELING MACHINE

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR LEVELING A METAL PLATE

TENSION ROLLER SET FOR A STRAIGHTENING SYSTEM FOR STRAIGHTENING A S...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STRAIGHTENING WIRE OR STRIP MATERIAL

DYNAMIC STRAIGHTENING METHOD FOR LEFT/RIGHT TILT

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTING OPERATIONAL PARAMET...

SYSTEM FOR FLATTENING STEEL PLATES

FLEXIBLE DUCT CONNECTOR PROCESSING SYSTEM

LASER ASSISTED MACHINING OF SHEET MATERIAL

Aluminum alloy wheel end face correcting equipment

METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR SETTING THE BEND...

SHAPE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS, WARPAGE CORRECTION APPARATUS, AND CONT...

ROLLER LEVELER AND METHOD FOR OPERATING SAME

WARPAGE CORRECTION APPARATUS FOR METAL STRIP AND CONTINUOUS PLATING...

METHOD FOR OPERATING A ROLL STRAIGHTENING MACHINE, AND ROLL STRAIGH...

MULTI-ROLL METAL STRIP LEVELER

Roller Leveler with Upper and Lower Leveling Rollers and Method for...

EDGE LEVELER WITH OFFSET ROLLERS

SUSPENSION SUPPORT BRACKET AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUSPENSION...

APPARATUS AND METHODS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ROLL-FORMING AN...

STRAIGHTENING APPARATUS FOR METAL PRODUCTS AND METHOD TO REPLACE AT...

STRAIGHTENING MACHINE WITH A MODULAR INTERCHANGEABLE CASETTE SYSTEM