Patent Application
20090242950
The invention relates generally to the field of active pixel sensors, and more particularly to active pixel sensors having two separate semiconductor wafers with each wafer including a portion of the electrical circuitry.
CMOS Image sensors (CIS) suffer from the issue that deeply scaled sub-micron Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) processes are required to realize small pixels that can compete with charge-coupled device (CCD) pixel sizes. In general, as the CMOS processes scale to smaller dimensions, the details of the process integration and structure change, and the pixel performance degrades. Two examples of this are shallow trench isolation and heavily doped retrograde wells. Both are necessary to build deep sub-micron CMOS devices, but both have adverse effects on dark current for pixels. As a result, much work has to be done to re-integrate and re-optimize the photodetector and pixel into each new deep sub-micron CMOS technology node.
Designers, however, face a trade-off with respect to the design and manufacture of sub-micron CMOS devices. Designers can either maintain pixel image quality by not moving to more scaled CMOS processes, which results in a lower fill factor for smaller pixels, or move to a smaller design rule process to achieve small pixels, which results in a need to re-integrate and re-engineer the photodetector to obtain acceptable image quality.
One solution to these issues is to build the photodetector separately from the CMOS circuits. The image sensor, for example, can be built on different wafers, and the wafers joined together using three-dimensional integration or wafer level interconnect technologies. U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,432 fabricates an active pixel sensor using two semiconductor wafers. One wafer, the donor wafer, includes the photodetectors while another wafer, the host wafer, includes an interconnect layer and electrical circuits for in-pixel signal operations and read out of the photodetectors. Pixel interconnects directly connect each photodetector on the donor wafer to a respective node or circuit on the host wafer.
Although this approach separates the processing of the photodetector and circuits, it degrades photodetector performance due to the direct contact or connection with the photodetector. Specific examples of such performance degradation include, but are not limited to, increased dark current due to damage from the contact etch process, increased metallic contamination in the photodetector leading to point defects, and high dark current due to being connected to a highly doped ohmic contact region.
This pixel architecture is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/867,199 filed on Oct. 4, 2007. Pixel 100 includes photodetector 102, transfer gate 104, charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(SW), 106(CW), reset transistor 108, potential VDD 110, source follower amplifier transistor 112, and row select transistor 114. The drain of row select transistor 114 is connected to the source of source follower 112 and the source of row select transistor 114 is connected to output Vout 116. The drains of reset gate 108 and source follower 112 are maintained at potential VDD 110. The source of reset gate 108 and the gate of source follower 112 are connected to charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(CW).
Dashed lines 118 surround photodetector 102, transfer gate 104, and charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(SW) to delineate the components included on one wafer, a sensor wafer. Charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(CW), reset gate transistor 108, potential VDD 110, source follower amplifier transistor 112, row select transistor 114, output 116, which are not surrounded by dashed lines 118, represent the components formed on a second wafer, a circuit wafer. Inter-wafer connection 120 electrically connects charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(SW) on the sensor wafer to charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 106(CW) on the circuit wafer.
Image sensors having pixels with the architecture shown in
An image sensor includes two semiconductor wafers, a sensor wafer connected to a support circuit wafer. The sensor wafer includes an array of pixel regions with each pixel region including a photodetector, a transfer mechanism, a charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism, and a reset mechanism. The support circuit wafer includes an interconnect layer and a CMOS device layer. The CMOS device layer includes support circuitry for one or more pixel regions. The types of components and circuits used in the CMOS device layer depend on the purpose or use of the image sensor. The support circuitry can be included in corresponding pixel regions on the support circuit wafer with each region on the support circuit wafer being used by a single respective pixel region on the sensor wafer.
Alternatively, two or more pixel regions on the sensor wafer can share some or all of the support circuitry on the support wafer. Inter-wafer connectors directly connect each charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism on the sensor wafer to a respective gate to an amplifier on the support circuit wafer.
These and other aspects, objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood and appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and appended claims, and by reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention includes the advantages of having both high image quality and high fill factor. The sensor wafer can be used with multiple support circuit wafer designs or technologies, thereby providing improved design flexibility and optimization along with reduced costs. The connection between the sensor wafer and the support circuit wafer can be achieved through a direct connection between each charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism on the sensor wafer and a respective gate to an amplifier on the support circuit wafer, thereby reducing capacitance and bright point defects. Bright point defects from the circuit wafer are eliminated because of the gate only connection. Those skilled in the art will recognize that dislocations and other defects are more difficult to control and eliminate as transistor size is scaled to smaller dimensions. Therefore, not making a direction connection to the circuit wafer eliminates bright point defects from the reset connection on the circuit wafer for current designs, and allows designers to more easily scale the transistors on the circuit wafer without increasing the number of pixel defects on the sensor wafer.
In the following Detailed Description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration an exemplary embodiment in which the invention may be practiced.
In this regard, directional terminology, such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “back,” “leading,” “trailing,” etc., is used with reference to the orientation of the Figure(s) being described. Because components of embodiments of the present invention can be positioned in a number of different orientations, the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no way limiting.
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.” The term “connected” means either a direct electrical connection between the items connected, or an indirect connection through one or more passive or active intermediary devices. The term “circuit” means either a single component or a multiplicity of components, either active or passive, that are connected together to provide a desired function. The term “signal” means at least one current, voltage, or data signal.
Referring now to
Transfer mechanism 304 and reset mechanism 308 are implemented as transistors, amplifier 312 as a source follower transistor, and charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 306 as a floating diffusion in an embodiment in accordance with the invention.
In the embodiment shown in
Dashed lines 318 surround photodetector 302, transfer mechanism 304, charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 306, and reset mechanism 308 to delineate the components included on a sensor wafer. Amplifier 312, row select transistor 314, and output 316, which are not surrounded by dashed lines 318, represent the components formed on a support circuit wafer in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Inter-wafer connector 320 directly connects charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 306 on the sensor wafer to the gate of source follower transistor 312 on the support circuit wafer.
Referring now to
Support circuit wafer 404 includes interconnect layer 412 and CMOS device layer 414 in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Interconnect layer 412 is formed with a dielectric material and includes inter-wafer connectors 320 that are each formed from a combination of metal layers in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Inter-wafer connectors 320 directly connect each charge-to-voltage conversion mechanism 306 on sensor wafer 402 to gate 416 of source follower transistor 312 on support circuit wafer 404.
CMOS device layer 414 includes support circuitry for pixel regions 406. The support circuitry can be dedicated to each pixel region 406 or some or all of the support circuitry can be shared by two or more pixel regions 406. The types of components and circuits used in CMOS device layer 414 depend on the purpose or use of image sensor 400. By way of example only, CMOS device layer 414 includes a source follower transistor 312, a row select transistor (not shown), and a supply voltage VDD 310 for each pixel region 406 in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Each source follower transistor 312 includes gate 416 and drain 418. CMOS device layer 414 includes additional or different analog and digital circuits in other embodiments in accordance with the invention. Examples of such analog and digital circuits include, but are not limited to, row and column decoders and drivers, per column sample and hold circuits, analog signal processing chains, digital image processing blocks, memory, timing and control circuits, input/output (I/O), and bond pads.
Color filters 420, 422 are formed over sensor wafer 402 and are used to filter the bandwidth of incident light received by each photodetector 302. By way of example only, color filter 420 is configured such that light propagating at or near the red spectrum is received by its underlying photodetector 302 while color filter 422 is configured so that light propagating at or near the green spectrum is received by its underlying photodetector 302. Microlenses 424 are formed over color filters 420, 422 and are used to direct light towards photodetectors 302.
Digital camera phone 502 is a portable, handheld, battery-operated device in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Digital camera phone 502 produces digital images that are stored in memory 506, which can be, for example, an internal Flash EPROM memory or a removable memory card. Other types of digital image storage media, such as magnetic hard drives, magnetic tape, or optical disks, can alternatively be used to implement memory 506. Digital camera phone 502 uses lens 508 to focus light from a scene (not shown) onto image sensor array 510 of active pixel sensor 512. Image sensor array 510 provides color image information using the Bayer color filter pattern in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Image sensor array 510 is controlled by timing generator 514, which also controls flash 516 in order to illuminate the scene when the ambient illumination is low.
The analog output signals output from the image sensor array 510 are amplified and converted to digital data by analog-to-digital (A/D) converter circuit 518. The digital data are stored in buffer memory 520 and subsequently processed by digital processor 522. Digital processor 522 is controlled by the firmware stored in firmware memory 524, which can be flash EPROM memory.
Digital processor 522 includes real-time clock 526, which keeps the date and time even when digital camera phone 502 and digital processor 522 are in a low power state. The processed digital image files are stored in memory 506. Memory 506 can also store other types of data, such as, for example, music files (e.g. MP3 files), ring tones, phone numbers, calendars, and to-do lists.
In one embodiment in accordance with the invention, digital camera phone 502 captures still images. Digital processor 522 performs color interpolation followed by color and tone correction, in order to produce rendered sRGB image data. The rendered sRGB image data are then compressed and stored as an image file in memory 506. By way of example only, the image data can be compressed pursuant to the JPEG format, which uses the known “Exif” image format. This format includes an Exif application segment that stores particular image metadata using various TIFF tags. Separate TIFF tags can be used, for example, to store the date and time the picture was captured, the lens f/number and other camera settings, and to store image captions.
Digital processor 522 produces different image sizes that are selected by the user in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. One such size is the low-resolution “thumbnail” size image. Generating thumbnail-size images is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,831, entitled “Electronic Still Camera Providing Multi-Format Storage Of Full And Reduced Resolution Images” to Kuchta, et al. The thumbnail image is stored in RAM memory 528 and supplied to display 530, which can be, for example, an active matrix LCD or organic light emitting diode (OLED). Generating thumbnail size images allows the captured images to be reviewed quickly on color display 530.
In another embodiment in accordance with the invention, digital camera phone 502 also produces and stores video clips. A video clip is produced by summing multiple pixels of image sensor array 510 together (e.g. summing pixels of the same color within each 4 column×4 row area of the image sensor array 510) to create a lower resolution video image frame. The video image frames are read from image sensor array 510 at regular intervals, for example, using a 15 frame per second readout rate.
Audio codec 532 is connected to digital processor 520 and receives an audio signal from microphone (Mic) 534. Audio codec 532 also provides an audio signal to speaker 536. These components are used both for telephone conversations and to record and playback an audio track, along with a video sequence or still image.
Speaker 536 is also used to inform the user of an incoming phone call in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. This can be done using a standard ring tone stored in firmware memory 524, or by using a custom ring-tone downloaded from mobile phone network 538 and stored in memory 506. In addition, a vibration device (not shown) can be used to provide a silent (e.g. non-audible) notification of an incoming phone call.
Digital processor 522 is connected to wireless modem 540, which enables digital camera phone 502 to transmit and receive information via radio frequency (RF) channel 542. Wireless modem 540 communicates with mobile phone network 538 using another RF link (not shown), such as a 3GSM network. Mobile phone network 538 communicates with photo service provider 544, which stores digital images uploaded from digital camera phone 502. Other devices, including computing device 504, access these images via the Internet 546. Mobile phone network 538 also connects to a standard telephone network (not shown) in order to provide normal telephone service in an embodiment in accordance with the invention.
A graphical user interface (not shown) is displayed on display 530 and controlled by user controls 548. User controls 548 include dedicated push buttons (e.g. a telephone keypad) to dial a phone number, a control to set the mode (e.g. “phone” mode, “calendar” mode” “camera” mode), a joystick controller that includes 4-way control (up, down, left, right) and a push-button center “OK” or “select” switch, in embodiments in accordance with the invention.
Dock 550 recharges the batteries (not shown) in digital camera phone 502. Dock 550 connects digital camera phone 502 to computing device 504 via dock interface 552. Dock interface 552 is implemented as wired interface, such as a USB interface, in an embodiment in accordance with the invention. Alternatively, in other embodiments in accordance with the invention, dock interface 552 is implemented as a wireless interface, such as a Bluetooth or an IEEE 802.11b wireless interface. Dock interface 552 is used to download images from memory 506 to computing device 504. Dock interface 552 is also used to transfer calendar information from computing device 504 to memory 506 in digital camera phone 502.
