Patent Grant
11939577
The present invention relates to the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT-1A) disease.
CMT-1A neuropathy is due to altered peripheral nerve myelin, resulting in demyelination and causing a severe and invalidating disease. Myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerve axons are formed by Schwann cells. They are essential for the rapid and accurate transmission of electrical impulses via saltatory conduction. The predominant subtype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases is CMT-1A, accounting for more than 50% of all patients. It is associated with an interstitial chromosomal duplication of 17p11.2, resulting in the overexpression of the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22), responsible for the disease, characterized by the loss of muscle and sensory functions.
Several attempts were made to cure CMT-1A disease or at least to ameliorate its invalidating symptoms.
One of the promising molecules was ascorbic acid. In animal models of CMT-1A overexpressing PMP22, ascorbic acid treatment resulted in substantial amelioration of the disease phenotype and reduced the expression of PMP22. Unfortunately, a clinical trial testing the effects of ascorbic acid supplementation in CMT-1A patients had no beneficial effects when compared with placebo. Thus, there is so far no clinical evidence to support ascorbic acid treatment in adults with CMT-1A.
Anti-progesterone therapy was found to significantly increase muscle strength and prevent axon loss in PMP22 transgenic rats, although myelin sheath thickness was not affected. Unfortunately, currently available progesterone antagonists are too toxic to be safely administered to patients.
Neurotrophin-3 (NT3), a neurotrophic factor known to promote axonal growth, was tested with favorable results in two animal models, and in a pilot study involving eight CMT-1A patients.
However, there is currently no effective drug for CMT-1A and supportive treatments are limited to physical therapy, orthotics, surgical treatment of skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities, as well as symptomatic drug treatment.
There is therefore a need to provide solutions for the treatment of CMT-1A disease.
The Inventors have found that antisense RNAs targeting PMP22, in particular using a RNA interference (RNAi), are highly efficient for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A. The Inventors have indeed shown that administering a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PMP22 via the intravenous route enabled restoration of locomotion and strength identical to wild type mice in a murine model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease, wherein PMP22 is 1.5-fold overexpressed in these mice (see Example).
Importantly, the Inventors have selected antisense RNAs, in particular siRNAs, allowing inhibiting only partially, preferably from 40% to 60%, the expression of PMP22, in order to counteract the 50% overexpression of PMP22 due to 1.5 Mb duplication on chromosome 17p11.2. The protein PMP22 must indeed remain in the cells in an amount equivalent to those found in healthy individuals.
Moreover, to demonstrate that the siRNA PMP22 tightly regulate PMP22 expression the Inventors have shown that administration of an siRNA targeting PMP22 gene to wild-type mice decreased PMP22 protein level thus, inducing neuropathy in these mice (data not shown).
The antisense RNAs according to the invention, in particular the siRNAs PMP22, advantageously do not interfere with the expression of protein P0, which remains unchanged. Protein P0 is indeed involved with PMP22 in the myelination process and a deregulation of the gene encoding the protein P0 is responsible of another type of CMT such as CMT1B.
Importantly, the antisense RNAs according to the invention, in particular the siRNAs PMP22, do not affect the viability of cells.
To protect and safely deliver the antisense RNAs targeting PMP22, in particular the siRNAs targeting PMP22, they may be vectorized and for example be provided in the form of nanoparticles. For example, the antisense RNA may be conjugated to squalene, thereby forming nanoparticles comprising the antisense RNA. These nanoparticles (also referred to as siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs) are still active after bio-conjugation with squalene, thanks to modification only in the passenger sense strand. Advantageously, these nanoparticles are stable for 30 days with a size of around 180 nm and a low polydispersity index of 0.14, thereby allowing to be injected intravenously.
Whereas most drugs assessed for the treatment of CMT-1A focus on the adenylyl cyclase activity, which indirectly affects PMP22 expression, the antisense RNAs according to the invention, in particular the siRNAs, target the PMP22 gene itself and allow improving the different aspects of the disease, such as motor activity, strength and axonal regeneration.
Importantly, the therapeutic effect of the antisense RNAs provided by the present invention, in particular the siRNAs, has been demonstrated on an animal model close to human CMT-1A (in particular in mice having only one or two extra copies of the PMP22 gene) and in conditions transposable in human beings, in particular using an intravenous administration of a low dose of antisense RNA (for example 2.5 mg/kg). Administering a high dose of siRNA can indeed induce off-target effects. Besides, the antisense RNAs according to the invention provides a long-term therapeutic effect.
A first object of the invention is thus an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein.
The antisense RNA preferably reduces from 40% to 60% the amount of PMP22 protein in cells, more preferably from 40% to 55%.
The antisense RNA may be selected from the group consisting of a siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA and a RNA species that can be cleaved in vivo to form an siRNA.
The antisense RNA may be complementary to a portion of (i) sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, (ii) SEQ ID NO: 11 or (iii) a naturally occurring variant of sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 or 11.
For example, the antisense RNA may be a nucleic acid complementary to:
The antisense RNA may comprise at least 10 consecutive nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19.
The antisense RNA may be an siRNA comprising one or two single-stranded overhang(s), for example two single-stranded 3′-overhangs.
The antisense RNA may be an siRNA comprising or consisting of (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 and (ii) optionally, one or two single-stranded overhang(s), in particular one or two single-stranded 3′-overhang(s).
Another object of the invention is a nanoparticle comprising an antisense RNA as defined above, wherein the antisense RNA is preferably coupled to squalene or a derivative thereof. The nanoparticle for example comprises a siRNA, wherein the sense strand of said siRNA is preferably coupled to squalene or a derivative thereof.
Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be conjugated with the antisense RNA, for example with the sense strand of the antisense RNA. Such a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a precursor of cholesterol, such as squalene, PEG, a phospholipid or a lipophilic moiety.
Still another object of the invention is an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein as defined above, for use in the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT-1A). The antisense RNA thus allows restoring a normal level of PMP22 expression in patients suffering from Charcot Marie Tooth disease 1A.
The antisense RNA may be provided in the form of nanoparticles comprising the said antisense RNA, for example nanoparticles as defined above.
The antisense RNA may be provided in the form a pharmaceutical composition as defined above.
The antisense RNA may be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intranervously, for example in the sciatic nerve.
The antisense RNA may be used in combination with at least another drug useful in the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A.
PMP22 Protein
PMP22 protein, also called peripheral myelin protein 22, is a transmembrane glycoprotein.
Human PMP22 protein is encoded by the PMP22 gene.
PMP22 protein is mainly expressed in Schwann cells.
The PMP22 protein is preferably of mammalian origin.
The term “mammalian” includes human and non-human mammalian.
The expression “non-human mammalian” for example includes rat, murine, pig, cat, dog, rabbit or primate.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) disease results from a 1.5 Mb duplication on chromosome 17p11.2, containing the PMP22 coding gene, resulting in the presence of three copies of PMP22 in all individuals with CMT1A.
The PMP22 protein involved in CMT1A disease is a functional PMP22 protein.
By “functional PMP22 protein”, it is herein meant a protein encoded by a gene able to increase PMP22 expression (if a duplication occurs at DNA level) on both mRNA level (for example tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction followed by reverse transcription (RT-qPCR)) and protein level (for example tested by Western blot and by immunohistochemistry) leading to demyelination.
The skilled person can easily determine if a given PMP22 protein is functional by well-known methods. For example, the proband of the family history combined with very slow nerve conduction velocities may be used, or DNA diagnostics, RT-qPCR, Western Blot and/or electrophysiological tests.
A reference sequence for human PMP22 is for example sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.
The PMP22 protein may comprise or consist of a sequence at least 80% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, preferably at least 85% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, more preferably at least 95% identical, for example at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.
A reference sequence for the mRNA encoding human PMP22 is sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”.
The mRNA encoding a human PMP22 protein may comprise or consist of a sequence at least 80% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”, preferably at least 85% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, more preferably at least 95% identical, for example at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”.
A reference sequence for the mRNA encoding murine PMP22 is sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”.
The mRNA encoding a murine PMP22 protein may comprise or consist of a sequence at least 80% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”, preferably at least 85% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, more preferably at least 95% identical, for example at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with “U”.
As defined herein, an amino acid sequence “at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical” to a reference sequence may comprise mutation(s), such as deletion(s), insertion(s) and/or substitution(s) compared to the reference sequence.
In case of substitution, the substitution preferably corresponds to a conservative substitution as indicated in the Table 1 below. In a preferred embodiment, the sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence only differs from the reference sequence by conservative substitutions.
The amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence may correspond to a naturally-occurring variant of the reference sequence.
The amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence may correspond to a homologous sequence derived from another mammalian species than the reference sequence.
For example, the amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence may differ from the reference sequence by conservative substitution(s) and/or corresponds to a naturally-occurring variant of the reference sequence and/or corresponds to a homologous sequence derived from another mammalian species than the reference sequence.
By “a sequence at least x % identical to a reference sequence”, it is intended that the sequence is identical to the reference sequence or differ from the reference sequence by up to 100−x amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the reference sequence.
The alignment and the determination of the percentage of identity may be carried out manually or automatically using for instance the Needle program which is based on the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm, described in Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol Biol. 48:443-453, with for example the following parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison: comparison matrix: BLOSUM62, gap open penalty: 10 and gap extend penalty: 0.5, end gap penalty: false, end gap open penalty=10, end gap extend penalty=0.5; and the following parameters for polynucleotide sequence comparison: comparison matrix: DNAFULL; gap open penalty=10, gap extend penalty=0.5, end gap penalty: false, end gap open penalty=10, end gap extend penalty=0.5.
A nucleic sequence “at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical” to a reference sequence may comprise mutation(s), such as deletion(s), insertion(s) and/or substitution(s) compared to the reference sequence.
In case of nucleotide substitution, the substitution may correspond to a silent substitution or a substitution leading to a conservative substitution in the translated amino acid sequence, by comparison to the reference sequence, for example as indicated in the Table 1 above.
The nucleic sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence may correspond to a naturally-occurring variant of the reference sequence and/or corresponds to a homologous sequence derived from another mammalian species than the reference sequence.
The nucleic sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference sequence may differs from the reference sequence by silent substitution(s) and/or substitution(s) leading to a conservative amino-acid substitution and/or correspond to a naturally-occurring variant of the reference sequence and/or corresponds to a homologous sequence derived from another mammalian species than the reference sequence.
Antisense RNA Targeting an mRNA Encoding PMP22 Protein
The present invention particularly relates to an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein.
The PMP22 protein and the mRNA encoding PMP22 are particularly as defined above.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein is referred to as “antisense RNA” in the following.
The antisense RNA advantageously reduces the amount of PMP22 protein in cells, in particular in Schwann cells.
The antisense RNA preferably reduces from 40% to 60%, preferably from 40% to 55%, more preferably from 40% to 50%, for example from 40% to 45% or from 45% to 50%, the amount of PMP22 protein in a cell, preferably in a Schwann cell, and/or reduces from 40% to 60%, preferably from 40% to 55%, preferably from 40% to 50%, for example from 40% to 45% or from 45% to 50%, the amount of PMP22 mRNA in a cell, preferably in a Schwann cell.
The quantity of PMP22 protein expressed in a cell may be determined by any method well known by the skilled person, such as Western blot, Elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or immunohistochemistry.
Determining whether an antisense RNA is capable of reducing the amount of PMP22 in cells and, optionally, to quantify the percentage of reduction may for example be performed by assessing the amount of PMP22 protein in a cell in the presence and in the absence of the antisense RNA to be tested (see for example in the section Example).
The quantity of mRNA encoding PMP22 present in a cell may be determined by any method well known by the skilled person, such as RT-PCR.
Determining whether an antisense RNA is capable of reducing the amount of mRNA encoding PMP22 in cells and, optionally, to quantify the percentage of reduction may for example be performed by assessing the amount of mRNA encoding PMP22 in cells, for example by RT-PCR, in the presence and absence of the antisense RNA to be tested (see for example in the section Example).
The antisense RNA is thus a nucleic acid targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22.
The expression “nucleic acid targeting a given mRNA” herein means a nucleic acid that is capable of specifically binding to the said mRNA. The nucleic acid targeting a given mRNA thus comprises or consists of a sequence that is perfectly complementary to a portion of the sequence of said mRNA. Said complementarity enables specific binding of the nucleic acid targeting the mRNA to said mRNA under intra-cellular conditions.
By the expression “a sequence perfectly complementary to a second sequence”, it is herein meant the reverse complement counterpart of the second sequence.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 may be designed from the sequence of said mRNA, for example using bioinformatic tools. For example, sequences SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 11 can be used as target for designing the antisense RNA. Since sequences SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 11 are cDNA sequences, nucleotides “T” have to be replaced with nucleotides “U” to get the mRNA sequence.
The antisense RNA as defined above may be a single-stranded or double-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid), such as siRNA.
The antisense RNA is preferably perfectly complementary to a portion of the sequence of the mRNA encoding PMP22 in the subject to be treated.
The antisense RNA as defined above may comprise at least one non-standard nucleotide, such as a non-naturally occurring nucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide.
The antisense RNA as defined above may comprise or consist of an RNA portion and at least one additional portion, for example a deoxyribonucleotide portion.
The antisense RNA as defined above may have a length of from 12 to 50 nucleotides, 12 to 35 nucleotides, from 12 to 30, from 12 to 25, from 12 to 22, from 15 to 35, from 15 to 30, from 15 to 25, from 15 to 22, or from 18 to 22, for example of 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides.
The antisense RNA as defined above may for example comprise or consist of 12 to 50 consecutive nucleotides, 12 to 35, from 12 to 30, from 12 to 25, from 12 to 22, from 15 to 35, from 15 to 30, from 15 to 25, from 15 to 22 or from 18 to 22, for example 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides.
The antisense RNA as defined above may comprise or consist of 12 to 50 consecutive nucleotides, e.g. 12 to 35, from 12 to 30, from 12 to 25, from 12 to 22, from 15 to 35, from 15 to 30, from 15 to 25, from 15 to 22 or from 18 to 22, for example 19, 20 or 21 consecutive nucleotides of a sequence complementary to the mRNA encoding PMP22 protein.
The antisense RNA is preferably a RNA interfering agent.
The antisense RNA as defined above, in particular the RNA interfering agent, may be selected from the group consisting of a siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA and an RNA species that can be cleaved in vivo to form a siRNA.
A “short interfering RNA” or “siRNA” comprises a double-stranded RNA portion and, optionally, one or two single-stranded overhangs.
The single-stranded overhang may be a 3′ overhang or a 5′ overhang.
The double-stranded RNA portion comprises an antisense strand complementary to the mRNA encoding PMP22 protein and a sense strand.
The siRNA as defined above preferably comprises one or two 3′ overhangs.
The siRNA as defined above preferably comprises or consists of 19, 20 or 21 base pairs.
The siRNA as defined above preferably comprises or consists of 19, 20 or 21 base pairs and two 3′ overhangs.
The 3′ and/or 5′ overhang may consist of at least one, preferably at least two deoxyribonucleotides T (referred to as “dT”).
For example, the 3′ and/or 5′ overhang(s) may consist of two deoxyribonucleotides T.
A “short hairpin RNA (shRNA)” is a single-stranded RNA having a stem-loop (hairpin) structure. Expression of shRNA in cells may be obtained using a vector.
A “MicroRNA” or “miRNA” is a short non-coding RNA of around 22-nucleotide length-miRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of target genes and are generally expressed in a highly tissue-specific or developmental-stage-specific fashion. It is possible to design and express an artificial miRNA based on the features of existing miRNA genes.
A “dsRNA” is a RNA with double strands same as the DNA but with uracil instead of thymine. It forms the genetic material of many viruses, it is a main component of the interferon system. It triggers the immune system against viral infection.
The antisense RNA as defined above may target a portion of sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, or of a naturally occurring variant thereof, wherein nucleotides “T” are replaced with nucleotides “U” in these sequences.
In other words, the antisense RNA as defined above may be complementary to a portion of (i) sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, (ii) SEQ ID NO: 11 or (iii) a naturally occurring variant of sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 or 11.
An antisense RNA complementary to a portion of a sequence which is a DNA sequence herein means that it is complementary to the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein nucleotides “T” in the DNA sequence are replaced with nucleotides “U”.
The antisense RNA as defined above may target a portion of a sequence at least 80% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, preferably at least 85% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, more preferably at least 95% identical, for example at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, the nucleotides “T” being considered identical to nucleotides “U” for determining sequence identity.
In other words, the antisense RNA as defined above may target a portion of a sequence at least 80% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, preferably at least 85% identical, more preferably at least 90% identical, more preferably at least 95% identical, for example at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 11.
The antisense RNA as defined above may be complementary to:
The antisense RNA as defined above may comprise at least 10 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least 12 nucleotides, more preferably at least 15 nucleotides, for example 16, 17, 18 or 19 nucleotides, of a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19.
The antisense RNA as defined above may be an siRNA comprising (i) at least 10 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least 12 nucleotides, more preferably at least 15 nucleotides, for example 16, 17, 18 or 19 nucleotides, of a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 and (ii) optionally, one or two single-stranded overhang(s), said 3′ or 5′ overhang(s) consisting for example of two dT.
The antisense RNA as defined above, preferably a siRNA, may comprise or consist of (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 and (ii) optionally, one or two single-stranded overhang(s), said 3′ and/or 5′ overhang(s) consisting for example of two dT.
The antisense RNA as defined above is preferably a siRNA comprising or consisting of (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19, and (ii) two 3′ overhangs, each of said 3′ overhangs consisting preferably of two dT.
The antisense RNA as defined above may comprise modified nucleotides, for example chemically modified nucleotides, in order to increase its stability and/or therapeutic efficiency in vivo.
For example, the antisense RNA as defined above may comprise phosphorothioate derivatives, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) oligoribonucleotides and/or lipid-modified oligonucleotides. When the antisense RNA comprises a double-stranded RNA portion, the sense strand (also called passenger strand) may comprise the same modification(s) as the antisense strand, so that the modification(s) will not affect the inhibitory effect of the antisense strand. Alternatively, when the antisense RNA comprises a double-stranded RNA portion, only the sense strand may comprise modification(s), such as for example a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) reactive group at the 5′-end of the sense strand, in particular through a spacer, such as a N-(hexamethylenyl)-6-oxohexanamide spacer (C6).
The antisense RNA as defined above, in particular the shRNA, may be cloned into a vector and then transmitted to cells.
The antisense RNA as defined above may be provided in a pharmaceutical composition.
Nanoparticle Comprising at Least One Antisense RNA
The antisense RNA as defined above may be provided in the form of a nanoparticle comprising the said antisense RNA.
The nanoparticle may be loaded with the antisense RNA.
Using nanoparticles enables to increase the half-life of the antisense RNA, in particular in the case of an siRNA.
Besides, nanoparticles may allow specific delivery to target cells, for example by targeting intrinsically the target cells or by being coupled to a ligand specific to the target cells.
Target cells are for example Schwann cells.
For example, natural triterpenes, such as squalene, have the ability when linked to a siRNA to self-assemble as nanoparticles in water.
Vectorization with squalenic acid or a derivative thereof is for example disclosed in document WO2006/090029.
In one advantageous embodiment, the sense strand of a siRNA is covalently coupled to azide squalene or a derivative thereof, that is further annealed to the antisense strand of said siRNA; thereby forming nanoparticles, in particular after nanoprecipitation.
The sense strand of the antisense RNA as defined above, in particular of the siRNA as defined above, may be coupled to squalene by using copper-free click chemistry, for example as previously described (Massaad-Massade et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2018, 29 (6), pp 1961-1972, DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00205).
A nanoparticle comprising an siRNA as defined above may be obtained by a method comprising:
The nanoparticle may be purified, for example by HPLC.
The nanoparticles preferably have a size lower than 300 nm, more preferably lower than 250 nm and/or a size greater than 50 nm, more preferably greater than 100 nm.
For example, the nanoparticles have a size comprised from 100 to 200 nm, more preferably from 170 nm to 190 nm, for example 180 nm.
The nanoparticles preferably have a low polydispersity index, in particular a polydispersity lower than 0.3 nm, more preferably lower than 0.2 nm, for example a polydispersity index of 0.14.
The nanoparticles are preferably stable for at least 20 days, preferably at least 25 days, more preferably at least 30 days.
The nanoparticles are preferably suitable for intravenous injection.
The nanoparticle may particularly comprise an siRNA comprising or consisting of (i) a sequence selected from the group consisting of sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19 and (ii) two 3′ overhangs, said 3′ overhangs preferably consisting of two dT.
The nanoparticle comprising the antisense RNA may be provided in a pharmaceutical composition.
Pharmaceutical Composition
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein as defined above, in particular an siRNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein as defined above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Non-limiting examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may be conjugated with a nucleic acid such as an antisense RNA, for example with the sense strand of a siRNA, include: a precursor of cholesterol, such as squalene, PEG, phospholipid, lipophilic moiety, P-glycoprotein inhibitor.
The antisense RNA can thus be provided in the form of an exosome comprising or conjugated with the nucleic acid, liposome comprising or conjugated with the nucleic acid and/or nanoparticle comprising or conjugated with the nucleic acid, for example a nanoparticle as defined above.
The expression “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant to encompass any carrier, which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and that is preferably not toxic to the host to which is administered.
A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be prepared by any method known by those skilled in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition is preferably a sterile solution or suspension.
The pharmaceutical composition is preferably suitable for injectable administration.
The pharmaceutical composition may comprise a nucleic acid encoding the antisense RNA in case of siRNA or a vector comprising the said nucleic acid, in particular when the antisense RNA is a part of shRNA.
The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are well known by the skilled person. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be routinely selected in accordance with the mode of administration, solubility and stability of the RNA antisense. For example, a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration may include a sterile aqueous solution, buffer, diluent and/or other suitable additive.
The pharmaceutical composition as defined above may comprise an amount of RNA antisense suitable for administering from 0.1 mg of RNA antisense/kg of the subject to 20 mg of RNA antisense/kg of the subject, preferably from 0.2 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg.
The pharmaceutical composition as defined above may for example comprise from 5 mg to 2 g of RNA antisense/kg of the subject, preferably from 15 mg to 1 g, more preferably from 30 mg to 500 mg.
When the antisense RNA is coupled to squalene or a derivative thereof, thereby forming nanoparticles, the pharmaceutical composition as defined above may comprise an amount of nanoparticles suitable for administering from 0.1 mg of nanoparticles/kg of the subject to 20 mg of nanoparticles/kg of the subject, preferably from 0.2 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.5 to 10 mg/kg.
When the antisense RNA is coupled to squalene or a derivative thereof, thereby forming nanoparticles, the pharmaceutical composition as defined above may comprise from 5 mg to 2 g of nanoparticles, preferably from 15 mg to 1 g, more preferably from 30 mg to 500 mg.
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is presented in unit dosage form to facilitate accurate dosing. The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete unit suitable as unitary dosage for human subject and other non-human mammals, each unit containing a pre-determined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. A typical unit dosage form includes pre-filled, pre-measured ampoules or syringes of the liquid composition.
The present invention also related to a kit comprising a pharmaceutical as defined above and instructions regarding the mode of administration. These instructions may for e.g. indicate the medical indication, the route of administration, the dosage and/or the group of patients to be treated.
Subject
The subject may be a human being or a non-human mammal.
A non-human mammal is for example a mouse, rat, cat, dog, rabbit or primate.
The subject is preferably a human being, also referred to as individual or patient.
The subject may be of any age, for example an infant, child, adolescent, adult, elderly people, and of any sex.
Treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A Disease
By “treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease”, it is herein meant stopping, at least partially, the evolution of the disease or reversing the disease.
Desirable effects of treatment for example comprise:
Antisense RNA Targeting PMP22 for Use in the Treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A Disease
The present invention also relates to an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein for use in the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT-1A).
The present invention also relates to a method for treating Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease, comprising administering an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 protein to a subject in need thereof.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 is particularly as defined above.
The antisense RNA may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
The pharmaceutical composition is particularly as defined above in the section of the same name.
The treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease is particularly as defined above.
Administering an antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22, in particular a siRNA, may be carried out using various techniques well known in the art, including naked administration and/or administration in pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a nanoparticle.
A nanoparticle comprising an antisense RNA according to the invention is particularly as defined above.
The antisense RNA may be formulated to target Schwann cells.
The antisense RNA is preferably complementary to the mRNA encoding PMP22 present in the subject suffering from or susceptible of suffering from CMT-1A.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 may for example be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally or subcutaneously or intranervously, preferably in the sciatic nerve.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 is preferably administered in an “effective amount”, i.e. in an amount sufficient to treat the Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease. It will be appreciated that this amount will vary both with the effectiveness of the antisense RNA and with the nature of any carrier used. The determination of appropriate amounts for any given composition is within the skill in the art, through standard series of tests designed to assess appropriate therapeutic levels.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 may be administered at a dose of 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of the subject, preferably 0.2 to 15 mg/kg of the subject, more preferably 0.5 to 10 mg/kg of the subject.
When the antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 is coupled to a squalene or derivative thereof, 0.1 to 20 mg of nanoparticles/kg of the subject may be administered, preferably 0.2 to 15 mg of nanoparticles/kg of the subject, more preferably 0.5 to 10 mg of nanoparticles/kg of the subject.
The antisense RNA targeting an mRNA encoding PMP22 may be administered as one injection or several injections, for example once or twice per week, for example for at least three weeks and/or maximum 3 months.
The antisense RNA may be used in combination with at least another drug useful in the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A, such as ascorbic acid, neutrophin 3 and/or curcumin.
The present invention will be further illustrated in view of the following examples and figures.
SEQ ID NO: 1 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 12.
SEQ ID NO: 2 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 13.
SEQ ID NO: 3 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 14.
SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 15.
SEQ ID NO: 5 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 16.
SEQ ID NO: 6 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 17.
SEQ ID NO: 7 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 18.
SEQ ID NO: 8 is the sense strand sequence of a siRNA comprising the antisense strand of SEQ ID NO: 19.
SEQ ID NO: 9 is the cDNA sequence encoding the human PMP22 protein of reference sequence NM_000304.3, as available on Jul. 30, 2018.
SEQ ID NO: 10 is the amino acid sequence of the human PMP22 protein encoded by sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
SEQ ID NO: 11 is the cDNA sequence the sense strand is the cDNA encoding the murine PMP22 protein of reference NM_008885.3 in the NCBI database, as available on Jul. 30, 2018.
SEQ ID NO: 12 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 474 to 492 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and partially complementary to nucleotides 472 to 489 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 (one mismatch with nucleotide 472).
SEQ ID NO: 13 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 923 to 941 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and to nucleotides 905 to 923 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
SEQ ID NO: 14 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 1562 to 1580 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and partially complementary to nucleotides 1565 to 1583 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 (5 mismatches).
SEQ ID NO: 15 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 989 to 1007 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and partially complementary to nucleotides 970 to 988 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 (2 mismatches).
SEQ ID NO: 16 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 1721 to 1739 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and perfectly complementary to nucleotides 1726 to 1744 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
SEQ ID NO: 17 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 431 to 449 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and perfectly complementary to nucleotides 429 to 447 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
SEQ ID NO: 18 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 1805 to 1823 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and perfectly complementary to nucleotides 1809 to 1827 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
SEQ ID NO: 19 is a RNA sequence perfectly complementary to nucleotides 921 to 939 of sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and perfectly complementary to nucleotides 903 to 921 sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
A. Data represents mean±SD and each group consists of three different mice. * represents the significance between WT-B6 group and the other groups and # represent significance between JP18 5% dextrose and JP18siPMP22-SQ NPs. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001, ###: p<0.001 (Anova followed by Bonferroni tests).
B. Data represents mean±SD and each group consists of three different mice. * represents the significance between WT-B6 group and the other groups and # represent significance between JP18 5% dextrose and JP18siPMP22-SQ NPs. **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001, #: p<0.05; ###: p<0.001 (Anova followed by Bonferroni tests).
Materials and Methods
siRNAs and Chemical Modifications
The designed sequences of sense and antisense siRNA strands were purchased from Eurogentec, France. They were synthesized then characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and purified by Reverse Phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Single-stranded RNAs were synthesized as 19-mers with two 3′-overhanging 2′-deoxynucleotides residues to provide stabilization against nucleases. To preserve the functionality, a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) reactive group was introduced at the 5′-end of the sense strand of each siRNA sequence through a N-(hexamethylenyl)-6-oxohexanamide spacer (C6). To generate siRNA from RNA single strands, equimolar amounts of both sense and antisense strands were annealed in annealing buffer [30 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 2 mM Mg acetate, 100 mM K acetate] for 3 min at 95° C. and then incubated for 45 min at room temperature before storing at −20° C.
Screening of siRNA Against PMP22
To restore basal levels of PMP22 gene expression, eight siRNAs against PMP22 (see Tables 2 and 3) and an siRNA control (siRNA CTRL) scrambled sequence were designed by using three different methods (Tafer software, Thermofisher software and Reynold method). siRNAs were transfected by using lipofectamine MAX® into a Schwann cellular model (MSC 80) that endogenously express PMP22. The ability of the siRNAs to decrease the PMP22 expression was tested at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Expression of both PMP22 and P0 genes was assessed by real-time PCR. Then the best siRNA sequence that was able to inhibit of about 50% PMP22 expression with a long lasting-effect without affecting P0 level (P0 deregulation is described to be involve in the CMT-1 disease) was tested at different concentrations 25 nM, 50 nM and 100 nM to check its ability to decrease PMP22 and cell viability (MTT test). Scramble siRNA was used as control.
Conjugation of siRNA to Squalene and Polyisoprenyl Chains:
Squalene was coupled to siRNA by a Huisgen cycloaddition of dibenzocyclooctyne (copper-free click chemistry) as previously described (Massaad-Massade et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2018, 29 (6), pp 1961-1972, DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00205). Briefly, the sense strands of the oligonucleotides were modified by dibenzocyclooctyne residue at the 5′-end, a commercially available modification for siRNAs. Squalene is carrying an azide functional group. The conjugates were purified by HPLC and characterized by MALDI-TOFF mass spectrometry.
Annealing of both strands of the siRNA PMP22 and siRNA CT was performed after the bioconjugation of the sense strand to SQ, then precipitated in acetone/water. One phase (aqueous or organic) was slowly added to the other, under stirring. Acetone was completely evaporated using nitrogen flux to obtain an aqueous suspension of pure siRNA-SQ nanoassemblies at 10 μM concentration. Control siRNA-SQ was prepared using the same protocol. The size of the nanoassemblies was determined by dynamic light scattering and their zeta potential by their electrophoretic mobility. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of these squalene-based nanoassemblies. Nanoassembly stability and drug release was tested in phosphate buffer (PBS) and in cell culture medium.
The detailed protocol for obtaining bioconjugates siRNA PMP22-SQ is described below.
(i) Bioconjugation of siRNAs
One nmole of the 5′-end modified sense strand DBCO-C6 of the siRNA PMP22 (1 mg/mL in DNAse/RNAse-free water) was mixed with 50 nmoles of SQ-N3 (1 mg/mL in DMSO) in a glass vial containing DMSO (286 μL) and acetone (65 μL). The solution was then incubated at room temperature for 12 h under stirring to obtain the bioconjugate siRNA PMP22-SQ. In the next day, excess acetone was removed under nitrogen flow for 30 min followed by lyophilization step.
Purification of the bioconjugate from the excess of unconjugated SQ was performed by RP-HPLC on a polymeric column as described below. The identity of the bioconjugates siRNA PMP22-SQ was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Purified products were lyophilized, and then solubilized into RNAse free water at the desired molar concentration at 10 μM. The same protocol was performed to obtain the siRNA Ct-SQ bioconjugate.
(ii) Purification of siRNAPMP22-SQ Bioconjugates Via HPLC
HPLC purification was performed on a thermoscientifc high-performance liquid chromatography system (UltiMAte3000) equipped with a photodiode array detector whose wavelength range between 190 and 800 nm, a pump, and a manual injector. The stationary phase consisted of a nonporous, alkylated polystyrene divinylbenzene column (Hamilton PRP-3 10 μm, 4.6×250 mm, PEEK, Ref: 79574) protected by pre-column (Hamilton). Thermofisher Chromeleon software was used for data acquisition with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and injection volumes of 100 μL. A gradient of mobile phases A and B was applied. Mobile phase A composed of: 0.2 M TEAA (5%), pH 7.0, with 5% acetonitrile, water 90% while mobile phase B consisted of 95% acetonitrile with 5% TEAA, 5% of water. The gradient applied for purification was as follow: 0-8 min linear gradient from 0% to 24% of phase B; 8-16 min linear gradient from 24% to 90% of phase B; 16-18 min linear gradient from 90% to 100% of phase B; 18-30 min 100% of phase B; 30-32 min linear gradient from 100% of phase B to 100% of phase A and 32-42 min re-equilibration with 100% phase A. Bioconjugate siRNA-SQ was purified by manual peak collection. Fractions were collected for 2 min, corresponding to a fraction volume of 2.4 mL, and then lyophilized. All lyophilized siRNA fractions were reconstituted in DEPC-treated water.
(iii) MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
A MALDI-TOF/TOF UltrafleXtreme mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen) was used for all experiments. Mass spectra were obtained in linear positive ion mode. The laser intensity was set just above the ion generation threshold to obtain peaks with the highest possible signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio without significant peak broadening. All data were processed using the FlexAnalysis software package (Bruker Daltonics).
(iv) Annealing of siRNA-SQ Bioconjugates to Antisense siRNA Strands
Annealing of both strands of siRNA PMP22 and siRNA Ct was performed after the bioconjugation of the sense strand to SQ according to the manufacturer protocol and the same as mentioned before for the generation of siRNA from single RNA strands. Precisely, equimolar amounts of both siPMP22C6-SQ bioconjugate and antisense siPMP22 were mixed with an annealing buffer [30 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 2 mM Mg acetate, 100 mM K acetate] and incubated at 95° C. for 3 min then incubated for 45 min at room temperature before storing at −80° C. or precipitation directly. The same protocol was performed to obtain siRNA Ct-SQ bioconjugate.
(v) Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticles siRNAPMP22-SQ
Nanoparticles (NPs) siRNAPMP22-SQ and siRNA Ct-SQ were prepared by nanoprecipitation in acetone: water (1:2). One phase was slowly added to the other, under stirring i.e. 10 nmole of siRNA-SQ were dissolved in 1 ml of DEPC treated water and added drop wisely over 500 ml of acetone under stirring. Then the two solution were kept under stirring for 5 min after which acetone was completely evaporated using nitrogen flux to obtain an aqueous suspension of pure siRNA-SQ nanoassemblies at 10 μM concentration.
The hydrodynamic diameter (nm) was measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Malden Zeta Sizer NANO. Samples were analyzed at 10 μM concentration in H2O. Three measures of 5 min for each per sample were performed and the average diameter±S.D. of three independent samples was calculated.
Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM) was performed with the JEOL 2100 electron microscope at the Electronic Microscopy Platform (IBPS/Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, FRANCE). A drop of 4 μL of siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs (concentration of 2.2 mg/mL) was deposited on a carbon-coated copper grid. Excess of the liquid was removed with blotting filter paper, and the samples were quickly vitrified by plunging them into liquid ethane using a guillotine-like frame. The samples were then transferred to a cryo-sample holder. Observations were made at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV under a low electron dose. Analysis was performed with Image J software.
Effects of siRNA PMP22-SQ Nanoparticles in a Conditional CMT-1A Transgenic Mouse Model
This study was first performed in vivo in a mouse model of CMT-1A established by Perea et al. (Hum Mol Genet 10, 1007-1018, 2001). In this model overexpression of PMP22 occurs specifically in Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves and causes demyelination responsible of CMT-1A disease. The transgenic mice were purchased from TAAM CNRS after reviviscence of oocytes in two genetic backgrounds B6 and CBA. At 3 month of age molecular and behavioral studies were performed on JP18 B6 and CBA to study their gene expression of PMP22, motor and sensory functions respectively. This mouse model comprises one extra copy of the PMP22 gene. All the data were compared between CMT-1A mice in B6 or CBA backgrounds to WT mice. For the JP18 mouse model, the mouse pmp22 cDNA was introduced under control of the PhCMV*-1 promoter, therefore, mice overexpressed pmp22 throughout life.
This study was also performed on double transgenic mouse model (JP18/JY13). This model was generated by crossing JP18 and JY13 mice and comprises two extra copies of the PMP22 gene. In absence of tetracycline, pmp22 overexpression occurs throughout the mice lifespan. At ten days of age, mice were systematically genotyped as previously described by Robertson et al., by using specific primers for PMP22 and tTA sequences.
Impact of the Administration of an siRNA Against PMP22 on the Progression of CMT-1A Pathology
JP18B6 mice were divided into 3 groups 5 mice each in addition to a wild type group as a comparison. One group was given a vehicle of 5% dextrose solution, the second was treated with siRNACTRL-SQ NPs and the third was treated with siRNAPMP22-SQ NPs. All the treatments were administered by sub ocular IV injection of a cumulative dose of 2.5 mg/Kg at an interval of 0.5 mg/kg per injection twice per week (5 treatments in total). At the end of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and the sciatic nerve was collected for further studies. All animal experiments were approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of Animal Experimentation (CEEA) and research council, registered in the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche; MESR, APAFIS #I 0131-2016112916404689 vl 6) and carried out according to French laws and regulations under the conditions established by the European Community (Directive 2010/63/UE). Investigation has been conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering: administration of treatments was performed under isoflurane anesthesia and animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. All animals were housed in sterilized laminar flow caging system. Food, water and bedding were sterilized before being placed in the cages. Food and water were given ad libitum.
The progression or regression of the pathology was monitored by the behavioral beam-walking test and grip test. These tests essentially examine the ability of the animal to remain upright and to walk on an elevated and relatively narrow beam and their muscular strength.
In another similar experiment to test siPMP22-SQ NPs on a more affected CMT1A mouse model, the double transgenic model (JP18/JY13) that harbour two extra copies of PMP22 genes were used. At 12 weeks of age JP18/JY13 mice were divided into three groups similar to the groups of JP18 mice. The same protocol of treatment was performed and 6 mice per group were used in addition to a Wild type B6 group. Behavioural tests were performed as mentioned for the JP18 B6 mice and sciatic nerves were collected after then.
To study the long lasting effect of siPMP22-SQ NPs JP18/JY13 B6 mice of 12 weeks age were used. Mice were again divided into three groups of 6 mice each: JP18/JY13 vehicle, JP18/JY13 siRNA Ct-SQ NPs and JP18/JY13 siPMP22-SQ NPs in addition to a wild type B6 group as a control. Two cycles of treatment were administered. The first cycle of treatment represents a cumulative dose of 2.5 mg/kg of siPMP22-SQ NPs and siRNA Ct-SQ NPs at an interval of 0.5 mg/Kg per injection twice per week. Then treatment were stopped for three weeks to check the relapse period and three mice per group were sacrificed at the end of the first treatment cycle and sciatic nerve were collected for further analysis. At week four, the new cycle of treatment was initiated for another cumulative dose of 2.5 mg/kg of siPMP22-SQ NPs and siRNA Ct-SQ NPs at an interval of 0.5 mg/Kg per injection twice per week. Behavioural tests were performed before treatment, at 1.5 mg/kg of first treatment cycle, at 2.5 mg/kg of first treatment cycle, two weeks after stopping the first cycle treatment, three weeks after stopping the first cycle treatment, 1.5 mg/kg of second treatment cycle and 2.5 mg/kg of second treatment cycle. Sciatic nerves were extracted at the end of the second cycle for further analysis.
Behavioral Tests
The test was done with a standard EMG apparatus (Natus/EMG) in accordance with the guidelines of the American Association Of Neuromuscular And Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Anesthesia was performed by isoflurane inhalation where mice were place in an induction chamber containing 1.5-2% isoflurane in pure oxygen. During the whole procedure, anesthesia was maintained on the same level through a face mask. Mice were placed on their frontal side on a heating pad to maintain their body temperature between 34 and 36° C. For recording the compound muscle action potential, the stimulator needle electrode was inserted at the sciatic nerve notch level, the anode electrode was inserted in the upper base part of the tail while the receptor needle or the recording needle was inserted in the medial part of the gastrocnemius muscle. A supramaximal square wave pulse of 8 mA was delivered through the stimulator needle and recorded through the muscle as amplitude. For the measurement of sensory nerve conduction velocity multiple stimulation of the caudal nerve was delivered through the stimulator needles that were located at the ⅔ of the length of the tail with a distance of 2-2.5 cm from the receptor needles. The ground electrode was inserted half way between the stimulator and the receptor electrodes. The sensory nerve conduction velocity was calculated from the latency of the stimulus and the distance between the stimulator and receptor electrodes.
Biological Tests
The sciatic nerve histology of CMT-1A animals (treated or not with siRNA) was studied by electron microscopy where the number of myelinated or unmyelinated axons and the thickness of myelin sheaths is assessed by determining the g-ratio. Then the number of mitochondria per axon was calculated to assess the axonal suffering. RT-qPCR and Western blots experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of siRNA on PMP22 expression in the sciatic nerves of CMT-1A mice. PMP22 expression was normalized to control level (WT animals or CMT-1A mice treated with siRNA PMP22). The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of CMT-1A mice treated or not with siRNA PMP22 is analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Muscle weakness in CMT-1A has been attributed to an axonopathy, resulting in muscle denervation and atrophy.
Neuromuscular junction loss is observed in CMT-1A. It is important to study the NMJ to determine the effectiveness of siRNA therapy. Using confocal and electron microscopy, a comprehensive study of the structure of the NJM (innervation, denervation, reinnervation . . . ) is performed.
Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Studies
Radiolabeled free or SQ-conjugated siRNA PMP22 (siRNA PMP22-SQ 32P NPs) is injected intravenously in transgenic mice bearing CMT-1A. Organs and blood are collected at different time points and concentration of free vs. siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs was determined counting the radioactivity by a g counter. Also, it is verified by “Radio-HPLC” analysis that the siRNA PMP22 is not degraded once accumulated within the desired tissue. Pharmacokinetic parameters are calculated (e.g. plasma half-life and clearance). Noteworthy, more than 50% of squalene is transported by LDL and HDL lipoproteins therefore; the possible interactions of siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs with blood constituents (i.e. LDL, HDL, VLDL, blood cells etc.) are evaluated as previously described by Sawle et al. (Journal of lipid research 43, 335-343, 2002).
Statistical Analysis
All data were presented as mean±standard deviation (SD). Non parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis followed by Dunns tests or Anova followed by Bonferroni tests were used to compare multiple treatments using GraphPad Prism. p<0.05 was considered as a statistically significant level.
Results
Effects of siRNA PMP22 on PMP22 mRNA Expression in MSC-80 Cells
First the effect of siRNAs PMP22 (1 to 8) on mRNA PMP22 expression was studied. It was compared to the effect on siRNA control, a scramble sequence to non-treated cells. By using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunns tests, it was found that all the siRNAs down regulate significantly PMP22 expression for 24 h and 48 h, except for siPMP6. After 72 h of transfection, siPMP4, 5, 7 and 8 were able to decrease the PMP22 gene expression by 50% when compared to the control (see
Effect of Different Concentrations of siPMP22 on mRNA PMP22 and P0 and on Cell Viability.
After that was studied the effect of different concentrations (25 nM, 50 nM and 100 nM) of siPMP7 on the gene expression of PMP22 and P0 by transfection of MSC80 cells for 72 and 96 h, in order to determine the optimal concentration capable of normalizing PMP22 expression without affecting P0 expression, a protein involved with PMP22 in myelin compaction and cell viability. Our results show that the optimal concentration is 50 nM. siPMP7 (50 nM) decreased the gene expression of PMP22 by 50% for 72 and 96 h respectively while it didn't affect P0 gene expression (see
siPMP7, thereafter named siPMP22, was the best candidate to continue the study on since it has the ability to decrease PMP22 levels by 50%, it didn't affect P0 levels and had no effect on the viability of cells in vitro.
The sequence of the siRNA PMP22 is:
Coupling of siRNAPMP22 and siRNA CTRL to Squalene (SQ) and Characterization of siRNA PMP22-SQ Nanoparticles
The bioconjugate siRNA PMP22-SQ and siRNA CTRL was obtained by Cu-free click chemistry with a yield of more than 90% thank to the optimized condition of the reaction detailed in
Then these nanoparticles siRNA PMP22-SQ and siRNA CTRL were tested in vitro for their efficiencies and effects on cell viability overtime (48 h and 72 h). Previously, we showed that the squalene based siRNA nanoparticles were not able to enter spontaneously into the cells without any cationic compound. Thus, SQ based siRNA PMP22 nanoparticles as well as the unvectorized siRNA PMP22 were transfected into MSC-80 cells by using lipofectamine iMAX®. After 48 and 72 hours, vectorized siRNA PMP22 were able to inhibit mRNA PMP22 similarly to the free siRNA PMP22 (see
Taken together, this part of the study showed that:
First it was tested the expression of PMP22 on sciatic nerve by comparing the transgenic PMP22 mice in B6 and CBA backgrounds to their corresponding wild-type mice. For both PMP22 mice in B6 and CBA backgrounds, we found an increase of PMP22 mRNA expression compared to the wild-type. The P0 expression was found at the same level in both strands (see
Fine motor coordination and balance were assessed by the beam walking and locotronic assays. The goal of these tests is for the mouse to stay upright and walk across an elevated narrow beam to a safe platform. Interestingly, beam walking and locotronic assays showed an increase in time and number of fault for both PMP22 mice in B6 and CBA backgrounds compared to the wild type suggesting the development of CMT-1A disease. In fact, as seen in
Effects of Nanoparticles PMP22-SQ on the Behavior of JP18 B6 and CBA Backgrounds
Very interestingly, beam walking test done on JP18 on B6 background showed that the time spent by mice treated by the nanoparticles siRNA PMP22-SQ to cross the road is comparable to that of the untreated wild type mice (see
Taking together, these results show that the nanoparticles siRNAPMP22-SQ can restore the motor activity of CMT-1A transgenic mice.
The siRNA PMP22-SQ Nanoparticles Restore Motor Activity in Single and Double Transgenic Mice
The locomotor activity of mice was tested by two complementary tests: the beam walking and the locotronic tests before and after the end of treatment. Also, the grip force was studied under the same conditions. We found that both JP18 (single transgenic) and JP18/JY13 (double transgenic) mice treated with siRNA PMP22-SQ nanoparticles have similar locomotion performance to wild type mice and significantly better than untreated mice (dextrose 5%) and treated with Ct-SQ nanoparticles (
Electrophysiology Results
siPMP22-SQ NPs restore Compound Muscle Action potential (CMAP) (see
Myelination and Axonal Regeneration
siPMP22-SQ NPs did not modify the g-ratio in both simple and double transgenic mice (See
TEM micrographs of ultrathin section of sciatic nerves showed regulation of myelin sheath in simple and double transgenic mice treated with siPMP22-SQ NPs (data not shown). It was also shown that the nanoparticles were localized in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and they can enter the nerve via the Ranvier nodes (data not shown).
Then the expression of proteins involved in myelination and axonal regeneration was analyzed in the simple transgenic mouse model. The levels of transcriptional factor SOX 10, myelination factor KROX20 and axonal regeneration NF marker were diminished in the JP18 5% dextrose and siRNA Ct groups; notably, siPMP22-SQ NPs treatment significantly increased their levels compared to the JP18 5% dextrose group (see
Long-Term Effect of the siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs on the Behavior of Double Transgenic Mice
Long lasting effect of siPMP22-SQ NPs treatment on beam walking, locotronic and grip strength test was then analyzed. Double transgenic JP18/JY13 B6 mice received two cycles of treatment of 2.5 mg/Kg per cycle. Treatment was stopped for 21 days in between the two cycles to study the relapse. The mice were followed weekly to analyze the recovery and relapse periods.
Motor activity of JP18/JY13 mice was restored from a dose of 1.5 mg/kg (11 days after the 1st injection) and this effect lasted 15 days after the last treatment (approximately 30 days after the 1st injection). However, there was a relapse 37 days after the 1st injection. From the same dose in the second cycle of treatment (1.5 mg/kg, 11 days after the 1st injection of the 2nd cycle), mice walked as the wild-type mice. Remission was complete at the end the second cycle of treatment (see
CMT-1A disease is the most common type of Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) pathology and accounts for 40-50% of the cases of CMT. This original approach aims to develop a new therapy for CMT-1A disease by targeting the over expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), in particular by siRNA.
An siRNA against PMP22 able to counteract the 50% overexpression of PMP22 due to 1.5 Mb duplication on chromosome 17p11.2 was successfully developed, thus restoring the normal level of PMP22 expression. Importantly, the knockdown of PMP22 did not affect MPZ (P0) involved with PMP22 in the myelination process (dysregulation of MPZ may lead to CMT1B another type of CMT). Moreover, the mentioned siRNA did not affect the viability of cells.
Then, to protect and safely deliver the siRNA targeting PMP22, a “click chemistry squalenoylation approach” was developed. The bioconjugation of the siRNA PMP22 to squalene was quasi complete and gave a reaction yield of 95%. The siRNA PMP22-SQ NPs were still active after bio-conjugation with squalene, due to modification only in the passenger sense strand. After nanoprecipitation, the resulting nanoparticles were stable for 30 days with a size ˜180 nm and a low polydispersity index of 0.14 displaying that these nanoparticles can be be injected intravenously.
Interestingly, it was demonstrated in transgenic mouse model of CMT-1A where the PMP22 was 1.5-fold overexpressed that these nanoparticles siRNA PMP22-SQ injected via intravenous route were able to restore the motor activity of CMT-1A mice which became identical to the wild type mice. This demonstration was done on two genetic backgrounds of mice B6 and CBA and gave similar results. Similar results were obtained using double transgenic JP18/JY13 B6 mice.
There is no equivalent study available neither in Europe nor in other parts of the world that describe a restoration of a motor activity in mice by knocking down of 50% the expression of a gene by siRNAs thanks to a regulation at fine-tuning of PMP22 expression in CMT-1A, which is the major form of CMT pathology.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18306241 | Sep 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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| PCT/EP2019/075736 | 9/24/2019 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2020/064749 | 4/2/2020 | WO | A |
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| 20150353917 | Miller | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20180066257 | Choi et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20220251553 | Hung | Aug 2022 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
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| 3043148 | May 2018 | CA |
| 2005123128 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| 2005123128 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| 2011005786 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| 2012139081 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| 2012139081 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| 2016011083 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| 2016011080 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| 2017156242 | Sep 2017 | WO |
| WO-2017156242 | Sep 2017 | WO |
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| 20220002721 A1 | Jan 2022 | US |
