Apparatus and method for coupling a first node to a second node using switches which are selectively clocked for fast switching times

Abstract

A balanced switching circuit comprises a plurality of transfer gates, each transfer gate having an input terminal, an output terminal, and at least one control terminal adapted to receive a control signal. Each transfer gate, which may be comprised of pass transistors such as n- and p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors, is operable to couple the input terminal to the output terminal in response to the control signal. The plurality of transfer gates are arranged in N rows and N columns with the input and output terminals of the N transfer gates in each row connected in series between a first signal terminal and a second signal terminal. Each transfer gate has its control terminal connected to one of N clock terminals adapted to receive respective clock signals. Each clock terminal is coupled to the control terminal of only one transfer gate in each row and only one transfer gate in each column. The balanced transfer gate circuit is operable to couple the first signal terminal to the second signal terminal in response to the clock signals. The transfer gates are selectively clocked or activated such that the switching speed is independent of the order in which the individual series connected past transistors or transfer gates are activated. A shift register circuit, a memory device, and a computer system utilizing such a balanced switching circuit are also described.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the transfer of signals in logic circuits and, more specifically, to a balanced transfer gate circuit having a switching speed that is independent of the order in which individual series connected transfer gates are activated.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the design of logic circuits, particularly in the area of semiconductor memories, pass or transfer gates are utilized in a variety of applications to selectively transfer signals from one portion of a circuit to another. A typical transfer gate includes a p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor and an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor having their drains coupled together to form an input, their sources coupled together to form an output, and the gates of the respective transistors receiving complementary control clock signals. The transfer gate couples its input to its output in response to the control clock signals, and thus operates as an electronic switch to transfer a signal placed on its input to its output. By utilizing both PMOS and NMOS transistors, the voltage level of signals that can be transferred by the transfer gate is not limited by the threshold voltages of the transistors.

The switching time of a transfer gate is the time it takes to transfer a signal from the input to the output. The switching time is a function of a number of factors including the gate-to-source and drain-to-source junction capacitances, and the channel resistance of the [MOS] metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. In addition, the switching time is a function of the load presented by circuitry coupled to the output of the transfer gate. When a number of transfer gates are connected in series, the output of an individual transfer gate may be loaded by other transfer gates in the series connected circuit. The load presented by such other transfer gates varies as the other transfer gates are selectively activated and deactivated. In addition, the load presented on the output of an individual transfer gate is a function of the order in which the other transfer gates are activated. For example, if four transfer gates are connected in series, the load presented on the output of the second transfer gate depends on whether transfer gates three and four are activated or deactivated, and the order in which they are activated.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a conventional switching circuit 10 including two series-connected transfer gates 12 and 14 . The transfer gate 12 receives a pair of complementary clock signals CLK 0 and {overscore (CLK 0 )}, and couples its input IN to its output when the signals CLK 0 and {overscore (CLK 0 )} are high and low, respectively. The transfer gate 14 receives a pair of complementary clock signals CLK 1 and {overscore (CLK 1 )}, and couples its input to its output OUT when the signals CLK 1 and {overscore (CLK 1 )} are high and low, respectively. When both the clock signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 are high, the transfer gates 12 and 14 are activated, coupling the input IN to the output OUT. If either of the signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 is low, one of the transfer gates 12 or 14 is turned OFF isolating the input IN from the output OUT.

During operation of the switching circuit 10 , external circuitry (not shown in FIG. 1 ) develops the clock signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 to control activation of the transfer gates 12 and 14 . The external circuitry may at times activate the transfer gate 12 before the transfer gate 14 , and at other times the reverse will be true. The switching speed of the switching circuit 10 is the time it takes for a signal on the input IN to be coupled to the output OUT. Ideally, the switching speed is independent of the order in which the transfer gates 12 and 14 are activated. In the circuit 10 , however, the switching speed depends upon which transfer gate 12 or 14 is activated first. This is true because when the transfer gate 14 is activated first, the transfer gate 12 drives the load on the output OUT through the activated transfer gate 14 , and when the transfer gates 12 and 14 are activated in the reverse order, the transfer gate 14 directly drives the load on the output OUT. For example, assume both transfer gates 12 and 14 are initially deactivated so the input IN is isolated from the output OUT. Further assume the signal on the input IN is high. When the transfer gate 12 is activated, the high input signal is coupled to the output of the transfer gate 12 . When the transfer gate 14 is thereafter activated it must drive the load presented on the output OUT in order to drive the output OUT high. In contrast, when the transfer gate 14 is activated first, the transfer gate 12 can drive the load presented on the output OUT through the channel resistance impedance of the transfer gate 14 . Thus, when the load on the output OUT is capacitive, for example, the additional impedance of the transfer gate 14 and corresponding increased RC time constant result in the output OUT going high more slowly.

There is a need for a switching circuit including a number of series-connected transfer gates in which the switching speed of the switching circuit is independent of the sequence in which the transfer gates are activated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A balanced switching circuit comprises a plurality of switch circuits, each switch circuit having an input terminal, an output terminal, and at least one control terminal adapted to receive a control signal. Each switch circuit is operable to couple the input terminal to the output terminal in response to the control signal. The plurality of switch circuits are arranged in N rows and N columns with the input and output terminals of the N switch circuits in each row connected in series between a first signal terminal and a second signal terminal. Each switch circuit in a given column has its control terminal connected to one of N clock terminals adapted to receive respective clock signals. Further, each clock terminal is coupled to the control terminal of only one switch circuit in each row and one switch circuit in each column. The balanced switching circuit is operable to couple the first signal terminal to the second signal terminal in response to the clock signals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional switching circuit including two series-connected transfer gates.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a shift register circuit including a balanced switching circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a timing diagram of various signals during operation of the shift register circuit of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a memory device having a command generator including the shift register circuit of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a computer system including the memory device of FIG. 4 .

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a balanced switching circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a shift register circuit 50 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The shift register circuit 50 includes a clock driver circuit 51 receiving a pair of clock signals CLK and its quadrature CLK 90 , and developing a pair of complementary clock signals CLK 0 , {overscore (CLK 0 )} and CLK 1 , {overscore (CLK 1 )} in response to the signals CLK and CLK 90 . The clock driver circuit 51 drives the clock signal CLK 0 high only when both the signals CLK and CLK 90 are high, and drives the clock signal CLK 1 low only when both the signals CLK and CLK 90 are low. Only the signals CLK 1 and CLK 0 will be discussed in describing the operation of the shift register circuit 50 , one skilled in the art understanding the signals {overscore (CLK 0 )} and {overscore (CLK 1 )} are merely the respective complements of these signals. The shift register circuit 50 further includes three shift stage circuits 52 a-c connected in series, each of which receives the clock signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 . The shift stage circuits 52 a-c operate in combination to sequentially shift an input signal A from one stage circuit to the next stage circuit in response to the clock signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 , as will be described in more detail below.

The shift stage circuit 52 a includes a pair of transfer gates 28 and 30 connected in parallel. The input terminals of the transfer gates 28 and 30 receive the input signal A, and the control terminals of the transfer gates 28 and 30 receive the clock signals CLK 1 and CLK 0 , respectively. When the clock signal CLK 1 is low, the input signal A is coupled through the transfer gate 28 to an input of a latch circuit 32 formed by a pair of cross-coupled inverters 34 and 36 . The latch circuit 32 latches its input at the logic level of the input signal A, and its output at the complementary logic level. The input signal A is coupled to the input of the latch circuit 32 through the transfer gate 30 when the clock signal CLK 0 is high. If the clock signals CLK 0 and CLK 1 are low and high, respectively, the transfer gates 28 and 30 are both deactivated, isolating the input signal A from the latch circuit 32 . The output of the latch circuit 32 is coupled through a balanced transfer gate or balanced switching circuit 54 to an input of a second latch circuit 40 formed by a second pair of cross-coupled inverters 42 and 44 . The latch circuit 40 operates identically to the latch circuit 32 to latch its input at the logic level of a signal applied on the input, and its output B at the complementary logic level. The output B of the latch circuit 40 is a first output of the shift stage circuit 52 a , and is coupled to the input of the shift stage circuit 52 b.

The balanced transfer gate circuit 54 includes two series-connected pairs of transfer gates 56 , 60 and 58 , 62 connected in parallel between the output of the latch circuit 32 and the input of the latch circuit 40 . The control terminals of the transfer gates 56 and 58 receive the complementary clock signals CLK 1 and {overscore (CLK 1 )}, and the control terminals of the transfer gates 60 and 62 receive the complementary clock signals CLK 0 and {overscore (CLK 0 )}. In this configuration, the transfer gates 56 and 58 are either both activated, or both deactivated in response to the clock signal CLK 1 , and the transfer gates 60 and 62 are likewise either both activated, or both deactivated in response to the clock signal CLK 0 .

The shift stage circuits 52 b and 52 c are identical to shift stage circuit 52 a and thus, for the sake of brevity, will not be described in further detail. The outputs of the shift stage circuits 52 b and 52 c are designated C and D, respectively, and provide second and third outputs of the shift register circuit 50 .

The operation of the shift register circuit 50 will now be described with reference to the timing diagram of FIG. 3 . At just before a time to, the signals CLK 0 , CLK, A, B, C, and D are all low, and signals CLK 1 and CLK 90 are high. The states of the transfer gates 28 , 30 , and 56 - 62 are represented in FIG. 3 with solid lines indicating a respective transfer gate is activated, and no solid line indicating the transfer gate is deactivated. At just before to, the transfer gates 56 - 62 are activated, and transfer gates 28 and 30 are deactivated.

At time t 0 , the clock driver circuit 51 drives the clock signal CLK 1 low in response to the clock signal CLK 90 going low. When the clock signal CLK 1 goes low, the transfer gate 28 is activated, and transfer gates 56 and 58 are deactivated. At just after the time to, the input signal A goes high. The high input signal A is coupled through the activated transfer gate 28 to the input of the latch circuit 32 which latches its input high and output low. At this point, notice that the balanced transfer gate circuit 54 isolates the output of the latch circuit 32 from the input of latch circuit 40 because the transfer gates 56 and 58 are deactivated.

At a time t 1 , the clock driver circuit 51 drives the clock signal CLK 1 high in response to the clock signal CLK going high. When the clock signal CLK 1 goes high, the transfer gate 28 is deactivated and transfer gates 56 and 58 are activated. When the transfer gates 56 and 58 are activated, the low output of the latch circuit 32 is coupled to the input of the latch circuit 40 through the balanced transfer gate circuit 54 since transfer gates 56 - 62 are now all activated. The latch circuit 40 latches its input low and its output B high at a time t 2 in response to the low output from the latch circuit 32 . The output B does not go high until a delay time t d after the input signal A goes high due to the sequential shifting of the input signal A first to the latch circuit 32 , and then to the latch circuit 40 . In addition, the delay time t d includes the switching times of the latch circuits 32 and 40 as well as the switching time of the balanced transfer gate circuit 54 .

When the output B goes high at time t 2 , this high output is the input signal to the shift stage circuit 52 b which now operates identically to the previously described operation of the shift stage circuit 52 a . Thus, the shift stage circuit 52 b drives the output signal C high at a time t 3 , which occurs the delay time t d after the output signal B goes high at time t 2 . Similarly, the shift stage circuit 52 c drives the output D high at a time t 4 , which is the delay time t d after the output C goes high.

At a time t 5 , the input signal A goes low. The low input signal A is coupled through the activated transfer gate 28 to the input of the latch circuit 32 , which latches its input low and output high. At a time t 6 , the clock driver circuit 51 drives the clock signal CLK 1 high in response to the clock signal CLK going high, activating transfer gates 56 and 58 and deactivating transfer gate 28 . When transfer gates 56 and 58 are activated, the high output of the latch circuit 32 is coupled through the balanced transfer gate circuit 54 to the input of the latch circuit 40 , which drives its input high and the output B low at a time t 7 . The shift stage circuits 52 b and 52 c thereafter drive their respective outputs C and D low at time t 8 and t 9 , respectively.

As seen in FIG. 3 , each of the outputs B, C, and D has the same pulse width t W . The constant pulse width t W is achieved by the constant switching time of the balanced transfer gate circuits 54 . If only two transfer gates were connected in series between the output of the latch circuit 32 and the input of the latch circuit 40 , as in prior art circuits, the output signals B, C, and D would have different pulse widths depending on the order in which the series connected transfer gates were activated as previously discussed. For example, assume only the transfer gates 56 and 60 are connected between the output of the latch circuit 32 and the input of the latch circuit 40 . At the time t 1 , the transfer gate 60 is activated before the transfer gate 56 , and at just after the time t 2 the transfer gate 56 is activated before the transfer gate 60 . As a result, the delay time between the output B going high and the output C going high may be shorter than the delay time between the input A and the output B going high. This variation in the switching time for the series-connected transfer gates 56 and 60 may result in unequal pulse widths t W for the outputs B, C, and D.

The balanced transfer gate circuit 54 achieves a relatively constant switching time by always activating one transfer gate coupled directly to its output such that this transfer gate directly drives the load presented on the output. For example, assume the input is high and the transfer gates 60 and 62 are activated. At this point, the input of the transfer gate 58 is high since the transfer gate 62 is activated. When the transfer gates 56 and 58 are thereafter activated, the transfer gate 58 directly drives the load presented on the output. In contrast, the transfer gate 56 must drive the load presented on the output through the transfer gate 60 , which presents a channel resistance as previously discussed. Thus, when the load on the output is largely capacitive, the additional channel resistance of the transfer gate 60 increases the time it takes for the transfer gate 56 to drive the capacitive load high. In the balanced transfer gate circuit 54 , either the transfer gate 60 or 58 directly drives the load on the output to the desired level.

The shift register circuit 50 of FIG. 2 may be utilized in a variety of logic circuit applications. One such application is in a command signal generator operable to develop a series of command signals for controlling operation of a dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”). The command signal generator typically generates the command signals in response to a clock signal for synchronous devices, such as synchronous memory devices, and generates the command signals in response to a number of control signals in asynchronous memory devices, as known in the art.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a synchronous DRAM (“SDRAM”) 100 containing a command generator 102 including the shift register circuit 50 of FIG. 2 . The command generator 102 utilizes the shift register circuit 50 in developing a number of command signals for controlling operation of the SDRAM 100 . In the SDRAM 100 , all operations are referenced to a particular edge of the external clock signal CLK, typically the rising edge, as known in the art. The command generator 102 receives a number of command signals on respective external terminals of the SDRAM 100 . These command signals typically include a chip select signal {overscore (CS)}, write enable signal {overscore (WE)}, column address strobe signal {overscore (CAS)}, and row address strobe signal {overscore (RAS)}. Specific combinations of these signals define particular data transfer commands of the SDRAM 100 such as ACTIVE, PRECHARGE, READ, and WRITE as known in the art. An external circuit, such as a processor or memory controller, generates these data transfer commands in reading data from and writing data to the SDRAM 100 .

The SDRAM 100 further includes an address register 106 operable to latch an address applied on an address bus 108 and output the latched address to the command generator 102 , a row address multiplexer 112 , and a column address latch 110 . The row address multiplexer 112 outputs a row address to either a row address latch 114 for a first bank of memory, BANK 0, 118 or a row address latch 116 for a second bank of memory, BANK 1, 120 . The row address latches 114 and 116 , when activated, latch the row address from the row multiplexer 112 and output this latched row address to an associated row decoder circuit 122 and 124 , for BANK 0, 118 or BANK 1, 120 , respectively. The row decoder circuits 122 and 124 decode the latched row address and activate a corresponding row of memory cells in the memory banks 118 and 120 , respectively. The memory banks 118 and 120 each include a number of memory cells (not shown) arranged in rows and columns, and each memory cell is operable to store a bit of data at an associated row and column address.

The column address latch 110 latches a column address output from the address register 106 and, in turn, outputs the column address to a burst counter circuit 126 . The burst counter circuit 126 develops sequential column addresses beginning with the latched column address when the SDRAM 100 is operating in a burst mode. The burst counter 126 outputs the developed column addresses to a column address buffer 128 , which in turn outputs the developed column address to a column decoder circuit 130 . The column decoder circuit 130 decodes the column address and activates one of a plurality of column select signals 132 corresponding to the decoded column address. The column select signals 132 are output to sense amplifier and I/O gating circuits 134 and 136 associated with the memory banks 118 and 120 , respectively. The sense amplifier and I/O gating circuits 134 and 136 sense and store the data placed on the digit lines 135 and 137 , respectively, by the memory cells in the addressed row, and thereafter couple the digit lines 135 or 137 corresponding to the addressed memory cell to an internal data bus 138 . The internal data bus 138 is coupled to a data bus 140 through a read/write circuit having a data input register 142 and a data output register 144 . A data mask signal DQM controls the circuits 134 and 136 to avoid data contention on the data bus 140 when, for example, a READ command is followed immediately by a WRITE command, as known in the art.

In operation, during a read data transfer operation an external circuit, such as a processor, applies a bank address BA and a row address on the address bus 108 and provides an ACTIVE command to the command generator 102 . This applied address and command information is latched by the SDRAM 100 on the next rising edge of the external clock signal CLK, and the command generator 102 thereafter activates the addressed memory bank 118 or 120 . The supplied row address is coupled through the row address multiplexer 112 to the row address latch 114 or 116 associated with the addressed bank. The corresponding row decoder 122 or 124 thereafter decodes this row address and activates the corresponding row of memory cells in the activated memory, bank 118 or 120 . The sense amplifiers in the corresponding sense amplifier and I/O gating circuit 134 or 136 sense and store the data contained in each memory cell in the activated row of the addressed memory bank 118 or 120 .

The external circuit thereafter provides a READ command to the command generator 102 and a column address on the address bus 108 , both of which are latched on the next rising edge of the external clock signal CLK. The latched column address is then routed through the circuits 110 , 126 , and 128 to the column decoder circuit 130 under control of the command generator 102 . The column decoder 130 decodes the latched column address and activates the column select signal 132 corresponding to that decoded column address. In response to the activated column select signal 132 , the sense amplifier and I/O gating circuit 134 or 136 transfers the addressed data onto the internal data bus 138 , and the data is then transferred from the internal data bus 138 through the data output register 144 and onto the data bus 140 where it is read by the external circuit.

During a write data transfer operation, after activating the addressed memory bank 118 or 120 and the addressed row within that bank, the external circuit applies a WRITE command to a command decode circuit (not shown) including a column address on the address bus 108 , and applies data on the data bus 140 . The WRITE command, column address, and data are latched respectively into the command generator 102 , address register 106 , and data input register 142 on the next rising edge of the external clock signal CLK. The data latched in the data input register 142 is placed on the internal data bus 138 , and the latched column address is routed through the circuits 110 , 126 , and 128 to the column decoder circuit 130 under control of the command generator 102 . The column decoder 130 decodes the latched column address and activates the column select signal 132 corresponding to that decoded address. In response to the activated column select signal 132 , the data on the internal data bus 138 is transferred through the sense amplifier and I/O gating circuit 134 or 136 to the digit lines 135 or 137 corresponding to the addressed memory cell. The row containing the addressed memory cell is thereafter deactivated to store the written data in the addressed memory cell.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a computer system 200 including the SDRAM 100 of FIG. 4 . The computer system 200 includes computer circuitry 202 , such as a processor, for performing various computing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. In addition, the computer system 200 includes one or more input devices 204 , such as a keyboard or a mouse, coupled to the computer circuitry 202 to allow an operator to interface with the computer system 200 . Typically, the computer system 200 also includes one or more output devices 206 coupled to the computer circuitry 202 , such output devices typically being a printer or a video terminal. One or more data storage devices 208 are also typically coupled to the computer circuitry 202 to store data or retrieve data from external storage media (not shown). Examples of typical data storage devices 208 include hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs). The computer circuitry 202 is typically coupled to the SDRAM 100 through a control bus, a data bus, and an address bus to provide for writing data to and reading data from the SDRAM 100 . A clock circuit (not shown) typically develops a clock signal driving the computer circuitry 202 and SDRAM 100 during such data transfers.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a balanced switching circuit 300 according to another embodiment of the present invention. The balanced switching circuit 300 includes a number of individual switch circuits 302 , each individual switch circuit coupling its input to its output in response to a control or clock signal. The switch circuits 302 are arranged in N rows and N columns with the inputs and outputs of the N switch circuits 302 in each row coupled in series between a first signal terminal 304 and a second signal terminal 306 . Each switch circuit 302 receives one of N clock signals CLK 1 -CLKN, and each clock signal CLK 1 -CLKN is received by only one switch circuit in each row and one switch circuit in each column. The balanced switching circuit 300 couples the first signal terminal 304 to the second signal terminal 306 in response to the clock signals CLK 1 -CLKN.

It is to be understood that even though various embodiments and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, the above disclosure is illustrative only, and change may be made in detail, and yet remain within the broad principles of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for electrically coupling a first node to a second node, the method comprising the steps of:coupling the first node to a third node in response to a first clock signal going active; coupling the third node to the second node in response to a second clock signal going active; coupling the first node to a fourth node in response to the second clock signal going active; and coupling the fourth node to the second node in response to the first clock signal going active, wherein the sequence in which the first, third and second nodes are coupled is different than the sequence in which the first, fourth and second nodes are coupled.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first clock signal is activated before the second clock signal.

3. An apparatus for coupling a first node to a second node, the apparatus comprising:a first coupling means coupling the first node to a third node in response to a first clock signal going active; a second coupling means coupling the third node to the second node in response to a second clock signal going active; a third coupling means coupling the first node to a fourth node in response to the second clock signal going active; and a fourth coupling means coupling the fourth node to the second node in response to the first clock signal going active, wherein the sequence in which the first, second, third, and fourth coupling means couple the first, third and second nodes in a different sequence than in which the first, fourth and second nodes are coupled.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first clock signal is activated before the second clock signal.

5. An apparatus for coupling a first node to a second node, the apparatus comprising:a first transfer gate coupled between the first node and a third node, the first transfer gate having a clock terminal for receiving a first clock signal and coupling the first node to the third node in response to a first clock signal going active; a second transfer gate coupled between the third node and the second node, the second transfer gate having a clock terminal for receiving a second clock signal and coupling the third node to the second node in response to a second clock signal going active; a third transfer gate coupled between the first node and a fourth node, the third transfer gate having a clock terminal for receiving the second clock signal and coupling the first node to the fourth node in response to the second clock signal going active; and a fourth transfer gate coupled between the fourth node and the second node, the fourth transfer gate having a clock terminal for receiving the first clock signal and coupling the fourth node to the second node in response to the first clock signal going active, wherein the sequence in which the first, second, third, and fourth transfer gates couple the first, third and second nodes is different than the sequence in which the first, fourth and second nodes are coupled.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the first clock signal is activated before the second clock signal.