Patent Application
20100043452
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cryogenic fluids. In another aspect, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for processing, transporting and/or storing cryogenic fluids. In even another aspect, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for converting a cryogenic fluid into a gas. In even another aspect, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for processing, transporting and/or storing liquified natural gas (“LNG”). In still another aspect, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for modifying and/or retrofitting cryogenic vaporization systems. In yet another aspect, it further relates to apparatus and methods for the transfer of heat from one fluid to another fluid, and more particularly to an air-heated heat exchanger for heating low-temperature fluids.
2. Description of the Related Art
Most conveniently, natural gas is transported via pipeline from the location where it is produced to the location where it is consumed. However, given certain barriers of geography, economics, and/or politics, transportation by pipeline is not always possible, economic or permitted. Without an effective way to transport the natural gas to a location where there is a commercial demand, the gas may be burned as it is produced, which is wasteful.
Liquefaction of the natural gas facilitates storage and transportation of the natural gas (a mixture of hydrocarbons, typically 65 to 99 percent methane, with smaller amounts of ethane, propane and butane). When natural gas is chilled to below its boiling point (in the neighborhood of −260 F depending upon the composition) it becomes an odorless, colorless liquid having a volume which is less than one six hundredth ( 1/600) of its volume at ambient atmospheric surface temperature and pressure. Thus, it will be appreciated that a 150,000 cubic meter LNG tanker ship is capable of carrying the equivalent of 3.2 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
It is not uncommon for natural gas to be produced in remote locations, such as Algeria, Borneo, or Indonesia, and then liquefied and shipped overseas in this manner to Europe, Japan, or the United States. Typically, the natural gas is gathered through one or more pipelines to a land-based liquefaction facility. The LNG is then loaded onto a tanker equipped with cryogenic compartments (such a tanker may be referred to as an LNG carrier or (“LNGC”) by pumping it through a relatively short pipeline. After the LNGC reaches the destination port, the LNG is offloaded by cryogenic pump to a land-based regasification facility, where it may be stored in a liquid state or regasified. If regasified, the resulting natural gas then may be distributed through a pipeline system to various locations where it is consumed.
In many circumstances, hot water or steam is used to heat the liquefied gas for vaporization. Unfortunately, such hot water or steam often freezes so as to give rise to the hazard of clogging up the evaporator. Various improvements in this process have heretofore been made. The evaporators presently used are mainly of the open rack type, intermediate fluid type and submerged combustion type.
Open rack type evaporators use sea water as a heat source for the vaporization of liquefied natural gas. These evaporators use once-through seawater flow on the outside of a heat exchanger as the source of heat for the vaporization. They do not block up from freezing water, are easy to operate and maintain, but they are expensive to build. They are widely used in Japan. Their use in the USA and Europe is limited and economically difficult to justify for several reasons. First the present permitting environment does not allow returning the seawater to the sea at a very cold temperature because of environmental concerns for marine life. The present permitting environment allows only a small decrease in temperature before returning the seawater back to the sea, which would require a very large sea water quantity to be pumped through the system, if the terminal vaporization capacity was designed for a commercial size as economics would require. Also coastal waters like those of the southern USA are often not clean and contain a lot of suspended solids, which could require filtration. In addition the sea water intake structure would have to be located far away from the evaporators in most cases because of location restraints or to get to deep and clean sea water at the intake. With these restraints the use of open rack type vaporizers in the USA is environmentally and economically not feasible.
Instead of vaporizing liquefied natural gas by direct heating with water or steam, evaporators of the intermediate fluid type use propane, fluorinated hydrocarbons or like refrigerant having a low freezing point. The refrigerant is heated with hot water or steam first to utilize the evaporation and condensation of the refrigerant for the vaporization of liquefied natural gas. Evaporators of this type are less expensive to build than those of the open rack-type but require heating means, such as a burner, for the preparation of hot water or steam and are therefore costly to operate due to fuel consumption.
Evaporators of the submerged combustion type comprise a tube immersed in water which is heated with a combustion gas injected thereinto from a burner. Like the intermediate fluid type, the evaporators of the submerged combustion type involve a fuel cost and are expensive to operate.
The patent art is replete with a number of patents directed to processes and apparatus for the vaporization of cryogenic fluids, such as for example LNG. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,115, issued on Oct. 9, 1979 to Ooka et al., describes an apparatus for vaporizing liquefied natural gas using estuarine water. This system is arranged in a series of heat exchangers of the indirect heating, intermediate fluid type. A multitubular concurrent heat exchanger is also utilized in conjunction with a multitubular countercurrent heat exchanger. As a result, salt water is used for the vaporization process. U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,802, issued on Sep. 30, 1980 to the same inventor, describes a variation on this type and also uses estuarine water in a multitubular heat exchanger.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,129, issued on May 25, 1982 to Hong et al., teaches the utilization of solar energy for LNG vaporization. The solar energy is used for heating a second fluid, such as water. This second fluid is passed into heat exchange relationship with the liquefied natural gas. The water contains a anti-freeze additive so as to prevent freezing of the water during the vaporization process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,660, issued on Aug. 23, 1983 to Vogler, Jr. et al., describes an atmospheric vaporizer suitable for vaporizing cryogenic liquids on a continuous basis. This device employs heat absorbed from the ambient air. At least three substantially vertical passes are piped together. Each pass includes a center tube with a plurality of fins substantially equally spaced around the tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,452, issued on Oct. 12, 1993 to L. Z. Widder, also discloses an ambient air vaporizer and heater for cryogenic liquids. This apparatus utilizes a plurality of vertically mounted and parallelly connected heat exchange tubes. Each tube has a plurality of external fins and a plurality of internal peripheral passageways symmetrically arranged in fluid communication with a central opening. A so lid bar extends within the central opening for a predetermined length of each tube to increase the rate of heat transfer between the cryogenic fluid in its vapor phase and the ambient air. The fluid is raised from its boiling point at the bottom of the tubes to a temperature at the top suitable for manufacturing and other operations.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,542, issued on Oct. 13, 1998 to Christiansen et al., teaches a heat exchange device having a first heat exchanger for evaporation of LNG and a second heat exchanger for superheating of gaseous natural gas. The heat exchangers are arranged for heating these fluids by means of a heating medium and having an outlet which is connected to a mixing device for mixing the heated fluids with the corresponding unheated fluids. The heat exchangers comprise a common housing in which they are provided with separate passages for the fluids. The mixing device, constitutes a unit together with the housing and has a single mixing chamber with one single fluid outlet. In separate passages, there are provided valves for the supply of LNG in the housing and in the mixing chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,622,492, issued Sep. 23, 2003, to Eyermann, discloses apparatus and process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas including the extraction of heat from ambient air to heat circulating water. The heat exchange process includes a heat exchanger for the vaporization of liquefied natural gas, a circulating water system, and a water tower extracting heat from the ambient air to heat the circulating water. To make the process work throughout the year the process may be supplemented by a submerged fired heater connected to the water tower basin.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,644,041, issued Nov. 11, 2003 to Eyermann, discloses a process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas including passing water into a water tower so as to elevate a temperature of the water, pumping the elevated temperature water through a first heat exchanger, passing a circulating fluid through the first heat exchanger so as to transfer heat from the elevated temperature water into the circulating fluid, passing the liquefied natural gas into a second heat exchanger, pumping the heated circulating fluid from the first heat exchanger into the second heat exchanger so as to transfer heat from the circulating fluid to the liquefied natural gas, and discharging vaporized natural gas from the second heat exchanger.
One approach to increase a heat exchanger's overall heat transfer rate is to increase the heat transfer surface by attachment of radial or longitudinal fins to the external surface of a heat exchanger tube. The art is filled with patents directed to finned-tube heat exchangers, and methods of using and making such finned-tube heat exchangers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,667, issued Feb. 20, 1990 to Demetri discloses a gas-to-liquid heat exchanger formed by winding circular finned tubing into a helical coil having bare tubing wrapped around the coil such that it nests between adjacent turns of the finned tubing. Fittings at the inlets and outlets of both coils distribute the liquid stream so that a portion flows through each coil. The fan tube coil acts as a cooled baffle which directs the hot gas stream flowing over the finned tubes so that it contacts a greater portion of the finned tube external surface area at high velocity and increases the heat transfer effectiveness.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,047, issued Dec. 5, 1995 to Welkey discloses a heat exchanger tube bundle design for a shell and tube exchanger that eliminates the need for tube supports or baffles within a heat exchanger tube bundle. The Welkey tube bundle configuration uses a combination of bare tubes and longitudinally finned tubes positioned such that the longitudinal fins act as spacing and supporting means within the tube bundle. The longitudinal fins provide spacing and support substantially along the entire length of the tubes within the bundle and thereby eliminate the need for internal spacing or supporting means.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,638, issued Dec. 15, 1998 to Kim discloses a finned tube heat exchanger described therein as having a simple structure and increased heat exchanging performance. The heat exchanger has a plurality of fin plates spaced at regular intervals and arranged in parallel with one another, and a plurality of heat exchanger tubes extending through the fin plates and including a refrigerant fluid therein. Each of the fin plates has a plurality of strips projected from the surface thereof, and the strips include first to fifth rows of strips arranged between openings, which are disposed adjacent to one another, in a parallel relationship. The first row of strips is located near a leading edge of the fin plates and formed of two louverlike strips in a form of a trapezoid having a long side located on the upper stream of the air flow. Each of the second to fourth rows of strips is formed of one bridgelike strip in a form of a rectangle. The fifth row of strips is formed of two louverlike strips in a form of a trapezoid having a short side located on the upper stream of the air flow
U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,170, issued Dec. 9, 2003 to Kale discloses a finned-coil heat exchanger having a housing with spaced walls defining an internal chamber with air flowing from an upstream end to a downstream end, spaced transfer tubes with heat conducting media flowing therein from the downstream chamber end to the upstream chamber end, a series of spaced fins in contact with the tubes to transfer heat to flowing air, and a fan unit to move air through the exchanger. An air inlet is defined at the upstream end of the housing or in the lower end of one of the walls so that air can enter the internal chamber. The tubes each extend tortuously back and forth on a plane parallel to the direction of air flow so that there is a counterflow effect across the various segments of each tube. The tubes have at least six segments extending transversely across air flow with the tubes and fins being sized and spaced to provide for better air flow through the heat exchanger housing.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,662,858, issued Dec. 16, 2003 to Wang discloses a counter flow heat exchanger with integrated fins and tubes comprising metal plates overlapping with each other. Each of the metal plates has multiple elongated ridges spacing apart from each other. Adjacent metal plates oppositely overlap with each other such that the ridges in pairs form horizontal tubes and multiple connecting tubes on the plates form vertical tubes. Fluid inside the heat exchanger flows counter to external air allowing heat exchange to be reached effectively.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,317, issued Sep. 14, 2004 to Sohal et al., discloses a system for and method of manufacturing a finned tube for a heat exchanger. A continuous fin strip is provided with at least one pair of vortex generators. A tube is rotated and linearly displaced while the continuous fin strip with vortex generators is spirally wrapped around the tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,928,833, issued Aug. 16, 2005 to Watanabe et al., discloses a heat exchanger finned tube for use in fabricating a heat exchanger useful as the evaporator for refrigerators or the like wherein a hydrocarbon refrigerant is used. Two tube insertion holes spaced apart from each other are formed in each of plate fins and two straight tube portions of a hairpin tube are inserted through the respective holes of each plate fin to arrange the plate fins in parallel into a plurality of fin groups spaced apart on the straight tube portions longitudinally thereof. The hairpin tube is enlarged with use of a fluid to fixedly fit the plate fins of each tin group around an enlarged tube portion of the hairpin tube and provide a finless part between each pair of adjacent fin groups on each of the straight tube portions. The heat exchanger fabricated using the finned tube exhibits the desired refrigeration performance with the leakage of refrigerant diminished.
In spite of the advancements of the prior art, there is still a need in the art for apparatus and methods for converting a liquified cryogenic fluid into a gas.
There is even another need in the art for apparatus and methods for converting a liquified natural gas into gaseous natural gas.
This and other needs in the art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of this specification, including its drawings and claims.
The following presents a general summary of several aspects of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of at least some facets of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the invention or to limit the scope of the claims. The following summary merely presents some concepts of the invention in a general form as a prelude to the more detailed description that follows.
According to one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for vaporizing a cryogenic fluid comprises a heat transfer fluid closed circulation loop at least partially defined by an ambient air heat exchanger, a heater, and a vaporizer. The heat exchanger is configured to direct air downward across a plurality of heat exchanger tubes. A cryogenic fluid flows through the vaporizer. The plurality of tubes comprise a first tube having a first fin of a height, h1, and a second tube spaced adjacent the first tube, where the second tube has a second fin of a height, h2, wherein h2 is different from h1.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of vaporizing a cryogenic fluid comprises transferring heat from ambient air to a heat transfer fluid by circulating the heat transfer fluid in a closed loop through a plurality of tubes of an air heat exchanger while directing ambient air downwardly across the plurality of tubes in the ambient air heat exchanger. A portion of the heat from the heat transfer fluid is used to vaporize at least a portion of the cryogenic fluid. The plurality of tubes comprise a first tube having a first fin of a height, h1, and a second tube spaced adjacent the first tube. The second tube has a second fin of a height, h2, where h2 is different from h1.
These and other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of this specification, including its drawings and claims.
For detailed understanding of the illustrative embodiments, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements have been given like numerals, wherein:
While some descriptions of the present invention may make reference to liquified natural gas (LNG), it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to utility with LNG, but rather has broad utility with cryogenic fluids in general, preferably cryogenic fluids formed from flammable gases.
The apparatus of the present invention will find utility for processing, storing, and/or transporting (i.e., including but not limited to, receiving, dispensing, distributing, moving) cryogenic fluids, a non-limiting example of which is liquified natural gas. More specifically, the present invention provides apparatus and methods for converting a cryogenic fluid into a gas, which apparatus and methods may be used not only be used in a stand alone manner, but which may also be utilized with and/or incorporated into apparatus and methods for processing, storing, and/or transporting cryogenic fluids.
According to the present invention, there is an unexpected advantage obtained using an air exchanger as a heater while passing a fluid through the tubes to pick up heat from the air, preferable on a continuous basis. While ambient air vaporizers have been used to heat LNG, they commonly require alternating between a number of units as they freeze up from water vapor in the air. The present invention employs an intermediate heat transfer fluid and selected temperatures, wherein frost does not inhibit the transfer surface during the vaporization of the LNG.
A first non-limiting embodiment of the apparatus and methods of the present invention is best described by reference to
LNG is provided to vaporizer 114 via piping 21 at around −252 F, and exits vaporizer 114 via piping 22 as gaseous natural gas at about 40 F. A circulating heat transfer fluid is provided to vaporizer 114 via piping 31, and exits vaporizer 114 via piping 32 as a cooled heat transfer fluid.
Heat transfer fluids suitable for use in the present invention include hydrocarbons, non-limiting examples of which include propane and butane, ammonia, glycol-water mixtures, formate-water mixtures, methanol, propanol, and other suitable heat transfer fluids as may be useful under the operating conditions.
The heat transfer fluid is circulated in a closed system through air exchange pre-heater 101 where it is first heated after being cooled in vaporizer 114, then through economizer 103/heater 105 where it may be further heated if necessary, then through vaporizer 114 where it is utilized to provide heat of vaporization to the LNG, before returning to pre-heater 101. This heat transfer circulation system may be provided with one or more surge tanks 119 as necessary. Circulation of the heat transfer fluid is maintained by one or more circulation pumps 121. A nitrogen line 51 and pressure controller 55 maintain pressure of the heat transfer circulation system as desired.
In the practice of the present invention, heat is provided from ambient air to the heat transfer fluid across a heat transfer surface rather than by direct contact between the ambient air and heat transfer fluid. For example, the heat transfer fluid is passed through the tubes of a heat exchanger while the ambient air passes through the shell side.
Under certain conditions (see Examples 1, 2 and 3 below), ambient air will provide all of the heating necessary without the need for the economizer 103/heater 105 providing any heating duty.
When heater 105 is necessary it will be most efficiently run in conjunction with economizer 103, in which the exit effluent from heater 105 routed to economizer 103 to heat the LNG or other cryogenic fluid. The cooled effluent exits economizer 103 and flows to water knockout tank 111. Pump 117 eliminates produced water from the system.
A second non-limiting embodiment of the apparatus and methods of the present invention is best described by reference to
In this embodiment, heat exchanger 201 is a tube-in-tube air exchanger (i.e., two tubes arranged in a concentric fashion), in which the cryogenic fluid passes through the inner most tube, pump 221 circulates the heat transfer fluid through the annular space between the two tubes, and ambient air passes over the surface of the outer tube. Accumulator 219 provides volume to the system to aid in heat transfer. For those times when the ambient air is too cool, extra heating may be provided by heater 214/economizer 203. Hot exit effluent from heater 214 routed to economizer 203 to heat the LNG or other cryogenic fluid. The cooled effluent exits economizer 203 and flows to water knockout tank 211. Pump 217 eliminates produced water from the system.
The methods and apparatus of the present invention also provide for retrofitting of pre-existing cryogenic regasification apparatus.
In its simplest aspect, regasification which involves closed loop circulation of a heat transfer fluid thru a heater and then into a vaporizer to heat and vaporize a cryogenic fluid, may be modified by placing an ambient air heat exchanger ahead of the heater to either pre-heat or fully heat the heat transfer fluid. Of course, there will not be direct contact of the heat transfer fluid with the ambient air, but rather indirect contact across a heat transfer service.
For example, referring now to
Referring now to
More complex modification/retrofitting of such existing systems involve taking a side stream of the cryogenic fluid and routing it thru a vaporizer in which the vaporizer heat transfer fluid has been heated by ambient air in the manner of the present invention. Essentially, such a retrofit is the addition of the apparatus and method of the present invention to handle at least a portion of the vaporization.
For example, the typical ethylene glycol/water system shown in
As another example, the typical cooling tower vaporization system shown in
Another non-limiting embodiment of the apparatus and methods of the present invention is best described by reference to
In this embodiment, temperature controller 825 monitors the temperature of the heat transfer fluid. If the temperature of the heat transfer fluid is not sufficiently high, then controller 825 operates valves 816 and 818 to achieve a desired heat transfer fluid temperature, by utilizing pre-heater 801, auxiliary heater 805, or a combination thereof with the heating duty shared between heaters 801 and 805 in any suitable ratio. Controller 825 can be equipped with suitable algorithms in the form of either software and/or hardware to carry out this temperature control.
Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in
This embodiment contains a pair of vaporizers in which vaporizer 903 receives heat transfer liquid from heater 905 and the other vaporizer 914 receives heat from heater 901. Temperature controller 925 monitors the temperature of gas 930 and operates valves 916 and 918 according to an algorithm to achieve the desired temperature of gas 930. The vaporization load is carried by the auxiliary heater vaporizer 903 and pre-heater vaporizer 914, or a combination thereof with the vaporization load shared between vaporizers 903 and 914 in any suitable ratio.
Fins 15, 16, and 17 may be of any type known in the art, such as, for example, spiral fins, and L-shaped fins. The fins act to increase the effective heat transfer surface area of each tube. The tubes and fins of the present invention may be constructed from any suitable material known in the art including steel, copper, aluminum, and alloys. The surface of the fins may be plain or they may be perforated, serrated, or comprise ripples, wrinkles, or bumps. These features improve the heat transfer from the surface of the fin to the air by increasing the fin surface area, increasing turbulence and reducing air bypass.
Also referring to
Alternatively, the tubes can be arranged in straight rows (not shown) and columns. Some advantages are obtained from the relative simplicity of such an arrangement. However, such an arrangement allows for a relatively high amount of bypass air. Another problem arises in that, except for the air side tube, each tube in a column is directly in the “shadow” of another tube, and does not receive an adequate flow of air. As a result, the most important portions of the fins, which are closest to the tubes, are in the “shadows” and do not receive adequate air flow, either.
Fin density is determined on an application dependent basis using techniques known in the art. Fin density may range from 4 fins/inch to 20 fins/inch. More commonly, the fin density is about 8-10 fins/inch. Fin height ranges from 0 to about ⅝ inch. Tube diameters range form ½-4 inches. Tube spacing ranges from about 1¾-4 inches for 1 inch diameter tubes, with 1¾-2¾ inches being more common, and from about 2¼-5 inches for 1.5 inch diameter tubes, with 2¼-3¼ inches being more common. Tubes may be in the range of 5 to 60 feet in length. For long sections, multiple fans may be used, as described previously.
In one embodiment fluid 13 is a low-temperature secondary fluid having an operating temperature in the range of about −15° F. to about 30° F. As used herein, a secondary fluid is a fluid used in a closed-loop circulation system to act as an intermediate medium to transfer heat from the ambient air 120 to a third fluid (not shown), for example a liquefied natural gas (LNG), that is being heated and/or vaporized. Examples of such systems are described above. Secondary fluids for use as fluid 13 include, but are not limited to: (i) aqueous potassium formate solution, (ii) propane, (iii) refrigerant R22, (iv) ammonia; and (v) glycol/water solution. Alternatively, fluid 13 may be a primary fluid, such as, a cryogenic fluid, for example LNG, that is heated and/or vaporized as it flows through tubes 160, 170, and 180.
Ambient air 120, see
Fin heights h3, h2, and h1 are each selected to obtain a temperature profile through the exchanger to enhance the condensation of condensed liquid 14 on lower tube 180. While described above with respect to three rows of tubes, one skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable numbers of rows of exchanger tubes may be stacked. For example,
While described herein as a substantially horizontal assembly, it is contemplated that the present invention covers applications where the tubes are inclined from the horizontal up to about 70°.
It should be understood that any of the above systems may incorporate process controls/methods as are known to those of skill in the art. For example, by-passes around any of the heat exchanges may be utilized. It should also be understood that much of the engineering/process detail is not shown in the above illustrations but would be well within the knowledge and understanding of those of skill in the art.
Examples of such modifications include those shown on
The following non-limiting examples are provided merely to illustrate a few embodiments of the present invention, and there examples are not meant to and do not limit the scope of the claims of the present invention. These inventions are theoretical calculated examples.
This Example utilizes the apparatus and method as shown in
This example also utilizes the apparatus and method as shown in
This example again utilizes the apparatus and method as shown in
This example utilizes the apparatus and method as shown in
Potential savings utilizing present invention.
Basis: 1000 MMBtu/Hr; Air exchanger designed assuming 70 F; $5.00/MMBtu; 365 days of operation/yr.
The above calculations are based on approximately 1500 MMSCFD being vaporized.
While the illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described with particularity, it will be understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set forth herein but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all the features of patentable novelty which reside in the present invention, including all features which would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.
The present application is a is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/618,933 filed on Jan. 1, 2007, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/869,461 filed on Jun. 15, 2004, and is also a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/405,854 filed on Apr. 18, 2006, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11618933 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Child | 12426867 | US | |
| Parent | 10869461 | Jun 2004 | US |
| Child | 11618933 | US | |
| Parent | 11405854 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Child | 10869461 | US |
