Patent Grant
10671938
A portion of this disclosure contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the material subject to copyright protection as it appears in the United States Patent & Trademark Office's patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
Embodiments of the design provided herein generally relate to artificial intelligence systems and methods thereof.
Artificial intelligence (“AI”) has potential to be one of the most impactful technologies of the 21st century and beyond. Unfortunately, software developers currently looking to work with AI must learn complex toolkits, use limited application programming interfaces (“APIs”), use constrained black-box solutions for AI, or some combination thereof. The foregoing limitations must be overcome for software developers and enterprises to solve real-world problems with AI. In addition, with fewer than 20,000 data science experts capable of building AI at its lowest levels, working with AI needs to be made more accessible to the 20 million or more software developers of the software development community. Provided herein are AI systems and methods that address the foregoing.
Provided herein in some embodiments is an AI engine configured to work with a pedagogical programming language including a compiler and one or more AI-engine modules including an architect module, an instructor module, and a learner module. The compiler can be configured to generate an assembly code from a source code written in the pedagogical programming language. The pedagogical programming language can be configured to enable an author to define a mental model to be learned by an AI model, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output. The pedagogical programming language can also be configured to enable an author to define one or more curriculums for training the AI model respectively on the one or more concept nodes. The architect module can be configured to propose a neural-network layout with one or more neural-network layers from the assembly code. The learner module can be configured to build the AI model with the one or more neural-network layers from the neural-network layout proposed by the architect module. The instructor module can be configured to train the AI model built by the learner module on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
Also provided herein in some embodiments is an AI system including one or more remote servers and one or more local clients including. The one or more remote servers can include a compiler; one or more AI-engine modules including an architect module, an instructor module, and a learner module; one or more server-side client-server interfaces configured to enable client interactions with the AI engine. The compiler can be configured to generate an assembly code from a source code written in the pedagogical programming language. The pedagogical programming language can be configured to enable an author to define a mental model to be learned by an AI model, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output. The pedagogical programming language can also be configured to enable an author to define one or more curriculums for training the AI model respectively on the one or more concept nodes. The architect module can be configured to propose a neural-network layout with one or more neural-network layers from the assembly code. The learner module can be configured to build the AI model with the one or more neural-network layers from the neural-network layout proposed by the architect module. The instructor module can be configured to train the AI model built by the learner module on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums. The one or more local clients can include a coder configured to enable an author to generate the source code written in the pedagogical programming language. The one or more local clients can also include one or more client-side client-server interfaces configured to enable the client interactions with the AI engine in one or more client interactions. The one or more client interactions can include submitting the source code for training the AI model and using a trained AI model for one or more predictions based upon training data. The AI system can include at least one server-side training-data source or at least one client-side training-data source.
Also provided herein in some embodiments is a method for an AI engine configured to work with a pedagogical programming language, the method including enabling an author to define a mental model to be learned by an AI model using the pedagogical programming language, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output; enabling an author to define one or more curriculums for training the AI model respectively on the one or more concept nodes using the pedagogical programming language; executing a compiler to generate an assembly code from a source code written in the pedagogical programming language; and executing one or more AI-engine modules including an architect module, an instructor module, and a learner module to process the assembly code. Upon executing the architect module, the architect module can be configured to propose a neural-network layout with one or more neural-network layers from the assembly code. Upon executing the learner module, the learner module can be configured to build the AI model with the one or more neural-network layers from the neural-network layout proposed by the architect module. Upon executing the instructor module, the instructor module can be configured to train the AI model built by the learner module on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
These and other features of the design provided herein can be better understood with reference to the drawings, description, and claims, all of which form the disclosure of this patent application.
The drawings refer to some embodiments of the design provided herein in which:
While the design is subject to various modifications, equivalents, and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will now be described in detail. It should be understood that the design is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but—on the contrary—the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternative forms using the specific embodiments.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as examples of specific data signals, named components, memory in a device, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present design. It will be apparent, however, to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present design can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known components or methods have not been described in detail but rather in a block diagram in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present design. Further, specific numeric references such as first driver, can be made. However, the specific numeric reference should not be interpreted as a literal sequential order but rather interpreted that the first notification is different than a second notification. Thus, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. The specific details can be varied from and still be contemplated to be within the spirit and scope of the present design. The term coupled is defined as meaning connected either directly to the component or indirectly to the component through another component.
An “AI model” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, neural networks such as recurrent neural networks, recursive neural networks, feed-forward neural networks, convolutional neural networks, deep belief networks, and convolutional deep belief networks; multi-layer perceptrons; self-organizing maps; deep Boltzmann machines; and stacked de-noising auto-encoders.
An “artificial neural network” or simply a “neural network” as used herein can include a highly interconnected network of processing elements, each optionally associated with a local memory.
As used herein, “remote” and “local” such as in a “remote server” and a “local client” are intended to convey, for example, the remote server and local client are telecommunicatively coupled, sometimes over very large geographic distances. As used herein “online” is intended to convey two systems such as the remote server and the local client are telecommunicatively coupled and available for immediate communications between the two systems. As used herein “offline” is intended to convey two systems such as the remote server and the local client are telecommunicatively coupled but at least one of the two systems is not available for immediate communications between the two systems. For example, at least one of the remote server and the local client can be switched off and, therefore, “offline.” Alternatively, “offline” can indicate two systems such as the remote server and the local client are not telecommunicatively coupled, for example, due to a broken telecommunications connection.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.
AI has potential to be one of the most impactful technologies of the 21st century and beyond. Unfortunately, software developers currently looking to work with AI must learn complex toolkits, use limited APIs, use constrained black-box solutions for AI, or some combination thereof. The foregoing limitations must be overcome for software developers and enterprises to solve real-world problems with AI. In addition, with fewer than 20,000 data science experts capable of building AI at its lowest levels, working with AI needs to be made more accessible to the 20 million or more software developers of the software development community. Provided herein are AI systems and methods that address the foregoing.
For example, provided herein in some embodiments is an AI engine configured to work with a pedagogical programming language including a compiler and one or more AI-engine modules including an architect module, an instructor module, and a learner module. The compiler can be configured to generate an assembly code from a source code written in the pedagogical programming language. The pedagogical programming language can be configured to enable an author to define a mental model to be learned by an AI model, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output. The pedagogical programming language can also be configured to enable an author to define one or more curriculums for training the AI model respectively on the one or more concept nodes. The architect module can be configured to propose a neural-network layout with one or more neural-network layers from the assembly code. The learner module can be configured to build the AI model with the one or more neural-network layers from the neural-network layout proposed by the architect module. The instructor module can be configured to train the AI model built by the learner module on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
As shown, AI systems and methods provided herein enable users such as software developers to design an AI model, build the AI model, train the AI model to provide a trained AI model, and deploy the trained AI model as a deployed AI model in any of a number of desired ways. For example, AI systems and methods provided herein enable users such as software developers to design a neural network layout or neural network topology 102, build a neural network 104, train the neural network 104 to provide a trained neural network 106, and deploy the trained neural network 106 as a deployed neural network 108 in any of a number of desired ways. For example, the trained AI model or the trained neural network 106 can be deployed in or used with a software application or a hardware-based system.
As shown, the AI system 200 includes one or more client systems 210 and one or more server systems 220, wherein each server system or any two or more servers systems of the one or more server systems 220 can be referred to herein as an AI engine. The one or more client systems 210 can be client systems and include a coder 212 or coding means for generating programming code such as Inkling™ code, which Inkling™ code is based upon the pedagogical programming language Inkling™. The one or more client systems 210 can further include a training data source 214. While not shown in
As shown in view of
Following on the AI system 200 of
As shown in view of
Pedagogical Programming
Pedagogical programming focuses on codifying one or more of the following: 1) What are the concepts associated with a problem domain? 2) How do the concepts relate to each other? 3) How does one go about teaching the concepts?
The pedagogical programming language Inkling™ is a special purpose programming language designed to effect a trained AI model using higher-level mental models and concepts to be learned instead of lower-level mechanics for building and teaching (or training) neural networks. Inkling™ is a declarative, strongly typed pedagogical programming language configured to generalize from vast, dynamic AI algorithms that generally require high levels of expertise in machine learning. Source code authored with Inkling™ or the Inkling™ file can contain the higher-level mental models and concepts to be taught to and, thereby, learned by an AI model. The Inkling™ file can also contain curricula and lessons thereof to teach the concepts to be learned by the AI model.
Mental Models and Concepts
Beginning with concepts, a concept in Inkling™ can be a software object and/or define something that an AI model or a neural network can be trained on and learn. Once learned, the AI model can provide intelligent output. Every Inkling™ file or program needs at least one concept.
A concept can fall into one of at least two groups: fact and strategy. A fact-type concept can describe a state of one or more things such as an object, a ball, a character, an enemy, a light, a person, or the like. The state can be whether the one or more things are on or off, hot or cold, a number or a letter, or the like. The fact-type concept can also describe a location. A strategy-type concept can reflect a method or a behavior such as “avoid_ghosts,” “keep_the_paddle_under_the_ball,” “don't_run_into_walls,” “turn_lights_off,” “get_high_score,” or the like. Both
Turning to mental models, a mental model in Inkling™ is also something that an AI model can be trained on and learn. A mental model can include an input, one or more concepts or concept nodes, one or more data transformation streams or stream nodes, and an output, all of which can be structured (e.g., hierarchically, cyclically, etc.) in terms of the one or more concepts and the one or more data transformation streams or stream nodes. A mental model models a problem domain through codification of underlying concepts and their relationships to one another, often starting from relatively simple concepts and building in more complex concepts as needed.
As shown in
“PlayerMove” and “GameState” represent schema references, which, in turn, describe one or more data types. Schemas are described in further detail herein.
As shown in
Prediction types for the concepts are “estimator” and “classifier,” wherein an estimator is configured to estimate a value from its input, and wherein a classifier is configured to classify from its input. Other prediction types for the concepts can also include, but are not limited to, “predictor” and “goal.”
As further shown in
The input of a mental model can be data representative of the problem domain such as images of cats and dogs for differentiating between cats and dogs. The output of the mental model can be a solution of the problem domain such as “yes” the first image is of a cat or “no” the first image is not of a cat.
In view of the foregoing, the pedagogical programming language Inkling™ can be configured to enable an author to define each of the one or more concept nodes in a mental model by name; prediction type such as estimator, classifier, predictor, and goal; input; output; and one or more connecting concept nodes in the mental model including leading, input-providing concept nodes and following, output-accepting concept nodes, for example, using the keywords “follows” and “feeds.”
Streams
In addition to one or more concepts, a mental model can further include one or more data transformation streams or stream nodes among the structured one or more concepts. Data can flow into a stream node, be processed, and subsequently sent to other nodes (e.g., concept nodes, stream nodes, or both) in the neural network or output from the neural network.
A stream keyword declares a functional transformation of data. Any valid Language INtegrated Query (“LINQ”) statement can be declared, and, as such, a stream node can operate directly on input data, data from other stream nodes, data from concept nodes, from literals, and from built in functions (for example to return random data or sequence data). For example, the following Inkling™ code block declares a functional transformation of data that is explicitly specified:
The foregoing Inkling™ code block declares a stream node “Double” that reads a 32-bit signed integer from external input to the neural network, doubles it, and directs the result to any subscribed listeners. The “from” and “=>” (or “into”) clauses are similar to “follows” and “feeds” used for the foregoing one or more concepts, which specify construction of the mental model including the one or more concepts and any streams. The select clause can perform a data transformation, including any functions exposed via one or more system libraries (e.g., computer vision algorithms).
Curricula and Lessons
Pedagogical programming expresses in scripted code the solution to a problem in terms of how you teach the AI engine to find the solution as opposed to how to calculate the solution. Pedagogical programming focuses on:
Imagine learning to play baseball; there are a lot of concepts involved. It goes beyond just the rules of the game, and includes things like batting stance, bat grip, eye hand coordination, etc.
Imagine teaching a child to play baseball. You can't just explain the whole game to them and expect them to understand how to play. You′d break down learning into pieces, and create a series of lessons that would help them learn how to play baseball.
Let's say, to start, you wanted to teach them the concept of hand eye coordination. There would, likely, be a sequence of lessons to do this. You might start with a whiffle ball on a tee, progress to a tee that pops the ball up, move to underhand pitches, and then overhand pitches. You could continue to build upon your hand eye coordination concept with things like curved pitches, different styles of catching, and other exercises. It's all teaching one concept—eye hand coordination—but using progressive lessons to do so.
A curriculum is used to teach a concept to a neural network, and there is at least a 1-way relationship between the curriculum and the concept to be taught. For example, for every specified concept, a curriculum is to be specified to teach the concept. Training data is to be provided to train the neural network on the concept, and the AI engine is to be told whether its understanding of the concept, once taught, is correct or not. A curriculum is analogous to a teacher assigning readings to a student from a book and subsequently testing the student on the readings of the book or the book itself. The ways in which the training data is presented is broken into individual components termed “lessons.” In the book analogy, the book can be the curriculum and the lessons can be individual chapters in the book. Lessons allow the concept to learn bit-by-bit, rather than all at once.
A curriculum definition declares a set of one or more lessons that can be utilized to teach a concept, each of which lessons can be configured to optionally use a different flow of training data. The curriculum definition specifies which concept this curriculum trains, which simulation should be used with this curriculum, and the objective function used to evaluate the learning system's performance. For example, the following Inkling™ code block declares a curriculum for training the foregoing “get_high_score” concept:
In the foregoing Inkling™ code block, the keyword “curriculum” names the curriculum (e.g., “get_high_score_curriculum”) and declares a set of lessons (see “# get_high_score lesson(s) specified here” comment) used to teach a concept. The keyword “train” indicates the concept by name (e.g., “get_high_score”) that the curriculum is to train; the keyword “with” specifies a subsequent training data-source type (e.g., a simulator, a training-data generator, a training-data database) that should be used with the curriculum followed by the training data-source name (e.g., “breakout_simulator”); and the keyword “objective” specifies an objective function or goal (e.g., score) used to evaluate the neural network's performance and, thus, a termination condition for the concept node to be trained. As such, the “get_high_score_curriculum” trains the concept “get_high_score” using a Breakout simulator named “breakout_simulator,” which simulator can be written in any language (e.g., python). The objective of “get_high_score_curriculum” is to increase the score as much as possible.
In another example, the following Inkling™ code block declares a curriculum for training the foregoing “ball_location” concept:
In the foregoing Inkling™ code block, the keyword “curriculum” names the curriculum (e.g., “ball_location_curriculum”) and declares a set of lessons (see “# ball_location lesson(s) specified here” comment) used to teach a concept. The keyword “train” indicates the concept by name (e.g., “ball_location”) that the curriculum is to train; the keyword “with” specifies a subsequent training data-source type (e.g., a simulator, a training-data generator, a training-data database) that should be used with the curriculum followed by the training data-source name (e.g., “breakout_simulator”); and the keyword “objective” specifies the goal (e.g., ball_location_distance) used to evaluate the neural network's performance and, thus, a termination condition for the concept node to be trained. As such, the “ball_location_curriculum” trains the concept “ball_location” using the Breakout simulator named “breakout_simulator.” In the “ball_location_curriculum,” the “ball_location” concept is trained using a different objective function than the “get_high_score_curriculum,” namely “ball_location_distance,” which measures the distance between the AI model's prediction of the ball location and the actual ball location as calculated inside the simulator's simulation.
In view of the foregoing, the pedagogical programming language Inkling™ can be configured to enable an author to define each of the one or more curriculums by name; the concept node to be trained; training data-source type; training data-source name; one or more lessons of the curriculum for the concept node to be trained; and objective for the concept node to be trained. A termination condition for the objective is detailed further with respect to the one or more lessons of the curriculum.
Going back to the book analogy, the book can be the curriculum and the lessons can be individual chapters in the book. Every curriculum for teaching a concept will have one or more lessons, which lessons are declared within the context of a curriculum (e.g., see foregoing “# get_high_score lesson(s) specified here” and “# ball_location lesson(s) specified here” comments). Lessons give the programmer control over neural-network training. For example, the following Inkling™ code block declares a lesson, namely “score_lesson” for the “get_high_score_curriculum” for training the foregoing “get_high_score” concept:
For another example, the following Inkling™ code block declares two lessons, namely “no_bricks” and “more_bricks,” for the “ball_location_curriculum” for training the foregoing “ball_location” concept:
In the foregoing Inkling™ code block for the “score_lesson,” the keyword “lesson” names the lesson (e.g., “score_lesson”) while the keyword “configure” declares a configuration for training data for the lesson, which provides guidance to the instructor module as to how to configure training for the neural network. In this example, the keyword “constrain” constrains schema-defined fields such as “bricks_percent,” “level,” and “paddle width,” wherein “bricks_percent” is limited to 0.5%, “level” is constrained to level 1, and “paddle width” is limited to 4 in the Breakout simulator. The keyword “until” specifies training for the neural network should be continued until the return value for objective function “score” is maximized per the keyword “maximize.” Once training starts, the AI engine can configure and play the simulator until the AI model maximizes the score as best it can or training is terminated by some other condition.
In the foregoing Inkling™ code block for the “no_bricks” lesson, the keyword “lesson” is also used to name the lesson (e.g., “no_bricks”) and the keyword “configure” is used to declare a configuration for training data for the lesson, which happens to use the same constraints as the “score_lesson.” The keyword “until” is also used in the “no_bricks” lesson to specify how extensive training for the neural network should be; however, the return value for objective function “ball_location_distance” for the “no_bricks” lesson is to be minimized per the keyword “minimize.”
In the foregoing Inkling™ code block for the “more_bricks” lesson, the keyword “lesson” names the lesson (e.g., “more_bricks”), and the optional keyword “follows” indicates a preceding lesson (e.g., “no_bricks”), which can be used to specify an order of lessons in a curriculum for training a concept. If not the keyword “follows” is not used to specify an order of lessons, lessons are executed in parallel, which slows training of the neural network. Again, the keyword “configure” declares a configuration for training data for the lesson, which, in this case, constrains the schema-defined “bricks_percent” to 0.8%, “level” to level 20, and “paddle width” to 1 in the Breakout simulator. Like the “no_bricks” lesson, the objective function “ball_location_distance” for the “more_bricks” lesson is to be minimized per the keyword “minimize.”
Lessons can determine an amount of time it takes for training a neural network. More complex lessons can build on other, simpler lessons to reduce the amount of time it takes for training a neural network. For example, if a neural network is to be trained on the “ball_location” concept with the “ball_location_curriculum,” the neural network can be firstly trained with the “no_bricks” lesson, which describes an easier version of Breakout with fewer bricks (e.g., constrain bricks_percent=0.5), a lower level (e.g., constrain level=1), and a wider paddle (e.g., constrain paddle_width=4). Once the AI model consistently returns minimized values for the objective function “ball_location_distance” for the easier environment of the “no_bricks” lesson, the neural network can be secondly trained with the “more_bricks” lesson, which describes a more difficult version of Breakout with more complexity including more bricks (e.g., constrain bricks_percent=0.8), a higher level (e.g., constrain level=20), and a narrower paddle (e.g., constrain paddle_width=1). In this way, the AI model can progress from an easier environment to more and more complex environments.
In view of the foregoing, the pedagogical programming language Inkling™ can be configured to enable an author to define each of the one or more lessons by name; a leading lesson to follow via keyword “follows”; data configuration for the lesson via keyword “configure”; and the termination condition for the curriculum-defined objective for the concept node to be trained.
Schemas
Schema references or schemas in Inkling™ describe data types or the structure of data such as input data for a mental model, data between one or more concept nodes of a mental model, data between one or more stream nodes of a mental model, and output data of a mental model. Because the architect module maps one or more nodes of a mental model onto one or more modes of a neural network, schemas also describe the structure of data such as input data into a neural network, data among nodes of a neural network, and output data of a neural network. As such, the pedagogical programming language Inkling™ is configured to enable an author to define schemas describing one or more data types to be streamed through a mental model including one or more concept nodes and one or more stream nodes.
Data types are the most basic building blocks for data manipulation. A data type provides information regarding the meaning of corresponding data, the possible values of the data, the operations that can be performed on the data, and the way the data can be stored. Supported data types in Inkling™ include, but are not limited to, primitive data types, which include data types selected from strings (e.g., String), integers (e.g., Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64), floats (e.g., Double, Float64, Float32), and Booleans (e.g., Bool); structured data types (e.g., structured data types for machine learning); constrained data types with range expressions limiting the data of the constrained data types including primitive data types constrained with a range expression; native data types such as data types for working with media formats (e.g., images, audio, video, etc.); and combinations thereof. For native data types, metadata from, for example, media formats such as images, audio, and video can be used to guide training of a neural network and improve learning of the neural network.
Schemas are expressed as records and can include a set of one or more fields, each of which fields can have a name and a data type that can be used for data manipulation. Schemas expressed as named records are named schemas, while schemas expressed as unnamed records are anonymous schemas. For example, a schema including a set of one or more field declarations in the record where the schema name would otherwise appear can be an anonymous schema. The following Inkling™ code blocks, for example, declares schemas used in the examples herein above, namely “GameState” “PlayerMove,” and “BreakoutConfig”:
With respect to the foregoing Inkling™ code blocks, the schema “GameState” is configured to represent input such as a grayscale image of a Breakout screen from the Breakout simulator. “Luminance” names a structured data type used in machine learning, which declares the input is a grayscale image of the Breakout screen where the values of the data are floats between 0 (black) and 1 (white). The schema “PlayerMove” is configured to represent output such as moves available for the Breakout paddle. “String” names a primitive data type, which declares the output is a move to the left, no move, or a move to the right. Likewise, the schema “BreakoutConfig” is configured to represent data regarding different configurations or aspects of Breakout play including level, paddle width, and percent of bricks on a screen. “UInt32” names a primitive data type for the level using an unsigned 32-bit integer; “Uint8” names a primitive data type for the paddle width using an unsigned 8-bit integer; and “Float32” names a primitive data type for the percent of bricks on the screen using a 32-bit float.
The Inkling™ compiler can be configured to check (e.g., static check) to verify that the schemas in an Inkling™ file are valid in the context in which they are used. However, the compiler does not enforce the schema—a streaming demon enforces the schema. Upon executing the compiler on an Inkling™ file, the compiler can match-check the schemas and report one or more errors if the schemas expected to match do not match. The match-check is structural, not name based. Field names do not matter. For example, the match-check is structural in that a pair of the schemas with different schema names can match if the pair of the schemas define the same list of field types in the same order. For structured data types with size, the sizes must be equal. In addition, two references by name to the same schema match because a schema matches itself. Two anonymous schemas match if both anonymous schemas define the same field types in the same order. And a schema referenced by name matches an anonymous schema if both define the same field types in the same order.
Blocks
A block in Inkling™ is a unit of reuse. A block is a collection of one or more schemas, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, or a combination thereof that can be used and reused by an Inkling™ author; however, blocks do not include any curriculums. Authors do not need to know the internals of a block. A block can include a single input and a single output using reserved names for the input and the output. A block can use an import statement to access concepts and streams outside the block.
A block encapsulates a portion of a mental model. Each block in an Inkling™ file can include one or more block-encapsulated concept nodes, one or more block-encapsulated stream nodes, and one or more block-encapsulated schemas without any curriculums for training the neural network. Each block in an Inkling™ file can be configured to accept input from any one or more of the one or more concept nodes or the one or more stream nodes of the mental model, as well as provide output to any other one of the one or more concept nodes or the one or more stream nodes of the mental model.
Other features of the AI systems and methods provided herein can be better understood with reference to the following:
Foundational Primitives
AI systems and methods provided herein enable a teaching-oriented approach by providing a set of foundational primitives that can be used to represent AI without specifying how the AI is created. These foundational primitives are 1) concepts and mental models, 2) curricula and lessons, and 3) training-data sources, as described in further detail herein. Concepts and mental models, as well as curricula and lessons, can be expressed the pedagogical programming language Inkling™.
AI Engine
The AI system 500 enables developers to more efficiently build, teach, and use intelligence models.
The AI engine takes in a description of a problem and how one would go about teaching concepts covering aspects of the problem to be solved, and the AI engine compiles the coded description into lower-level structured data objects that a machine can more readily understand, builds a network topology of the main problem concept and sub-concepts covering aspects of the problem to be solved, trains codified instantiations of the sub-concepts and main concept, and executes a trained AI model containing one, two, or more neural networks.
The AI engine can abstract away and automate the low-level mechanics of AI, and the AI engine can manage and automate much of the lower level complexities of working with AI. Each Inkling™ program developed can be fed into the AI engine in order to generate and train appropriate intelligence models, which can be referred to as Basic Recurrent Artificial Intelligence Networks (“BRAINs”) herein. At its heart, a BRAIN can be a topology or a basic network of intelligent processing nodes that comprise a potentially recurrent network, hence the acronym “BRAIN.”
The AI engine can abstract generation of a neural network topology for an optimal solution and faster training time with a curriculum and lessons to teach the neural network via recursive simulations and training sessions on each node making up the neural network.
The AI engine can contain a vast array of machine learning algorithms for various AI models, has logic for picking learning algorithms and guiding training, manages data streaming and data storage, and provides the efficient allocation of hardware resources. The AI engine can be built with an infrastructure that supports streaming data efficiently through the system, and the AI engine can use a set of heuristics to make choices about which learning algorithms to use to train each BRAIN. The set of heuristics also make it possible for the AI engine to choose from any number of possible algorithms, topologies, etc., train a number of BRAINs in parallel, and pick the best result.
The AI engine can be a cloud-hosted platform-as-a-service configured to manage complexities inherent to training AI networks. Thus, the AI engine can be accessible with one or more client-side interfaces to allow third parties to submit a description of a problem in a pedagogical programming language and let the online AI engine build and generate a trained intelligence model for one or more of the third parties.
Major AI-System Components
The details for any given implementation of a BRAIN server may vary substantially, but many have common architectural components such as the following six components: 1) an architect module, 2) an instructor module, 3) a learner module, 4) a hyperlearner module, 5) a compiler, and 6) one or more interfaces exchanging communications into and out of the AI engine.
Following on the AI system 200 of
Architect Module
The architect module is the component of the system responsible for proposing and optimizing learning topologies (e.g., neural networks) based on mental models.
Neural networks can be based on a large collection of neural units loosely modeling the way a biological brain solves problems with large clusters of biological neurons connected by axons. Each neural unit is connected with many others, and links can be enforcing or inhibitory in their effect on the activation state of connected neural units. Each individual neural unit can have, for example, a summation function, which combines the values of all its inputs together. There may be a threshold function or limiting function on each connection and on the unit itself such that it must surpass it before it can propagate to other neurons. These systems are self-learning and trained rather than explicitly programmed and excel in areas where the solution or feature detection is difficult to express in a traditional computer program.
Neural networks can consist of multiple layers or a cube design, and the signal path can traverse from front to back. The goal of the neural network is to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although several neural networks are much more abstract. Modern neural network projects typically work with a few thousand and up to a few million neural units and millions of connections.
The architect module can take the codified mental model and pedagogy and propose a set of candidate low-level learning algorithms, topologies of a main concepts and sub-concepts, and configurations thereof the architect module believes will best be able to learn the concepts in the model. This is akin to the work that a data scientist does in the toolkit approach, or that the search system automates in the approach with statistical data analysis tools. Here, it is guided by the pedagogical program instead of being a broad search. The architect module can employ a variety of techniques to identify such models. The architect module can generate a directed graph of nodes or a low-level instantiation of a high-level mental model. The architect module can break down the problem to be solved into smaller tasks/concepts all factoring into the more complex main problem trying to be solved. The architect module can instantiate a main concept and layers of sub-concepts feeding into the main concept. The architect module can generate each concept including the sub-concepts with a tap that stores the output action/decision and the reason why that node reached that resultant output (e.g., what parameters dominated the decision and/or other factors that caused the node to reach that resultant output). This stored output of resultant output and the reasons why the node reached that resultant output can be stored in the trained intelligence model. The tap created in each instantiated node allows explainability for each step in an intelligence model on how a trained intelligence model produces its resultant output for a set of data input. The architect module can reference a database of algorithms to use as well as a database of network topologies to utilize. The architect module can reference a table or database of best suggested topology arrangements including how many layers of levels in a topology graph for a given problem, if available. The architect module also has logic to reference similar problems solved by comparing signatures. If the signatures are close enough, the architect module can try the topology used to optimally solve a problem stored in an archive database with a similar signature. The architect module can also instantiate multiple topology arrangements all to be tested and simulated in parallel to see which topology comes away with optimal results. The optimal results can be based on factors such as performance time, accuracy, computing resources needed to complete the training simulations, etc.
In some embodiments, for example, the architect module can be configured to propose a number of neural networks and heuristically pick an appropriate learning algorithm from a number of machine learning algorithms in one or more databases for each of the number of neural networks. The instructor module and the learner module can be configured to train the number of neural networks in parallel. The number of neural networks can be trained in one or more training cycles with the training data from one or more training data sources. The AI engine or a predictor module thereof can subsequently instantiate a number of trained neural networks based on the concepts learned by the number of neural networks in the one or more training cycles, and the AI engine can identify a best trained neural network (e.g., by means of optimal results based on factors such as performance time, accuracy, etc.) among the number of trained neural networks.
The user can assist in building the topology of the nodes by setting dependencies for particular nodes. The architect module can generate and instantiate neural network topologies for all of the concepts needed to solve the problem in a distinct two-step process. The architect module can generate a description of the network concepts. The architect module can also take the description and instantiate one or more topological shapes, layers, or other graphical arrangements to solve the problem description. The architect module can select topology algorithms to use based on factors such as whether the type of output the current problem has either 1) an estimation output or 2) a discrete output and then factors in other parameters such as performance time to complete the algorithm, accuracy, computing resources needed to complete the training simulations, originality, amount of attributes, etc.
Instructor Module
The instructor module is a component of the system responsible for carrying out a training plan codified in the pedagogical programming language Inkling™. Training can include teaching a neural network to get one or more outcomes, for example, on a simulator. The training can involve using a specific set of concepts, a curriculum, and lessons, which can be described in an Inkling™ file. The instructor module can train easier-to-understand tasks earlier than more complex tasks. Thus, the instructor module can train sub-concept nodes and then higher-level nodes. The instructor module can train sub-concept nodes that are dependent on other nodes after those other nodes are trained. However, multiple nodes in a graph may be trained in parallel. The instructor module can run simulations on the nodes with input data including statistics and feedback on results from the node being trained from the learner module. The learner module and the instructor module can work with a simulator or other data source to iteratively train a node with different data inputs. The instructor module can reference a knowledge base of how to train a node efficiently by different ways of flowing data to one or more nodes in the topology graph in parallel, or, if dependencies exist, the instructor module can train serially with some portions of lessons taking place only after earlier dependencies have been satisfied. The instructor module can reference the dependencies in the topology graph, which the dependencies can come from a user specifying the dependencies and/or how the arrangement of nodes in the topology was instantiated. The instructor module can supply data flows from the data source such as a simulator in parallel to multiple nodes at the same time where computing resources and a dependency check allows the parallel training.
Learner Module
The learner module is a component of the system configured to carry out the actual execution of the low-level, underlying AI algorithms. In training mode, the learner module can instantiate a system conforming to what was proposed by the architect module, interface with the instructor module to carry out the computation and assess performance, and then execute the learning algorithm itself. In execution mode, the learner module can instantiate and execute an instance of the already trained system. Eventually, the learner module writes out network states for each trained sub-node and then a combination of the topological graph of the main node with all of the sub-nodes into a trained intelligence model referred to herein as a BRAIN. The learner module can also write the stored output of each node and why that node arrived at that output into the BRAIN, which gives explainability as to how and why the AI proposes a solution or arrives at an outcome.
Hyperlearner Module
The hyperlearner module can perform a comparison of a current problem to a previous problem in one or more databases. The hyperlearner module can reference archived, previously built and trained intelligence models to help guide the instructor module to train the current model of nodes. The hyperlearner module can parse an archive database of trained intelligence models, known past similar problems and proposed solutions, and other sources. The hyperlearner module can compare previous solutions similar to the solutions needed in a current problem as well as compare previous problems similar to the current problem to suggest potential optimal neural network topologies and training lessons and training methodologies.
Transformer
The transformer can carry out streaming data transformations that do not require learning. When authors create BRAIN models, some concepts do not require learning and code specifying explicitly how to calculate them can be specified. For example, if an author wants to use the concept of a moving average, rather than have the system learn how to calculate the moving average, the author can explicitly specify how to calculate the moving average. Such transformations take the form of “stream” statements in Inkling™. The transformer can carry out the actual execution of such transformations when needed.
Predictor Module
After an algorithm is trained, the trained neural network can be hosted in a “prediction mode.” The prediction mode can hold a neural network for use as an HTTP API endpoint. The programmer can then send input data to the predictor module and get back a prediction.
Compiler
The compiler module automates conversion and compiling of the pedagogical programming language describing the problem (main concept) and sub-concepts factoring into the problem. Each statement recited in the pedagogical programming language can be complied into a structured data object's defined fields, which can later be generated and instantiated into its own sub-concept node by the architect module. Each node can have one or more inputs one or more neural networks to process the input data and a resulting output decision/action. The compiled statements, commands, and other codifications fed into the AI compiler can be transformed into a lower level AI specification.
Client-Server Interfaces
The AI system provided herein can include one or more client-server interfaces selected from at least a command-line interface, a graphical interface, a web-based interface, or a combination thereof. Each of the client-server interfaces includes a client-side client-server interface and a server-side client-server interface configured to cooperate or communicate with each other such that a user on a client can work online with a server including the AI engine. As such, one or more server-side client-server interfaces are configured to respectively cooperate with one or more client-side client-server interfaces and vice versa. In a first example of a client-server interface, namely a web-based interface, a client-side web-based interface (e.g., a web browser-based application used in a textual or graphical user environment) is configured to cooperate with a server-side web-based interface. In a second example of a client-server interface, namely a command-line interface, a client-side command-line interface (e.g., a command line-based application used in command-line interpreter such as Bash or cmd.exe) is configured to cooperate with a server-side command-line interface.
Graphical Interface
A graphical interface can include web-based interface through, for example, a browser, and the graphical interface can include a non-web-based interface accessed through, for example, a native client application other than a web browser such as an integrated development environment. The graphical interface can be configured to, for example, request information for creating a new BRAIN such as a name for the new BRAIN, a description for the new BRAIN, and a link to store code the new BRAIN is to execute.
With respect to a web-based interface, the graphical interface can include an open tab or a portion thereof in a browser, a pop-up window of the browser, a pop-under window of the browser, a plugin element of the browser, or any other browser element configured to request and accept input. The web-based interface can include a browser-based tool configured to access a web site for configuring and analyzing BRAINs stored in the AI engine. The web site can be used for sharing, collaborating, and learning. Some information that can be accessed from the web site is a visualization of a BRAIN's training progress.
With respect to a non-web-based interface, the graphical interface can likewise represent an open tab or a portion thereof, a pop-up window, a pop-under window, a plugin element, or any other element configured to request and accept input such as a dialog box, wherein the graphical interface is the native client application other than the web browser.
Command Line Interface (“CLI”)
A command-line interface can include a command line-based program used in a command-line interpreter such as Bash or cmd.exe. Alternatively, the command-line interface can include a web-based interface through, for example, a browser or any browser element thereof, which browser can be textual or graphical. The command-line interface can be configured to request information through a prompt for creating a new BRAIN such as a name for the new BRAIN.
The CLI can be configured to enable users to configure the AI engine. The CLI is especially useful for automation and connection (e.g., via piping) to other tools. Some actions that can be performed using the CLI include starting and naming a BRAIN, loading an Inkling™ file, training the BRAIN, and connecting the BRAIN to a simulator.
Simulator
If the curriculum trains using a simulation or procedural generation, the data for a lesson is not data to be passed to the learning system, but data is to be passed to the simulator. Otherwise, then the data can be optionally filtered/augmented in the lessons before being passed to the learning system. The simulator can use this data to configure itself, and the simulator can subsequently produce a piece of data for the learning system to use for training. This separation permits a proper separation of concerns. The simulator is the method of instruction, and the lesson provides a way to tune that method of instruction, which makes it more or less difficult depending on the current level of mastery exhibited by the learning system. A simulation can run on a client machine and stream data to the AI engine for training. In such an embodiment, the client machine needs to remain connected to the AI engine while the BRAIN is training. However, if the client machine is disconnected from the server of the AI engine, it can automatically pick up where it left off when it is reconnected.
Note, 1) simulations and procedural generation are a good choice versus data in a variety of circumstances; and 2) concepts are a good choice versus streams when you can more easily teach versus calculate.
Simulators can be reused to teach multiple concepts.
Modes of Operation
A BRAIN server has at least three modes of operation: authoring/debugging, training, and execution (or prediction). In practice, all three can run concurrently, and most implementations of a BRAIN server are high-availability, multi-tenant, distributed systems. That being said, each individual user generally works in one mode of operation at a time.
Authoring/Debugging Mode
When in authoring/debugging mode of operation, a BRAIN server can be tuned to assisting a user in iteratively developing a mental model and pedagogy. For example, in the authoring/debugging mode a user can set breakpoints on nodes in a BRAIN model, and when a breakpoint is hit the user can inspect the chain of stream processing leading up to that node. Even though a given node can represent a neural network or other complex AI learning system, because of the way training is conducted, the system can encode and decode from high-dimensional tensor representations into the output types associated with a concept. This does not mean that high-dimensional representations are necessarily collapsed between nodes, just that decoders are learned for all nodes. In addition to this direct model-inspection capability, an author can similarly debug curricula. For example, one can set a watch condition on a particular lesson and compare the actual training performance and adapted learning execution plan versus the canonical, codified lesson ordering. Advanced users can inspect the underlying learning algorithms themselves, and debugging tooling can assist in visualizing what was actually learned in concepts that are not understood as intended.
Since many developers might be concurrently working on a given BRAIN model, the authoring mode also handles keeping representations that are under development, in training, and deployed separate.
Training Mode
When in training mode of operation, the instructor module and the learner module are configured to i) instantiate the neural network conforming to the neural network proposed by the architect module and ii) train the neural network. To effect the foregoing, the BRAIN server can take compiled Inkling™ code and generate a BRAIN learning topology, and proceed to follow the curricula to teach the concepts as specified. Depending on the model, training can potentially take substantial amounts of time. Consequently, the BRAIN server can provide interactive context on the status of training. For example, the BRAIN server can show which nodes are actively being trained, the current belief about each node's mastery of its associated concept, overall and fine-grained accuracy and performance, the current training execution plan, and an estimate of completion time. As such, in some embodiments, the AI engine can be configured to provide one or more training status updates on training a neural network selected from i) an estimation of a proportion of a training plan completed for the neural network, ii) an estimation of a completion time for completing the training plan, iii) the one or more concepts upon which the neural network is actively training, iv) mastery of the neural network on learning the one or more concepts, v) fine-grained accuracy and performance of the neural network on learning the one or more concepts, and vi) overall accuracy and performance of the neural network on learning one or more mental models.
Because the process of building pedagogical programs is iterative, the BRAIN server in training mode can also provide incremental training. That is to say, if the Inkling™ code is altered with respect to a concept that comes after other concepts that have already been trained, those antecedent concepts do not need to be retrained.
Additionally, in training mode, the user is able to specify what constitutes satisfactory training should the program itself permit indefinite training.
When starting a training operation, the instructor module can first generate an execution plan. This is the ordering the instructor module intends to use when teaching the concepts, and, for each concept, the lessons the instructor module intends to teach in what order. While the execution plan is executing, the instructor module can jump back and forth between concepts and lessons to optimize the learning rate. By not being required to train each concept fully before starting to train dependent concepts, the system can naturally avoid certain systemic machine-learning problems such as overfitting. The major techniques used to determine when to switch between lessons and concepts for training are reinforcement learning and adaptive learning. For example, for a first main problem of determining an amount of bankruptcy filings in the United States, a first sub-node can be trained in a first lesson on how to determine bankruptcy filings in California. A second lesson can train the first sub-node on how to determine bankruptcy filings in California and York. Successive lessons on a node can build upon and augment earlier lessons that the node was trained on in a training session.
Execution Mode
When in execution mode or prediction mode of operation, a predictor AI module can be configured to i) instantiate and execute the trained neural network on the training data for one or more predictions in the predicting mode. To effect the foregoing, a BRAIN server can take a trained BRAIN model, enable API endpoints so that data can be streamed to and from the model, and then optimize its distribution for performance. Because learned and specified data transformations can be functional in nature, the transformations can be automatically parallelized and distributed to hardware that can accelerate their execution. Text processing, for example, can be distributed to a cluster of machines with substantial CPU resources, while nodes leveraging deep learning might be similarly distributed to a cluster of machines with substantial GPU resources.
Operational management of the executing BRAIN model can also be undertaken in this mode. This includes monitoring data ingestion rates, execution performance (both in terms of speed and accuracy), logs, event subscriptions, or the like through an operational dashboard.
Other features of the AI systems and methods provided herein for authoring/debugging, training, and execution (or prediction) can be better understood with reference to the following:
Algorithm Selection
A first step a BRAIN server can take is to pick an appropriate learning algorithm to train a mental model. This is a notable step in training AI, and it is a step those without AI expertise cannot perform without expert guidance. The BRAIN server can have knowledge of many of the available learning algorithms, as well as a set of heuristics for picking an appropriate algorithm including an initial configuration to train from.
For example, if the BRAIN server picks Deep Q-Learning for training a mental model, it would also pick an appropriate topology, hyper-parameters, and initial weight values for synapses. A benefit of having the heuristics available to be used programmatically is that the BRAIN server is not limited to a single choice; it can select any number of possible algorithms, topologies, etc., train a number of BRAINS in parallel, and pick the best result.
The process of picking an appropriate algorithm, etc., is performed by a BRAIN that has been trained (and will continue to be trained) by the AI engine, meaning the BRAIN will get better at building BRAINs each time a new one is built. A trained AI-engine neural network such as a BRAIN thereby provides enabling AI for proposing neural networks from assembly code and picking appropriate learning algorithms from a number of machine learning algorithms in one or more databases for training the neural networks. The AI engine can be configured to continuously train the trained AI-engine neural network in providing the enabling AI for proposing the neural networks and picking the appropriate learning algorithms thereby getting better at building BRAINs.
The architect module can also use heuristics, mental model signatures, statistical distribution inference, and meta-learning in topology and algorithm selection:
First, the architect module can be configured to heuristically pick an appropriate learning algorithm from a number of machine learning algorithms in one or more databases for training the neural network proposed by the architect module. Many heuristics regarding the mental model can be used to inform what types of AI and machine learning algorithms can be used. For example, the data types used have a large influence. For this reason, the Inkling™ language contains rich native data types in addition to the basic data types. If the architect module sees, for example, that an image is being used, a convolutional deep learning neural network architecture might be appropriate. If the architect module sees data that is temporal in nature (e.g., audio data, sequence data, etc.), then a recursive deep-learning neural network architecture like a long short-term memory (“LSTM”) network might be more appropriate. The collection of heuristics can be generated by data science and machine learning/AI experts who work on the architect module codebase, and who attempt to capture the heuristics that they themselves use in practice.
The system can also calculate a signature for a mental model. These signatures are a form of hashing such that mental models that have similar machine learning algorithmic characteristics have similar signatures. These signatures can then be used in conjunction with heuristics and with meta-learning.
In addition to looking at the mental model, the architect module can also consider the pedagogy provided in the Inkling™ code. It can, for example, look at the statistical distribution of any data sets being used; and, in the case of simulators, it can ask the simulator to generate substantial amounts of data so as to determine the statistics of data that will be used during training. These distribution properties can further inform the heuristics used.
Meta learning is an advanced technique used by the architect module. It is, as the name implies, learning about learning. What this means is that as the architect module can generate candidate algorithm choices and topologies for training, it can record this data along with the signature for the model and the resultant system performance. This data set can then be used in its own learning system. Thus the architect module, by virtue of proposing, exploring, and optimizing learning models, can observe what works and what doesn't, and use that to learn what models it should try in the future when it sees similar signatures.
To effect meta-learning, the AI engine can include a meta-learning module configured to keep a record such as a meta-learning record in one or more databases. The record can include i) the source code processed by the AI engine, ii) mental models of the source code and/or signatures thereof, iii) the training data used for training the neural networks, iv) the trained neural networks, v) how quickly the trained neural networks were trained to a sufficient level of accuracy, and vi) how accurate the trained neural networks became in making predictions on the training data.
For advanced users, low-level details of a learning topology can be explicitly specified completely or in part. The architect module can treat any such pinning of parameters as an override on its default behavior. In this way, specific algorithms can be provided, or a generated model can be pinned for manual refinement.
Guiding Training
Once an algorithm is chosen, the BRAIN server can proceed with training the BRAIN's mental model via curricula and the lessons thereof. The BRAIN server can manage the data streaming, data storage, efficient allocation of hardware resources, choosing when to train each concept, how much (or little) to train a concept given its relevance within the mental model (e.g., dealing with problems of overfitting and underfitting), and is generally responsible for producing a trained BRAIN based on the given mental model and curricula. The AI engine is thus configured to make determinations regarding i) when to train the neural network on each of the one or more concepts and ii) how extensively to train the neural network on each of the one or more concepts. Such determinations can be based on the relevance of each of one or more concepts in one or more predictions of a trained neural network based upon training data.
As is the case with picking an appropriate learning algorithm, guiding training—notably avoiding overfitting and underfitting—to produce an accurate AI solution is a task that requires knowledge and experience in training AIs, and the BRAIN server can have an encoded set of heuristics to manage this with little or no user involvement. Similarly, the process of guiding training is also a BRAIN that has been trained that will only get smarter with each BRAIN it trains.
The AI engine can also determine when to train each concept, how much (or little) to train each concept based on its relevance, and, ultimately, produce a trained BRAIN. Furthermore, the AI engine can utilize meta-learning. In meta-learning, the AI engine keeps a record of each program it's seen, the data it used for training, and the generated AIs that it made. It also records how fast those AIs trained and how accurate they became. The AI engine server learns over that dataset.
Stream Oriented, Data-Flow Processing
A BRAIN server can, under the hood, operate on streams of data, and can thus be considered a data flow-processing system. Data can be streamed into the BRAIN server through a traditional program, the data can flow through the nodes in the BRAIN model (including recurrent flows), and processed output can be made available in either an immediate or asynchronous, event-based model to the caller. All data that flows through the system can be ephemeral, unless a user explicitly creates a persisted data store in their Inkling™ program. At its heart, a BRAIN can be a basic network of intelligent processing nodes that comprise a potentially recurrent network, hence the acronym “BRAIN.”
Learning Backends
Learning backends encode underlying detail needed to work with a particular AI or machine learning algorithm. The BRAIN server can provide many backends such as backends for deep learning. However, learning-algorithm authors can provide their own backends if desired. By architecting the BRAIN server in this way, Inkling™ code includes another level of abstraction from a particular approach. If a new learning algorithm is created that has superior performance to existing algorithms, all that need be added is a new backend. The architect module can then immediately start using the backend to build systems, and existing Inkling™ programs can be recompiled without modification to take advantage of the improved algorithms.
Learning backends use the schemas set forth in Inkling™ to translate big matrices to usable values.
Online Learning
In addition to capabilities for migrating learned state, some implementations of the BRAIN server afford features to enable online learning. Since online learning can break the pure functional nature of nodes via state changes during runtime, another strategy that the system is configured to afford is persisting training data learned online using a data daemon, incrementally training the network at set intervals, and then redistributing the updated network as a functional block throughout the BRAIN server.
Migrations of Learned State
When a system has undergone substantial training achieving a learned state, and a subsequent change to the underlying mental models might necessitate retraining, it could be desirable to migrate the learned state rather than starting training from scratch. The BRAIN server can be configured to afford transitioning capabilities such that previously learned high dimensional representations can be migrated to appropriate, new, high dimensional representations. This can be achieved in a neural network by, for example, expanding the width of an input layer to account for alterations with zero-weight connections to downstream layers. The system can then artificially diminish the weights on connections from the input that are to be pruned until they hit zero and can then be fully pruned.
Deploy and Use
Once a BRAIN has been sufficiently trained, it can be deployed such that it can be used in a production application. The interface for using a deployed BRAIN is simple: the user submits data (of the same type as the BRAIN was trained with) to a BRAIN-server API and receives the BRAIN's evaluation of that data.
As a practical example of how to use a deployed BRAIN, a BRAIN can first be trained to recognize hand-written digits from the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology (“MNIST”) dataset. An image can be created containing a handwritten digit, perhaps directly through a touch-based interface or indirectly by scanning a piece of paper with the handwritten digit written on it. The image can then be downsampled to a resolution of 28×28 and converted to grayscale, as this is the input schema used to train the example BRAIN. When submitted to the BRAIN-server through the BRAIN server API, the BRAIN can take the image as input and output a one-dimensional array of length 10 (whereby each array item represents the probability, as judged by the BRAIN, that the image is a digit corresponding to the index). The array could be the value returned to the user from the API, which the user could use as needed.
Though a linear approach to building a BRAIN is presented in some embodiments, an author-train-deploy workflow does not have to treated as a waterfall process. If the user decides further refinement of a BRAIN is needed, be it through additional training with existing data, additional training with new, supplemental data, or additional training with a modified version of the mental model or curricula used for training, the BRAIN-server is configured to support versioning of BRAINs so that the user can preserve (and possibly revert to) the current state of a BRAIN while refining the trained state of the BRAIN until a new, more satisfactory state is reached.
As shown in
Following on the AI system 600A, the bastion host and one or more CPU nodes can be on a public subnet for bidirectional communication through an Internet gateway. One or more other CPU nodes, as well as the GPU nodes, can be on a private subnet communicatively coupled with the public subnet by means of a subnet therebetween. The one or more CPU nodes on the public subnet can be utilized by the compiler 222 of
Methods
One or more methods of an AI engine configured to work with a pedagogical programming language include, in some embodiments, enabling an author to define a mental model to be learned by an AI model using the pedagogical programming language, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output; enabling an author to define one or more curriculums for training the AI model respectively on the one or more concept nodes using the pedagogical programming language; executing a compiler to generate an assembly code from a source code written in the pedagogical programming language; and executing one or more AI-engine modules including an architect module, an instructor module, and a learner module to process the assembly code. Upon executing the architect module, the architect module can be configured to propose a neural-network layout with one or more neural-network layers from the assembly code. Upon executing the learner module, the learner module can be configured to build the AI model with the one or more neural-network layers from the neural-network layout proposed by the architect module. Upon executing the instructor module, the instructor module can be configured to train the AI model built by the learner module on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
In such embodiments, upon executing the architect module, the architect module can be further configured to map the one or more concept nodes of the mental model on the one or more network layers of the AI model. In such embodiments, upon executing the instructor module, the instructor module can be further configured to find a starting point among the one or more concept nodes and the corresponding one or more curriculums for training the AI model.
In such embodiments, upon executing the instructor module, the instructor module can be further configured to train the AI model in one or more training cycles with training data from one or more training-data sources selected from a simulator, a training-data generator, a training-data database, or a combination thereof. In such embodiments, upon executing the instructor module, the instructor module can be further configured to terminate neural-network training upon an instructor module-determined terminating condition.
In such embodiments, the method can further include enabling an author to define schemas using the pedagogical programming language, the schemas describing one or more data types to be streamed through the mental model including the one or more concept nodes and the one or more stream nodes.
In such embodiments, upon executing the compiler, the compiler can be further configured to match-check the schemas and report one or more errors if the schemas expected to match do not match, wherein the match-check is structural in that any pair of the schemas with different schema names match if the pair of the schemas define a same list of field types in a same order.
In such embodiments, the method can further include enabling an author to define each of the one or more concept nodes by name; prediction type; output; and one or more connecting concept nodes in the mental model including leading, input-providing concept nodes and following, output-accepting concept nodes using the pedagogical programming language. The prediction type can include a prediction type selected from a classifier, a predictor, an estimator, and a goal. In addition, the method can enable an author to define inputs and outputs of the mental model.
In such embodiments, the method can further include enabling an author to define each of the one or more curriculums by name; the concept node to be trained; training data-source type; training data-source name; one or more lessons of the curriculum for the concept node to be trained; and objective including a termination condition for the concept node to be trained using the pedagogical programming language. The training data-source type can include a training data-source type selected from a simulator, a training-data generator, and a training-data database.
In such embodiments, the method can further include enabling an author to define each of the one or more lessons by name; a leading lesson to follow; data configuration for the lesson; and the termination condition for the curriculum-defined objective for the concept node to be trained using the pedagogical programming language.
In such embodiments, the method can further include enabling an author to use and reuse one or more blocks in the mental model using the pedagogical programming language. Each block of the one or more blocks can include one or more block-encapsulated concept nodes, one or more block-encapsulated stream nodes, and one or more block-encapsulated schemas without any curriculums for training the AI model. Each block of the one or more blocks can be configured to accept input from any one or more of the one or more concept nodes or the one or more stream nodes of the mental model, as well as provide output to any other one of the one or more concept nodes or the one or more stream nodes of the mental model.
As shown, the method include a first step 710A including enabling an author using a pedagogical programming language to define a mental model to be learned by a neural network, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output. The method can further include a second step 720A including enabling the author to define one or more curriculums for training the neural network respectively on the one or more concept nodes of the mental model. The method can further include a third step 730A including enabling the author to define schemas, the schemas describing one or more data types to be streamed through the mental model. The method can further include a fourth step 740A including enabling an author to define each of the one or more concept nodes by name; prediction type; output; and one or more connecting concept nodes in the mental model including leading, input-providing concept nodes and following, output-accepting concept nodes. The method can further include a fifth step 750A including enabling an author to define each of the one or more curriculums by name; the concept node to be trained; training data-source type; training data-source name; one or more lessons of the curriculum for the concept node to be trained; and objective including a termination condition for the concept node to be trained. The method can further include a sixth step 760A including enabling an author to define each of the one or more lessons by name; a leading lesson to follow; data configuration for the lesson; and the termination condition for the objective for the concept node to be trained. The method can further include a seventh step 770A including enable an author train the neural network with an AI engine on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
As shown, the method include a first step 710B including enabling an author using a pedagogical programming language to define a mental model to be learned by a neural network, the mental model including an input, one or more concept nodes, one or more stream nodes, and an output. The method can further include a second step 720B including enabling the author to define one or more curriculums for training the neural network respectively on the one or more concept nodes of the mental model. The method can further include a third step 730B including enabling the author to define schemas, the schemas describing one or more data types to be streamed through the mental model. The method can further include a fourth step 740B including enabling an author to use and reuse one or more blocks in the mental model, wherein each of the one or more blocks includes one or more block-encapsulated concept nodes, one or more block-encapsulated stream nodes, and one or more block-encapsulated schemas without any curriculums for training the neural network. The method can further include a fifth step 750B including enable an author train the neural network with an AI engine on the one or more concept nodes respectively with the one or more curriculums.
Network
The communications network 820 can connect one or more server computing systems selected from at least a first server computing system 804A and a second server computing system 804B to each other and to at least one or more client computing systems as well. The server computing systems 804A and 804B can be, for example, the one or more server systems 220 of
The at least one or more client computing systems can be selected from a first mobile computing device 802A (e.g., smartphone with an Android-based operating system), a second mobile computing device 802E (e.g., smartphone with an iOS-based operating system), a first wearable electronic device 802C (e.g., a smartwatch), a first portable computer 802B (e.g., laptop computer), a third mobile computing device or second portable computer 802F (e.g., tablet with an Android- or iOS-based operating system), a smart device or system incorporated into a first smart automobile 802D, a smart device or system incorporated into a first smart bicycle 802G, a first smart television 802H, a first virtual reality or augmented reality headset 804C, and the like. The client computing system 802B can be, for example, one of the one or more client systems 210 of
It should be appreciated that the use of the terms “client computing system” and “server computing system” is intended to indicate the system that generally initiates a communication and the system that generally responds to the communication. For example, a client computing system can generally initiate a communication and a server computing system generally responds to the communication. No hierarchy is implied unless explicitly stated. Both functions can be in a single communicating system or device, in which case, the client-server and server-client relationship can be viewed as peer-to-peer. Thus, if the first portable computer 802B (e.g., the client computing system) and the server computing system 804A can both initiate and respond to communications, their communications can be viewed as peer-to-peer. Additionally, the server computing systems 804A and 804B include circuitry and software enabling communication with each other across the network 820.
Any one or more of the server computing systems can be a cloud provider. A cloud provider can install and operate application software in a cloud (e.g., the network 820 such as the Internet) and cloud users can access the application software from one or more of the client computing systems. Generally, cloud users that have a cloud-based site in the cloud cannot solely manage a cloud infrastructure or platform where the application software runs. Thus, the server computing systems and organized data structures thereof can be shared resources, where each cloud user is given a certain amount of dedicated use of the shared resources. Each cloud user's cloud-based site can be given a virtual amount of dedicated space and bandwidth in the cloud. Cloud applications can be different from other applications in their scalability, which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access point.
Cloud-based remote access can be coded to utilize a protocol, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”), to engage in a request and response cycle with an application on a client computing system such as a web-browser application resident on the client computing system. The cloud-based remote access can be accessed by a smartphone, a desktop computer, a tablet, or any other client computing systems, anytime and/or anywhere. The cloud-based remote access is coded to engage in 1) the request and response cycle from all web browser based applications, 3) the request and response cycle from a dedicated on-line server, 4) the request and response cycle directly between a native application resident on a client device and the cloud-based remote access to another client computing system, and 5) combinations of these.
In an embodiment, the server computing system 804A can include a server engine, a web page management component, a content management component, and a database management component. The server engine can perform basic processing and operating-system level tasks. The web page management component can handle creation and display or routing of web pages or screens associated with receiving and providing digital content and digital advertisements. Users (e.g., cloud users) can access one or more of the server computing systems by means of a Uniform Resource Locator (“URL”) associated therewith. The content management component can handle most of the functions in the embodiments described herein. The database management component can include storage and retrieval tasks with respect to the database, queries to the database, and storage of data.
In some embodiments, a server computing system can be configured to display information in a window, a web page, or the like. An application including any program modules, applications, services, processes, and other similar software executable when executed on, for example, the server computing system 804A, can cause the server computing system 804A to display windows and user interface screens in a portion of a display screen space. With respect to a web page, for example, a user via a browser on the client computing system 802B can interact with the web page, and then supply input to the query/fields and/or service presented by the user interface screens. The web page can be served by a web server, for example, the server computing system 804A, on any Hypertext Markup Language (“HTML”) or Wireless Access Protocol (“WAP”) enabled client computing system (e.g., the client computing system 802B) or any equivalent thereof. The client computing system 802B can host a browser and/or a specific application to interact with the server computing system 804A. Each application has a code scripted to perform the functions that the software component is coded to carry out such as presenting fields to take details of desired information. Algorithms, routines, and engines within, for example, the server computing system 804A can take the information from the presenting fields and put that information into an appropriate storage medium such as a database (e.g., database 806A). A comparison wizard can be scripted to refer to a database and make use of such data. The applications may be hosted on, for example, the server computing system 804A and served to the specific application or browser of, for example, the client computing system 802B. The applications then serve windows or pages that allow entry of details.
Computing Systems
Computing system 900 typically includes a variety of computing machine-readable media. Computing machine-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computing system 900 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computing machine-readable media use includes storage of information, such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, other executable software or other data. Computer-storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computing device 900. Transitory media such as wireless channels are not included in the machine-readable media. Communication media typically embody computer readable instructions, data structures, other executable software, or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. As an example, some client computing systems on the network 820 of
The system memory 930 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 931 and random access memory (RAM) 932. A basic input/output system 933 (BIOS) containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computing system 900, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 931. RAM 932 typically contains data and/or software that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by the processing unit 920. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computing system 900 can also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A user may enter commands and information into the computing system 900 through input devices such as a keyboard, touchscreen, or software or hardware input buttons 962, a microphone 963, a pointing device and/or scrolling input component, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. The microphone 963 can cooperate with speech recognition software. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 920 through a user input interface 960 that is coupled to the system bus 921, but can be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB). A display monitor 991 or other type of display screen device is also connected to the system bus 921 via an interface, such as a display interface 990. In addition to the monitor 991, computing devices may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 997, a vibrator 999, and other output devices, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 995.
The computing system 900 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers/client devices, such as a remote computing system 980. The remote computing system 980 can a personal computer, a hand-held device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computing system 900. The logical connections depicted in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing system 900 is connected to the LAN 971 through a network interface or adapter 970, which can be, for example, a Bluetooth® or Wi-Fi adapter. When used in a WAN networking environment (e.g., Internet), the computing system 900 typically includes some means for establishing communications over the WAN 973. With respect to mobile telecommunication technologies, for example, a radio interface, which can be internal or external, can be connected to the system bus 921 via the network interface 970, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, other software depicted relative to the computing system 900, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
As discussed, the computing system 900 can include a processor 920, a memory (e.g., ROM 931, RAM 932, etc.), a built in battery to power the computing device, an AC power input to charge the battery, a display screen, a built-in Wi-Fi circuitry to wirelessly communicate with a remote computing device connected to network.
It should be noted that the present design can be carried out on a computing system such as that described with respect to
Another device that may be coupled to bus 921 is a power supply such as a DC power supply (e.g., battery) or an AC adapter circuit. As discussed above, the DC power supply may be a battery, a fuel cell, or similar DC power source that needs to be recharged on a periodic basis. A wireless communication module can employ a Wireless Application Protocol to establish a wireless communication channel. The wireless communication module can implement a wireless networking standard.
In some embodiments, software used to facilitate algorithms discussed herein can be embodied onto a non-transitory machine-readable medium. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism that stores information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a non-transitory machine-readable medium can include read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; Digital Versatile Disc (DVD's), EPROMs, EEPROMs, FLASH memory, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
Note, an application described herein includes but is not limited to software applications, mobile apps, and programs that are part of an operating system application. Some portions of this description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These algorithms can be written in a number of different software programming languages such as C, C+, or other similar languages. Also, an algorithm can be implemented with lines of code in software, configured logic gates in software, or a combination of both. In an embodiment, the logic consists of electronic circuits that follow the rules of Boolean Logic, software that contain patterns of instructions, or any combination of both.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers, or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Many functions performed by electronic hardware components can be duplicated by software emulation. Thus, a software program written to accomplish those same functions can emulate the functionality of the hardware components in input-output circuitry.
While the foregoing design and embodiments thereof have been provided in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicant(s) for the design and embodiments provided herein to be limiting. Additional adaptations and/or modifications are possible, and, in broader aspects, these adaptations and/or modifications are also encompassed. Accordingly, departures may be made from the foregoing design and embodiments without departing from the scope afforded by the following claims, which scope is only limited by the claims when appropriately construed.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. U.S. 62/287,861, filed Jan. 27, 2016, titled “BONSAI PLATFORM, LANGUAGE, AND TOOLING,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5619618 | Bigus | Apr 1997 | A |
| 6449603 | Hunter | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 8521664 | Lin et al. | Aug 2013 | B1 |
| 9443192 | Cosic | Sep 2016 | B1 |
| 9460088 | Sak et al. | Oct 2016 | B1 |
| 20050034109 | Hamilton et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050114280 | Rising, III | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050132032 | Bertrand | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050197991 | Wray et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20060166174 | Rowe et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060218107 | Young | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20090106165 | Solomon | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090106178 | Chu | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090204563 | Gerber et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20100088258 | Oaten et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100094790 | Gnojewski | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100106714 | Lim et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20120159090 | Andrews et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120209794 | Jones, III | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239598 | Cascaval et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20150066929 | Satzke et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150339570 | Scheffler | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20160034809 | Trenholm et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160283202 | Sellers-Blais | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20170091670 | Gulin et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213128 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213131 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213132 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213154 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213155 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170213156 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170308800 | Cichon et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20180293463 | Brown | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180293498 | Campos et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180293517 | Browne et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180307945 | Haigh et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180357047 | Brown et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180357152 | Browne et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180357543 | Brown et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180357552 | Campos et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 2015017706 | Feb 2015 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Matlab, Neural Network Toolbox 7 User's Guide, 2010, Matlab (Year: 2010). |
| Campos, et al., “Concept Network Reinforcement Learning for Flexible Dexterous Manipulation”, Retrieved From: https://medium.com/@BonsaiAI/concept-network-reinforcement-learning-for-flexible-dexterous-manipulation-47bf459b19b9, Sep. 19, 2017, 11 Pages. |
| Gudimella, et al., “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dexterous Manipulation With Concept Networks”, Retrieved From: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.06977.pdf, Sep. 20, 2017, 16 Pages. |
| Hengst, Bernhard, “Safe State Abstraction and Reusable Continuing Subtasks in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning”, In Proceedings of 20th Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Dec. 2, 2007, 11 Pages. |
| “International Search Report & Written Opinion Issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/037650”, dated Aug. 31, 2018, 10 Pages. |
| Cross-Reference to Related Applications Under 37 C.F.R. 1.78, 2 pages. |
| Bonsai AI, Inc. Services Overview, 3 pages. |
| Chung, Kiuk, “Generating Recommendations at Amazon Scale with Apache Spark and Amazon DSSTNE”, AWS Big Data Blog, Jul. 9, 2016, 10 pages. |
| Dunn, Jeffrey, “Introducing FBLearner Flow: Facebook's AI backbone”, Engineering Blog, Facebook Code, Dec. 20, 2016, 11 pages. |
| Gray, Kathryn E., “Towards Customizable Pedagogic Programming Languages”, dissertation submitted to the School of Computing at the University of Utah, Aug. 2006, 156 pages. |
| Hammond, Mark et al. “AI for Everyone: An Introduction to Bonsai BRAIN and Inkling” Bonsai AI, Inc. Whitepaper, 2016, 16 pages. |
| He, Jinru, “Auto scaling Pinterest” Pinterest Engineering Blog, Sep. 16, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Ma, Kevin, “Applying deep learning to Related Pins” Pinterest Engineering Blog, Jan. 12, 2017, 8 pages. |
| Raschka, Sebastian, “Fitting a model via closed-form equations vs. Gradient Descent vs Stochastic Gradient Descent vs Mini-Batch Learning. What is the difference?” Machine Learning FAQ, Jan. 17, 2017, 6 pgs. |
| SuperUser.Com, “What's the difference between an Application, Process, and Services?” Jan. 20, 2017, 1 page. |
| Tessler, Chen et al., “A Deep Hierarchical Approach to Lifelong Learning in Minecraft” Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Nov. 30, 2016, 10 pages. |
| www.docker, “Build, Ship, Run Any App, Anywhere”, https://dockercon.smarteventscloud.com/portal/newreg.wwDockerCon 2017, 7 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2017/015446 dated Apr. 10, 2017, 6 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2017/015460 dated May 5, 2017, 11 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2017/015470 dated Apr. 21, 2017, 11 pages. |
| “Non Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/416,988”, dated Oct. 3, 2019, 11 Pages. |
| “Non Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/417,086”, dated Nov. 7, 2019, 13 Pages. |
| “Extended Search Report Issued in European Patent Application No. 17745025.1”, dated Aug. 23, 2019, 9 Pages. |
| “Extended Search Report Issued in European Patent Application No. 17745016.0”, dated Aug. 20, 2019, 8 Pages. |
| “Extended Search Report Issued in European Patent Application No. 17745030.1”, dated Sep. 2, 2019, 7 Pages. |
| “Non-Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/416,904”, dated Aug. 14, 2019, 11 Pages. |
| “Notice of Allowance Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/417,075”, dated Aug. 14, 2019, 9 Pages. |
| “Non Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/416,970”, dated Nov. 21, 2019, 12 pages. |
| “Non Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/417,033”, dated Nov. 26, 2019, 13 pages. |
| “Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/416,970”, dated Mar. 3, 2020, 7 Pages. |
| “Final Office Action Issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/417,086”, dated Feb. 25, 2020, 18 Pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170213126 A1 | Jul 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62287861 | Jan 2016 | US |
