Aryloxy-phthalocyanines of group IV metals

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising an aryloxy-phthalocyanine compound of a group IV metal, methods for preparing said compositions, and articles of manufacture made therefrom.

B. Description of Related Art

Organic materials can be used, for example, as semiconductors in low-cost photovoltaic cells. Organic materials can offer significant advantages in terms of materials and manufacturing cost relative to existing silicon technologies, and they do not typically suffer from supply demand pressures of the marketplace common to silicon. Current state of the art molecular based thin film devices can exhibit efficiencies similar to those of polymer based cells; however, organic thin film solar cells provide a significant advantage due to their ease of manufacture. Organic thin film solar cells do not necessarily utilize solution-processing methods employed for polymer-based cells. Instead, they typically use vacuum deposition methods that can be scalable and relatively cheap to implement. Such a device structure has the advantage that formation of a nano-phase separated bulk heterojunction film structure is not required.

Currently available organic semiconductors prepared using conventional methods generally suffer from low charge carrier mobility or electrical conduction. Additionally, in the case of small molecules, batch to batch variations are commonly observed in both film forming properties and electrical performance. It is therefore desirable to obtain new organic semiconducting materials having performance properties that can be tuned, optimized or engineered through molecular variation. These needs and other needs are satisfied by the compositions and methods of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to aryloxy-phthalocyanine compounds, methods for preparing said compounds, and articles of manufacture made therefrom. In one aspect, the aryloxy-phthalocyanine compound comprises various aryloxy molecular fragments and group IV metals.

Described herein is a compound of a general molecular structure (I):

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wherein M is one or more group IV metals and comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof and wherein R₂comprises an aryl containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the aryl containing group can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom, if present, can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, described herein is a compound having the general structure (II):

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wherein M is one or more group IV metals and comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof; wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; and wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and can independently comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, aryl or an aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the aryl containing group can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom, if present, can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing a compound having the general structure (I), the method comprising: (a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanine precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chloride, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof, and wherein each R₁comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; (b) providing a reactant comprising optionally substituted aryl containing (—R₂) and/or optionally substituted arylalcohol containing groups (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the reactant, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms comprising halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof; and (c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanine precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general molecular structure (I), wherein the compound of the general molecular structure (I) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent.

In yet another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing a compound having the general structure (II), the method comprising: (a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanine precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof, and wherein each R₁comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; (b) providing a reactant comprising R₂and/or R₃moieties, wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and can independently comprise halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and/or an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the aryloxy group, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof; and (c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanine precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general structure (II), wherein the compound of the general structure (II) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent.

In a further aspect, a photovoltaic cell is disclosed, wherein a photoactive region comprises a small molecule organic semiconductor comprising an aryloxy-phthalocyanine of group IV metals comprising a compound of a general formula (I):

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wherein M is one or more group IV metals and comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof; wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; and wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and can independently comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, aryl or an aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the aryl containing group can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more of heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom, if present, can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, a method for preparing a photovoltaic cell comprising an aryloxy-phthalocyanine of group IV metals is disclosed.

Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects described below. Like numbers represent the same elements throughout the figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates UV-VIS absorbance of (m-cresol)₂-SiPc, (m-cresol)₂-GePc and (PDP)₂-SnPc, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 Illustrates cyclic voltammograms of (m-cresol)₂-SiPc, (m-cresol)₂-GePc and (PDP)₂-SnPc, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, described herein are compounds of a general structure (I):

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wherein M comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof; wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; and wherein R₂comprises an optionally substituted aryl containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein the aryl containing group, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more of the same or different heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, “n” ranges from about 0 to about 4.

In one aspect, R₂comprises an optionally substituted aryl containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms and wherein not all of which are considered aromatic carbon atoms, wherein, the aryl containing group, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more of the same of different heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, R₂does not comprise a metal.

In another aspect, R₂does not comprise a heteroatom as a bridging group.

In another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a hydrocarbon, hydrogen, halogen such as, for example, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a C₁-C₂₀-alkyl group: straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to about 20 carbon atoms, for example C₁-C₁₀-alkyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkyl, or a C₁-C₁₀-alkyl, for example C₁-C₃-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or C₄-C₆-alkyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, or C₇-C₁₀-alkyl such as heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, nonyl or decyl, and/or isomers or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl group: unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and a double bond in any position, for example C₂-C₁₀-alkenyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkenyl, a C₂-C₁₀-alkenyl such as C₂-C₄-alkenyl, such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, or C₅-C₆-alkenyl, such as 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl or 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl, and also C₇-C₁₀-alkenyl such as the isomers of heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl group: straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon groups having from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and a triple bond in any position, for example C₂-C₁₀-alkynyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkynyl, a C₂-C₁₀-alkynyl such as C₂-C₄-alkynyl, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, or C₅-C₇-alkynyl, such as 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl or 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl, and C₇-C₁₀-alkynyl such as the isomers of heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a C₃-C₁₈-cycloalkyl group: monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups having from about 3 up to about 18 carbon ring members, or a C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, and a saturated or unsaturated cyclic system, for example norbornyl or norbenzyl. In yet another aspect, R₁and R₂can be substituted with groups independently selected from all possible isomers and enantiomers, including mixtures of isomers or enantiomers.

In another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise a heterocycle, for example, five- to twelve-member, five- to nine-member, five- to six-member, ring systems having oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms and optionally a plurality of rings, such as furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl. Moreover, R₁and/or R₂can comprise a five- or six-member saturated nitrogen-containing ring systems attached via a ring nitrogen atom and which can comprise one or two further nitrogen atoms or a further oxygen or sulfur atom. In another aspect, R₁and R₂can comprise C₂-C₁₇Heterocycloalkyl, for example, aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyranyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxocanyl, thiocanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl, oxazinanyl, morpholinyl, diazepanyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrolyl, or combinations thereof.

In one aspect, R₁comprises a C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy group: a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms (as specified above) which is attached via an oxygen atom (—O—), for example C₁-C₁₀-alkoxy or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkoxy, a C₁-C₁₀-alkyloxy, or a C₁-C₃-alkoxy, for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy.

In another aspect, R₁comprises an aryloxy containing group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system (as described above) which is attached via an oxygen atom (—O—), or a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In another aspect, R₁and R₂are the same or different and at least one of R₁and R₂can comprise an arylalkyl group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system (as specified above) which is attached via a C₁-C₂₀-alkylene group, a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In another aspect, R₁and/or R₂comprise a C₁-C₂₀-alkylene group, for example, a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, for example C₁-C₁₀-alkylene or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkylene, C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, such as, for example, methylene, dimethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene or hexamethylene.

In another aspect, R₁and/or R₂comprises an aryl group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, for example phenyl, naphthyl or anthracenyl, a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In yet another aspect, R₂comprises a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms. In another aspect, such a heteroatom can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, a heteroatom, if present, can comprise a chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, R₂comprises a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more halogens. In one aspect, a halogen does not comprise chlorine. In a further aspect, a halogen comprises fluorine, chlorine bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, wherein a single chlorine is present on a given ring system, the ring system is not substituted in a para-position. In a yet even further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is substituted at one or more ortho-positions. While not wishing to be bound to a particular theory, it is believed that the substituted R₂can be highly electronegative so as to affect the electron cloud around the metal.

In another aspect, any of the hydrocarbon groups can be optionally substituted one, two, or more times at any position with the same or different substituting moiety such as a nitrogen containing group, for example, amino and/or nitro; a sulfur containing group, for example, thiol, sulfoxide, sulfate, and/or chlorosulfate; a hydroxyl group; a silicon containing group, for example, a trisubstituted silane where the substituent is a hydrocarbon; a halogen, for example, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and/or iodine; and a hetero atom moiety, having for example about 3 to about 15 atoms, and including an element selected for instance from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, and oxygen, such as thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, pyridine-2-yl, pyridine-3-yl, pyridine-4-yl, furna-2-yll, furan-3-yl, and the like. Exemplary substituted hydrocarbon groups include for instance the following: 3-hydroxyhenan-1,6,-dyyl; 2-methyl-benzen-1,4,-diyl; and 2,5-dimethylbenzen-1,4, diyl.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound having the general structure (II):

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wherein M comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof, wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof and wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, aryl or an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein if present and substituted, an aryloxy containing group can be substituted in one or more positions by one or more of the same of different heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, “n” can range from about 0 to about 4.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃can be the same or different and can comprise a hydrocarbon; hydrogen; halogen, such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine; or a combination thereof.

In at least one aspect, R₂and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₂and R₃can comprise an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, or from greater than 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, wherein if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In yet another aspect, R₂and R₃do not comprise a metal.

In yet another aspect, R₂and R₃do not comprise a heteroatom as a bridging group.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₁-C₂₀-alkyl group: straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to about 20 carbon atoms, for example C₁-C₁₀-alkyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkyl, a C₁-C₁₀-alkyl, for example C₁-C₃-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or C₄-C₆-alkyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, or C₇-C₁₀-alkyl such as heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, nonyl or decyl, and isomers thereof.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl group: unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and a double bond in any position, for example C₂-C₁₀-alkenyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkenyl, a C₂-C₁₀-alkenyl such as C₂-C₄-alkenyl, such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, or C₅-C₆-alkenyl, such as 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl or 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl, and also C₇-C₁₀-alkenyl such as the isomers of heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl or decenyl.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl group: straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon groups having from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms and a triple bond in any position, for example C₂-C₁₀-alkynyl or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkynyl, a C₂-C₁₀-alkynyl such as C₂-C₄-alkynyl, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, or C₅-C₇-alkynyl, such as 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl or 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl, and C₇-C₁₀-alkynyl such as the isomers of heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₃-C₁₈-cycloalkyl group, for example, monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups having from about 3 up to about 18 carbon ring members, a C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, and a saturated or unsaturated cyclic system, for example norbornyl or norbenzyl. In yet another aspect, R₁and R₂can be substituted with groups independently selected from other isomers and enantiomers, including mixtures of isomers or enantiomers, that one of ordinary skill in the art would deem appropriate.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a heterocycle, for example, five- to twelve-member, five- to nine-member, five- to six-member, ring systems having oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms and optionally a plurality of rings, such as furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl; or moreover, five- or six-member saturated nitrogen-containing ring systems which are attached via a ring nitrogen atom and which can also comprise one or two further nitrogen atoms or a further oxygen or sulfur atom.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and/or R₃can comprise a C₂-C₁₇heterocycloalkyl, for example, aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyranyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxocanyl, thiocanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl, oxazinanyl, morpholinyl, diazepanyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrolyl, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and can at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₁-C₂₂-alkoxy group: a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from about 1 to about 22 carbon atoms (as specified above) which is attached via an oxygen atom (—O—), for example C₁-C₁₀-alkoxy or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkoxy, a C₁-C₁₀-alkyloxy, or a C₁-C₃-alkoxy, for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃can comprise an aryloxy containing group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system (as specified above) which is attached via an oxygen atom (—O—), a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise an arylalkyl containing group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system (as specified above) which is attached via a C₁-C₂₀-alkylene group, a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃comprise a C₁-C₂₀-alkylene containing group, for example, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, for example C₁-C₁₀-alkylene or C₁₁-C₂₀-alkylene, or a C₂-C₁₀-alkylene, especially methylene, dimethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene or hexamethylene.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂and R₃are the same or different and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃can comprise an aryl containing group, for example, a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, for example phenyl, naphthyl or anthracenyl, a mono- to bicyclic, or a monocyclic, aromatic ring system.

In another aspect, R₂and R₃are the same or different and can comprise a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, from greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 and about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbon atoms are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can be optionally substituted at any one or more positions by one or more of the same of different heteroatoms, such as, for example, a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, a heteroatom, if present, can comprise chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, R₂and R₃are the same or different and can comprise a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more halogens. In one aspect, a halogen does not comprise chlorine. In a further aspect, a halogen comprises fluorine, chlorine bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, wherein a single chlorine is present in a given ring system, the ring system is not substituted in a para-position. In a yet even further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is substituted at one or more ortho-positions. While not wishing to be bound to a particular theory, it is believed that the substituted R₂can be highly electronegative so as to affect the electron cloud around the metal.

In another aspect, any of the hydrocarbon groups described herein can be optionally substituted at one, two, or more positions with the same or different substituting moiety such as, for example, a nitrogen containing groups such as amino and nitro; a sulfur containing group such as thiol, sulfoxide, sulfate, chlorosulfate; a hydroxyl group; a silicon containing group such as a trisubstituted silane where the substituent is a hydrocarbon; a halogen such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine; and a hetero atom moiety, having for example 3 to 15 atoms, and including an element selected for instance from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, and oxygen, such as thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, pyridine-2-yl, pyridine-3-yl, pyridine-4-yl, furna-2-yll, furan-3-yl, and the like. Exemplary substituted hydrocarbon groups include for instance the following: 3-hydroxyhenan-1,6,-dyyl; 2-methyl-benzen-1,4,-diyl; and 2,5-dimethylbenzen-1,4,diyl.

In another aspect, R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

A. Synthetic Methods

Described herein are methods for making a compound having the general structure described herein. In one aspect, the method for preparing the compounds described herein can comprise: (a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanine precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof, and each R₁comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; (b) providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) and/or optionally-substituted arylalcohol group (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, and wherein not all of the carbon atoms are necessarily aromatic, and if substituted, can be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof, and (c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanines precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general structure (I), wherein the compound of the general structure (I) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent.

The preparation of metal-free phthalocyanines (PC) is known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,146 describes the preparation of metal-free phthalocyanines (Pc) and related compounds by mixing 1,3-diiminoisoindolines or their heterocyclic analogs with alkylalanolamines. EP 0 373 643 A2 describes the preparation of metal containing phthalocyanines, for example, the synthesis of metal containing phthalocyanines by reaction of mixtures of o-phthalodinitriles and/or 1,30 diiminoisoindolines with metallic compounds. Furthermore, M. Durmus et al., Tetrahedron, 2007, 1385 describe preparation of halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanines. These compounds can be prepared for example, by the treatment of phthalonitriles with a metal chloride in freshly distilled quinoline solvent.

In one aspect, step (b) of the method for preparing compounds having the general structure (I) comprises providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) and/or an optionally substituted arylalcohol groups (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, wherein not all of the carbon atoms are necessarily aromatic, and wherein, if substituted, the reactant can be substituted at one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms, for example, comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, step (b) of the method for preparing a compound having the general structure (I) comprises providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) and/or an optionally substituted arylalcohol groups (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms. In a further aspect, such a heteroatom can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, a heteroatom, if present, can comprise a chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, step (b) of the method for preparing a compound having the general structure (I) comprises providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) and/or an optionally substituted arylalcohol groups (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more halogens. In one aspect, a halogen does not comprise chlorine. In a further aspect, a halogen can comprise a chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is not substituted in a para-position. In a yet even further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is substituted at one or more ortho-positions. While not wishing to be bound to a particular theory, it is believed that the substituted R₂can be highly electronegative so as to the affect electron cloud around the metal.

In another aspect, a method for preparing a compound of the general molecular structure (II) comprises the steps of: (a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanine precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof, and wherein and each R₁can independently comprise a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; (b) providing a reactant comprising R₂and/or R₃moieties, wherein R₂and/or R₃are the same or different and can comprise an optionally substituted aryloxy group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein not all of the carbon atoms are necessarily aromatic, and wherein if substituted, can be substituted at any one or more positions with one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof, and (c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanine precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general structure (II), wherein the compound of the general structure (II) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent. In yet another aspect, upon conditions effective to form the compound of the general structure (II), compounds comprising R₂and/or R₃moieties are added simultaneously or in number of steps.

In yet a further aspect, R₂and R₃are the same or different and can independently comprise an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, wherein not all carbon atoms are necessarily aromatic, and wherein, if substituted, can be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more of the same or different heteroatoms, such as, for example, a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, step (b) of the method for preparing a compound having the general structure (II) comprises providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) or (—R₃) and/or an optionally substituted arylalcohol groups (OH—R₂) or (OH—R₃), wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and can comprise a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more heteroatoms. In a further aspect, such a heteroatom can comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, a heteroatom, if present, can comprise a chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, step (b) of the method for preparing a compound having the general structure (II) comprises providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) or (—R₃) and/or an optionally substituted arylalcohol groups (OH—R₂) or (OH—R₃), wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and can comprise a mono- to tricyclic aromatic ring system comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon ring members, greater than or equal to about 6 and about 18 carbon ring members, or from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 10 carbon ring members, wherein not all carbons are necessarily aromatic, and wherein the ring system can optionally be substituted at any one or more positions by one or more halogens. In one aspect, a halogen does not comprise chlorine. In a further aspect, a halogen can comprise a chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof. In a yet further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is not substituted in a para-position. In a yet even further aspect, wherein a halogen comprises chlorine, the ring system is substituted at one or more ortho-positions.

In another aspect, the compounds of the general structure (I) and/or (II) can be prepared in the presence of a solvent. In one aspect, suitable solvents can comprise substances which are liquid at the temperatures of the process according to the invention and in which all compounds involved are at least partly soluble. For example, such solvents have boiling points of over about 100° C. at standard pressure (101.325 kPa). The solutions of the compounds of the general structure (I) and/or (II) used in the method according to the invention in the presence of a solvent can also have the properties of suspensions or dispersions. Suitable solvents can comprise, for example, aromatic compounds or polar aprotic compounds. In one aspect, the solvent can comprise toluene, xylene, mesitylene, teralin, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, quinoline, pyridine, sulfolane, THF, chloromethane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, or a combination thereof. The amount of solvent which can be used in the process according to the invention is dependent upon the solubility of the compounds dissolved and can therefore vary within a wide range. In another aspect, one or more solvents can be added in excess (weight ratio).

In one aspect, the temperatures which are established for the preparation of the general compounds of the structure (I) and (II) in the method according to the invention can vary within a wide range. In general, the selection of the temperature can, for example, depend on the solubility of one or more compounds involved to form the compounds of the of the general structure (I) and (II), and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one aspect, wherein solubility is high, it can be possible, for example, to select relatively low temperatures for the reaction in the method according to the invention. The temperatures in the method according to the invention can generally be selected from the range of from about 0° C. to about 200° C. In another aspect, the temperature can be in the range of from about 20° C. to about 150° C. In another aspect, the temperature can be in the range of from about 70° C. to about 140° C.

In another aspect, the pressure range within which the method according to the invention for preparing compounds of the general structure (I) and (II) are performed can vary. In various aspects, the method according to the invention can be performed at standard pressure, slightly reduced pressure or else elevated pressure. In one aspect, the pressure can be selected from the range of from about 90 kPa to about 1000 kPa.

The process can be performed in any apparatus which is suitable for this purpose, such as, for example, those known to one skilled in the art of organic compounds. For the removal and workup of the compounds of general molecular structure (I) and (II), it is possible to use any methods with which the person skilled in the art is familiar. For example, the removal can be performed by, for example, filtration or phase separation. In another aspect, the workup can comprise a purification step, such as, for example, washing the compounds with a liquid, and/or a drying step.

In another aspect, the duration of all time steps (a) to (c) overall, and also of any individual step, can vary, for example, depending on the temperature. In another aspect, the duration of all time steps together can vary within a wide range from a few minutes up to, for example, about 72 hours.

It should be understood that the methods described herein are intended to be exemplary and are not intended to be limiting. Other methods can be used to prepare the inventive compositions described herein, and the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific methods recited herein.

B. Solar Cells

As used herein, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

In the context of organic materials, the terms “donor” and “acceptor” refer to relative positions of the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of two contacting but different organic materials. The term “electron donor” refers to the material's electron affinity. An electron donor material has a relative low electron affinity, i.e. the EA value has a smaller absolute value. As such, an electron donor material tends to act as p-type material. In other words, an electron donor material can act as a hole transport material. The term “electron acceptor” refers to material's electron affinity. An electron acceptor material has a relatively high electron affinity. As such, an electron acceptor material can act as an electron transport material.

The term “charge transport material” as used herein refers to a material transports charge, i.e. holes or electrons. An electron donor material transports holes and an electron acceptor material transports electrons.

The term “photoactive region” as used herein is a portion of a photosensitive device that absorbs electromagnetic radiation to generate excitation (i.e. electrically neutral excited state in form of electron-hole pairs).

Described herein are uses of compounds having the general molecular structures (I) and (II). In one aspect, photovoltaic cells comprising compounds having the general molecular structure (I) and (II) are described.

In one aspect, a photovoltaic cell comprising a compound having the general molecular structure (I):

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wherein M comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof; wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; and wherein R₂comprises an optionally substituted aryl containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein aryl containing group, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions with one or more of the same or different heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, a photovoltaic cell comprising a compound having the general molecular structure (II):

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wherein M comprises silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof, wherein “n” is an integer equal to or greater than 0; wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; and wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, aryl or an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, wherein aryl containing group, if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions with one or more of the same or different heteroatoms comprising a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, no reports of phenoxy substituted group III metal containing phthalocyanines are known for the fabrication of organic photovoltaic devices.

Organic solar cells generally have a layered structure and generally comprise at least the following layers: anode, photoactive region, and cathode. These layers are generally disposed on a substrate. The structure of organic solar cells can vary, and various structures are known in the art, for example, in US 2005/0098726 and US 2005/0224905, which are fully incorporated here by reference.

Organic solar cells make use of heterogeneous junction regions of conjugated hole- and electron-conducting molecules to produce separated electrical charges after photo-induced charge transfer from the electron-donor to the electron-acceptor component.

In one aspect, the invention provides an organic solar cell comprising a substrate with at least one cathode, at least one anode, and at least one compound of the general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) as defined above as a photoactive material. In another aspect, the organic solar cell according to the invention comprises at least one photoactive region. A photoactive region can comprise two layers that each has a homogeneous composition and form a planar donor-acceptor heterojunction (PHJ) or a mixed layer forming a donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ).

In organic semiconductors, light absorption leads to the creation of excitations, (i.e. electron-hole pairs) through promotion of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO level of the molecules. In order to produce separated charges, the excitations can be dissociated at the donor-acceptor interface, the driving force for this process being provided by the energy offset between the LUMO orbitals of the donor and acceptor molecules.

Consequently, the four basic steps occurring in a molecular based device: (a) light absorption/excitation generation; (b) excitation diffusion towards the donor-acceptor junction; (c) charge transfer/excitation dissociation; and (d) charge collection of the separated electrons and holes at the external electrodes.

The performance of the cells is usually determined by the analysis of the current-voltage (I-V) curves, from which key parameters such as the open-circuit (V_OC) (associated to the gap between the LUMO level of the acceptor and the HOMO level of the donor), short-circuit density (JO (proportional to how much light can be absorbed), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are extracted.

Suitable substrates for organic solar cells can comprise, for example, materials such as glass, ceramic, SiO₂, quartz, polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyesters, fluoropolymers, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyalkyl(meth)acrylates, polystyrene and mixtures and composites thereof and combinations thereof.

Suitable electrodes (cathode and anode) can comprise metals (for example, of groups 8, 9, 10 or 11 of the Periodic Table, e.g. Pt, Au, Ag, Cu, Al, In, Mg, Ca), semiconductors (e.g. doped Si, doped Ge, indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium indium tin oxide (GITO), zinc indium tin oxide (ZITO), etc.), metal alloys (e.g. based on Pt, Au, Ag, Cu, etc., especially Mg/Ag alloys), semiconductor alloys, etc. One of the electrodes used can be a material essentially transparent to incident light. This includes, for example, ITO, doped ITO, FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide), AZO (aluminium doped ZnO), ZnO, TiO₂, Ag, Au, Pt. The other electrode used can be a material which essentially reflects the incident light. This includes, for example, metal films, for example of Al, Ag, Au, In, Mg, Mg/Al, Ca, etc.

For its part, the photoactive region can comprise at least one layer which comprises, as an organic semiconductor material, at least one compound of the general molecular structure (I) or (II) as defined above. In addition to the photoactive region, there can be one or more further layers. These include, for example, layers with electron-conducting properties (electron transport layer, ETL); layers which comprise a hole-conducting material (hole transport layer, HTL); exciton- and hole-blocking layers (e.g. EBLs) which should not absorb and multiplication layers. The role of the EBLs is to prevent damage of the acceptor layer due to cathode evaporation; eliminate undesired exciton quenching at the electron-acceptor/cathode interface; and provide a spacer between the photoactive region and reflecting cathode, thereby increasing the optical intensity at the donor-acceptor interface and, thus, the light absorption efficiency.

Suitable exciton- and hole-blocking layers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,415. Suitable materials for exciton blocker layers are, for example, bathocuproin (BCP), 4,4′,4″-tris[3-methylphenyl-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) or polyethylenedioxy-thiophene (PEDOT).

In one aspect, a solar cell can comprise at least one photoactive donor-acceptor heterojunction. Upon optical excitation of an organic material, excitons are generated. For photocurrent to occur, the electron-hole pair has to be separated, typically at a donor-acceptor interface between two dissimilar contacting materials. At such an interface, the donor material forms a heterojunction with an acceptor material. If the charges do not separate, they can recombine in a geminate recombination process, also known as quenching, either radioactively, by the emission of light of a lower energy than the incident light, or non-radioactively, by the production of heat. Either of these outcomes is undesirable. In one aspect, when at least one compound of the general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) is used as the charge generating (donor) as well as HTM (hole transport material), and/or the corresponding electron accepting ETM (electron transport material) can be selected such that, after excitation of the compounds, a rapid electron transfer to the ETM takes place. Suitable ETMs are, for example, C60 and other fullerenes, perylene-3,4;9,10-bis(dicarboximides) (PTCDIs), etc.

In one aspect, the heterojunction can have a planar configuration (PHJ) (cf. Two layer organic photovoltaic cell, C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48 (2), 183-185 (1986) or N. Karl, A. Bauer, J. Holzapfel, J. Marktanner, M. Mobus, F. Stolzle, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 252, 243-258 (1994), M. V. Martinez-diaz, G. de la Toree, T. Torres, Chem Chomm., 7090-7108 (2010)).

In another aspect, the heterojunction can be implemented as a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) or interpenetrating donor-acceptor network. Organic photovoltaic cells with a bulk heterojunction are e.g. described by C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, J. C. Hummelen in Adv. Funct. Mater., 11 (1), 15 (2001) or by J. Xue, B. P. Rand, S. Uchida and S. R. Forrest in J. Appl. Phys. 98, 124903 (2005), M. V. Martinez-diaz, G. de la Toree, T. Tones, ChemChomm., 7090-7108 (2010).

In another aspect, the compounds of the general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) can be used as a photoactive material in solar cells with M-i-M, p-i-n, p-n, M-i-p or M-i-n structure (M=metal, p=p-doped organic or inorganic semiconductor, n=n-doped organic or inorganic semiconductor, i=intrinsically conductive system of organic layers; cf., for example, J. Drechsel et al., Org. Electron., 5 (4), 175 (2004) or Maennig et al., Appl. Phys. A 79, 1-14 (2004)).

In another aspect, the compounds of the general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) can also be used as a photoactive material in tandem cells. Tandem cells comprise two combined unit cells, each one being a two-layer organic solar cell. Suitable tandem cells are described e.g. by P. Peumans, A. Yakimov, S. R. Forrest in J. Appl. Phys, 93 (7), 3693-3723 (2003) (cf. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,461,922, 6,198,091 and 6,198,092) and are discussed in details below.

The compounds of the general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) can also be used as a photoactive material in tandem cells composed of two or more M-i-M, p-i-n, M-i-p or M-i-n diodes stacked on one another (cf. patent application DE 103 13 232.5) (J. Drechsel et al., Thin Solid Films, 451452, 515-517 (2004)).

In another aspect, the layer thicknesses of the M, n, i and p layers can range from about 10 to about 1,000 nm. Thin layers can be produced by vapor deposition under reduced pressure or in inert gas atmosphere, by laser ablation or by solution- or dispersion-processable methods such as spin-coating, knife-coating, casting methods, spraying, dip-coating or printing (e.g. inkjet, flexographic, offset, gravure; intaglio, nano-imprinting).

In order to improve efficiency of an organic solar cell, the average distance an exciton can diffuse from its generation to its dissociation site (donor-acceptor interface) can be reduced in an interpenetrating network of the donor and acceptor materials. In one aspect, a morphology of a bulk-heterojunction is characterized by a great donor-acceptor interface area and continuous carrier conducting pathways to the opposing electrodes.

Bulk heterojunctions can be produced by a gas phase deposition process (physical vapor deposition, PVD). Suitable methods are described in US 2005/0227406, to which reference is made here. To this end, typically a compound of general molecular structure (I) and/or (II) as electron donor and at least one electron acceptor material can be subjected to a vapor phase deposition by co-sublimation. PVD processes are performed under high-vacuum conditions and comprise the following steps: evaporation, transport, deposition.

In another aspect, other layers of solar cell can be produced by known methods, such as, for example, vapor deposition under reduced pressure or in inert gas atmosphere, by laser ablation or by solution- or dispersion-processable methods such as spin-coating, knife-coating, casting methods, spraying, dip-coating or printing (e.g. inkjet, flexographic, offset, gravure; intaglio, nano-imprinting). In another aspect, a complete solar cell can be produced by a gas phase deposition process.

In another aspect, the photoactive region (homogeneous layers or mixed layer) can be subjected to a thermal treatment directly after its preparation or after the preparation of other layers being part of the solar cell. Annealing can improve the morphology of the photoactive region. In addition or alternatively to a thermal treatment, the photoactive region can be subjected to a treatment using a solvent-containing gas. In one aspect, saturated solvent vapors in air at ambient temperature are used. Suitable solvents can comprise toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate and mixtures thereof.

The disclosed compounds and methods for preparing said compounds and articles of manufacture made therefrom include at least the following aspects:

Aspect 1: A compound of a general molecular structure (I):

Aspect 2: The compound of Aspect 1, wherein n ranges from about 0 to about 4.

Aspect 3: The compound of Aspect 1, wherein R₂comprises an optionally substituted aryl containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, wherein if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions with one or more of the same of different heteroatoms.

Aspect 4: The compound of Aspect 1, wherein R₂does not comprise a metal.

Aspect 5: The compound of Aspect 1, wherein R₂does not comprise a heteroatom as a bridging group.

Aspect 6: The compound of Aspect 1, wherein R₂comprises a halogen comprising fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 7: The compound of Aspect 6, wherein R₂does not comprise chlorine.

Aspect 8: The compound of Aspect 6, wherein R₂comprises chlorine, and wherein the aryl containing group, if substituted, cannot be substituted at a para-position.

Aspect 9: The compound of Aspect 6, wherein R₂comprises chlorine, and wherein the aryl containing group, if substituted, is substituted at one or more ortho-positions.

Aspect 10: A compound of a general molecular structure (II):

Aspect 11: The compound of Aspect 10, wherein n ranges from about 0 to about 4.

Aspect 12: The compound of Aspect 10, wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, wherein if substituted, can be substituted at one or more positions with one or more of the same of different heteroatoms.

Aspect 13: The compound of Aspect 10, wherein R₂and R₃do not comprise a metal.

Aspect 14: The compound of Aspect 10, wherein R₂and R₃do not comprise a heteroatom as a bridging group.

Aspect 15: The compound of Aspect 10, wherein R₂and R₃comprises a halogen comprising fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 16: The compound of Aspect 15, wherein R₂and R₃does not comprise chlorine.

Aspect 17: The compound of Aspect 15, wherein R₂and R₃comprise chlorine, and wherein the aryl containing group, if substituted, cannot be substituted at a para-position.

Aspect 18: The compound of Aspect 15, wherein R₂and R₃comprise chlorine, and wherein the aryl containing group, if substituted, is substituted at one or more ortho-positions.

Aspect 19: A method for preparing a compound of the general molecular structure (I) comprising the steps of: a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanines precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof and wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; b) providing a reactant comprising an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) or an optionally substituted arylalcohol group (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms, and c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanines precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general molecular structure (I), wherein the compound of the general molecular structure (I) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent.

Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 19, wherein the reactant comprises an optionally substituted aryl (—R₂) or optionally substituted arylalcohol group (OH—R₂), wherein R₂comprises from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms.

Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 19, wherein the organic solvent comprises toluene, dimethylsulfoxide, dichloromethane.

Aspect 22: A method for preparing a compound of the general molecular structure (II) comprising the steps of: a) providing a compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing R₁substituted phthalocyanines precursor, wherein the halogen comprises chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, or a combination thereof, and wherein each R₁independently comprises a straight chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, heterocyclic group, a monocyclic aromatic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an akylene group, a hydrogen, a halogen, or a combination thereof; b) providing a reactant comprising R₂and/or R₃moieties, wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise a halogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms; and (c) reacting the compound comprising a halogen-metal bond containing phthalocyanines precursor and the reactant in the presence of an organic solvent under conditions effective to form the compound of the general molecular structure (II), wherein the compound of the general molecular structure (II) is non-soluble, negligibly soluble, partially soluble in an organic solvent, or at least partially soluble in an organic solvent.

Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 22, wherein R₂and/or R₃moieties are added simultaneously or in a plurality of steps.

Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 22, wherein R₂and R₃are the same or different and comprise an optionally substituted aryloxy containing group comprising from greater than or equal to about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms.

Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 22, wherein the organic solvent comprises toluene, dimethylsulfoxide, dichloromethane, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 26: A photovoltaic cell comprising a compound having the general molecular structure (I)

Aspect 27: A photovoltaic cell comprising a compound having the general molecular structure (II)

It is to be understood that the aspects described herein are not limited to the specific compositions, articles, devices, systems, and/or methods disclosed unless otherwise specified, as such can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting.

The description of the invention is also provided as an enabling teaching of the invention in its best, currently known embodiment. To this end, those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize and appreciate that changes and modification can be made to the various aspects of the invention described herein, while still obtaining the beneficial results of the present invention. It will also be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the present invention can be obtained by selection some of the features of the present invention without utilizing other features. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize that many modification and adaptations of the present invention are possible and can even be desirable in certain circumstances and are thus also a part of the present invention. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the present invention and not in limitation thereof.

Various combinations of elements of this disclosure are encompassed by this invention, e.g. combinations of elements from dependent claims that depend upon the same independent claim.

Moreover, it is to be understood that unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification.

All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.

It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and in the claims, the term “comprising” can include the aspects “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of.” Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined herein.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an aromatic compound” includes mixtures of two or more such aromatic compounds. Furthermore, for example, reference to a filler includes mixtures of fillers.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

Disclosed are materials, compounds, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds cannot be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of R groups are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the inhibitor and the modifications to its R group that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.

In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted lower alkyl” means that the lower alkyl group can or cannot be substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted lower alkyl and lower alkyl where there is substitution.

As used herein, the term or phrase “effective,” “effective amount,” or “conditions effective to” refers to such amount or condition that is capable of performing the function or property for which an effective amount is expressed. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount or particular condition required can vary from one aspect to another, depending on recognized variables such as the materials employed and the processing conditions observed. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact “effective amount” or “condition effective to.” However, it should be understood that an appropriate effective amount will be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.

A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the general molecular structure or composition in which the component is included. For example if a particular element or component in a composition or article is said to have 8% weight, it is understood that this percentage is relation to a total compositional percentage of 100%.

Compounds are described using standard nomenclature. For example, any position not substituted by any indicated group is understood to have its valence filled by a bond as indicated, or a hydrogen atom. A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CHO is attached through carbon of the carbonyl group. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The term “Pc” as used herein is intended to refer to a phthalocyanine moiety, unless specifically stated to the contrary, and such a phthalocyanine moiety can comprise any phthalocyanine moiety, derivative or analogue thereof.

The term “alkyl group” as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like. A “lower alkyl” group is an alkyl group containing from one to six carbon atoms.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein is an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group can be defined as —OR where R is alkyl as defined above. A “lower alkoxy” group is an alkoxy group containing from one to six carbon atoms.

The term “alkenyl group” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms and structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (AB)C═C(CD) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This can be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C.

The term “alkynyl group” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms and a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

The term “aryl group” as used herein is any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, etc. The term “aromatic” also includes “heteroaryl group,” which is defined as an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, halide, nitro, amino, ester, ketone, aldehyde, hydroxy, carboxylic acid, or alkoxy.

The term “cycloalkyl group” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term “heterocycloalkyl group” is a cycloalkyl group as defined above where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus.

The term “aralkyl” as used herein is an aryl group having an alkyl, alkynyl, or alkenyl group as defined above attached to the aromatic group. An example of an aralkyl group is a benzyl group.

The term “hydroxyalkyl group” as used herein is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group described above that has at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a hydroxyl group.

The term “alkoxyalkyl group” is defined as an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl group described above that has at least one hydrogen atom substituted with an alkoxy group described above.

The compounds disclosed herein can, independently, possess two or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R₁is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, etc. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an ester group,” the ester group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the ester can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and/or methods described and claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures, temperatures, pressures and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions.

Example 1

In a first example, group IV metal-phthalocyanines (Pcs) functionalized with m-cresol, as model phenoxy groups, were successfully synthesized (Scheme 1). All group IV Pcs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.

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In one aspect, various methods can be utilized to synthesize the phthalocyanines (Pc) containing group IV metals described herein that are soluble in organic solvents. The previous methodology of engineering the solid state arrangement of subphthalocyanines (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 10910) can be extended to the synthesis of phthalocyanines (Pc) containing group IV metal. The chloride-metal bond of the group IV metal containing Pc (MPcs) precursor is amenable to the displacement of the chloride ion with a nucleophile like a phenoxide group.

For example a mixture of Cl₂-SiPc (0.50 g, 0.82 mmol) and m-cresol (3.20 g, 29.63 mmol) can be added to 25 mL of Toluene in an oven dried and degassed 100 ml glass reactor. The reaction mixture can then be heated to 115° C. overnight under ultra-pure N₂gas. The crude product can be cooled to room temperature prior to being washed by basic aqueous solution (2M KOH) to remove excess phenol and dried under vacuum. In some cases the functionalized Pc can be washed with isopropanol (optionally ultrasonicated) and filtered to remove excess phenol. The resulting product (0.25 g, 0.33 mmol, yield: 40%) was characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (DMSO) and DART mass spectroscopy. Using similar conditions, m-cresol derivatives of GePc and SnPc (Scheme 1) could be synthesized in chlorobenzene and toluene.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Group IV Phthalocyanines Functionalized with m-Cresol:

UV-Vis spectroscopy can be performed in toluene. As an example, the corresponding UV-Vis absorbance spectras for the group IV metal containing Pcs can be found in FIG. 1 and the corresponding λ_MAXcan also be found in Table 1 for all the soluble compounds. (m-cresol)₂-SiPc and (m-cresol)₂-GePc exhibited similar absorbance maximums, λ_MAX=679 nm and λ_MAX=676 nm. A slight red shift was observed for (PDP)₂-SnPc to λ_MAX=691 nm.

Cyclic Voltammetry of Group IV Metal Containing Phthalocyanines (Pcs):

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed using a three-electrode cell assembly at room temperature in a 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) in dichloromethane electrolyte solution. The working electrode was a glassy carbon disk electrode, the counter electrode was a polished platinum wire and the reference electrode was Ag/AgCl. An internal standard of bis(pentamethylcyclopendienyl)iron (E_1/2,red=0.012 V) and a scan rate was 100 mV/s was used for all measurements. The samples were bubbled using nitrogen until no dissolved oxygen was present (20-30 minutes prior to each run). The characteristic cyclic voltammograms for each group IV metal containing Pcs can be found in FIG. 1. The results from the CV measurements can also be found in Table 1, as reported in terms of the peak oxidations (E_Peak^ox), the peak reductions (E_Peak^red), the half peak oxidation (E_1/2^ox) and the half peak reduction (E_1/2^red). Finally as a comparison all the highest occupied molecular orbitals (E_HOMOs) corresponding to the group IV metal containing Pcs were calculated from a reported empirical relationship

E_HOMO=−(1.4±0.1)×(E_1/2^ox)−(4.6±0.08) eV (Dandrade et al. Organic Electronics 2005, 6, 11-20) and are reported in Table 1.

Oxidative scanning of (m-cresol)₂-SiPc reveals an completely reversible peak at +1.148 V, which is used to calculate a HOMO level of −6.1 eV. Reductive scanning of the compound reveals multiple reversible processes at −0.507 V and −0.690 V and a third less noticeable one at >−0.9 V (FIG. 2, Table 1). Similarly, the oxidative scanning of (m-cresol)₂-GePc also reveals a completely reversible peak at +0.586 V, which is used to calculate a HOMO level of −5.3 eV. Reductive scanning of the compound reveals multiple reversible process at −0.493 V and −0.915 V (FIG. 2, Table 1). (PDP)₂-SnPc was soluble in DCM for analysis and it's cyclic voltammogram can be found in FIG. 2. The oxidative scanning of (PDP)₂-SnPc reveals an irreversible peak at +1.135 V, which is used to calculate a HOMO level of −6.2 eV. The reductive scanning of the soluble tin-containing compound revealed two reversible processes at −0.371 V and −0.854 V (FIG. 2, Table 1).

In addition the band gap (E_Gap,Opt) can be estimated from the optical absorbance data using the following equation:

$E_{Gap, Opt} = \frac{h \cdot C}{λ}$

where h is planks constant, C is the speed of light and λ is the cut-off wavelength of the UV-Vis absorbance spectra. Therefore the lowest occupied molecular orbital can be estimated between the difference of E_HOMOand E_Gap,Opt. Both E_HOMOand E_Gap,Optand the max absorbance (λ_MAX) can all be found in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Electrochemical and optical characterization of group IV metal containing phthalocyanines.

E_Peak^ox
E_Peak^red
E_1/2^ox
E_1/2^red
E_HOMO¹
E_{Gap, Opt}²
E_LUMO³
λ_MAX

Sample ID
(mV)
(mV)
(mV)
(mV)
(eV)
(eV)
(eV)
(nm)

(mCresol)₂-SiPc
1148
−507, −690
1098
−560, −770
−6.1
1.8
−4.4
682

(mCresol)₂-GePc
586
−493, −915
478
−556, −956
−5.3
1.8
−3.5
677

(PDP)₂-SnPc
1135
−339, −816
—
−371, −854
−6.2
1.7
−4.5
691

(irv.)

¹E_HOMO= −(1.4 ± 0.1) · (E_1/2^ox) − (4.6 ± 0.08) eV (Dandrade et al. Organic Electronics 2005, 6, 11-20)

²E_{Gap, Opt}was determined using E_{Gap, Opt}= h*C/λ, where h is planks constant, C is the speed of light and λ is the cut off wavelength of the absorbance spectra.

³E_LUMO= E_HOMO⁻ E_{Gap, Opt}

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the compounds, compositions and methods described herein.

Various modifications and variations can be made to the compounds, compositions and methods described herein. Other aspects of the compounds, compositions and methods described herein will be apparent from consideration of the specification and practice of the compounds, compositions and methods disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary.

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Aryloxy-phthalocyanines of group IV metals

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (49)

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Non-Patent Literature Citations (42)

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