Patent Grant
7572638
The present disclosure is directed to apparatus and methods for collecting and processing specimens of particulate matter-containing liquid, e.g., biological fluid, including collecting and depositing onto a microscope slide or other surface a uniform layer of particulates therefrom (e.g., cells) suitable for examination (e.g., use in cytology protocols).
Diagnostic cytology, particularly in the area of clinical pathology, bases cytological interpretations and diagnoses on examination of cells and other microscopic objects. The accuracy of the screening process and diagnosis, and the preparation of optimally interpretable samples from specimens typically depends upon adequate specimen and sample preparation. In this regard the ideal sample would consist of a monolayer of substantially evenly spaced cells, which enables cytotechnologists, cytopathologists, other medical professionals, and automated screening and diagnostic equipment to view or image the cells more clearly so that abnormalities can be identified more readily, more accurately and more reproducibly. Newer methodologies such as immunocytochemistry and cytometric image analysis require preparation apparatus and methods that are safe, effective, accurate, precise, reproducible, inexpensive, efficient, fast and convenient.
Cytological examination of a sample begins with obtaining specimens including a sample of cells from the patient, which can typically be done by scraping, swabbing or brushing an area, as in the case of cervical specimens, or by collecting body fluids, such as those obtained from the chest cavity, bladder, or spinal column, or by fine needle aspiration or fine needle biopsy. In a conventional manual cytological preparation, the cells in the fluid are then transferred directly or by centrifugation-based processing steps onto a glass microscope slide for viewing. In a typical automated cytological preparation, a filter assembly is placed in the liquid suspension and the filter assembly both disperses the cells and captures the cells on the filter. The filter is then removed and placed in contact with a microscope slide. In all of these endeavors, a limiting factor in the sample preparation protocol is adequately separating solid matter from its fluid carrier, and in easily and efficiently collecting and concentrating the solid matter in a form readily accessible to examination under a microscope.
Currently, biological specimens are collected for cytological examinations using special containers. These containers usually contain a preservative and transport solution for preserving the cytology specimen during shipment from the collection site to the diagnostic cytology laboratory. Further, cytology specimens collected from the body cavities using a swab, spatula or brush are also preserved in special containers with fixatives (e.g., alcohol or acetone fixatives) prior to transferring cells onto the slide or membrane for staining or examination. Specimen containers are known that allow a liquid-based biological specimen to be processed directly in the container so as to obtain a substantially uniform layer of cells on a collection site (in a filter housing defining a particulate matter separation chamber) that is associated with the container itself. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,301,685; 5,471,994; 6,296,764; and 6,309,362, of Raouf A. Guirguis, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The filtration techniques taught in these patents in practice have yielded fairly good results in terms of obtaining close to a monolayer of cells on slides, but there is room for improvement. Further, the types of specimen containers disclosed in these patents require specially configured apertured covers and adapters therefor that are designed to mate with the filter housing, and with suction equipment (e.g., a syringe or a mechanized vacuum source) used to aspirate liquid from the container and draw it through the filter. In addition, extraction of the filter so that it can be pressed against a microscope slide to transfer collected cells to the slide requires disassembly of the cooperating parts of the cover and/or adapters associated therewith. If the processing is done by automated equipment, special handling devices are required to carry out such disassembly. All of this complexity adds time, and material and labor cost to the processing required prior to the actual cytology examination.
In general, automated equipment thus far developed for processing liquid-based specimens have not performed with sufficient consistency, reliability, speed and automation to satisfy current and projected needs in cancer screening and other cytology-based medical, analytical, screening and diagnostic procedures. The vial-based automated processing system disclosed herein provides a safe, elegant and effective solution to these problems.
The specimen vial disclosed herein houses a complete processing assembly, typically one for mixing the liquid-based specimen therein and for holding a filter on which a uniform layer of cells can be collected from the specimen. It is expected that the specimen vial would be prepackaged with a liquid preservative solution, as is commonplace, and sent to the point-of-care site for specimen collection.
The processing assembly is coupled to a simple cover for the vial by means of a simple and inexpensive releasable coupling. When the cover is removed at the point-of-care site (physician's office, clinic, hospital, etc.), the processing assembly remains with the cover to allow medical personnel easy access to the container interior for insertion of a biological specimen into the vial. The cover, along with the attached processing assembly, is then replaced to seal the vial. The vial may then be sent to a laboratory for processing.
When the vial is manipulated in a simple way while still closed, the processing assembly detaches from the cover and remains in the vial for access by automated or manual laboratory equipment when the cover is subsequently removed. In a preferred embodiment, a downward force on the center of the cover is all that is required to detach the processing assembly from the cover. In contrast with the prior art specimen vials discussed above, the vial of the present invention requires no further interaction with the cover, which can be removed by a simple uncapping device and is discarded to avoid contamination. Ribs inside the vial support the processing assembly in the proper position for access during processing. This self-contained vial and processing assembly arrangement minimizes human operator exposure to biohazards, such as tuberculosis or other pathogens in sputum or in other specimens types, such as urine, spinal tap fluid, gastric washings, fine-needle aspirates, and gynecological samples.
The automated specimen processing apparatus disclosed herein is referred to as the “LBP” device (for liquid-based preparation), and is designed to produce slides of high quality and consistency. The LBP device also can be interfaced with a device for detecting and/or quantifying multiple morphologic, cytochemical, and/or molecular changes at the cellular level.
During the past two years or so, a review of the literature and reanalysis of existing data have led to the identification of a panel of molecular diagnostic reagents that are capable of detecting and characterizing lung cancer, which is the most common cancer, with high sensitivity and specificity. See, for instance, commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/095,297 and 10/095,298, both filed Mar. 12, 2002, and Ser. No. 10/241,753, filed Sep. 12, 2002. Here, the cells can be reacted with antibodies and or nucleic-acid “probes” that identify a pattern of changes that is consistent with a diagnosis of cancer. The molecular system can utilize algorithms fine tuned for that tumor heterogeneity.
Identifying molecular changes at the cellular level is one of the ways cancer can be detected early and at a more curable stage. Such molecular diagnostic devices can be used for early detection and diagnosis with the necessary sensitivity and specificity to justify their use as population-based screens for individuals who are at-risk for developing cancer. Such a molecular diagnostic device also can be used to characterize the tumor, thereby permitting the oncologist to stratify his/her patients, to customize therapy, and to monitor patients in order to assess therapeutic efficacy and disease regression, progression or recurrence. The availability of such tests will also foster the development of new and more effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of early stage disease.
Such molecular diagnostics are designed to balance cost and test performance. While screening tests must exhibit high sensitivity and specificity, cost is always a critical factor, as the tests are typically directed to performing on a large number of individuals who, while at-risk, do not typically have symptomatic evidence of the disease. In this respect, the present LBP device can be interfaced with a molecular diagnostic device to develop a system for automatically diagnosing cancer, with a minimum or no human intervention. Alternatively, the present LBP device can be interfaced with a pathology work station, where medical professionals can observe individual slides prepared by the LBP device. The resulting diagnosing system, regardless whether an automated device or a manual observation device is interfaced, can be interfaced with an integrated data management system based on specialized software and a computer operating system to manage data entry and exchange of information, and network with the laboratory and hospital information systems.
The present LBP device transports multiple specimen vials of the novel type mentioned above sequentially through various processing stations and produces fixed specimens on slides, each slide being bar-coded and linked through a data management system to the vial and the patient from which it came. Fresh slides are automatically removed one at a time from a cassette, and each is returned to the same cassette after a specimen is fixed thereon. Multiple slide cassettes can be loaded into the LBP device, and the device will automatically draw fresh slides from the next cassette after all of the slides of the preceding one have been used. The slide cassettes preferably are configured for liquid immersion and interfacing with automated staining equipment that will stain the specimens without having to remove the slides from the cassette. In this regard the cassettes preferably have slots that allow for liquid drainage, and slots or other means that cooperate with the hooks normally used in the staining equipment to suspend other types of slide holders. The same slide cassettes are also configured to interface with automated diagnostic equipment and other devices that are part of an integrated system.
While specimen vials can be loaded into the transport manually, the full benefits of automation can be realized by using an optional vial handling system that automatically loads specimen vials for processing, and removes each one after its processing is complete. In one example of such a handling system the vials initially are loaded manually into special space-saving trays that hold up to forty-one vials each. Up to eight trays can be loaded into the LBP device, and the device will process all of them sequentially, removing one at a time from a tray and returning processed (and resealed) vials to a tray. The trays also can be used for storing and retrieving processed vials.
Each vial is transported through the LBP device on a computer-controlled conveyor, in its own receptacle. (In the example disclosed the conveyor has thirty receptacles.) The vials and the receptacles are keyed so that the vials proceed along the processing path in the proper orientation, and cannot rotate independently of its respective receptacle. They first pass a bar code reader (at a data acquisition station), where the vial bar code is read, and then proceed stepwise through the following processing stations of the LBP device: an uncapping station including a cap disposal operation; a primary mixing or dispersal station; a filter loading station; a specimen acquisition and filter disposal station; a cell deposition station; and a re-capping station. There is also a slide presentation station, at which a fresh microscope slide is presented to the specimen acquisition station for transfer of the specimen from the filter to the slide. Each of the stations operates independently on the vial presented to it by the conveyor. The conveyor will not advance until all of the operating stations have completed their respective tasks, except that the conveyor may be allowed to advance after the filter, with the adhered specimen, is moved to begin specimen transfer to the slide.
The vial uncapping station has a rotary gripper that unscrews the cover from the vial, and discards it. Before doing so, however, the uncapping head presses on the center of the cover to detach the internal processing assembly from the cover. The primary mixing station has an expanding collet that grips the processing assembly, lifts it slightly and moves (e.g., spins) it in accordance with a specimen-specific stirring protocol (speed and duration). The filter loading station dispenses a specimen-specific filter type into a particulate matter separation chamber (manifold) at the top of the processing assembly. The specimen acquisition station has a suction head that seals to the filter at the top of the processing assembly and first moves the processing assembly slowly to re-suspend particulate matter in the liquid-based specimen. Then the suction head draws a vacuum on the filter to aspirate the liquid-based specimen from the vial and past the filter, leaving a monolayer of cells on the bottom surface of the filter. Thereafter the monolayer specimen is transferred to a fresh slide, and the vial moves to the re-capping station, where a foil seal is applied to the vial.
An improved filter system ensures that the highest quality monolayer specimens are produced. Specimen liquid flows through the filter as well as substantially across the front surface of the filter. Specifically, the specimen liquid is made to have a secondary flow component across the filter surface. The secondary flow is designed to flow radially outwardly or have a substantial radial component, which creates a shearing action that flushes or washes clusters of relatively weakly adhering particulates so that a more uniformly distributed and thinner layer can be formed on the front surface of the filter. In this respect, the present system includes a peripheral outlet through which specimen liquid can flow from the area adjacent the front surface of the filter.
The filter assembly preferably has a holder, a frit seated in the holder, and a membrane filter positioned over and in contact with the outer surface of the frit. The frit can extend beyond the end of the holder. The membrane filter can be attached to the holder. The sidewall portion extending beyond the holder forms an area through which the specimen liquid can flow, creating a secondary flow. The holder can be configured so that the frit is slightly bowed outwardly at the center so that when pressure is applied to a slide during the specimen transferring step, the central portion of the frit flattens to more evenly contact the membrane filter to the slide for more effective transfer.
The manifold at the upper end of the processing assembly seats the filter assembly with the membrane filter side facing down. The manifold preferably has a substantially conically configured bottom wall that rises from the central inlet (which communicates with the depending suction tube portion of the processing assembly). The filter assembly and the conically configured bottom wall form a manifold chamber that has a slight gap at its periphery, forming a peripheral outlet, by virtue of raised members or standoffs that act as spacers. The standoffs can have channels between them through which the specimen liquid can flow out of the manifold chamber.
Various preferred materials and possible alternatives are specified herein for several components of the system. It is to be understood that material choices are not limited to the specific materials mentioned, and that the choice of an alternate material is governed by many factors, among them functionality, molding accuracy, durability, chemical resistance, shelf life, cost, availability, and/or optical clarity (e.g., to address user requirements or marketing issues).
In its most basic aspect the invention claimed herein is directed to an automated method and automated apparatus for individually processing multiple specimens of particulate matter-containing liquid in respective containers. The containers are transported seriatim along a processing path to present them to, at least, a preprocessing apparatus adapted to preprocess the specimen fluid in any container presented to it, and then to a specimen acquisition apparatus adapted to remove preprocessed specimen fluid from any container presented to it for subsequent analytical testing or evaluation. Each apparatus is actuated in response to presentation of a container thereto so as to carry out its respective operation independently. The specimens may contain biological material.
The preprocessing apparatus may act on the specimen to disperse particulate components of the specimen fluid, e.g., by mixing, while the specimen acquisition apparatus may collect a sample of the particulates, e.g., on a filter. In the case of filtration, a filter loading head upstream of the specimen acquisition apparatus dispenses a filter into a container-borne particulate matter separation chamber, the filter loading head operating independently of the other apparatus in response to any container presented thereto. The filter-borne sample may be transferred to a slide.
According to other aspects of the invention, the method may involve additional operations, including container uncapping prior to specimen preprocessing, and recapping of containers after processing is complete. The apparatus similarly may include additional heads or other devices for performing these operations. Each operation is carried out independently in response to presentation of container to the respective operating station.
Preferred embodiments of the disclosed system and the invention, including the best mode for carrying out the invention, are described in detail below, purely by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
a is a front elevational view of the container portion of the vial;
b is a top plan view of the container, shown with the stirrer removed;
a is a partial schematic view of the arrangement depicted in
b is a view similar to
a is a partial vertical sectional view similar to
a is a schematic diagram of the operating sequence of the LBP device;
a is a detail sectional view taken along line 15a-15a in
a is a pictorial diagram showing an overall laboratory system incorporating the LBP device;
b is a relational database table;
a is a schematic of a modification of the flow meter of
A full description of this vial-based specimen handling and processing system must begin with the vial itself, which consists of a container, a cover and a processing assembly (stirrer) in the vial.
Referring to
Four longitudinal ribs 26 project inwardly from wall 21. The upper ends 27 of ribs 26 form rests for the stirrer 40 when it is detached from cover 30 (see
Cover 30 comprises a commercially available simple molded plastic threaded cap 31, and a novel liner 32 retained in the cap. Cap 30 preferably is molded of polypropylene, but ABS and E
Liner base 34 has a coupler in the form of an annular projection 35 that preferably is slightly conical in shape, preferably forming an angle of about 5° to its central axis. In other words, the inner diameter of annular coupler 35 is greater at its proximal end, where it joins liner base 34, than at its distal end. Liner base 34 also has a central annular boss 36 that projects further from base 34 than annular coupler 35 so as to interact with stirrer 40, as described below. While the use of a separate liner mated to a standard cap is preferred, the cover could be integrally molded in one piece to include the annular coupler 35 and the central annular boss 36. Such a one-piece cover (or even the two-piece cover described above) could instead be configured to act as a plug-type seal by projecting into and sealing against the inside of the rim of container wall 21.
Referring to
Annular wall 47 serves as a coupler for releasably coupling the stirrer 40 to cap liner 32, and is therefore dimensioned to fit snugly within annular coupler 35 (see
The external separation force preferably is applied to the central portion of cover 30 (see the arrow in
Once detached from the cover 30, stirrer 40 comes to rest on the upper ends 27 of ribs 26. See
A small percentage of patient specimens, as may be found in gynecological Pap test and other specimen types, contain large clusters of cells, artifacts, and/or cellular or noncellular debris. Some of these large objects, if collected and deposited on a slide, can obscure the visualization of diagnostic cells and, consequently, result in a less accurate interpretation or diagnosis of the slide sample. Since most of these features are not of diagnostic relevance, their elimination from the sample is, in general, desirable. To achieve this result, the side suction ports 44 in the stirrer suction tube 43 preferably are eliminated (see
Referring to
In the present filter assembly F the membrane filter 205, the frit 202, and the holder 200 are assembled together as a unit. The frit 202, which has a cylindrical shape, is first seated in the holder 200. Then the membrane filter 205 is permanently affixed, adhered, joined, or fused to the holder 200. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer perimeter or edge of the membrane filter 205 is fused to the holder 200. In this regard, the holder 200 has a bevel or chamfer 208 formed around an outer circumferential corner 209. The chamfer 208 provides an angled surface to which the membrane filter 205 can be attached using a conventional bonding technique, such as ultrasonic welding. The holder 200 and the membrane filter 205 should be made of materials that will fuse together. Preferably both are made of polycarbonate, although an ABS holder will work with a polycarbonate membrane filter. Thermoplastic polyester could be used for the holder if the membrane filter is made of the same material. The frit 202 preferably is made of polyethylene.
Referring to
The inner diameter of the sidewall 211 can be dimensioned to frictionally engage and hold the frit 202 in place. In this respect, the frit's outer diameter can substantially correspond to the inner diameter of the sidewall 211 to mechanically, i.e., frictionally, hold the frit 202 in place. However, since the membrane filter 205 covers the frit 202, the frit need not be frictionally held to the holder. That is, the frit 202 can be loosely seated in the holder. Frictionally seating the frit 202 in the holder 200, however, maintains the frit 202 in place so that attachment of the member filter 205 can be done at a remote site. It also simplifies and reduces the cost of mass production of filter assemblies because the holder 200 and the frit 202 can be joined to make a secure subassembly and stored for later attachment of the membrane filter 205.
After the frit 202 is seated in the holder 200, the membrane filter 205 is draped over the frit's outer face 213 and the exposed portion 214 of the frit's side wall 215 that extends beyond the holder 200, and is attached to the chamfer 208, as is better seen in
The filter assemblies F can be coded to denote different pore size and pore density (number of pores per unit cross-sectional area) as may be required for specific processing protocols. Color coding of filter assemblies is preferred, although any form of machine-detectable coding can be used, including distinguishing projections, such as small nipples, for tactile-based sensor recognition. The LBP device is provided with a sensor that can discriminate between these colors or other codes to ensure proper filter selection. The filter assemblies also can be provided in paper carriers for easy insertion into the LBP device.
Referring back to
The protrusion 216 has an abutting surface 217 that faces and extends toward the holder's open face. The abutting surface 217 is configured to abut against the frit's rear face 218. In particular, the abutting surface 217 is slightly proud of the annular shoulder 212. That is, the abutting surface 217 lies slightly above or beyond the level of the annular shoulder 212 so that the frit's outer face 213 bows slightly outwardly when the frit is installed in the holder. For example, the abutting surface 217 can extend beyond the height of the annular shoulder 212 by about 0.002 inch. The resulting slight bow created by the protrusion pushing out the central portion of the frit 202 ensures that the central part of the membrane filter 205 contacts the slide. The pressure applied to the slide during imprinting flattens the frit's front surface 213, ensuring full contact of the membrane filter 205 with the slide to more effectively transfer the collected particulates to the slide and minimizing any deposition artifacts. If this slightly bowed configuration is desired, the frit 202 preferably is securely seated in the holder 200, such as by friction as previously explained.
Due to the bowed frit configuration, the membrane filter 205 need not be taut. This simplifies the manufacturing process, reduces cost, and reduces the rejected part rate. Anything short of a major wrinkle can work effectively. As noted, the frit 202 preferably is slightly deformable, its compliance allowing it to flex and flatten against a glass slide post aspiration to transfer cells and other objects of interest from the filter to the slide. To accomplish this the frit should have an elasticity that allows it to be crushed flat by application of a force of 8 lbs. through a displacement of 0.0016 in. Good frit materials include sintered polyethylene and sintered polyester. The frit 202 may be a porous material, with spatially random pores, typically with pore sizes in the range of about 50-micrometer to 70-micrometer. A significant attribute of this material is that it is of low fluidic impedance relative to the material of the thin membrane filter 205 (which typically has pore sizes of about 5-micrometer to 8-micrometer). In other words, the pressure drop across the frit 202 is much less than the pressure drop across the membrane filter 205. Thus, fluid that passes through the filter flows freely through the frit. Alternatively, instead of having randomly positioned pores, the frit 202 may be made of a material or structure that has many parallel channels of small (e.g., 50-micrometer to 70-micrometer) inner diameters through which aspirated fluid and particulates may flow. Such a parallel-channel arrangement would behave as an inner fluid-pervious medium with an apparent low fluidic impedance. In fact, any material or device with the proper low fluidic impedance and deformability/resilience characteristics may be used in the specimen acquisition station, whether it has pores or not.
It has been found that flowing the specimen liquid substantially or mostly in an axial direction, i.e., perpendicular to the membrane filter, can accumulate layers or clusters of particulates, as schematically illustrated in
Referring to
The present dual flow arrangement solves the problem of particulate build-up or accumulation on the face of the membrane filter. This arrangement causes a shearing force or action across the front face of the membrane filter that is sufficient to flush the particulates aside and keep them from building up or layering. Built-up or layered particulates have a weaker bond to the layer underneath them as they build up, because the suction power decreases as the pores of the membrane filter 205 become covered with particulates. A shearing force is created by imparting a tangential or substantially radial flow component to the specimen liquid across the front face of the membrane filter 205. This flow component is substantially parallel to the front face of the membrane filter, i.e., it is perpendicular to the built-up direction of the layers, and flushes the particulates radially outwardly, away from the front face of the membrane filter.
To provide a secondary or radial flow path, the manifold 46 is configured to provide a small spacing or gap G (see
Referring to
It has been observed in the Guirguis type filter arrangement referred to above that specimen liquid traveling radially outwardly loses velocity. The present dual flow filter system compensates for the velocity slowdown by providing a shallow, substantially conical surface across which the specimen liquid flows. This surface forms a substantially conical distribution manifold chamber M confronting the membrane filter 205. The chamber M according to the present invention has an annular radial outlet O, through spaces 49, having an area that is about equal to or smaller than the maximum area of the central inlet I. Referring to
In this regard, still referring to
2πR1H1=2πR2H2
R1H1=R2H2
Using this expression, the heights, e.g., Hx, Hy, can be defined at their given radii, e.g., Rx, Ry from the inlet I to the outlet O. If the heights H1, . . . , Hx, . . . , Hy, . . . H2 from the inlet to the outlet are plotted, the resulting surface 41S would be curved, not linear. However, it has been observed that a significantly curved lower manifold surface does not work as effectively as a linear surface 41S. Accordingly, the present preferred embodiment contemplates a linear or substantially or nearly linear surface 41S (which can be slightly curved) extending from the inlet to the outlet. Also, there is a minimum height H2 of about 0.006 inch clearance for the specimen liquid to effectively flow. Based on this requirement, the minimum R1 can be defined as 0.006R2/H1 inches. With this configuration, as the specimen liquid is drawn through the filter, the specimen liquid traverses the front face of the membrane filter 205 in a direction that is substantially parallel to or approaching nearly parallel to the front face of the membrane filter, creating the desired shearing action.
Empirical study has revealed that for a linear conical surface 41S, the area of the outlet O preferably should be less than or equal to the maximum area of the inlet I. That is, R1H1 R2H2. For example, the exemplary manifold can have the following dimensions (all units here in mm): R1=1.24, H1=1.32, R2=10.00, H2=G=0.15. The maximum inlet area would thus be 3.277 πmm2 and the outlet area 3.00 πmm2, which is slightly less than the maximum inlet area, but greater than the average inlet area, which can be defined as 50% of the maximum inlet area (1.64 πmm2). Thus, the outlet area can fall between the maximum inlet area and the average inlet area. Another example can have the following dimensions (all units here in inches): R1=0.040, H1=0.060, R2=0.400, H2=0.006. The maximum inlet area would thus be 0.0048 πin2, which is equal to the outlet area.
In summary, the manifold chamber M that confronts the substantially flat membrane filter should have a shallow, funnel-shaped configuration and a peripheral outlet so as to create a substantial radial flow across the outer surface of the membrane filter. The radial flow creates a shearing action that washes or flushes away any particulates that are relatively weakly attached so as to leave a very thin layer of particulates—a monolayer—on the surface of the membrane filter.
Referring to
An “economy” version of the LBP device can take the form of a counter-top model for processing a more limited number of specimens at a time. In such a model certain components can be eliminated, such as frame 260 and auto loading mechanism 300, while other components can be scaled back, such as the capacity of filter placement station 600. External sources of vacuum and compressed air could be used to power such a device, while other components (power supplies, controllers, etc.) could be repositioned to one or more modules adjacent to or on a modified machine base plate. Various ways of implementing these modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
Referring to
The receptacles 246 of the link-belt conveyor are guided between the sprockets by pairs of guide rails 250 forming tracks, and has a conventional position correction system (not shown) to accurately position the receptacles. The LBP device can track the position of each receptacle and step-drive or index them in a conventional manner. For instance, the LBP device can include linear position sensors, such as optical sensors or a photo-interrupter on each link, that can feed the position to a controller for registering carrier position and precisely indexing each carrier at each of the processing stations along the processing path. The manner of driving the conveyor for precise alignment and positioning is conventional and thus will not be described further.
The guide rails 250 that form tracks in Z and Y axes engage slots machined in the sides of the receptacles. See, for example,
The receptacles 246 are also configured so that they receive or seat the specimen vials in a particular orientation. That is, the specimen vials and the receptacles are complementarily configured or keyed so that the vials can only be seated in the receptacles in a particular orientation. For example, the vials can be “D” shaped, namely having a flat side (see
Vial Loading/Unloading Mechanism
Referring to
Each tray 330 has forty-one circular recesses 332 sized and configured to receive specimen vials 10 only in one orientation. The upper edge of each recess 332 preferably has a beveled edge 333, which facilitates smooth insertion of vials. The recesses are arranged in a close-pack array of four concentric rows, preferably as follows. The outermost row has sixteen recesses; the next row in has eight recesses; the third row in has nine recesses; and the innermost row has eight recesses. The receptacles of adjacent rows are offset for closer spacing. The receptacles of the second row are radially aligned with the receptacles of the fourth (innermost) row. The receptacles of the outermost row are spaced at 18° on center. The receptacles of each of the other rows are spaced at 36° on center. Of course, other receptacle arrays could be used as long as they permit access of all vials by the pick-and-place arm 304. Each receptacle has a unique and addressable location, so that any vial can be accessed at will and in any sequence.
As noted above, orientation of specimen vials during the processing is critical, so the proper orientation of the stored vials in these trays ensures that the pick-and-place arm 304 will properly position each vial in a conveyor receptacle 246. Accordingly, each recess 332 has at its bottom (see
The pegs 334 are arranged at specific angles with respect to the median plane of the tray 330 such that each vial removed from the tray is delivered to a transport receptacle with its notch aligned with the mating peg in that receptacle, and vice versa. Each of these angles is dictated by the rotational position of the tray 330 when a vial in a specific recess 332 is to be accessed by the pick-and-place arm 304, and the angular rotation of the pick-and-place arm from the point of vial pick-up to the point of vial placement in the conveyor receptacle 246. The determination of these angles is considered to be within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art.
The tray 330 also has three upstanding guide posts 336, each with a spring-loaded ball 338 at its tip, which cooperate with guides (not shown) above each shelf 302 and serve to guide the tray into the machine as it is inserted and ensure its proper orientation. The guide posts 336 also serve as stacking posts when the trays are stacked for storage (see
The tray 330 also has a large flared notch 340 which is oriented toward the machine when the tray is inserted on a shelf 302. The innermost portion of the notch 340 has opposed keyways 342 which are adapted for engagement by floating keys, as described below. The keyways preferably are formed in a milled brass hub insert 343 that is recessed flush with the top of the tray and secured thereto by screws.
Referring to
Within outer spindle 350 is an inner spindle 364 carrying eight pairs of opposed keys 365, one pair for each tray. The keys 365 project from outer spindle 350 through opposed slots 366 in the outer spindle (see
The even vertical spacing of the pairs of keys can be seen in
When a selected tray is to be accessed by the pick-and-place arm 304 (as determined by the computer controller), the lead screw motor 374 moves the inner spindle the appropriate distance so that the appropriate keys engage the keyways of the selected tray. The rotation motor 356 then rotates the keyed tray to the proper angular position so the arm 304 can access a particular recess 332. The superposed arrangement of the trays, the way in which a selected tray is accessed by the gripper 312 through the flared notches 340 of superior trays, and the close-pack spacing of the recesses 332 in each tray make for an extremely compact, high capacity and efficient vial handling system that is readily incorporated into the compact base of the LBP device.
In the embodiment shown, the LBP device can accommodate up to eight trays holding forty-one specimen vials each. One of the forty-one recesses can be reserved for a cleaning vial, which would contain a cleaning solution and be run through the LBP device to clean the various parts of the device that normally come into contact with specimen fluid. Alternatively, the forty-first vial could contain a typical control specimen for calibration purposes. Thus the LBP device can accommodate up to at least 320 vials containing specimens to be processed. The device is therefore capable of operating continuously unattended for a long duration—at least eight hours—so that specimen processing can be carried out even when laboratory personnel are not normally present, such as at night.
When the trays 330 are bar-coded or otherwise labeled with machine-readable identifying data, they can be used in an automated storage device that can access a particular tray on command. The tray-identifying data can be input into the integrated data management system so that the location of any specimen vial in tray storage can be readily ascertained.
A cost reduction in tray-based storage of specimen vials can be achieved by using a liner-type system in conjunction with trays 330. For example, vials can be supported and stored in thin sheet-like liners (not shown) that conform to trays 330 and slip readily into recesses 332. The liners are stiff enough to be self-supporting when fully loaded, can be stacked, and can be housed in wheeled carts for ease of mobility.
Data Accessioning and Specimen Management
It is, of course, important to keep track of each specimen vial and the specimen slides produced from each vial. Accordingly, the LBP device typically communicates with the integrated data management system (DMS) 104 through an accessioning station 102 or other computer.
The specimen processing operation begins with collecting or transferring data from the labeled specimen vial, e.g. via a bar code reader on a data entry terminal or accessioning station, to the DMS via either a direct connection or over a network. Specimen tracking data can include, for example, the patient's name, test identification (ID) number, patient data, and any special processing instructions. For example, the bar-coded specimen vial can be linked to the patient information initially by a paper requisition form and subsequently by an assigned, unique numerical ID in the database. In a preferred embodiment, the patient and test information including the vial bar code can be entered into the networked DMS database at the point-of-care site (e.g., physician's office), thereby eliminating entirely the need for a paper requisition form. U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,368 (incorporated herein by reference), which is assigned to AccuMed International, Inc. (now Molecular Diagnostics, Inc., or MDI) discloses a similar concept as applied to a computer-controlled instrument for analyzing biological specimens (a microscope) and storing data from each analysis. The '368 patent is exclusively licensed to MonoGen, Inc. (the owner of this application) in the field of liquid-based cytology in combination with or for use with non-fluorescence based image analysis devices, processes, systems and/or instruments. MonoGen's commercially available pathology work station and data management system implement the concept disclosed in the '368 patent.
Each specimen vial includes an identification (ID) symbol or label (e.g., bar code) and/or a stored information label or symbol such as a hologram or a memory chip or device. The present embodiment contemplates reading an ID label using an optical reader, such as a bar code reader, which provides the information to a DMS for sharing information between different work stations or instruments at the same or different locations, such as laboratories, doctors' offices, hospitals, or other patient care providers.
A separate bar code reader 230 (see
Some of the most important functions of the data management system (DMS) include:
The DMS can provide paper-free data flow among the different stages of the cytology process, saving a significant amount of personnel time and cost, reducing transcription errors, improving accuracy, and eliminating the space required to store paper records. By automating and managing data acquisition, storage and retrieval, each operation becomes more efficient, significantly reducing the turn-around time for specimens. Specimen quality is enhanced by automated calibration and cross-checking routines that identify potential problems early. Flexible foreign language support for worldwide sales assists laboratories in multicultural environments.
The DMS provides a common user interface that provides detailed information on the operation of each connected laboratory device and work station, and together with online user manuals and training aids eases use and minimizes training. The DMS handles the exchange of all relevant patient and specimen data with the users' own LIS (or other data management systems) through a provided software interface. Moreover, remote instrument diagnostic capabilities ensure maximum interruption-free operation. The reduction in paperwork, ready cross-compatibility with other instruments and existing computer networks, and integration with the central hospital or laboratory information system provides significant user benefits.
In typical operation, the laboratory: (1) receives a requisition from the healthcare provider along with the pre-bar-coded specimen vial, (2) assigns a unique ID number (accession number) to the specimen, and (3) based on information on the requisition, enters a specific LBP test ID to specify the process to be used.
At a minimum the protocol variables include specimen mixing parameters (stirring speed and time) and filter selection. Typically, primary stirring speed can be varied from 500 rpm to 3,000 rpm selectable in 50 rpm steps. The stirring interval can be varied from 5 to 120 seconds, selectable in 5 second increments. Choice of filter type is based on average pore size diameter: either 5 micron (red housing), e.g. for non-gynecological specimens, such as sputum specimens, or 8 micron (white housing), e.g. for gynecological specimens, depending on the test protocol selected.
The LBP device is capable of processing mixed sample-runs (i.e., runs that may include vials containing various types of specimens) interchangeably and without the need for batch processing of same-type specimens. Specimen processing can include at least 100 different processing protocols resident within the DMS and accessible to users. Predefined procedure codes (test ID's) such as the following can be used to simplify operator input and specify which processing protocol is used:
Each specimen is processed with a new filter to prevent the possibility of cross contamination. In the present embodiment, either of two or more different filter types can be specified for versatility in test selection (the device's eight filter tubes allow for up to eight different filter types). Processing parameters for each type of specimen preparation can be determined remotely and in advance, and communicated to the processing device using a bi-directional communication link utilizing the specimen vial bar code as the key identifier. The LBP device can utilize default (pre-loaded into the DMS) process protocols as well as laboratory-generated process protocols that users can add to the DMS.
An overfilled-vial sensor (not shown) can be positioned at or just downstream of the bar code reader 230 to detect whether an excessive amount of fluid is present in each translucent vial. Opening and processing an overfilled vial can result in hazardous spillage or ejection of biological fluid. Accordingly, if an overfilled vial is detected, the DMS will be so notified and the complete LBP processing protocol for that vial will be canceled, allowing the overfilled vial to proceed through the processing path unopened. Alternatively, an overfilled condition can be sensed at the conveyor holder 246 into which vials are loaded by the vial loading mechanism 300. If an overfilled vial is detected there, the DMS will be so notified and the loading mechanism will be instructed immediately to return the overfilled vial to its tray 330.
A similar approach can be used to deal with other anomalies detected as each vial is loaded into the conveyor. For example, a sensor (not shown) can be used to detect an unreadable bar code on the vial, or detect when a vial is improperly position in the holder 246. When any such condition is detected, the DMS will be so notified and the loading mechanism will be instructed immediately to return the overfilled vial to its tray 330.
The computer system or work station can be connected to an electronic network 280, such as a computer network. The computer network 280 can be a public network, such as the Internet or Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), or other private network, such as a corporate Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN), or a virtual private network. In this respect, the computer system 270 can include a communications interface 277, such as ethernet, USB, or Firewire, which can be used to communicate with the electronic network 280. Other computer systems 279, such as a remote host database, other types of work stations including automated analyzers, and computers or databases (e.g., LIS) of a hospital, laboratory, or other medical establishment, can also be linked to the electronic network 280. Other LBP devices, as well as other types of specimen processing instruments (e.g., automated slide stainers and coverslippers) 279a can also be connected to each other and the DMS via the network.
One skilled in the art would recognize that the above-described system includes typical components of a general purpose computer system connected to an electronic network. Many other similar configurations can be used to control the LBP device and its processes. Further, it should be recognized that the computer system and network disclosed herein can be programmed and configured by one skilled in the art to implement the methods, system, and software discussed herein, as well as provide requisite computer data and electronic signals to implement the present invention.
In addition, one skilled in the art would recognize that the “computer” implemented invention described further herein may include components that are not computers per se, but include devices such as Internet appliances and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) that may be used to provide one or more of the functionalities discussed herein. Furthermore, while “electronic” networks are generically used to refer to the communications network connecting the processing sites of the present invention, one skilled in the art would recognize that such networks could be implemented using optical or other equivalent technologies. One skilled in the art would recognize that other system configurations and data structures can be provided to implement the functionality of the present invention. All such configurations and data structures are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. In this context, it is also to be understood that the present invention may utilize known security and information processing measures for transmission of electronic data across networks. Therefore, encryption, authentication, verification, compression and other security and information processing measures for transmission of electronic data across both public and private networks are provided, where necessary, using techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art.
Uncapping Station
One of the advantages of the present vial-based LBP device and system is that it minimizes operator exposure to the specimens, which can contain potential biohazards. Referring to
A closed specimen vial 10 which has arrived at the uncapping station in its transport receptacle 246 is met by an uncapping head 402 which is lowered onto the cover 30 of the specimen vial. See
The plunger 408 is driven by a pneumatic cylinder 412, mounted on an L-bracket 415 at the top of the uncapping head, that can apply a force on the cover of up to about 30 lbs. A coil spring 413 returns the plunger to its retracted position when cylinder 412 is deactivated. The head 402 is capable of applying an uncapping torque through the gripping legs of up to about 10 lb-ft, which is sufficient to loosen the cover. The gripping legs can be of the self-energizing type so that precise alignment with the cover or small variations in cover geometry do not frustrate their grip.
The uncapping mechanism has a mounting frame 414 supported on blocks 416 that slide laterally of the processing path on rails 418. A Y-axis stepper motor 420 and lead screw 422 effect lateral motion. The uncapping head 402 is rotatably mounted in a bearing block 424. Bearing block 424 is secured to a C-frame 426 that is vertically slidable on mounting frame 414. Vertical movement of C-frame 426 and, hence, uncapping head 402 is effected by Z-axis stepper motor 428 and lead screw 430. Lead screw 430 can be vertically compliant to accommodate upward movement of the cover 30 as it is unscrewed. However, it is preferred that stepper motor 428 be actuated during the uncapping sequence so that head 402 rises at about the same rate as, but no faster than, the unthreading cover. Uncapping head 402 is rotatably driven by uncapper motor 432 through a gear reduction unit 433, a timing belt 434 and timing pulleys 436, 438.
The uncapping head described above would also work with vials having a conventional “press and turn” bayonet-type coupling between the container and the cover. The downward force of the plunger 408 would be sufficient to release the internal anti-turn lock of the coupling, allowing the gripper to rotate and remove the cover. Vials having covers that do not require rotation for removal, e.g., a snap-on cover, would require a differently designed uncapping head, tailored to the type of cover connection involved.
Alternatives to the above-described plunger 408 can be employed at or upstream of the uncapping station for applying the required external force to the covered vial to effect separation of the stirrer from the cover. For example, a cam, lever arm or other movable mechanical element can contact and press down on the cover. Alternatively, an abrupt upward external force can be applied to the vial to yield an acceleration force that overcomes the frictional retention force between couplers 35 and 47, effectively pulling the stirrer out of engagement with the cover. This can be done by, e.g., moving the closed vial rapidly downwardly to rap the bottom of the container 20 against a rather hard surface, e.g., by mechanically and/or pneumatically thrusting the closed vial into the transport carrier 246 that will hold the vial during the subsequent processing steps, or by dropping the vial down a chute into the carrier a sufficient distance to dislodge the stirrer. Another way to exert an abrupt upward external force on the vial is to strike the bottom of the container 20 with a striking member. This can be accomplished by, e.g., cradling the container 20 and momentarily thrusting a striker against the bottom of the container, e.g. through a bottom opening in the vial carrier 246, by pneumatic and/or mechanical means. The design of these and other variants of suitable automated mechanisms for accomplishing these tasks is within the grasp of those skilled in the mechanical arts.
Preprocessing (Primary Stirring) Station
After uncapping is completed, the transport mechanism indexes the specimen container to a station where preprocessing occurs. The preprocessing station is the location at which preprocessing operations, such as specimen dispersal within its container, are performed prior to the container and its specimen moving to the specimen acquisition station. The preprocessing station typically performs a dispersal operation. In the preferred embodiment, the dispersal operation is performed by a mechanical mixer, which rotates at a fixed speed and for a fixed duration within the specimen container. In this example, the mixer serves to disperse large particulates and microscopic particulates, such as human cells, within the liquid-based specimen by homogenizing the specimen. Alternatively, the specimen may contain subcellular sized objects such as molecules in crystalline or other conformational forms. In that case, a chemical agent may be introduced to the specimen at the preprocessing station to, for example, dissolve certain crystalline structures and allow the molecules to be dispersed throughout the liquid-based specimen through chemical diffusion processes without the need for mechanical agitation. In this example, the chemical preprocessing station introduces its dispersing agent through the preprocessing head.
In the illustrated preferred embodiment preprocessing occurs at the primary stirring station 500, which uses a specified or instructed stirring protocol to stir the specimen, if needed, using the stirrer 40 in the container, at a specified speed (rpm) for a specified duration. The stirring protocol chiefly depends on the specimen, as described above, and is normally intended to disaggregate any mucous material and disperse it and/or other particulate material in the specimen liquid.
Referring to
The inner surfaces of the collet fingers 504 taper uniformly inwardly toward the lower end of the collet. A central plunger 526, movable vertically by a pneumatic cylinder 528 atop a bracket 530, expands the fingers 504 outwardly when it descends and encounters the narrowing passage defined by the tapering fingers. Thus the diameter of the lower end of the stirring head (collet) 502 increases when the plunger descends. This end is sized to fit loosely but closely within the annular wall 47 at the top of stirrer 40 when the collet is not expanded. When plunger 526 descends, the fingers 504 expand outwardly to wedge against the inside of wall 47, in manifold M, securely engaging the stirrer.
In operation, the stirring head 502 is first lowered so that the collet enters the manifold M. The dashed motor and bracket lines in
A contracting collet could be used instead of expanding collet 502. In that case, the collet fingers would fit around the outside of annular wall 47, and would be squeezed together to clamp around the wall by a descending sleeve that surrounds the fingers.
Filter Placement Station
At the filter placement station 600 an appropriate filter assembly F (see
Eight steel filter tubes 626, each having an upper support shoulder 628, are supported vertically in holes 620 and the aligned holes beneath them, with shoulders 628 resting on the top of top plate 618. Each filter tube 626 has a full-length slot 630, and its bottom portion is split into four springy fingers 632 by slots 634. Just above the bottom end the fingers 632 curve inwardly, forming rounded inner shoulders 636 against which a filter assembly F rests. The filter tube is dimensioned such that the shoulders 636 keep up to a full stack of filter assemblies F from falling out of the tube, but deflect to allow a filter assembly to pass when the stack is pushed downwardly without damage to the filter assembly. Fingers 632 thus form a springy choke.
Filter assemblies of the same type are stacked in the proper orientation, with the membrane filter side (beveled edge) facing down, in each tube. For example, 54 filter assemblies can be housed in each tube; thus a total of 432 filter assemblies can be loaded into the magazine. Fifty-four filter assemblies can be prepackaged in a stack that is inserted into a filter tube with a wrapper tab projecting from slot 630, and unwrapped by pulling the tab outwardly. Alternatively, filter assemblies of the same type can be dumped onto a vibratory feeder, which can recognize their orientation by geometric configuration, and properly orient and feed the filter assemblies onto the tubes. Several of these feeders can be used, one for each type of filter assembly.
In operation, with the pusher arm 640 in its home (top) position, indicated by the dashed shuttle outline in
The use of eight filter tubes 626 in magazine 612 enables unattended processing of all of the specimens housed in the trays of the vial autoloader 300. For a counter-top model of the type described above, however, a single filter tube supported in a fixed position above the processing path would suffice for processing specimens that require the same type of filter.
Specimen Acquisition and Cell Deposition Station
Referring to
Referring to
The suction head 702 then moves laterally away from the transport conveyor by pivoting 90° about a vertical axis to the cell transfer position “P” shown in
Referring to
The frame support 724 is mounted on a slide 730 so as to be movable laterally of the transport path. A Y-axis stepper motor 732 and a lead screw 734 effect this movement. After the slide is printed the suction head is raised by the Z-axis motor, and the Y-axis stepper motor 732 advances the entire assembly to the dashed line position “X” shown in
The vacuum source that communicates with the suction head 702 pulls a slight vacuum, e.g., in the range of 3 in. to 10 in. Hg (adjustable by a regulator), through suction line 750 to aspirate specimen liquid and draw it through the filter assembly F. The separately regulated vacuum applied through suction line 752 for holding the filter assembly to the suction head 702 is higher, on the order of 20 in. Hg.
Formation of high-quality specimens on microscope slides depends critically on the deposition of a monolayer of cells of specified concentration (i.e., number of cells per unit area) on the surface of the filter that will contact the slide. That, in turn, depends critically on the aspiration rate and/or the aspirated flow volume. Since cell concentration on the filter surface is a function of the number of filter pores blocked by the solids suspended in the specimen liquid, the percent of flow reduction from the maximum open filter condition correlates to the blockage or amount of accumulation on the filter. Because of the nature of biological specimens, solid particle concentration is a significant variable in the process and must be taken into consideration. Also, it is important to identify the total volume of material filtered on a real time basis for other processing operations.
The specimen acquisition station thus further includes a deposition control system for controlling the liquid draw vacuum duration by monitoring the flow rate and/or aspirated volume. The monitored flow rate or aspirated volume can be used to signal vacuum cut-off and/or suction head retraction, which correlates to the specified concentration of cells collected on the membrane filter surface. If a specified concentration factor is not achieved before a specified volume of fluid is aspirated, the system can also issue a retract signal.
Different types of deposition control systems or modules can be used for these purposes.
The fluid column is formed in a vertically extending transparent tube or cylinder 770, e.g., one made of Pyrex glass 9 mm in diameter by 1 mm thick. The aspirated specimen fluid is drawn from the specimen container through the membrane filter, and pulled into the glass cylinder 770 via suction line 750 and a 3-way valve 778, by means of a vacuum source 772 connected to the top of the cylinder. The sensors 774 are positioned evenly along the length of the cylinder 770, preferably at 1.5 ml capacity intervals, and are interfaced with a controller or microprocessor 776.
In operation, in the normal state, with no fluid in the tube 770, the sensor relay line is “low.” Vacuum begins to draw fluid into the tube through the filter, and the controller marks the beginning of the draw sequence. When the fluid reaches the first sensor, the first sensor relay line goes “high.” The controller marks the time it took for the fluid to reach the first sensor, indicating the nearly free-flow condition of the filter, and the relative viscosity of the fluid in the test. When an additional 1.5 ml of fluid is drawn into the tube, the second sensor relay line goes “high.” The time interval for the first 1.5 ml of fluid (between the first and second sensors) is noted by the controller, and this becomes the reference time base. As each additional 1.5 ml of fluid is drawn into the system (and is detected by succeeding sensors), the time base for that increment is computed. When the incremental time base reaches an empirically derived percentage (e.g., 120%) of the original (reference) time base, the controller indicates that cell collection is completed, and a stop signal is transmitted, preferably to retract the suction head 702 from the manifold in the specimen container. The empirically derived figure mentioned above is variable with the protocol and directly controls the cellularity of the specimen sample.
The best approximation of the free-flow condition of the filter is obtained if the time it takes for the fluid to reach the first sensor 774 is kept to a practical minimum. This can be accomplished by incorporating the first sensor into the suction head itself, as schematically illustrated in
During the specimen drawing operation, the controller records the cumulative or total aspirated volume. If the cumulative volume reaches a predetermined level before reaching the predetermined flow rate reduction from the reference flow, the controller will also issue a stop signal and a flag indicating that the stop signal issued not as a result of desired reduced flow, but by reaching the maximum liquid draw limit. A slide formed under the flagged condition will likely form a hypo-cellular condition. The controller can imprint the slide and indicate to the DMS that a hypo-cellular condition likely exists. Accordingly, if the flagged condition exists, the controller issues a signal to purge the liquid in the cylinder 770 and initiate a second draw. The cylinder is purged of all liquid after each sample is taken.
Referring to
The deposition control system can use an analog level indicator instead of the digital sensors 774. The analog level indicator senses capacitance of the aspirated liquid. The difference is only in the method of sensing the volume and fill rate of the liquid in the cylinder 770. Here two spaced electrodes are used, one around the outside of the cylinder 770 and the other positioned down the center of the cylinder the cylinder, separated from the aspirated liquid by a dielectric. A high frequency, such as 10 kHz, low voltage current is applied across the electrodes. Capacitance in this system is measured by a bridge circuit, which provides an analog indication of capacitance in the circuit. As fluid fills the column, capacitance in the circuit increases. A 10×differential in direct capacitance is easily obtained with this system. Capacitance is indicated on a real time basis and can be sampled frequently enough to provide control of the sampling system. This arrangement, like the first two, uses a computer or microprocessor and a bubble flow technology to measure the flow rate and the total fluid volume in real time. The predetermined volume increment for these arrangements can be in the range of about 0.1 ml to 5.0 ml, and preferably is in the range of about 1.0 to 2.0 ml.
A different system can use an ultrasonic indicator for measuring fluid movement through a tube. The ultrasonic system uses ultrasonic wave propagation through a moving liquid. In this regard, the third system employs an ultrasonic emitter and detector clamped across the liquid draw tube (suction line 750) operating on the distal end of the filter assembly F. This system provides a digital indication of fluid flow in the tube, the total volume aspirated through the tube being calculated by a flow interval calculation. It measures phase shift from the ultrasonic wave generator source to a detector for measuring flow speed.
Another way to measure aspirated fluid volume and control the duration of the specimen draw is to detect the change in the weight of the specimen vial. This can be accomplished by using a sensor that makes a high-precision measurement of the weight or mass of the vial containing the specimen that is being aspirated. Vial weight or mass is repeatedly measured at a high frequency such that the rate of change of the weight or mass of the vial is accurately determined. Specimen aspiration is completed when the rate of change in weight or mass has diminished by a predetermined amount or percentage from the initial rate. The weight sensor can be, e.g., a load cell in each conveyor receptacle 246, or a single load cell beneath the conveyor at the specimen acquisition head that rises to engage the container above it. In either case, the specimen acquisition head can be raised slightly during aspiration to unload the container so that the load cell can measure only the combined weight of the container and the remaining specimen.
Although specimen acquisition preferably is accomplished through aspiration (using a vacuum), it can also be accomplished by pressurizing the container 20 through an appropriate head that seals against the top of the container and forces specimen liquid up through tube 43 and through the filter assembly by means of positive pneumatic pressure. The fluid volume control schemes and mechanisms described above would also work in conjunction with such a pressurized specimen acquisition system.
The cell concentration can be selected from low to high by defining flow control cut-off. For a typical low cellularity result, the cut-off can be 80% of the 120% reference discussed above, and for high cellularity the cut-off can be set at 60% of the reference, selectable in 5% increments. The number of slides per specimen can range from one to three. Some of the typical default protocols are as follows:
After completing the specimen processing cycle, the specimen container is resealed with the stirrer still inside the container. It is preferred to use a thin, polypropylene-coated aluminum foil to form the new cap, which is available in roll form. The foil is drawn across the open end of the specimen container, thermally bonded to the container at a seal temperature of about 365° F. applied for about 3 seconds with a seal force of 3 pounds, and cut from the roll. Of course, any other type of re-capping material can be used as long as it is compatible with the vial material and creates a safe and reliable seal. For example, a foil backed with a thermosetting resin adhesive could be used; a sticky-backed foil could be used that does not require heat to effect a seal; or a plastic seal material can be bonded to the container ultrasonically. To enhance unattended operation, an automatic threader could be included for threading a new roll of sealing material into the re-capping mechanism. Cutting caps from a roll can be eliminated if roll-mounted pre-die-cut closures having peel-off tabs are fed to the re-capping mechanism.
Referring to
A rear post 850 pivotally supports an arm 852 that extends forwardly toward main frame 810. Arm 852 carries a heated platen 854 and a foil guide fork 856 having two tines that extend toward the throat and are spaced apart so as to allow the platen 854 to pass between them. Arm 852 is kept elevated, in the rest position shown in
In operation, the foil advance motor turns the capstan 822 to feed a measured length of foil past the cutter blade 844, into the fork 856, and to the position shown by the dashed line in
The foil caps applied by the re-capping mechanism are approximately square in shape. The corners of the foil caps can protrude from the vials and interfere with other re-capped vials that are returned to the trays 330. Accordingly, a foil folding ring 870 (seen in phantom lines in
Foil folding ring 870 is a metal ring having an inner diameter that is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the threaded portion of the container 20. The ring 870 is mounted on an arm (not shown) that moves downwardly when actuated to lower the ring 870 over the upper end of the container. As the ring encircles the container, it folds the overhanging portions 872 of the foil cap against the side of the container. When the ring rises after folding the foil, the container is held in position in its transport receptacle by a pin (not shown) that is mounted on a leaf spring (not shown) and is situated in the center of the ring 870. The leaf spring is carried by the arm that holds the ring, so the pin resiliently presses down against the center of the foil cap until the arm and the ring retract fully.
The foil seals applied to the processed containers are easily punctured by a syringe or a pipette to obtain further liquid specimen samples. The seals are very durable, however, withstanding rough handling and preventing leakage in low ambient pressure conditions, e.g., in aircraft flying as high as 40,000 ft. Further, the appearance of the foil seal makes it readily distinguishable from the cover of an unprocessed vial, making handling by low-skilled operators virtually foolproof. To avoid the potential of puncturing the foil seal inadvertently, the re-sealed container can be capped with an unused screw-on cover of a distinct color.
Slide Handling and Presentation
The LBP device can use 30 and 40 slide plastic magazines (cassettes), which can accept standard 25 mm×75 mm×1 mm and 1×3×0.040 in. slides. Metric and inch based slides can be used interchangeably.
Specifically, the slide cassette is molded of plastic and has a generally rectangular shape with an open front 902, a rear wall 904, a top wall 906, a bottom wall 908 and side walls 910. The top wall 906 bears bar-coded information 909. A guide flange 912 extends laterally outwardly from each side wall. Rear wall 904 has a rectangular central opening 914 through which a slide shuttle can pass (see below) to extract and return one slide at a time. An inwardly projecting ridge 916 around the central opening acts as a stop against which the slides abut when they are inserted into the cassette. The preferred material for the cassette is ABS plastic; alternative choices include polyurethane, thermoplastic polyester, and polypropylene. The open front face is sized to accommodate the rear of another like cassette so as to be stackable.
The slides are supported on shelves 918 at each side of the cassette. In the illustrated embodiment there are 41 pairs of left and right shelves, and each pair (except for the top pair) supports one slide that spans the space between the shelves. Referring to the detailed view in
Each side wall is provided with multiple drainage ports 926 which allow fluid to drain from the cassette after removal from a staining bath. The last (top and bottom) drainage ports 923 on each side also cooperate with a hanger assembly of a stainer for moving the cassette from one staining bath to another. During the staining operation the cassette is oriented generally on its side, hung from the last two drainage ports on the upper side. An all-plastic construction makes the cassette compatible with acid baths and all types of staining bath compositions.
Referring to
The molded cassette preferably is supplied wrapped in sealed plastic for cleanliness, with slides installed. It is therefore well suited for shipping, relatively low in cost, disposable yet reusable. It has a high storage capacity and is stackable with others, thus providing high density storage for specimen samples.
Slide cassettes populated with slides are manually loaded into the LBP device in an elevated in-feed track 930 (see
The lead cassette moves down incrementally whenever a new slide is to be withdrawn from the cassette for specimen printing. This is accomplished by a stepper motor (not shown) driving pinion gears 936 that engages the racks 928 on the back of the cassette C (see
When the handler 962 moves to the left, arm 978 moves off an adjustable stop 980 and rotates over the slide. The full Y-axis slide travel (shown as “T” in
After printing the slide moves back to the right, pausing under a fixative dispensing head 984. Here a solenoid-driven pump (not shown), such as Lee LPL X 050AA, 24V, 20 microliter per pulse, yielding 12 microliters per pulse (maximum of 2 pulse/second), applies fixative to the specimen. The total volume can be determined by the number of solenoid cycles. The total fixative volume dispensed is programmable in 20 microliter increments. It can have a flexible connection to a dispensing sapphire jet nozzle with a 0.030 in. orifice. The liquid can be gravity-fed from a reservoir to the pump. The reservoir can be a tank and can have a “fluid low” sensor connected to the operating system. More than one fixative dispenser can be employed to provide alternative fixatives as determined by processing protocols.
After the specimen is fixed, the completed slide moves all the way to the right, where it is transferred by the slide shuttle mechanism back to its original position in the cassette. When the cassette is fully processed, the entire cassette is ejected into the outfeed track 940, as described above.
The present LBP device does not require that specimens be pre-processed before loading, and can automate every step of the slide preparation process. Moreover, the device does not require the operator to open any of the specimen containers—an important operator safety feature. The LBP device can automatically prepare high quality cytology slides from all specimen types, including mucous-containing GYN and non-GYN specimens, using the integral high-speed, high-shear mixing station that facilitates mucous disaggregation. The incorporated dual-flow filter system allows production of slides with optimal cell separation, cell concentration, cell dispersion, and optimal preservation of antigens, DNA, and morphologic characteristics to enhance the performance of subsequent testing. The slide cassettes, containing up to 40 slides each, will be utilized in the follow-on laboratory processing devices to avoid the labor-intensive need to transfer slides to different racks before continuing with slide processing. Data on the patient, the specimen, the vial, the cassette and the slide can be transferred automatically to the LIS over the user's network, via a DMS software interface.
The present LBP device can provide eight hours of unattended operation. Thus, if the operator re-loads the device before leaving for the day, a single-shift laboratory can produce two shifts of output per day without added personnel or equipment costs. The total throughput can exceed 160,000 slides per year, at a per-test cost significantly below that of the current leading LBP system.
The LBP device also has the capability to process specimens for current and future molecular diagnostic tests including quantitative DNA analyses, and tests utilizing markers & probes. Features built into the device include the capacity to employ multiple fixative dispensers in order to provide non-routine fixatives that may be required for special molecular diagnostic tests.
The complete laboratory system, illustrated, e.g., in
The laboratory system will also include, for example, slide autostainers and autocoverslippers (and/or combination automated stainer/coverslipper devices) controlled via the DMS that utilize the same slide cassette as the present LBP device. Cassettes containing processed slides can be utilized directly in these additional devices without the need to unload slides and reload them into separate racks.
The inter-connectivity and high degree of automation of the processing and analytical devices making up the laboratory system will enable high-quality, high-throughput specimen processing and analysis at relatively low cost.
The above disclosure presents a safe, effective, accurate, precise, reproducible, inexpensive, efficient, fast and convenient vial-based system and method for collecting, handling and processing liquid-based cellular specimens, providing fully integrated specimen and information management in a complete diagnostic cytology laboratory system.
This application claims the benefit of commonly owned U.S. provisional application Nos. 60/330,092, filed Oct. 19, 2001, 60/372,080, filed Apr. 15, 2002, and 60/373,658, filed Apr. 19, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application also is related to commonly owned U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/122,151, filed Apr. 15, 2002, which is also incorporated herein by reference.
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