Baking ingredient for sourdough compositions

Abstract

A sourdough composition is provided in the form of a flowable powder for the introduction of encapsulated acetic acid into bread doughs and other bakery products. The composition is stabilized against premature loss of acetic acid by intimate dispersion with a minor quantity of a normally solid edible fatty material.

Description

BACKGROUND

The standard procedure for making sourdough bread involves a long process. The basis for the process is fermentation of a wheat flour-based dough by bacterial organisms which have the ability to produce lactic and acetic acids. This fermentation process is maintained by daily additions of flour and other nutrient materials such as nonfat dry milk and occasionally potato flour. Portions of this "ferment" are then used by adding them to standard French bread or sourdough bread formulae. An example of a French sourdough bread formula is as follows:

French Bread

Straight Dough Process

______________________________________ Pounds______________________________________White Flour 10Water 55-58Salt 2Sourdough ferment 20______________________________________

One of the difficulties attendant to the operation of this sourdough bread process is the need to maintain perfect fermentation conditions for the bacterial organisms and to make regular additions to the ferment every twenty-four hours.

The bacterial organisms commonly go through changes which frequently results in lowered production of acetic and lactic acids. The baker, therefore, is faced with considerable difficulty in maintaining a constant flavor level in sourdough breads produced in this fashion on a day-to-day basis.

The flavor of sourdough bread is based on its high acidity due to acetic and lactic acids. The total acidity of sourdough bread is roughly ten times that of conventional bread. Of this acidity, the acetic acid is the more important of the two acids in providing the characteristic sourdough flavor. Acetic acid is also the most volatile of the two acids. This volatility is probably responsible for the variation in the flavor of sourdough breads produced by the conventional process. The volatility of the acetic acid causes its escape from the sourdough bread ferment; this characteristic is also responsible for its evaporation during the oven baking step in making sourdough bread.

A convenient and safe and efficient sourdough bread compound which the baker would desire is a dry compound, one which can be handled with ease like flour. It is also one which can be packed in standardized packing materials and shipped long distances without loss of acetic and lactic acid. Such compounds of this type have not been available for commercial use.

OBJECTS

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a new and improved sourdough composition in the form of a flowable powder for the introduction of acetic acid with or without fumaric acid, tartaric acid, and/or citric acid into bread doughs including white breads, rye breads, and other speciality breads, particularly that class of white breads known as "sourdough bread" of which there are two major classes, (a) French bread, and (b) San Francisco sourdough bread.

Another object of the invention is to provide compositions for improving the flavor of standard white bread.

Still another object of the invention is to provide compositions to improve the flavor of yeast-raised products including breads, rolls and buns.

An additional object of the invention is to provide a composition for improving the flavor of chemically leavened products including biscuits, pancakes and waffles. Other objects will appear hereinafter.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A sourdough composition in the form of a flowable powder for the introduction of encapsulated acetic acid, with or without fumaric acid, tartaric acid, and/or citric acid into bread doughs and other bakery products is prepared comprising minor quantities of acetic acid, with or without fumaric acid, tartaric acid and/or citric acid, absorbed on a major quantity of a finely divided solid edible absorptive starchy polysaccharide or cellulose and is stabilized against premature loss of acetic acid or said other acids, if present, by intimate dispersion of the components of the composition with a minor quantity of a normally solid edible fatty material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the purpose of the invention the quantity of acetic acid is preferably within the range of 2% to 15% by weight of the composition. The quantity of fumaric, tartaric and/or citric acid, if used, is preferably within the range of 1% to 8% by weight of the composition. The weight ratio of acetic acid to fumaric, tartaric and/or citric acid, if used, is preferably at least 1:1 and is preferably within the range of 1:1 to 7:1.

The stabilizing fatty material used in accordance with the invention is preferably a fatty material having a melting point of at least 90.degree. F. and the amounts employed are preferably within the range of 2.5% to 10% by weight of the composition.

In the practice of the invention the acetic acid us usually employed in the form of glacial acetic acid. The other acids, if used, are usually employed in dry form. The fumaric, tartaric and/or citric acids can be mixed with the acetic acid after the acetic acid is encapsulated as herein described.

The starchy polysaccharides can consist of extracted starches such as wheat and corn as well as tapioca starch and potato starch and the corresponding flours, such as wheat flour and corn flour as well as starches and flours derived from waxy maize, rice rye, and other cereal starches and flours. The starchy polysaccharide can be gelatinized or ungelatinized. A preferred type of starchy polysaccharide for the purpose of the invention is pregelatinized wheat starch.

If finely divided cellulose is used as the absorbent, good results are obtained by the use of an edible wood flour. One such type of flour which is available commercially is Solka-Floc SW40. Other cellulosic absorbents which can be employed are methyl cellulose and carboxy methyl cellulose.

In general, the starchy polysaccharides and the cellulosic absorbents will have a particle size within the range of 20 to 350 mesh (Standard Sieve series). The Solka-Floc has a particle size of approximately 30 mesh.

In some cases, for example, where hydroxylated lecithin is used as an emulsifier and a wood flour such as Solka-Floc is employed as the absorbent, it is desirable to add a small amount of an antioxidant, for instance, 0.1% to 2% by weight of butylated hydroxy toluene (HBT) or butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). These are recognized food antioxidants.

Lechithin, hydroxylated lecithin and the mono- and diglycerides have the dual function of acting as stabilizers and also as emulsifiers.

Examples of fatty materials which may be used in preparing the compositions of the invention are lecithin, hydroxylated lecitin, mono- and diglycerides and highly hydrogenated vegetable oil shortenings, and similar fatty compositions. These fatty materials serve to hold the acetic acid and said other acids, if used, in the absorbent, thereby acting as stabilizing agents, and also reducing, if not completely preventing, the evaporation of these acids during the oven baking stage of the sourdough bread process. For the purpose of the invention the fatty materials employed as stabilizing agents in these compositions are normally solid at ambient temperatures of 25.degree. C. and have a melting point of at least 90.degree. F. (about 32.degree. C.).

The invention will be further illustrated but is not limited by the following examples in which the quantities are given by weight unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE I

A flowable sourdough composition is prepared from the following ingredients:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

The Atmul 500 and Kao-Rich are warmed to a point where they are completely liquid. The acetic acid is then added, forming a dispersion. This dispersion is then blended with the starch in a standard ribbon blender by pouring it into the gelatinized starch while the mixer is in operation, or by spraying it into the starch with the mixer in operation.

The resulting mixture is then placed in polyethylene-lined bags or cartons for use in making sourdough bread.

EXAMPLE II

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Wheat flour 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE III

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 40.0Wheat flour 40.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE IV

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that pre-gelatinized corn starch is used instead of the wheat starch. A wide variety of pre-gelatinized corn starches is available commercially and of these both the starches from dent corn and waxy maize are used.

EXAMPLE V

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 2.5Fumaric acid 2.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 87.5 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE VI

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 15.0Citric acid 2.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High Melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 75.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE VII

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE VIII

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Citric acid 5.0Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 75.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE IX

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (atmul 500) 1.0High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 6.5Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE X

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 5.0High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 2.5Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE XI

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 10.0Gelatinized wheat starch 84.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE XII

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Lecithin 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

EXAMPLE XIII

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Hydroxylated lecithin 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 80.0 100.0%______________________________________

It should be understood that in all of these examples, gelatinized wheat flour and gelatinized corn flour may also be used in place of either/or gelatinized wheat starch and gelatinized corn starch. Furthermore, tapioca starch, gelatinized or ungelatinized, potato starch, gelatinized and ungelatinized, and potato flour can be used.

The stabilizing materials serve to encapsulate the acetic and any other acids added and to prevent lumping and packing of the product during storage and transportation.

The following emulsifier compounds have been found to be useful: ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides, propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fat forming fatty acids, calcium stearyl-2-lactylate, sodium stearyl-2-lactylate, and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fat forming fatty acids.

EXAMPLE XIV

This example illustrates the use of edible cellulose compounds as absorbents which can partially or completely supplant the starch or flour compounds employed in the preceding examples. The process is carried out in the same way as in Example I using the following ingredients:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 15.0Hydroxylated lecithin 2.5High Melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Edible wood flour (Solka-Floc SW40) 77.5 100.0______________________________________

EXAMPLE XV

The procedure is the same as in Example I except that the following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Hydroxylated lecithin 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Tenox fat antioxidant (BHA) 1.0Edible wood flour (Solka-Floc SW40) 79.0 100.0______________________________________

EXAMPLE XVI

This example illustrates the preparation of a sourdough composition powder which contains acetic acid and both citric and fumaric acids. The following ingredients are used:

______________________________________ PercentIngredients by Weight______________________________________Glacial acetic acid 12.5Fumaric acid 0.75Citric acid 0.75Mono- and diglyceride fat compound (Atmul 500) 2.5High melting point vegetable oil fat (Kao-Rich) 5.0Gelatinized wheat starch 78.5 100.00%______________________________________

BREAD BAKING EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the use of the compositions of the invention in making different types of bread.

French Bread

Straight Dough Process

______________________________________Ingredients Pounds______________________________________White flour 100Water 50-58Salt 1Yeast 3Sourdough composition powder of Example I 4______________________________________ The dough temperature out of the mixer should be 80.degree. F. The dough should be mixed to the "breaking point." Dough conditioners can be reduced by 50% over that used for standard white enriched breads. Floor time for the dough should be no more than 20 minutes. Make up immediately. Proof should be 80-90 minutes for best results.

San Francisco Sourdough Bread

Sponge and Dough Process

______________________________________Ingredients Sponge (lbs) Dough (lbs)______________________________________White flour 60 40Water variable variableYeast 1.5-2.5Salt 1.75Sugar 2Shortening 1*Sourdough compositionpowder of Example I 4Temperature 76.degree. F. 79.degree. F.Time 33/4 - 4 hrs. Mix the dough to the breaking point. The floor time should be no longer than 20 minutes. Open the molder sheeter rolls to give less pressure in order to develop an open-textured bread. Proof the doughs for 80-90 minutes for best results. Bake as usual.______________________________________ *1 lb. if bread is sliced--otherwise, no shortening is required.

Instead of the sourdough composition powder of Example I any of the sourdough composition powders described in the examples can be employed in a similar manner in the making of various types of bread.

For improving flavor in white bread, 1% of the sourdough bread base as shown in Example I is employed. The sourdough bread compound is added with the other ingredients in the mixer at the dough stage. One pound of water for each pound of sourdough powder composition is also added. All other processing operations are unchanged. The flavor of the finished bread is specifically improved.

Rye bread and other specialty breads are handled in a similar manner, that is, 1% to 3% of the sourdough powder composition is added to the standard bread formula. The acids provided by the sourdough powder composition significantly improves the general flavor of the bread.

The efficiency and ease of handling provided by these sourdough powder compositions described in the above examples is demonstrated in several ways. In making the breads described above, the addition of glacial acetic acid to the bread and dough rolls in a standard commercial bakery is not practical. In fact, it may be dangerous to inexperienced personnel. The acid is difficult to handle because of its corrosiveness. Furthermore, unless the acid is dispersed and suspended on the materials described above, it will have a drastic retarding effect on the carbon dioxide-producing capacity of bakers yeast. The result is that breads made from such doughs will be very seriously lacking in loaf volume, and will be commercially unsalable.

The preblending of the acetic acid, with or without fumaric, and/or citric acids, with the other ingredients in the sourdough powder compositions permits the yeast to ferment the sugars in the formula and the flour in a more normal fashion. Even under the best of circumstances, the dough fermentation is somewhat slowed when the compositions of this invention are used. However, the retardation of fermentation is well within practical limits in commercial bread baking.

Free acetic added as such excessively retards the proof time. Such use of acetic acid is not practical from a commercial standpoint. On the other hand, the sourdough powder composition provides the ability to add the encapsulated highly-flavorful acetic acid, with or without fumaric, tartaric, and/or citric acid, within commercially acceptable limits of bread baking operations.

It should be understood that in the above examples glacial acetic acid can be supplanted by commercial or technical grades of acetic acid provided they are food grades.

Claims

1. A baking ingredient for use in making sourdough bakery products, said baking ingredient being in the form of a flowable powder for the introduction of acetic acid with or without fumaric, tartaric acids and/or citric acid into bread doughs and other bakery products comprising minor quantities of acetic acid without lactic acid and with or without fumaric, tartaric acids and/or citric acid absorbed on a major quantity of a finely divided solid edible absorbent which is a starchy polysaccharide or an edible cellulosic material, said baking ingredient being stabilized against premature loss of acetic acid and said other acids, if present, by intimate dispersion with a minor quantity of a normally solid edible fatty glyceride material sufficient to hold said acid or acids in the absorbent and reduce evaporation of said acid or acids during oven baking of said sourdough bakery products, the quantity of acetic acid being within the range of 2% to 15% by weight and the quantity of said other acids, if any, being within the range of 1% to 8% by weight.

2. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 in which said normally solid edible fatty glyceride material is a normally solid vegetable oil fat which has a melting point of at least 30.degree. C. and said baking ingredient comprises an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of lecithin, hydroxylated lecithin and mono- and diglycerides, the quantity of said vegetable oil fat and said emulsifier both being within the range of 2.5% and 10% by weight and the remainder of the composition consisting essentially of a finely divided solid edible absorbent which is a starchy polysaccharide or an edible cellulosic material having a particle size within the range of 20 to 350 mesh into which said acetic acid and said other acids, if present, are absorbed.

3. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 in which said polysaccharide is a gelatinized wheat starch.

4. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 2 in which said absorbent is a starchy polysaccharide.

5. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 4 in which said starchy polysaccharide is a pregelatinized wheat starch.

6. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 2 in which said absorbent is a cellulosic material selected from the group consisting of edible wood flour, carboxy methyl cellulose and methyl cellulose.

7. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 which contains 1% to 8% by weight fumaric acid.

8. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 which contains 1% to 8% by weight citric acid.

9. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 which contains 1% to 8% by weight tartaric acid.

10. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 1 which contains fumaric acid and citric acid in amounts totalling 1% to 8% by weight.

11. A baking ingredient for use in making sourdough bakery products, said baking ingredient being in the form of a flowable powder for the introduction of acetic acid into bread doughs and other bakery products consisting essentially of a minor quantity of acetic acid absorbed on a major quantity of a finely divided solid edible absorbent which is a starch polyssacharide or an edible cellulosic material, said baking ingredient being stabilized against premature loss of acetic by intimate dispersion with a minor quantity of a normally solid edible fatty glyceride material sufficient to hold said acid in the absorbent and reduce evaporation of said acid during oven baking of said sourdough bakery products, the quantity of acetic acid being within the range of 2% to 15% by weight.

12. A baking ingredient as claimed in claim 11 in which said normally solid edible fatty glyceride material is a normally solid vegetable oil fat which has a melting point of at least 30.degree. C. and said baking ingredient comprises an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of lecithin, hydroxylated lecithin and mono- and diglycerides, the quantity of said vegetable oil fat and said emulsifier both being within the range of 2.5% and 10% by weight and the remainder of the composition consisting essentially of a finely divided solid edible absorbent which is a starchy polysaccharide or an edible cellulosic material having a particle size within the range of 20 to 350 mesh into which said acetic acid is absorbed.