Patent Application
20170241716
This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2014 015 170.0 filed Oct. 10, 2014, and to German Patent Application No. 10 2015 010 310.5 filed Aug. 8, 2015, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a heat exchanger brazed in a brazing furnace, comprising stacked heat exchanger plates which between them have ducts for different media, and braze material in the brazed connection seams. The invention also relates to a method for producing the same.
The type of brazed heat exchanger used herein as a basis for the introduction of improvements is, for example, known from EP 1 152 204 B1. Few details are given in that document with regard to the brazing, the type of braze alloys used, or the brazing process.
The material of the heat exchanger plates and the material of the fins arranged in the ducts are often a suitable steel, in some cases a high-grade steel.
With regard to braze materials suitable for the brazing of steel, there are, for example, Ni-based braze materials, Cu-based braze materials, Fe-based braze materials, Cr-based braze materials, and the like. In a known manner, the expression “based” expresses that the respective metal constitutes the main alloy constituent, or at least a major constituent of the braze material, in conjunction with other alloy constituents such as Mn, Mo, P and Si, to name but a few.
From DE 100 03 329 B4, for example, it is known to use two different Cr-based braze materials for the brazing of an exhaust-gas recirculation cooler. Said braze materials are either mixed before being applied, with the mixture applied to individual parts of the cooler to be brazed or to a base material, or the two braze materials are applied one on top of the other as a lower and upper layer in the form of a braze paste. Improved corrosion resistance of the exhaust-gas cooler can be achieved with such a proposal.
In EP 1 153 690 A1, to achieve the same aim, the base material is plated with three braze materials having different base substances, specifically first a Cr-based braze material, then a Ni-based braze material and finally a Cu-based braze material. The same braze materials are provided in all of the ducts of said heat exchanger, which is expedient inter alia from a manufacturing and logistical aspect. In the EP document, the use of braze pastes, braze powders or braze foils is regarded as being disadvantageous. Electrical or non-electrical plating methods are thus performed on the base material of the heat exchanger using the braze materials.
A method for producing brazed plate-type heat exchangers is known from DE 103 28 274 A1. The method provides a combination of particular welding and brazing working steps. The use of braze foils or the application of braze pastes or braze powders is also mentioned. The document also claims a number of suitable braze materials.
Finally, it is also known from practice for the two flat sides of an aluminum sheet-metal strip from which heat exchanger plates are produced to be plated with different Al-based braze materials. The braze materials are typically Al-Si-based braze materials. They differ, however, with regard to the content of certain alloy constituents. In the heat exchanger, the plates are arranged such that identical braze materials are provided on the surfaces of all of the ducts of the heat exchanger.
It is an object of the invention to improve the known brazed heat exchangers described in the introduction, and to specify an advantageous method for producing the same.
Some embodiments of the invention encompass a so-called “housingless” heat exchanger in which the plates are mainly of trough-shaped form and are stacked one inside the other. Said heat exchanger plates have at least four openings which form four inlet and outlet ducts that extend through the stack. One inlet duct and one outlet duct are assigned to a respective medium.
Some other embodiments of the invention encompass a heat exchanger that has a housing in which the stack is arranged. Said stack has plate pairs, which form tubes, and fins or (alternatively) studs between the tubes or the plate pairs, with ducts in the tubes and with other ducts in which the fins or the studs are arranged, and with braze material provided in the brazed connecting seams. Said heat exchanger plates generally have only two openings in the plates, which openings form an inlet duct and an outlet duct in the plate stack for the medium flowing through the ducts in the plate pairs. The second medium flows into the housing and flows through the other ducts with the fins or the studs between the plate pairs, before subsequently exiting the housing.
Because the braze material in the ducts assigned to one medium differs from the braze material in the other ducts, which are assigned to a different medium, the heat exchanger is improved at least for certain applications from a functional aspect, and possibly also with regard to cost. In some embodiments the braze materials are particularly preferably two braze materials based on different substances.
Certain alloy constituent parts, of which it is said that they might trigger disadvantageous effects in connected circuits in dissolved form, can also be eliminated by embodiments of the invention.
In some embodiments the braze materials based on different substances are applied in the form of braze paste, braze foil or braze powder. The alternatively possible use of correspondingly plated plates and/or fins or duct sheets can be expedient under some economic conditions.
As one non-limiting example, in the case of known heat exchangers for the exchange of heat between three or more media, with three ducts correspondingly assigned to the media or with three duct groups, it would be possible to use more than two braze materials based on different substances in each heat exchanger, possibly one braze material per duct group.
In some embodiment it can be particularly advantageous for the braze materials based on different substances to preferably be (copper) Cu-based and (iron) Fe-based braze materials. In some such embodiments the base material for the heat exchanger plates and for undulating fins and undulating duct sheets that are preferably situated in the ducts is preferably a steel, in some cases a high-grade steel.
In some embodiments it can be preferable for the one brazing material to be present at least partially in an upper and/or lower channel of the first or second channels of the heat exchanger that are assigned to the first or the second medium, and that the other brazing material is arranged in the remaining first or in the remaining second channels for the same medium.
With respect to such embodiments, those first or second channels assigned to a medium do not necessarily have to be the uppermost or the lowermost channel. In general, such embodiments can have one channel or some channels on one medium side or even on both medium sides at least partially equipped with another brazing material than the other remaining channels on the respective medium side, in order to provide the heat exchanger with the advantages which are to be assigned to said other brazing material.
If the heat exchanger is used, for example, as an oil cooler, provision is made for the Cu-based braze material to be used in the ducts assigned to the oil and for the Fe-based braze material to be used in the other ducts that are assigned to a cooling liquid. In the oil cooler, higher pressures often prevail on the oil side. The Cu-based braze exhibits considerably better strength characteristics and is therefore used there.
In the case of the heat exchanger type that has the housing, it would be possible—in contrast to the housingless heat exchanger—for the Fe-base braze material to be provided in the oil ducts and the Cu-based braze material to be provided in the coolant ducts.
In some embodiments, one or more other braze materials based on different substances is additionally used to construct the heat exchanger.
In some embodiments a suitable Cu-based braze material has a Cu fraction of approximately 99% Cu or even greater.
In some embodiments a suitable Fe-based braze material contains for example 20 wt % Cr, 39 wt % Fe and 20 wt % Ni and also 10 wt % Cu, and also other alloy constituents in small amounts.
In some other embodiments a suitable Fe-based braze contains 54 wt % Fe and only 15 wt % Cr, and also 10 wt % Ni and other alloy constituents, inter alia also 5 wt % Cu.
The inventors have observed that, in the case of the mentioned uses of the heat exchanger, concerns or suspicions have arisen that some alloy constituents (for example copper, Cu) dissolve or partially dissolve, said alloy constituents then being present in the media participating in the exchange of heat and being transported through connected circuits. Some alloy constituents are said to be responsible for damage occurring in the circuits, because they trigger undesired chemical reactions.
Possible damage can be prevented by means of the heat exchangers and production methods according to some embodiments of the invention.
It has also been observed that, even though suitable Fe-based braze materials may contain up to 10% Cu (see above), no measurable copper dissolution phenomena have occurred. The inventors have speculated that a certain amount of copper is required to trigger supposedly damaging dissolution phenomena.
The brazing method provided is preferably a known, fluxless vacuum brazing method. It may however also be a brazing method that uses shielding gas.
According to some embodiments of the invention, provision is also made for the different braze materials to be configured so as to be matched to one another in terms of melting temperature ranges, required vacuum, etc., which is realized by corresponding addition of alloy constituents. For the brazing of high-grade steel, it is known that brazing temperatures above approximately 1200° C. are required. The discussed melting temperature ranges of the two braze materials must lie below that, and should be for example approximately 1100° C. They should preferably differ from one another only by +/−50° C. or less.
The method, according to one embodiment of the invention, for producing brazed heat exchangers including stacked heat exchanger plates which, in the process of the formation of the stack, form ducts for different media, wherein, in said process, undulating fins are placed into one set of ducts and undulating duct sheets are placed into the other ducts, wherein, before or during said process, braze materials are applied, and wherein finally, the heat exchanger is brazed in a brazing furnace, is characterized in that the braze material that is or has previously been applied to surfaces in one set of ducts differs from the brazing solid material that is or has previously been applied to other surfaces in the other set of ducts. Said surfaces preferably correspond to the brazed connection seams mentioned in the introduction.
As an alternative to the described method, the placement of fins and/or duct sheets may be omitted or partially omitted if studs are formed in the heat exchanger plates. In this case, the braze material is applied to the tips of the studs. It is also possible, in another alternative, for a mix of fins/duct sheets and studs to be realized in the ducts.
The expression “applied” encompasses all known techniques and methods for the arrangement of braze, that is to say: substantially the plating of the base material with braze, braze powder or braze paste applied as a braze layer, and also the introduction of braze foils in the process of the formation of the stack. In some embodiments the plating is performed already during the production of the base materials, that is to say during the production of sheet-metal strips, of the plates, of the fins, and of the duct sheets, which must take place before the production of the plate-type heat exchanger.
In some embodiments of the invention, improved strength properties of a heat exchanger are achieved by way of a heat exchanger which is brazed in a brazing furnace using at least two brazing materials. One brazing material is preferably present at least partially in an upper and/or lower channel of the first or second channels of the heat exchanger which are assigned to the first or the second medium, and the other brazing material is arranged in the remaining first or in the remaining second channels for the same medium.
In some such embodiments, the first or second channel having the one brazing material are the uppermost or the lowermost channel, but not necessarily in all embodiments. In general, one channel or some channels on one medium side or even on both medium sides are at least partially equipped with another brazing material than the other remaining channels on the respective medium side, in order to provide the heat exchanger with the advantages which are provide by said other brazing material.
The inventors have found that, with regard to strength, only the one uppermost and/or the one lowermost channel are of significance in some embodiments, because the greatest loads will occur there and the strength is therefore to be increased there. This can be the first channel which lies below a cover plate or above a base plate and/or can also be, for example, the second channel, namely depending on the respective medium side which is to be reinforced.
In some embodiments, the uppermost and/or the lowermost channels can also be present on both media sides of the heat exchanger.
According to some other embodiments, there is at least one first part region in all of the first channels or in all of the second channels, in which part region the one brazing material is arranged, and there is at least one second part region, in which the other brazing material is arranged.
Certain aspects of the invention proceed, inter alia, from the knowledge that, for example, a copper-based brazing material which contains almost exclusively copper can provide a higher strength than, for example, an iron-based brazing material which has different other alloy constituent parts.
Tests have shown that no damage caused by dissolution of copper occurred in the connected circuits as a result of the provision of copper brazing substance merely in the upper and the lower channel, which are loaded the most with regard to strength, of the first or the second channels. All of the remaining first or the remaining second channels, which therefore represent the majority of the channels, have namely been equipped with an iron-based brazing material, as in other embodiments. The overall quantity of, for example, copper therefore still remains below a threshold which triggers supposed damage. This also applies to other alternative embodiments where the part regions which are provided with copper brazing substance in the first or in the second channels are relatively small.
One particular exemplary embodiment of a heat exchanger arranges for not providing the uppermost and/or the lowermost channel completely with copper brazing substance, but rather only partially, as a result of which the quantity of copper used is reduced further, but the strength can be increased to a sufficient extent, in comparison with other embodiments. The remaining brazing substance in the upper and/or in the lower channels can be an iron-based brazing substance. In this context, “partially” is therefore to be understood to mean that there are areas in said channels which have the copper brazing substance and other areas in the same channels which are provided with the iron brazing substance.
In a heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the invention, the heat exchanger parts of which, which form the channels, are heat exchanger plates which are stacked inside one another and have two inlets and two outlets, the addressed areas with the copper brazing substance are mainly those which are situated in a region around the inlets and outlets. In contrast, the addressed other areas within the channels which are provided with the iron brazing substance are those areas which are present in a middle plate or channel region between the inlets and outlets.
If the heat exchanger is an oil cooler which is cooled by means of liquid, it is provided in one very particularly preferred exemplary embodiment, in simple terms, to equip all of the channels which are assigned to the oil with the copper brazing material. In the liquid channels, in contrast, the uppermost and/or the lowermost channel are/is provided (partially) with the copper brazing material, whereas all the remaining channels for the liquid are provided completely with the iron brazing material.
The brazed heat exchangers according to an embodiment of the invention comprise, as a first type, what are known as “housingless” heat exchangers, in which the heat exchanger parts are usually configured as trough-shaped plates which are stacked inside one another. Heat exchanger plates of this type have at least four openings which, as has already been mentioned, form four inlet or outlet channels which extend through the stack. One inlet channel and one outlet channel are assigned to in each case one medium. In said first heat exchanger type, all the channels are closed channels. Closed channels are those which are closed all around by means of connected plate edges.
The heat exchangers according to some such embodiments of the invention also include those of a second type which has a housing, in which the stack is arranged. As heat exchanger parts, said stack has tubes or else plate pairs and fins which form tubes or (as an alternative) lobes, between the tubes or the plate pairs, with closed channels in the tubes or plate pairs and with other, open channels, in which the fins or the lobes are arranged. If the heat exchanger parts are single-piece tubes, in particular flat tubes, they can be closed at their opposite ends by way of crimping or folding, as known in the art.
Open channels are those which are at least partially open on the circumferential side, but are preferably completely open all the way around.
Said heat exchanger parts generally have merely two openings in the plates or in the flat tube walls, which openings form an inlet channel and an outlet channel in the plate stack for the medium which flows through the closed channels. The second medium flows into the housing and subsequently flows through the other channels which are open at least partially all around with the fins or the lobes between the plate pairs, in order to subsequently leave the housing.
Accordingly, the second heat exchanger type is distinguished by way of an alternation in the stack of closed channels with the open channels.
Copper-based and iron-based brazing materials have been addressed up to now. This proposal is not to be restricted thereto, however. Rather, combinations of other known brazing materials or brazing alloys are to be included, it being possible for advantages which are to be attributed to said brazing material alloys to be achieved, for example an improvement with regard to resistance against corrosion, but also further cost reductions, etc. The different brazing materials should lie at least close to one another or be approximately identical with regard to their melting points, as has already been stated.
A heat exchanger according to the invention can also have more than two different brazing materials.
The first and the second medium can be different media or identical media (for example, two oils), but at different temperatures.
Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.
a and 7b show exemplary embodiments according to the invention of heat exchangers, said exemplary embodiments relating to the type often designated as “housingless” heat exchangers.
The illustrations of
In an embodiment as per
The undulating duct sheets 4b and the undulating fins 4a are, in an exemplary embodiment that is not shown, of physically identical form, for example designed as shown in
Other embodiments (not shown) of the “housingless” heat exchanger type have fins or duct sheets only in one set of ducts. In the other set of ducts, protuberances (studs 11) have been stamped into the plates 1, which protuberances bear against and are brazed to one another. Such embodiments will be presented and described further below on the basis of the above-mentioned other heat exchanger type as per
In embodiments that are not shown, a mix of fins 4a and duct sheets 4b is provided in the ducts 2a and/or 2b. In such cases, the fins 4a and the duct sheets 4b which are situated jointly in one duct should be provided with an identical braze material 3a or 3b. It is also possible for a mix of fins and studs 11 to be provided in each duct 2a and 2b, or else a mix of duct sheets 4b and studs 11.
Further embodiments that are not shown, and which are less preferable, have only protuberances (studs 11) in the plates 1, and therefore no fins 4a or similar inserts whatsoever in the ducts 2a, 2b. In this case, too, the braze materials 3a, 3b are provided only at the said contact surfaces, which of the surfaces on the butting protuberances. The contact surfaces likewise correspond to the brazed connection seams
The application of the braze materials 3a, 3b in the form of braze paste may be realized by means of rotating drums W or by means other devices in order that said process can be carried out in an effective manner, that is to say in a manner suitable for mass production. Screen printing methods are also known and suitable for braze application. Owing to the at least two different braze materials 3a, 3b, separate production lines are expedient. Contact between the braze materials should at least be prevented.
Furthermore, as is apparent from
In the abovementioned middle plate or channel region, a corrugated fin 4b is situated between the two duct sheets 4a, the details of which corrugated fin 4b are shown in
All the liquid channels can be of identical configuration with regard to the above-described embodiment.
The following is provided with regard to the brazing materials which are present in
In contrast, an iron brazing material 3a, indicated merely by way of a single oval in
In contrast, exclusively the iron brazing material 3a is situated in all remaining channels 2a which are assigned to the cooling liquid.
In one exemplary embodiment which is not shown, not only is the uppermost channel 2a configured as described with regard to the brazing materials 3a, 3b, but rather also the following liquid channel 2a.
In
Exclusively a copper brazing material 3b is also situated within the oil channels in said exemplary embodiment.
In each case in this embodiment, two other duct sheets 4c are situated in the open channels. In contrast to the previous exemplary embodiment, the said other duct sheets 4c have merely a single opening. They are also of corrugated configuration, however, in order that they can be flowed through just like the duct sheets 4a of the previous exemplary embodiment. The opening corresponds with one of the abovementioned two plate openings. A copper brazing material 3b is situated in the upper, open channel which is shown, whereas an iron brazing material 3a is situated in the remaining other open channels which are not shown in detail. In
The basic material of those parts of the heat exchangers which are shown in the exemplary embodiments is a stainless steel. In other exemplary embodiments which are not shown, it can be, for example, an aluminum alloy or another metal which can be brazed with correspondingly different brazing materials.
The heat exchangers according to the invention may, aside from being used as oil coolers, be advantageous for all possible applications, in particular for applications in which it is sought to eliminate certain metallic elements, such as in this case copper, for example.
Various alternatives to the certain features and elements of the present invention are described with reference to specific embodiments of the present invention. With the exception of features, elements, and manners of operation that are mutually exclusive of or are inconsistent with each embodiment described above, it should be noted that the alternative features, elements, and manners of operation described with reference to one particular embodiment are applicable to the other embodiments.
The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. As such, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that various changes in the elements and their configuration and arrangement are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102014015170.0 | Oct 2014 | DE | national |
| 102015010310.5 | Aug 2015 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2015/054811 | 10/9/2015 | WO | 00 |
